moninj: sub on display, unsub on hide

runtime: enable WRPLL interrupt
runtime: add WRPLL interrupt handler
rtio_clocking: add main si549 setup
rtio_clocking: add 125Mhz wrpll refclk & helper si549 setup

.gitattributes

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-artiq/_version.py export-subst

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/1_Bug_Report.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+name: Bug report
+about: Report a bug in ARTIQ    
+
+---
+
+<!-- Above are non-Markdown tags for Github auto-prompting issue type. Template based on pylint: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PyCQA/pylint/master/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/ -->
+
+# Bug Report
+
+<!-- Thanks for reporting a bug report to ARTIQ! You can also discuss issues and ask questions on IRC (the [#m-labs channel on freenode](https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=m-labs) or on the [forum](https://forum.m-labs.hk). Please check Github/those forums to avoid posting a repeat issue.
+
+Context helps us fix issues faster, so please include the following when relevant:
+-->
+
+## One-Line Summary
+
+Short summary.
+
+## Issue Details
+
+### Steps to Reproduce
+
+1. Step 1.
+2. Step 2.
+3. Step 3.
+
+### Expected Behavior
+
+Behavior
+
+### Actual (undesired) Behavior
+
+* Text description
+* Log message, tracebacks, screen shots where relevant
+
+### Your System (omit irrelevant parts)
+
+* Operating System:
+* ARTIQ version: (with recent versions of ARTIQ, run ``artiq_client --version``)
+* Version of the gateware and runtime loaded in the core device: (in the output of ``artiq_coremgmt -D .... log``)
+* If using Conda, output of `conda list` (please submit as a file attachment, as this tends to be long)
+* Hardware involved:
+
+<!--
+For in-depth information on bug reporting, see:
+
+http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/QA/Bug_writing_guidelines
+-->

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/2_Feature_Request.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+name: Feature request
+about: Suggest an idea for ARTIQ
+
+---
+
+<!--
+  Hi there! Thank you for wanting to make ARTIQ better.
+
+  Before you submit this, make sure that this feature wasn't
+  already requested or if it is not already implemented in the master branch.
+
+  Based on pylint: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PyCQA/pylint/master/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/2_Feature_request.md
+-->
+
+# ARTIQ Feature Request
+
+## Problem this request addresses
+
+A clear and concise description of what the problem is.
+
+## Describe the solution you'd like
+
+A clear and concise description of what you want to happen.
+
+## Additional context
+
+Add any other context about the feature request here.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/3_Question.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+---
+name: Support question
+about: Questions about ARTIQ that are not covered in the documentation
+
+---
+
+# Question
+
+<!--
+Make sure you check the ARTIQ documentation before posting a question.
+Don't forget you can search it!
+
+Beta version: https://m-labs.hk/artiq/manual-beta/
+Stable version: https://m-labs.hk/artiq/manual/
+
+The forum is also a very good place for questions: https://forum.m-labs.hk/
+Can also ask on IRC: https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=m-labs or
+check mailing list archives: https://ssl.serverraum.org/lists-archive/artiq/
+
+Remember: if you have this question then others probably do too! The best way of thanking the people who help you with this issue is to contribute to ARTIQ by submitting a pull request to update the documentation.
+-->
+
+## Category: FILL_IN
+
+<!-- One-word category this question falls into: GUI, installation/setup, devices, development, documentation, etc. -->
+
+## Description
+
+Question text

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<!--
+
+Thank you for submitting a PR to ARTIQ!
+
+To ease the process of reviewing your PR, do make sure to complete the following boxes.
+
+You can also read more about contributing to ARTIQ in this document:
+https://github.com/m-labs/artiq/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.rst#contributing-code
+
+Based on https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PyCQA/pylint/master/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+-->
+
+# ARTIQ Pull Request
+
+## Description of Changes
+
+### Related Issue
+
+<!-- 
+If this PR fixes a particular issue, use the following to automatically close that issue
+once this PR gets merged:
+
+Closes #XXX 
+-->
+
+## Type of Changes
+
+<!-- Leave ONLY the corresponding lines for the applicable type of change: -->
+|   | Type |
+| ------------- | ------------- |
+| ✓  | :bug: Bug fix  |
+| ✓  | :sparkles: New feature |
+| ✓  | :hammer: Refactoring  |
+| ✓  | :scroll: Docs |
+
+## Steps (Choose relevant, delete irrelevant before submitting)
+
+### All Pull Requests
+
+- [x] Use correct spelling and grammar.
+- [ ] Update [RELEASE_NOTES.rst](../RELEASE_NOTES.rst) if there are noteworthy changes, especially if there are changes to existing APIs.
+- [ ] Close/update issues.
+- [ ] Check the copyright situation of your changes and sign off your patches (`git commit --signoff`, see [copyright](../CONTRIBUTING.rst#copyright-and-sign-off)).
+
+### Code Changes
+
+- [ ] Run `flake8` to check code style (follow PEP-8 style). `flake8` has issues with parsing Migen/gateware code, ignore as necessary.
+- [ ] Test your changes or have someone test them. Mention what was tested and how.
+- [ ] Add and check docstrings and comments
+- [ ] Check, test, and update the [unittests in /artiq/test/](../artiq/test/) or [gateware simulations in /artiq/gateware/test](../artiq/gateware/test)
+
+### Documentation Changes
+
+- [ ] Check, test, and update the documentation in [doc/](../doc/). Build documentation (`cd doc/manual/; make html`) to ensure no errors.
+
+### Git Logistics
+
+- [ ] Split your contribution into logically separate changes (`git rebase --interactive`). Merge/squash/fixup commits that just fix or amend previous commits. Remove unintended changes & cleanup. See [tutorial](https://www.atlassian.com/git/tutorials/rewriting-history/git-rebase).
+- [ ] Write short & meaningful commit messages. Review each commit for messages (`git show`). Format:
+  ```
+  topic: description. < 50 characters total.
+  
+  Longer description. < 70 characters per line
+  ```
+
+### Licensing
+
+See [copyright & licensing for more info](https://github.com/m-labs/artiq/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.rst#copyright-and-sign-off).
+ARTIQ files that do not contain a license header are copyrighted by M-Labs Limited and are licensed under LGPLv3+.

.gitignore

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ __pycache__/
 *.bin
 *.elf
 *.fbi
+*.pcap
+*.prof
 .ipynb_checkpoints
 /doc/manual/_build
 /build
@@ -14,20 +16,20 @@ __pycache__/
 /.coverage
 /artiq/test/lit/*/Output/
 /artiq/binaries
+/artiq/firmware/target/
 /misoc_*/
+/artiq_*/
 
 /artiq/test/results
-/artiq/examples/master/results
-/artiq/examples/master/last_rid.pyon
-/artiq/examples/master/dataset_db.pyon
-/artiq/examples/sim/results
-/artiq/examples/sim/dataset_db.pyon
+/artiq/examples/*/results
+/artiq/examples/*/last_rid.pyon
+/artiq/examples/*/dataset_db.pyon
 
-# recommended location for testbed
-/run
-# alternatively, when testing ad-hoc experiments at the root:
+# when testing ad-hoc experiments at the root:
+/repository/
 /results
 /last_rid.pyon
-/dataset_db.pyon
-/device_db.pyon
-/test*.py
+/dataset_db.mdb
+/dataset_db.mdb-lock
+/device_db*.py
+/test*

.gitmodules

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-[submodule "artiq/runtime/lwip"]
-	path = artiq/runtime/lwip
-	url = https://github.com/m-labs/lwip
-	ignore = untracked

CONTRIBUTING.rst

@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ Reporting Issues/Bugs
 
 Thanks for `reporting issues to ARTIQ
 <https://github.com/m-labs/artiq/issues/new>`_! You can also discuss issues and
-ask questions on IRC (the `#m-labs channel on freenode
-<https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=m-labs>`_) or on the `mailing list
-<https://ssl.serverraum.org/lists/listinfo/artiq>`_.
+ask questions on IRC (the #m-labs channel on OFTC), the `Mattermost chat
+<https://chat.m-labs.hk>`_, or on the `forum <https://forum.m-labs.hk>`_.
 
 The best bug reports are those which contain sufficient information. With
 accurate and comprehensive context, an issue can be resolved quickly and
@@ -17,19 +16,19 @@ efficiently. Please consider adding the following data to your issue
 report if possible:
 
 * A clear and unique summary that fits into one line. Also check that
-  this issue has not jet been reported. If it has, add additional information there.
+  this issue has not yet been reported. If it has, add additional information there.
 * Precise steps to reproduce (list of actions that leads to the issue)
 * Expected behavior (what should happen)
 * Actual behavior (what happens instead)
 * Logging message, trace backs, screen shots where relevant
-* Components involved:
+* Components involved (omit irrelevant parts):
 
-  * Operating system
-  * Conda version
-  * ARTIQ version (package or git commit id, versions for bitstream, BIOS,
-    runtime and host software)
+  * Operating System
+  * ARTIQ version (with recent versions of ARTIQ, run ``artiq_client --version``)
+  * Version of the gateware and runtime loaded in the core device (in the output of ``artiq_coremgmt -D .... log``)
   * Hardware involved
 
+
 For in-depth information on bug reporting, see:
 
 http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html
@@ -42,16 +41,37 @@ Contributing Code
 ARTIQ welcomes contributions. Write bite-sized patches that can stand alone,
 clean them up, write proper commit messages, add docstrings and unittests. Then
 ``git rebase`` them onto the current master or merge the current master. Verify
-that the testsuite passes. Then prepare a pull request or send patches to the
-`mailing list <https://ssl.serverraum.org/lists/listinfo/artiq>`_ to be
-discussed. Expect your contribution to be held up to coding standards (e.g. use
-``flake8`` to check yourself).
+that the testsuite passes. Then submit a pull request. Expect your contribution
+to be held up to coding standards (e.g. use ``flake8`` to check yourself).
+
+Checklist for Code Contributions
+--------------------------------
+
+- Test your changes or have someone test them. Mention what was tested and how.
+- Use correct spelling and grammar. Use your code editor to help you with
+  syntax, spelling, and style
+- Style: PEP-8 (``flake8``)
+- Add, check docstrings and comments
+- Split your contribution into logically separate changes (``git rebase
+  --interactive``). Merge (squash, fixup) commits that just fix previous commits
+  or amend them. Remove unintended changes. Clean up your commits.
+- Check the copyright situation of your changes and sign off your patches
+  (``git commit --signoff``, see also below)
+- Write meaningful commit messages containing the area of the change
+  and a concise description (50 characters or less) in the first line.
+  Describe everything else in the long explanation.
+- Review each of your commits for the above items (``git show``)
+- Update ``RELEASE_NOTES.md`` if there are noteworthy changes, especially if
+  there are changes to existing APIs
+- Check, test, and update the documentation in `doc/`
+- Check, test, and update the unittests
+- Close and/or update issues
 
 Copyright and Sign-Off
 ----------------------
 
 Authors retain copyright of their contributions to ARTIQ, but whenever possible
-should use the GNU GPL version 3 license for them to be merged.
+should use the GNU LGPL version 3 license for them to be merged.
 
 Works of US government employees are not copyrighted but can also be merged.
 
@@ -95,4 +115,4 @@ then you just add a line saying
 using your legal name (sorry, no pseudonyms or anonymous contributions.)
 
 ARTIQ files that do not contain a license header are copyrighted by M-Labs Limited
-and are licensed under GNU GPL version 3.
+and are licensed under GNU LGPL version 3 or later.

DEVELOPER_NOTES.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Sharing development boards
+==========================
+
+To avoid conflicts for development boards on the server, while using a board you must hold the corresponding lock file present in the ``/tmp`` folder of the machine to which the board is connected. Holding the lock file grants you exclusive access to the board.
+
+For example, to lock the KC705 until ENTER is pressed:
+::
+  ssh rpi-1.m-labs.hk "flock /tmp/board_lock-kc705-1 -c 'echo locked; read; echo unlocked'"
+
+If the board is already locked by another user, the ``flock`` commands above will wait for the lock to be released.
+
+To determine which user is locking a board, use a command such as:
+::
+  ssh rpi-1.m-labs.hk "fuser -v /tmp/board_lock-kc705-1"
+
+
+Deleting git branches
+=====================
+
+Never use ``git push origin :branch`` nor ``git push origin --delete branch``, as this can delete code that others have pushed without warning. Instead, always delete branches using the GitHub web interface that lets you check better if the branch you are deleting has been fully merged.

LICENSE

@@ -1,674 +1,165 @@
-                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                   GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                        Version 3, 29 June 2007
 
  Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
 
-                            Preamble
-
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-software and other kinds of works.
-
-  The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
-to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
-the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
-share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
-software for all its users.  We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
-GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
-any other work released this way by its authors.  You can apply it to
-your programs, too.
-
-  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
-price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
-have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
-them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
-want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
-free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
-
-  To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
-these rights or asking you to surrender the rights.  Therefore, you have
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-you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
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LICENSE.GPL-3

@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
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+  7. Additional Terms.
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+  "Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
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+Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
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+  9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
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+  A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
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+  A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
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+
+  Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
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+
+  12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+
+  If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
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+  13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+
+  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
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+
+  14. Revised Versions of this License.
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+  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
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+  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
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+  Later license versions may give you additional or different
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+  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
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+  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
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+  16. Limitation of Liability.
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+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
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+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
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+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
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+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
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+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
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+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
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+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
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+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-graft artiq/runtime
+graft artiq/firmware
 graft artiq/examples
 include artiq/gui/logo*.svg
 include versioneer.py
 include artiq/_version.py
+include artiq/coredevice/coredevice_generic.schema.json
+include artiq/compiler/kernel.ld
+include artiq/afws.pem

README.rst

@@ -4,30 +4,60 @@
 .. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/m-labs/artiq/master/doc/logo/artiq.png
   :target: https://m-labs.hk/artiq
 
-ARTIQ (Advanced Real-Time Infrastructure for Quantum physics) is the next-generation control system for quantum information experiments.
-It is developed by `M-Labs <https://m-labs.hk>`_ for and in partnership with the `Ion Storage Group at NIST <http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp10/index.cfm>`_ as free software.
-It is offered to the entire research community as a solution equally applicable to other challenging control tasks outside the field of ion trapping.
+ARTIQ (Advanced Real-Time Infrastructure for Quantum physics) is a leading-edge control and data acquisition system for quantum information experiments.
+It is maintained and developed by `M-Labs <https://m-labs.hk>`_ and the initial development was for and in partnership with the `Ion Storage Group at NIST <https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/ion-storage>`_. ARTIQ is free software and offered to the entire research community as a solution equally applicable to other challenging control tasks, including outside the field of ion trapping. Many laboratories around the world have adopted ARTIQ as their control system and some have `contributed <https://m-labs.hk/experiment-control/funding/>`_ to it.
 
 The system features a high-level programming language that helps describing complex experiments, which is compiled and executed on dedicated hardware with nanosecond timing resolution and sub-microsecond latency. It includes graphical user interfaces to parametrize and schedule experiments and to visualize and explore the results.
 
-ARTIQ uses FPGA hardware to perform its time-critical tasks.
-It is designed to be portable to hardware platforms from different vendors and FPGA manufacturers.
-Currently, one configuration of a `low-cost open hardware FPGA board <http://pipistrello.saanlima.com/>`_ and several different configurations of a `high-end FPGA evaluation kit <http://www.xilinx.com/products/boards-and-kits/ek-k7-kc705-g.html>`_ are used and supported.
-Any of these FPGA platforms can be combined with any number of additional peripherals, either already accessible from ARTIQ or made accessible with little effort.
+ARTIQ uses FPGA hardware to perform its time-critical tasks. The `Sinara hardware <https://github.com/sinara-hw>`_, and in particular the Kasli FPGA carrier, is designed to work with ARTIQ.
+ARTIQ is designed to be portable to hardware platforms from different vendors and FPGA manufacturers.
+Several different configurations of a `FPGA evaluation kit <https://www.xilinx.com/products/boards-and-kits/ek-k7-kc705-g.html>`_ and of a `Zynq evaluation kit <https://www.xilinx.com/products/boards-and-kits/ek-z7-zc706-g.html>`_ are also used and supported. FPGA platforms can be combined with any number of additional peripherals, either already accessible from ARTIQ or made accessible with little effort.
 
-Custom hardware components with widely extended capabilities and advanced support for scalable and fully distributed real-time control of experiments `are being designed <https://github.com/m-labs/artiq-hardware>`_.
-
-ARTIQ and its dependencies are available in the form of `conda packages <https://conda.anaconda.org/m-labs/label/main>`_ for both Linux and Windows.
+ARTIQ and its dependencies are available in the form of Nix packages (for Linux) and MSYS2 packages (for Windows). See `the manual <https://m-labs.hk/experiment-control/resources/>`_ for installation instructions.
 Packages containing pre-compiled binary images to be loaded onto the hardware platforms are supplied for each configuration.
 Like any open source software ARTIQ can equally be built and installed directly from `source <https://github.com/m-labs/artiq>`_.
 
 ARTIQ is supported by M-Labs and developed openly.
-Components, features, fixes, improvements, and extensions are funded by and developed for the partnering research groups.
+Components, features, fixes, improvements, and extensions are often `funded <https://m-labs.hk/experiment-control/funding/>`_ by and developed for the partnering research groups.
 
-Technologies employed include `Python <https://www.python.org/>`_, `Migen <https://github.com/m-labs/migen>`_, `MiSoC <https://github.com/m-labs/misoc>`_/`mor1kx <https://github.com/openrisc/mor1kx>`_, `LLVM <http://llvm.org/>`_/`llvmlite <https://github.com/numba/llvmlite>`_, and `Qt5 <http://www.qt.io/>`_.
+Core technologies employed include `Python <https://www.python.org/>`_, `Migen <https://github.com/m-labs/migen>`_, `Migen-AXI <https://github.com/peteut/migen-axi>`_, `Rust <https://www.rust-lang.org/>`_, `MiSoC <https://github.com/m-labs/misoc>`_/`VexRiscv <https://github.com/SpinalHDL/VexRiscv>`_, `LLVM <https://llvm.org/>`_/`llvmlite <https://github.com/numba/llvmlite>`_, and `Qt5 <https://www.qt.io/>`_.
 
 Website: https://m-labs.hk/artiq
 
 `Cite ARTIQ <http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.51303>`_ as ``Bourdeauducq, Sébastien et al. (2016). ARTIQ 1.0. Zenodo. 10.5281/zenodo.51303``.
 
-Copyright (C) 2014-2016 M-Labs Limited. Licensed under GNU GPL version 3.
+License
+=======
+
+Copyright (C) 2014-2024 M-Labs Limited.
+
+ARTIQ is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+ARTIQ is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+along with ARTIQ.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+The ARTIQ manifesto
+===================
+
+The free and open dissemination of methods and results is central to scientific progress.
+
+The ARTIQ and Sinara authors, contributors, and supporters consider the free and open exchange of scientific tools to be equally important and have chosen the licensing terms of ARTIQ and Sinara accordingly. ARTIQ, including its gateware, the firmware, and the ARTIQ tools and libraries are licensed as LGPLv3+. The Sinara hardware designs are licensed under CERN OHL.
+This ensures that a user of ARTIQ or Sinara hardware designs obtains broad rights to use, redistribute, study, and modify them.
+
+The following statements are intended to clarify the interpretation and application of the licensing terms:
+
+* There is no requirement to distribute any unmodified, modified, or extended versions of ARTIQ. Only when distributing ARTIQ the source needs to be made available.
+* Unmodified, modified, or extended versions of ARTIQ can be distributed freely under the terms of the LGPLv3+.
+* Your ``Experiments``, ``Applets``, and ARTIQ device drivers are considered "Applications" (see the LGPLv3+) and can be (but don't have to be) distributed under the terms of your choice. The public distribution under a free and open license is encouraged, however.
+* Similarly, distribution and licensing of your experiment data, calibrations, or measurement results is entirely at your discretion.
+* Other features, changes, and additions are considered modifications of ARTIQ and inherit the LGPLv3+. Those include for example adding new RTIO ``Phys``, compiler optimizations, compiler features, ports of the compiler to other target CPUs, dashboard or browser features that are not in applets, as well as scheduler, master and runtime modifications.
+* Analogously to the established practice in the Linux kernel, we do not consider components that are developed and used independently to be modifications of ARTIQ.
+* For example, when developing a ``Phy`` for an independently developed and used gateware component, that gateware component is not considered a modification of ARTIQ (but the ``Phy`` is).

RELEASE_NOTES.rst

@@ -3,8 +3,547 @@
 Release notes
 =============
 
-unreleased [2.x]
-----------------
+ARTIQ-8 (Unreleased)
+--------------------
+
+Highlights:
+
+* New hardware support:
+   - Support for Shuttler, a 16-channel 125MSPS DAC card intended for ion transport.
+     Waveform generator and user API are similar to the NIST PDQ.
+   - Implemented Phaser-servo. This requires recent gateware on Phaser.
+   - Almazny v1.2 with finer RF switch control.
+   - Metlino and Sayma support has been dropped due to complications with synchronous RTIO clocking.
+   - More user LEDs are exposed to RTIO on Kasli.
+   - Implemented Phaser-MIQRO support. This requires the proprietary Phaser MIQRO gateware
+     variant from QUARTIQ.
+   - Sampler: fixed ADC MU to Volt conversion factor for Sampler v2.2+.
+     For earlier hardware versions, specify the hardware version in the device
+     database file (e.g. ``"hw_rev": "v2.1"``) to use the correct conversion factor.
+* Support for distributed DMA, where DMA is run directly on satellites for corresponding
+  RTIO events, increasing bandwidth in scenarios with heavy satellite usage.
+* Support for subkernels, where kernels are run on satellite device CPUs to offload some
+  of the processing and RTIO operations.
+* CPU (on softcore platforms) and AXI bus (on Zynq) are now clocked synchronously with the RTIO
+  clock, to facilitate implementation of local processing on DRTIO satellites, and to slightly
+  reduce RTIO latency.
+* Support for DRTIO-over-EEM, used with Shuttler.
+* Support for WRPLL low-noise clock recovery.
+* Enabled event spreading on DRTIO satellites, using high watermark for lane switching.
+* Added channel names to RTIO error messages.
+* The RTIO analyzer is now proxied by ``aqctl_coreanalyzer_proxy`` typically running on the master
+  machine, similarly to ``aqctl_moninj_proxy``.
+* GUI:
+   - Integrated waveform analyzer, removing the need for external VCD viewers such as GtkWave.
+   - Implemented Applet Request Interfaces which allow applets to modify datasets and set the
+     current values of widgets in the dashboard's experiment windows.
+   - Implemented a new ``EntryArea`` widget which allows argument entry widgets to be used in applets.
+   - The "Close all applets" command (shortcut: Ctrl-Alt-W) now ignores docked applets,
+     making it a convenient way to clean up after exploratory work without destroying a
+     carefully arranged default workspace.
+   - Hotkeys now organize experiment windows in the order they were last interacted with:
+      + CTRL+SHIFT+T tiles experiment windows
+      + CTRL+SHIFT+C cascades experiment windows
+   - By enabling the ``quickstyle`` option, ``EnumerationValue`` entry widgets can now alternatively display 
+     its choices as buttons that submit the experiment on click.
+* Datasets can now be associated with units and scale factors, and displayed accordingly in the dashboard
+  including applets, like widgets such as ``NumberValue`` already did in earlier ARTIQ versions.
+* Experiments can now request arguments interactively from the user at any time.
+* Persistent datasets are now stored in a LMDB database for improved performance.
+* Python's built-in types (such as ``float``, or ``List[...]``) can now be used in type annotations on
+  kernel functions.
+* MSYS2 packaging for Windows, which replaces Conda. Conda packages are still available to
+  support legacy installations, but may be removed in a future release.
+* Experiments can now be submitted with revisions set to a branch / tag name instead of only git hashes.
+* Grabber image input now has an optional timeout.
+* On NAR3-supported devices (Kasli-SoC, ZC706), when a Rust panic occurs, a minimal environment is started
+  where the network and ``artiq_coremgmt`` can be used. This allows the user to inspect logs, change
+  configuration options, update the firmware, and reboot the device.
+* Full Python 3.11 support.
+
+Breaking changes:
+
+* ``SimpleApplet`` now calls widget constructors with an additional ``ctl`` parameter for control
+  operations, which includes dataset operations. It can be ignored if not needed. For an example usage,
+  refer to the ``big_number.py`` applet.
+* ``SimpleApplet`` and ``TitleApplet`` now call ``data_changed`` with additional parameters. Derived applets
+  should change the function signature as below:
+
+::
+
+  # SimpleApplet
+  def data_changed(self, value, metadata, persist, mods)
+  # SimpleApplet (old version)
+  def data_changed(self, data, mods)
+  # TitleApplet
+  def data_changed(self, value, metadata, persist, mods, title)
+  # TitleApplet (old version)
+  def data_changed(self, data, mods, title)
+
+Accesses to the data argument should be replaced as below:
+
+::
+
+  data[key][0] ==> persist[key]
+  data[key][1] ==> value[key]
+
+* The ``ndecimals`` parameter in ``NumberValue`` and ``Scannable`` has been renamed to ``precision``. 
+  Parameters after and including ``scale`` in both constructors are now keyword-only.
+  Refer to the updated ``no_hardware/arguments_demo.py`` example for current usage.
+* Almazny v1.2 is incompatible with the legacy versions and is the default.
+  To use legacy versions, specify ``almazny_hw_rev`` in the JSON description.
+* kasli_generic.py has been merged into kasli.py, and the demonstration designs without JSON descriptions
+  have been removed. The base classes remain present in kasli.py to support third-party flows without
+  JSON descriptions.
+* Legacy PYON databases should be converted to LMDB with the script below:
+
+::
+
+  from sipyco import pyon
+  import lmdb
+
+  old = pyon.load_file("dataset_db.pyon")
+  new = lmdb.open("dataset_db.mdb", subdir=False, map_size=2**30)
+  with new.begin(write=True) as txn:
+    for key, value in old.items():
+      txn.put(key.encode(), pyon.encode((value, {})).encode())
+  new.close()
+
+* ``artiq.wavesynth`` has been removed.
+
+ARTIQ-7
+-------
+
+Highlights:
+
+* New hardware support:
+   - Kasli-SoC, a new EEM carrier based on a Zynq SoC, enabling much faster kernel execution
+     (see: https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.15290).
+   - DRTIO support on Zynq-based devices (Kasli-SoC and ZC706).
+   - DRTIO support on KC705.
+   - HVAMP_8CH 8 channel HV amplifier for Fastino / Zotinos
+   - Almazny mezzanine board for Mirny
+   - Phaser: improved documentation, exposed the DAC coarse mixer and ``sif_sync``, exposed upconverter calibration
+     and enabling/disabling of upconverter LO & RF outputs, added helpers to align Phaser updates to the
+     RTIO timeline (``get_next_frame_mu()``).
+   - Urukul: ``get()``, ``get_mu()``, ``get_att()``, and ``get_att_mu()`` functions added for AD9910 and AD9912.
+* Softcore targets now use the RISC-V architecture (VexRiscv) instead of OR1K (mor1kx).
+* Gateware FPU is supported on KC705 and Kasli 2.0.
+* Faster compilation for large arrays/lists.
+* Faster exception handling.
+* Several exception handling bugs fixed.
+* Support for a simpler shared library system with faster calls into the runtime. This is only used by the NAC3
+  compiler (nac3ld) and improves RTIO output performance (test_pulse_rate) by 9-10%.
+* Moninj improvements:
+  - Urukul monitoring and frequency setting (through dashboard) is now supported.
+  - Core device moninj is now proxied via the ``aqctl_moninj_proxy`` controller.
+* The configuration entry ``rtio_clock`` supports multiple clocking settings, deprecating the usage
+  of compile-time options.
+* Added support for 100MHz RTIO clock in DRTIO.
+* Previously detected RTIO async errors are reported to the host after each kernel terminates and a
+  warning is logged. The warning is additional to the one already printed in the core device log
+  immediately upon detection of the error.
+* Extended Kasli gateware JSON description with configuration for SPI over DIO.
+* TTL outputs can be now configured to work as a clock generator from the JSON.
+* On Kasli, the number of FIFO lanes in the scalable events dispatcher (SED) can now be configured in
+  the JSON.
+* ``artiq_ddb_template`` generates edge-counter keys that start with the key of the corresponding
+  TTL device (e.g. ``ttl_0_counter`` for the edge counter on TTL device ``ttl_0``).
+* ``artiq_master`` now has an ``--experiment-subdir`` option to scan only a subdirectory of the
+  repository when building the list of experiments.
+* Experiments can now be submitted by-content.
+* The master can now optionally log all experiments submitted into a CSV file.
+* Removed worker DB warning for writing a dataset that is also in the archive.
+* Experiments can now call ``scheduler.check_termination()`` to test if the user
+  has requested graceful termination.
+* ARTIQ command-line programs and controllers now exit cleanly on Ctrl-C.
+* ``artiq_coremgmt reboot`` now reloads gateware as well, providing a more thorough and reliable
+  device reset (7-series FPGAs only).
+* Firmware and gateware can now be built on-demand on the M-Labs server using ``afws_client``
+  (subscribers only). Self-compilation remains possible.
+* Easier-to-use packaging via Nix Flakes.
+* Python 3.10 support (experimental).
+
+Breaking changes:
+
+* Due to the new RISC-V CPU, the device database entry for the core device needs to be updated.
+  The ``target`` parameter needs to be set to ``rv32ima`` for Kasli 1.x and to ``rv32g`` for all
+  other boards. Freshly generated device database templates already contain this update.
+* Updated Phaser-Upconverter default frequency 2.875 GHz. The new default uses the target PFD
+  frequency of the hardware design.
+* ``Phaser.init()`` now disables all Kasli-oscillators. This avoids full power RF output being
+  generated for some configurations.
+* Phaser: fixed coarse mixer frequency configuration
+* Mirny: Added extra delays in ``ADF5356.sync()``. This avoids the need of an extra delay before
+  calling ``ADF5356.init()``.
+* The deprecated ``set_dataset(..., save=...)`` is no longer supported.
+* The ``PCA9548`` I2C switch class was renamed to ``I2CSwitch``, to accommodate support for PCA9547,
+  and possibly other switches in future. Readback has been removed, and now only one channel per
+  switch is supported.
+
+
+ARTIQ-6
+-------
+
+Highlights:
+
+* New hardware support:
+   - Phaser, a quad channel 1GS/s RF generator card with dual IQ upconverter and dual 5MS/s
+     ADC and FPGA.
+   - Zynq SoC core device (ZC706), enabling kernels to run on 1 GHz CPU core with a floating-point
+     unit for faster computations. This currently requires an external
+     repository (https://git.m-labs.hk/m-labs/artiq-zynq).
+   - Mirny 4-channel wide-band PLL/VCO-based microwave frequency synthesiser
+   - Fastino 32-channel, 3MS/s per channel, 16-bit DAC EEM
+   - Kasli 2.0, an improved core device with 12 built-in EEM slots, faster FPGA, 4 SFPs, and
+     high-precision clock recovery circuitry for DRTIO (to be supported in ARTIQ-7).
+* ARTIQ Python (core device kernels):
+   - Multidimensional arrays are now available on the core device, using NumPy syntax.
+     Elementwise operations (e.g. ``+``, ``/``), matrix multiplication (``@``) and
+     multidimensional indexing are supported; slices and views are not yet.
+   - Trigonometric and other common math functions from NumPy are now available on the
+     core device (e.g. ``numpy.sin``), both for scalar arguments and implicitly
+     broadcast across multidimensional arrays.
+   - Failed assertions now raise ``AssertionError``\ s instead of aborting kernel
+     execution.
+* Performance improvements:
+   - SERDES TTL inputs can now detect edges on pulses that are shorter
+     than the RTIO period (https://github.com/m-labs/artiq/issues/1432)
+   - Improved performance for kernel RPC involving list and array.
+* Coredevice SI to mu conversions now always return valid codes, or raise a ``ValueError``.
+* Zotino now exposes  ``voltage_to_mu()``
+* ``ad9910``: 
+   - The maximum amplitude scale factor is now ``0x3fff`` (was ``0x3ffe`` before).
+   - The default single-tone profile is now 7 (was 0).
+   - Added option to ``set_mu()`` that affects the ASF, FTW and POW registers
+     instead of the single-tone profile register.
+* Mirny now supports HW revision independent, human readable ``clk_sel`` parameters:
+  "XO", "SMA", and "MMCX". Passing an integer is backwards compatible.
+* Dashboard:
+   - Applets now restart if they are running and a ccb call changes their spec
+   - A "Quick Open" dialog to open experiments by typing part of their name can
+     be brought up Ctrl-P (Ctrl+Return to immediately submit the selected entry
+     with the default arguments).
+   - The Applets dock now has a context menu command to quickly close all open
+     applets (shortcut: Ctrl-Alt-W).
+* Experiment results are now always saved to HDF5, even if ``run()`` fails.
+* Core device: ``panic_reset 1`` now correctly resets the kernel CPU as well if
+  communication CPU panic occurs.
+* NumberValue accepts a ``type`` parameter specifying the output as ``int`` or ``float``
+* A parameter ``--identifier-str`` has been added to many targets to aid
+  with reproducible builds.
+* Python 3.7 support in Conda packages.
+* `kasli_generic` JSON descriptions are now validated against a
+  schema. Description defaults have moved from Python to the
+  schema. Warns if ARTIQ version is too old.
+
+Breaking changes:
+
+* ``artiq_netboot`` has been moved to its own repository at
+  https://git.m-labs.hk/m-labs/artiq-netboot
+* Core device watchdogs have been removed.
+* The ARTIQ compiler now implements arrays following NumPy semantics, rather than as a
+  thin veneer around lists. Most prior use cases of NumPy arrays in kernels should work
+  unchanged with the new implementation, but the behavior might differ slightly in some
+  cases (for instance, non-rectangular arrays are not currently supported).
+* ``quamash`` has been replaced with ``qasync``.
+* Protocols are updated to use device endian.
+* Analyzer dump format includes a byte for device endianness.
+* To support variable numbers of Urukul cards in the future, the
+  ``artiq.coredevice.suservo.SUServo`` constructor now accepts two device name lists,
+  ``cpld_devices`` and ``dds_devices``, rather than four individual arguments.
+* Experiment classes with underscore-prefixed names are now ignored when ``artiq_client``
+  determines which experiment to submit (consistent with ``artiq_run``).
+
+ARTIQ-5
+-------
+
+Highlights:
+
+* Performance improvements:
+   - Faster RTIO event submission (1.5x improvement in pulse rate test)
+     See: https://github.com/m-labs/artiq/issues/636
+   - Faster compilation times (3 seconds saved on kernel compilation time on a typical
+     medium-size experiment)
+     See: https://github.com/m-labs/artiq/commit/611bcc4db4ed604a32d9678623617cd50e968cbf
+* Improved packaging and build system:
+   - new continuous integration/delivery infrastructure based on Nix and Hydra,
+     providing reproducibility, speed and independence.
+   - rolling release process (https://github.com/m-labs/artiq/issues/1326).
+   - firmware, gateware and device database templates are automatically built for all
+     supported Kasli variants.
+   - new JSON description format for generic Kasli systems.
+   - Nix packages are now supported.
+   - many Conda problems worked around.
+   - controllers are now out-of-tree.
+   - split packages that enable lightweight applications that communicate with ARTIQ,
+     e.g. controllers running on non-x86 single-board computers.
+* Improved Urukul support:
+   - AD9910 RAM mode.
+   - Configurable refclk divider and PLL bypass.
+   - More reliable phase synchronization at high sample rates.
+   - Synchronization calibration data can be read from EEPROM.
+* A gateware-level input edge counter has been added, which offers higher
+  throughput and increased flexibility over the usual TTL input PHYs where
+  edge timestamps are not required. See ``artiq.coredevice.edge_counter`` for
+  the core device driver and ``artiq.gateware.rtio.phy.edge_counter``/
+  ``artiq.gateware.eem.DIO.add_std`` for the gateware components.
+* With DRTIO, Siphaser uses a better calibration mechanism.
+  See: https://github.com/m-labs/artiq/commit/cc58318500ecfa537abf24127f2c22e8fe66e0f8
+* Schedule updates can be sent to influxdb (artiq_influxdb_schedule).
+* Experiments can now programatically set their default pipeline, priority, and flush flag.
+* List datasets can now be efficiently appended to from experiments using
+  ``artiq.language.environment.HasEnvironment.append_to_dataset``.
+* The core device now supports IPv6.
+* To make development easier, the bootloader can receive firmware and secondary FPGA
+  gateware from the network.
+* Python 3.7 compatibility (Nix and source builds only, no Conda).
+* Various other bugs from 4.0 fixed.
+* Preliminary Sayma v2 and Metlino hardware support.
+
+Breaking changes:
+
+* The ``artiq.coredevice.ad9910.AD9910`` and
+  ``artiq.coredevice.ad9914.AD9914`` phase reference timestamp parameters
+  have been renamed to ``ref_time_mu`` for consistency, as they are in machine
+  units.
+* The controller manager now ignores device database entries without the
+  ``command`` key set to facilitate sharing of devices between multiple
+  masters.
+* The meaning of the ``-d/--dir`` and ``--srcbuild`` options of ``artiq_flash``
+  has changed.
+* Controllers for third-party devices are now out-of-tree.
+* ``aqctl_corelog`` now filters log messages below the ``WARNING`` level by default.
+  This behavior can be changed using the ``-v`` and ``-q`` options like the other
+  programs.
+* On Kasli the firmware now starts with a unique default MAC address
+  from EEPROM if `mac` is absent from the flash config.
+* The ``-e/--experiment`` switch of ``artiq_run`` and ``artiq_compile``
+  has been renamed ``-c/--class-name``.
+* ``artiq_devtool`` has been removed.
+* Much of ``artiq.protocols`` has been moved to a separate package ``sipyco``.
+  ``artiq_rpctool`` has been renamed to ``sipyco_rpctool``.
+
+
+ARTIQ-4
+-------
+
+4.0
+***
+
+* The ``artiq.coredevice.ttl`` drivers no longer track the timestamps of
+  submitted events in software, requiring the user to explicitly specify the
+  timeout for ``count()``/``timestamp_mu()``. Support for ``sync()`` has been dropped.
+
+  Now that RTIO has gained DMA support, there is no longer a reliable way for
+  the kernel CPU to track the individual events submitted on any one channel.
+  Requiring the timeouts to be specified explicitly ensures consistent API
+  behavior. To make this more convenient, the ``TTLInOut.gate_*()`` functions
+  now return the cursor position at the end of the gate, e.g.::
+
+    ttl_input.count(ttl_input.gate_rising(100 * us))
+
+  In most situations – that is, unless the timeline cursor is rewound after the
+  respective ``gate_*()`` call – simply passing ``now_mu()`` is also a valid
+  upgrade path::
+
+    ttl_input.count(now_mu())
+
+  The latter might use up more timeline slack than necessary, though.
+
+  In place of ``TTL(In)Out.sync``, the new ``Core.wait_until_mu()`` method can
+  be used, which blocks execution until the hardware RTIO cursor reaches the
+  given timestamp::
+
+    ttl_output.pulse(10 * us)
+    self.core.wait_until_mu(now_mu())
+* RTIO outputs use a new architecture called Scalable Event Dispatcher (SED),
+  which allows building systems with large number of RTIO channels more
+  efficiently.
+  From the user perspective, collision errors become asynchronous, and non-
+  monotonic timestamps on any combination of channels are generally allowed
+  (instead of producing sequence errors).
+  RTIO inputs are not affected.
+* The DDS channel number for the NIST CLOCK target has changed.
+* The dashboard configuration files are now stored one-per-master, keyed by the
+  server address argument and the notify port.
+* The master now has a ``--name`` argument. If given, the dashboard is labelled
+  with this name rather than the server address.
+* ``artiq_flash`` targets Kasli by default. Use ``-t kc705`` to flash a KC705
+  instead.
+* ``artiq_flash -m/--adapter`` has been changed to ``artiq_flash -V/--variant``.
+* The ``proxy`` action of ``artiq_flash`` is determined automatically and should
+  not be specified manually anymore.
+* ``kc705_dds`` has been renamed ``kc705``.
+* The ``-H/--hw-adapter`` option of ``kc705`` has been renamed ``-V/--variant``.
+* SPI masters have been switched from misoc-spi to misoc-spi2. This affects
+  all out-of-tree RTIO core device drivers using those buses. See the various
+  commits on e.g. the ``ad53xx`` driver for an example how to port from the old
+  to the new bus.
+* The ``ad5360`` coredevice driver has been renamed to ``ad53xx`` and the API
+  has changed to better support Zotino.
+* ``artiq.coredevice.dds`` has been renamed to ``artiq.coredevice.ad9914`` and
+  simplified. DDS batch mode is no longer supported. The ``core_dds`` device
+  is no longer necessary.
+* The configuration entry ``startup_clock`` is renamed ``rtio_clock``. Switching
+  clocks dynamically (i.e. without device restart) is no longer supported.
+* ``set_dataset(..., save=True)`` has been renamed
+  ``set_dataset(..., archive=True)``.
+* On the AD9914 DDS, when switching to ``PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS`` from another mode,
+  use the returned value of the last ``set_mu`` call as the phase offset for
+  ``PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS`` to avoid a phase discontinuity. This is no longer done
+  automatically. If one phase glitch when entering ``PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS`` is not
+  an issue, this recommendation can be ignored.
+
+
+ARTIQ-3
+-------
+
+3.7
+***
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+3.6
+***
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+3.5
+***
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+3.4
+***
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+3.3
+***
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+3.2
+***
+
+* To accommodate larger runtimes, the flash layout as changed. As a result, the
+  contents of the flash storage will be lost when upgrading. Set the values back
+  (IP, MAC address, startup kernel, etc.) after the upgrade.
+
+
+3.1
+***
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+3.0
+***
+
+* The ``--embed`` option of applets is replaced with the environment variable
+  ``ARTIQ_APPLET_EMBED``. The GUI sets this enviroment variable itself and the
+  user simply needs to remove the ``--embed`` argument.
+* ``EnvExperiment``'s ``prepare`` calls ``prepare`` for all its children.
+* Dynamic ``__getattr__``'s returning RPC target methods are not supported anymore.
+  Controller driver classes must define all their methods intended for RPC as
+  members.
+* Datasets requested by experiments are by default archived into their HDF5
+  output. If this behavior is undesirable, turn it off by passing
+  ``archive=False`` to ``get_dataset``.
+* ``seconds_to_mu`` and ``mu_to_seconds`` have become methods of the core
+  device driver (use e.g. ``self.core.seconds_to_mu()``).
+* AD9858 DDSes and NIST QC1 hardware are no longer supported.
+* The DDS class names and setup options have changed, this requires an update of
+  the device database.
+* ``int(a, width=b)`` has been removed. Use ``int32(a)`` and ``int64(a)``.
+* The KC705 gateware target has been renamed ``kc705_dds``.
+* ``artiq.coredevice.comm_tcp`` has been renamed ``artiq.coredevice.comm_kernel``,
+  and ``Comm`` has been renamed ``CommKernel``.
+* The "collision" and "busy" RTIO errors are reported through the log instead of
+  raising exceptions.
+* Results are still saved when ``analyze`` raises an exception.
+* ``LinearScan`` and ``RandomScan`` have been consolidated into RangeScan.
+* The Pipistrello is no longer supported. For a low-cost ARTIQ setup, use either
+  ARTIQ 2.x with Pipistrello, or the future ARTIQ 4.x with Kasli. Note that the
+  Pipistrello board has also been discontinued by the manufacturer but its design
+  files are freely available.
+* The device database is now generated by an executable Python script. To migrate
+  an existing database, add ``device_db = `` at the beginning, and replace any PYON
+  identifiers (``true``, ``null``, ...) with their Python equivalents
+  (``True``, ``None`` ...).
+* Controllers are now named ``aqctl_XXX`` instead of ``XXX_controller``.
+* In the device database, the ``comm`` device has been folded into the ``core`` device.
+  Move the "host" argument into the ``core`` device, and remove the ``comm`` device.
+* The core device log now contains important information about events such as
+  RTIO collisions. A new controller ``aqctl_corelog`` must be running to forward
+  those logs to the master. See the example device databases to see how to
+  instantiate this controller. Using ``artiq_session`` ensures that a controller
+  manager is running simultaneously with the master.
+* Experiments scheduled with the "flush pipeline" option now proceed when there
+  are lower-priority experiments in the pipeline. Only experiments at the current
+  (or higher) priority level are flushed.
+* The PDQ(2/3) driver has been removed and is now being maintained out-of tree
+  at https://github.com/m-labs/pdq. All SPI/USB driver layers, Mediator,
+  CompoundPDQ and examples/documentation has been moved.
+* The master now rotates log files at midnight, rather than based on log size.
+* The results keys ``start_time`` and ``run_time`` are now stored as doubles of UNIX time,
+  rather than ints. The file names are still based on local time.
+* Packages are no longer available for 32-bit Windows.
+
+
+ARTIQ-2
+-------
+
+2.5
+***
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+2.4
+***
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+2.3
+***
+
+* When using conda, add the conda-forge channel before installing ARTIQ.
+
+
+2.2
+***
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+2.1
+***
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+2.0
+***
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+2.0rc2
+******
+
+No further notes.
+
+
+2.0rc1
+******
 
 * The format of the influxdb pattern file is simplified. The procedure to
   edit patterns is also changed to modifying the pattern file and calling:
@@ -34,6 +573,8 @@ unreleased [2.x]
   (i.e. grouping by day and then by hour, instead of by day and then by minute)
 * The ``parent`` keyword argument of ``HasEnvironment`` (and ``EnvExperiment``)
   has been replaced. Pass the parent as first argument instead.
+* During experiment examination (and a fortiori repository scan), the values of
+  all arguments are set to ``None`` regardless of any default values supplied.
 * In the dashboard's experiment windows, partial or full argument recomputation
   takes into account the repository revision field.
 * By default, ``NumberValue`` and ``Scannable`` infer the scale from the unit
@@ -50,39 +591,43 @@ unreleased [2.x]
   numpy.int64). If you pass an integer as a RPC argument, the target function
   receives a numpy type.
 
+
+ARTIQ-1
+-------
+
 1.3
----
+***
 
 No further notes.
 
 
 1.2
----
+***
 
 No further notes.
 
 
 1.1
----
+***
 
 * TCA6424A.set converts the "outputs" value to little-endian before programming
   it into the registers.
 
 
 1.0
----
+***
 
 No further notes.
 
 
 1.0rc4
-------
+******
 
 * setattr_argument and setattr_device add their key to kernel_invariants.
 
 
 1.0rc3
-------
+******
 
 * The HDF5 format has changed.
 
@@ -96,7 +641,7 @@ No further notes.
 
 
 1.0rc2
-------
+******
 
 * The CPU speed in the pipistrello gateware has been reduced from 83 1/3 MHz to
   75 MHz. This will reduce the achievable sustained pulse rate and latency
@@ -106,7 +651,7 @@ No further notes.
 
 
 1.0rc1
-------
+******
 
 * Experiments (your code) should use ``from artiq.experiment import *``
   (and not ``from artiq import *`` as previously)

RELEASING.rst

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-Release process
-===============
-
-Maintain ``RELEASE_NOTES.rst`` with a list of new features and API changes in each major release.
-
-Major releases
---------------
-
-1. Create branch release-X from master.
-2. Tag the next commit in master X+1.0.dev.
-3. Ensure that release versions of all packages required are available under the ``main`` label in conda. Ensure that new packages in ``main`` do not break older ARTIQ releases.
-4. In the release-X branch, remove any unfinished features.
-5. Test and fix any problems found. Apply fixes to both master and release-X.
-6. If you have willing testers for release candidates, tag X.0rc1 in the release-X branch, have it build, and point testers there. Iterate over the previous points with new release candidates if necessary.
-7. Tag X.0 in the release-X branch, build it, and copy its packages to ``main`` channel.
-8. Mint a new DOI from Zenodo and update the README/introduction.
-
-Minor (bugfix) releases
------------------------
-
-1. Backport bugfixes from the master branch or fix bugs specific to old releases into the currently maintained release-X branch(es).
-2. When significant bugs have been fixed, tag X.Y+1.
-3. To help dealing with regressions, no new features or refactorings should be implemented in release-X branches. Those happen in the master branch, and then a new release-X+1 branch is created.

artiq/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-from ._version import get_versions
-__version__ = get_versions()['version']
-del get_versions
+from ._version import get_version
+__version__ = get_version()
+del get_version
 
 import os
 __artiq_dir__ = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))

artiq/_version.py

@@ -1,486 +1,7 @@
-
-# This file helps to compute a version number in source trees obtained from
-# git-archive tarball (such as those provided by githubs download-from-tag
-# feature). Distribution tarballs (built by setup.py sdist) and build
-# directories (produced by setup.py build) will contain a much shorter file
-# that just contains the computed version number.
-
-# This file is released into the public domain. Generated by
-# versioneer-0.15+dev (https://github.com/warner/python-versioneer)
-
-"""Git implementation of _version.py."""
-
-import errno
 import os
-import re
-import subprocess
-import sys
 
+def get_rev():
+    return os.getenv("VERSIONEER_REV", default="unknown")
 
-def get_keywords():
-    """Get the keywords needed to look up the version information."""
-    # these strings will be replaced by git during git-archive.
-    # setup.py/versioneer.py will grep for the variable names, so they must
-    # each be defined on a line of their own. _version.py will just call
-    # get_keywords().
-    git_refnames = "$Format:%d$"
-    git_full = "$Format:%H$"
-    keywords = {"refnames": git_refnames, "full": git_full}
-    return keywords
-
-
-class VersioneerConfig:
-
-    """Container for Versioneer configuration parameters."""
-
-
-def get_config():
-    """Create, populate and return the VersioneerConfig() object."""
-    # these strings are filled in when 'setup.py versioneer' creates
-    # _version.py
-    cfg = VersioneerConfig()
-    cfg.VCS = "git"
-    cfg.style = "pep440"
-    cfg.tag_prefix = ""
-    cfg.parentdir_prefix = "artiq-"
-    cfg.versionfile_source = "artiq/_version.py"
-    cfg.verbose = False
-    return cfg
-
-
-class NotThisMethod(Exception):
-
-    """Exception raised if a method is not valid for the current scenario."""
-
-
-LONG_VERSION_PY = {}
-HANDLERS = {}
-
-
-def register_vcs_handler(vcs, method):  # decorator
-    """Decorator to mark a method as the handler for a particular VCS."""
-    def decorate(f):
-        """Store f in HANDLERS[vcs][method]."""
-        if vcs not in HANDLERS:
-            HANDLERS[vcs] = {}
-        HANDLERS[vcs][method] = f
-        return f
-    return decorate
-
-
-def run_command(commands, args, cwd=None, verbose=False, hide_stderr=False):
-    """Call the given command(s)."""
-    assert isinstance(commands, list)
-    p = None
-    for c in commands:
-        try:
-            dispcmd = str([c] + args)
-            # remember shell=False, so use git.cmd on windows, not just git
-            p = subprocess.Popen([c] + args, cwd=cwd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                 stderr=(subprocess.PIPE if hide_stderr
-                                         else None))
-            break
-        except EnvironmentError:
-            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
-            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
-                continue
-            if verbose:
-                print("unable to run %s" % dispcmd)
-                print(e)
-            return None
-    else:
-        if verbose:
-            print("unable to find command, tried %s" % (commands,))
-        return None
-    stdout = p.communicate()[0].strip()
-    if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
-        stdout = stdout.decode()
-    if p.returncode != 0:
-        if verbose:
-            print("unable to run %s (error)" % dispcmd)
-        return None
-    return stdout
-
-
-def versions_from_parentdir(parentdir_prefix, root, verbose):
-    """Try to determine the version from the parent directory name.
-
-    Source tarballs conventionally unpack into a directory that includes
-    both the project name and a version string.
-    """
-    dirname = os.path.basename(root)
-    if not dirname.startswith(parentdir_prefix):
-        if verbose:
-            print("guessing rootdir is '%s', but '%s' doesn't start with "
-                  "prefix '%s'" % (root, dirname, parentdir_prefix))
-        raise NotThisMethod("rootdir doesn't start with parentdir_prefix")
-    return {"version": dirname[len(parentdir_prefix):],
-            "full-revisionid": None,
-            "dirty": False, "error": None}
-
-
-@register_vcs_handler("git", "get_keywords")
-def git_get_keywords(versionfile_abs):
-    """Extract version information from the given file."""
-    # the code embedded in _version.py can just fetch the value of these
-    # keywords. When used from setup.py, we don't want to import _version.py,
-    # so we do it with a regexp instead. This function is not used from
-    # _version.py.
-    keywords = {}
-    try:
-        f = open(versionfile_abs, "r")
-        for line in f.readlines():
-            if line.strip().startswith("git_refnames ="):
-                mo = re.search(r'=\s*"(.*)"', line)
-                if mo:
-                    keywords["refnames"] = mo.group(1)
-            if line.strip().startswith("git_full ="):
-                mo = re.search(r'=\s*"(.*)"', line)
-                if mo:
-                    keywords["full"] = mo.group(1)
-        f.close()
-    except EnvironmentError:
-        pass
-    return keywords
-
-
-@register_vcs_handler("git", "keywords")
-def git_versions_from_keywords(keywords, tag_prefix, verbose):
-    """Get version information from git keywords."""
-    if not keywords:
-        raise NotThisMethod("no keywords at all, weird")
-    refnames = keywords["refnames"].strip()
-    if refnames.startswith("$Format"):
-        if verbose:
-            print("keywords are unexpanded, not using")
-        raise NotThisMethod("unexpanded keywords, not a git-archive tarball")
-    refs = set([r.strip() for r in refnames.strip("()").split(",")])
-    # starting in git-1.8.3, tags are listed as "tag: foo-1.0" instead of
-    # just "foo-1.0". If we see a "tag: " prefix, prefer those.
-    TAG = "tag: "
-    tags = set([r[len(TAG):] for r in refs if r.startswith(TAG)])
-    if not tags:
-        # Either we're using git < 1.8.3, or there really are no tags. We use
-        # a heuristic: assume all version tags have a digit. The old git %d
-        # expansion behaves like git log --decorate=short and strips out the
-        # refs/heads/ and refs/tags/ prefixes that would let us distinguish
-        # between branches and tags. By ignoring refnames without digits, we
-        # filter out many common branch names like "release" and
-        # "stabilization", as well as "HEAD" and "master".
-        tags = set([r for r in refs if re.search(r'\d', r)])
-        if verbose:
-            print("discarding '%s', no digits" % ",".join(refs-tags))
-    if verbose:
-        print("likely tags: %s" % ",".join(sorted(tags)))
-    for ref in sorted(tags):
-        # sorting will prefer e.g. "2.0" over "2.0rc1"
-        if ref.startswith(tag_prefix):
-            r = ref[len(tag_prefix):]
-            if verbose:
-                print("picking %s" % r)
-            return {"version": r,
-                    "full-revisionid": keywords["full"].strip(),
-                    "dirty": False, "error": None
-                    }
-    # no suitable tags, so version is "0+unknown", but full hex is still there
-    if verbose:
-        print("no suitable tags, using unknown + full revision id")
-    return {"version": "0+unknown",
-            "full-revisionid": keywords["full"].strip(),
-            "dirty": False, "error": "no suitable tags"}
-
-
-@register_vcs_handler("git", "pieces_from_vcs")
-def git_pieces_from_vcs(tag_prefix, root, verbose, run_command=run_command):
-    """Get version from 'git describe' in the root of the source tree.
-
-    This only gets called if the git-archive 'subst' keywords were *not*
-    expanded, and _version.py hasn't already been rewritten with a short
-    version string, meaning we're inside a checked out source tree.
-    """
-    if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(root, ".git")):
-        if verbose:
-            print("no .git in %s" % root)
-        raise NotThisMethod("no .git directory")
-
-    GITS = ["git"]
-    if sys.platform == "win32":
-        GITS = ["git.cmd", "git.exe"]
-    # if there is a tag matching tag_prefix, this yields TAG-NUM-gHEX[-dirty]
-    # if there isn't one, this yields HEX[-dirty] (no NUM)
-    describe_out = run_command(GITS, ["describe", "--tags", "--dirty",
-                                      "--always", "--long",
-                                      "--match", "%s*" % tag_prefix],
-                               cwd=root)
-    # --long was added in git-1.5.5
-    if describe_out is None:
-        raise NotThisMethod("'git describe' failed")
-    describe_out = describe_out.strip()
-    full_out = run_command(GITS, ["rev-parse", "HEAD"], cwd=root)
-    if full_out is None:
-        raise NotThisMethod("'git rev-parse' failed")
-    full_out = full_out.strip()
-
-    pieces = {}
-    pieces["long"] = full_out
-    pieces["short"] = full_out[:7]  # maybe improved later
-    pieces["error"] = None
-
-    # parse describe_out. It will be like TAG-NUM-gHEX[-dirty] or HEX[-dirty]
-    # TAG might have hyphens.
-    git_describe = describe_out
-
-    # look for -dirty suffix
-    dirty = git_describe.endswith("-dirty")
-    pieces["dirty"] = dirty
-    if dirty:
-        git_describe = git_describe[:git_describe.rindex("-dirty")]
-
-    # now we have TAG-NUM-gHEX or HEX
-
-    if "-" in git_describe:
-        # TAG-NUM-gHEX
-        mo = re.search(r'^(.+)-(\d+)-g([0-9a-f]+)$', git_describe)
-        if not mo:
-            # unparseable. Maybe git-describe is misbehaving?
-            pieces["error"] = ("unable to parse git-describe output: '%s'"
-                               % describe_out)
-            return pieces
-
-        # tag
-        full_tag = mo.group(1)
-        if not full_tag.startswith(tag_prefix):
-            if verbose:
-                fmt = "tag '%s' doesn't start with prefix '%s'"
-                print(fmt % (full_tag, tag_prefix))
-            pieces["error"] = ("tag '%s' doesn't start with prefix '%s'"
-                               % (full_tag, tag_prefix))
-            return pieces
-        pieces["closest-tag"] = full_tag[len(tag_prefix):]
-
-        # distance: number of commits since tag
-        pieces["distance"] = int(mo.group(2))
-
-        # commit: short hex revision ID
-        pieces["short"] = mo.group(3)
-
-    else:
-        # HEX: no tags
-        pieces["closest-tag"] = None
-        count_out = run_command(GITS, ["rev-list", "HEAD", "--count"],
-                                cwd=root)
-        pieces["distance"] = int(count_out)  # total number of commits
-
-    return pieces
-
-
-def plus_or_dot(pieces):
-    """Return a + if we don't already have one, else return a ."""
-    if "+" in pieces.get("closest-tag", ""):
-        return "."
-    return "+"
-
-
-def render_pep440(pieces):
-    """Build up version string, with post-release "local version identifier".
-
-    Our goal: TAG[+DISTANCE.gHEX[.dirty]] . Note that if you
-    get a tagged build and then dirty it, you'll get TAG+0.gHEX.dirty
-
-    Exceptions:
-    1: no tags. git_describe was just HEX. 0+untagged.DISTANCE.gHEX[.dirty]
-    """
-    if pieces["closest-tag"]:
-        rendered = pieces["closest-tag"]
-        if pieces["distance"] or pieces["dirty"]:
-            rendered += plus_or_dot(pieces)
-            rendered += "%d.g%s" % (pieces["distance"], pieces["short"])
-            if pieces["dirty"]:
-                rendered += ".dirty"
-    else:
-        # exception #1
-        rendered = "0+untagged.%d.g%s" % (pieces["distance"],
-                                          pieces["short"])
-        if pieces["dirty"]:
-            rendered += ".dirty"
-    return rendered
-
-
-def render_pep440_pre(pieces):
-    """TAG[.post.devDISTANCE] -- No -dirty.
-
-    Exceptions:
-    1: no tags. 0.post.devDISTANCE
-    """
-    if pieces["closest-tag"]:
-        rendered = pieces["closest-tag"]
-        if pieces["distance"]:
-            rendered += ".post.dev%d" % pieces["distance"]
-    else:
-        # exception #1
-        rendered = "0.post.dev%d" % pieces["distance"]
-    return rendered
-
-
-def render_pep440_post(pieces):
-    """TAG[.postDISTANCE[.dev0]+gHEX] .
-
-    The ".dev0" means dirty. Note that .dev0 sorts backwards
-    (a dirty tree will appear "older" than the corresponding clean one),
-    but you shouldn't be releasing software with -dirty anyways.
-
-    Exceptions:
-    1: no tags. 0.postDISTANCE[.dev0]
-    """
-    if pieces["closest-tag"]:
-        rendered = pieces["closest-tag"]
-        if pieces["distance"] or pieces["dirty"]:
-            rendered += ".post%d" % pieces["distance"]
-            if pieces["dirty"]:
-                rendered += ".dev0"
-            rendered += plus_or_dot(pieces)
-            rendered += "g%s" % pieces["short"]
-    else:
-        # exception #1
-        rendered = "0.post%d" % pieces["distance"]
-        if pieces["dirty"]:
-            rendered += ".dev0"
-        rendered += "+g%s" % pieces["short"]
-    return rendered
-
-
-def render_pep440_old(pieces):
-    """TAG[.postDISTANCE[.dev0]] .
-
-    The ".dev0" means dirty.
-
-    Eexceptions:
-    1: no tags. 0.postDISTANCE[.dev0]
-    """
-    if pieces["closest-tag"]:
-        rendered = pieces["closest-tag"]
-        if pieces["distance"] or pieces["dirty"]:
-            rendered += ".post%d" % pieces["distance"]
-            if pieces["dirty"]:
-                rendered += ".dev0"
-    else:
-        # exception #1
-        rendered = "0.post%d" % pieces["distance"]
-        if pieces["dirty"]:
-            rendered += ".dev0"
-    return rendered
-
-
-def render_git_describe(pieces):
-    """TAG[-DISTANCE-gHEX][-dirty].
-
-    Like 'git describe --tags --dirty --always'.
-
-    Exceptions:
-    1: no tags. HEX[-dirty]  (note: no 'g' prefix)
-    """
-    if pieces["closest-tag"]:
-        rendered = pieces["closest-tag"]
-        if pieces["distance"]:
-            rendered += "-%d-g%s" % (pieces["distance"], pieces["short"])
-    else:
-        # exception #1
-        rendered = pieces["short"]
-    if pieces["dirty"]:
-        rendered += "-dirty"
-    return rendered
-
-
-def render_git_describe_long(pieces):
-    """TAG-DISTANCE-gHEX[-dirty].
-
-    Like 'git describe --tags --dirty --always -long'.
-    The distance/hash is unconditional.
-
-    Exceptions:
-    1: no tags. HEX[-dirty]  (note: no 'g' prefix)
-    """
-    if pieces["closest-tag"]:
-        rendered = pieces["closest-tag"]
-        rendered += "-%d-g%s" % (pieces["distance"], pieces["short"])
-    else:
-        # exception #1
-        rendered = pieces["short"]
-    if pieces["dirty"]:
-        rendered += "-dirty"
-    return rendered
-
-
-def render(pieces, style):
-    """Render the given version pieces into the requested style."""
-    if pieces["error"]:
-        return {"version": "unknown",
-                "full-revisionid": pieces.get("long"),
-                "dirty": None,
-                "error": pieces["error"]}
-
-    if not style or style == "default":
-        style = "pep440"  # the default
-
-    if style == "pep440":
-        rendered = render_pep440(pieces)
-    elif style == "pep440-pre":
-        rendered = render_pep440_pre(pieces)
-    elif style == "pep440-post":
-        rendered = render_pep440_post(pieces)
-    elif style == "pep440-old":
-        rendered = render_pep440_old(pieces)
-    elif style == "git-describe":
-        rendered = render_git_describe(pieces)
-    elif style == "git-describe-long":
-        rendered = render_git_describe_long(pieces)
-    else:
-        raise ValueError("unknown style '%s'" % style)
-
-    return {"version": rendered, "full-revisionid": pieces["long"],
-            "dirty": pieces["dirty"], "error": None}
-
-
-def get_versions():
-    """Get version information or return default if unable to do so."""
-    # I am in _version.py, which lives at ROOT/VERSIONFILE_SOURCE. If we have
-    # __file__, we can work backwards from there to the root. Some
-    # py2exe/bbfreeze/non-CPython implementations don't do __file__, in which
-    # case we can only use expanded keywords.
-
-    cfg = get_config()
-    verbose = cfg.verbose
-
-    try:
-        return git_versions_from_keywords(get_keywords(), cfg.tag_prefix,
-                                          verbose)
-    except NotThisMethod:
-        pass
-
-    try:
-        root = os.path.realpath(__file__)
-        # versionfile_source is the relative path from the top of the source
-        # tree (where the .git directory might live) to this file. Invert
-        # this to find the root from __file__.
-        for i in cfg.versionfile_source.split('/'):
-            root = os.path.dirname(root)
-    except NameError:
-        return {"version": "0+unknown", "full-revisionid": None,
-                "dirty": None,
-                "error": "unable to find root of source tree"}
-
-    try:
-        pieces = git_pieces_from_vcs(cfg.tag_prefix, root, verbose)
-        return render(pieces, cfg.style)
-    except NotThisMethod:
-        pass
-
-    try:
-        if cfg.parentdir_prefix:
-            return versions_from_parentdir(cfg.parentdir_prefix, root, verbose)
-    except NotThisMethod:
-        pass
-
-    return {"version": "0+unknown", "full-revisionid": None,
-            "dirty": None,
-            "error": "unable to compute version"}
+def get_version():
+    return os.getenv("VERSIONEER_OVERRIDE", default="8.0+unknown.beta")

artiq/applets/big_number.py

@@ -1,22 +1,96 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3.5
-
-from PyQt5 import QtWidgets
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+from PyQt5 import QtWidgets, QtCore, QtGui
 from artiq.applets.simple import SimpleApplet
+from artiq.tools import scale_from_metadata
+from artiq.gui.tools import LayoutWidget
 
 
-class NumberWidget(QtWidgets.QLCDNumber):
-    def __init__(self, args):
-        QtWidgets.QLCDNumber.__init__(self)
-        self.setDigitCount(args.digit_count)
+class QResponsiveLCDNumber(QtWidgets.QLCDNumber):
+    doubleClicked = QtCore.pyqtSignal()
+
+    def mouseDoubleClickEvent(self, event):
+        self.doubleClicked.emit()
+
+
+class QCancellableLineEdit(QtWidgets.QLineEdit):
+    editCancelled = QtCore.pyqtSignal()
+
+    def keyPressEvent(self, event):
+        if event.key() == QtCore.Qt.Key_Escape:
+            self.editCancelled.emit()
+        else:
+            super().keyPressEvent(event)
+
+
+class NumberWidget(LayoutWidget):
+    def __init__(self, args, req):
+        LayoutWidget.__init__(self)
         self.dataset_name = args.dataset
+        self.req = req
+        self.metadata = dict()
 
-    def data_changed(self, data, mods):
+        self.number_area = QtWidgets.QStackedWidget()
+        self.addWidget(self.number_area, 0, 0)
+
+        self.unit_area = QtWidgets.QLabel()
+        self.unit_area.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignRight | QtCore.Qt.AlignTop)
+        self.addWidget(self.unit_area, 0, 1)
+
+        self.lcd_widget = QResponsiveLCDNumber()
+        self.lcd_widget.setDigitCount(args.digit_count)
+        self.lcd_widget.doubleClicked.connect(self.start_edit)
+        self.number_area.addWidget(self.lcd_widget)
+
+        self.edit_widget = QCancellableLineEdit()
+        self.edit_widget.setValidator(QtGui.QDoubleValidator())
+        self.edit_widget.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignRight | QtCore.Qt.AlignVCenter)
+        self.edit_widget.editCancelled.connect(self.cancel_edit)
+        self.edit_widget.returnPressed.connect(self.confirm_edit)
+        self.number_area.addWidget(self.edit_widget)
+
+        font = QtGui.QFont()
+        font.setPointSize(60)
+        self.edit_widget.setFont(font)
+
+        unit_font = QtGui.QFont()
+        unit_font.setPointSize(20)
+        self.unit_area.setFont(unit_font)
+
+        self.number_area.setCurrentWidget(self.lcd_widget)
+
+    def start_edit(self):
+        # QLCDNumber value property contains the value of zero
+        # if the displayed value is not a number.
+        self.edit_widget.setText(str(self.lcd_widget.value()))
+        self.edit_widget.selectAll()
+        self.edit_widget.setFocus()
+        self.number_area.setCurrentWidget(self.edit_widget)
+
+    def confirm_edit(self):
+        scale = scale_from_metadata(self.metadata)
+        val = float(self.edit_widget.text())
+        val *= scale
+        self.req.set_dataset(self.dataset_name, val, **self.metadata)
+        self.number_area.setCurrentWidget(self.lcd_widget)
+
+    def cancel_edit(self):
+        self.number_area.setCurrentWidget(self.lcd_widget)
+
+    def data_changed(self, value, metadata, persist, mods):
         try:
-            n = float(data[self.dataset_name][1])
+            self.metadata = metadata[self.dataset_name]
+            # This applet will degenerate other scalar types to native float on edit
+            # Use the dashboard ChangeEditDialog for consistent type casting 
+            val = float(value[self.dataset_name])
+            scale = scale_from_metadata(self.metadata)
+            val /= scale
         except (KeyError, ValueError, TypeError):
-            n = "---"
-        self.display(n)
+            val = "---"
+        
+        unit = self.metadata.get("unit", "")
+        self.unit_area.setText(unit)
+        self.lcd_widget.display(val)
 
 
 def main():

artiq/applets/image.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3.5
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 import PyQt5  # make sure pyqtgraph imports Qt5
 import pyqtgraph
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ from artiq.applets.simple import SimpleApplet
 
 
 class Image(pyqtgraph.ImageView):
-    def __init__(self, args):
+    def __init__(self, args, req):
         pyqtgraph.ImageView.__init__(self)
         self.args = args
 
-    def data_changed(self, data, mods):
+    def data_changed(self, value, metadata, persist, mods):
         try:
-            img = data[self.args.img][1]
+            img = value[self.args.img]
         except KeyError:
             return
         self.setImage(img)

artiq/applets/plot_hist.py

@@ -1,33 +1,47 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3.5
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-import PyQt5  # make sure pyqtgraph imports Qt5
+import PyQt5    # make sure pyqtgraph imports Qt5
+from PyQt5.QtCore import QTimer
 import pyqtgraph
 
 from artiq.applets.simple import TitleApplet
 
 
 class HistogramPlot(pyqtgraph.PlotWidget):
-    def __init__(self, args):
+    def __init__(self, args, req):
         pyqtgraph.PlotWidget.__init__(self)
         self.args = args
+        self.timer = QTimer()
+        self.timer.setSingleShot(True)
+        self.timer.timeout.connect(self.length_warning)
 
-    def data_changed(self, data, mods, title):
+    def data_changed(self, value, metadata, persist, mods, title):
         try:
-            y = data[self.args.y][1]
+            y = value[self.args.y]
             if self.args.x is None:
                 x = None
             else:
-                x = data[self.args.x][1]
+                x = value[self.args.x]
         except KeyError:
             return
         if x is None:
             x = list(range(len(y)+1))
 
         if len(y) and len(x) == len(y) + 1:
+            self.timer.stop()
             self.clear()
             self.plot(x, y, stepMode=True, fillLevel=0,
                       brush=(0, 0, 255, 150))
             self.setTitle(title)
+        else:
+            if not self.timer.isActive():
+                self.timer.start(1000)
+
+    def length_warning(self):
+        self.clear()
+        text = "⚠️ dataset lengths mismatch:\n"\
+            "There should be one more bin boundaries than there are Y values"
+        self.addItem(pyqtgraph.TextItem(text))
 
 
 def main():

artiq/applets/plot_xy.py

@@ -1,40 +1,59 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3.5
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 import numpy as np
 import PyQt5  # make sure pyqtgraph imports Qt5
+from PyQt5.QtCore import QTimer
 import pyqtgraph
 
 from artiq.applets.simple import TitleApplet
 
 
 class XYPlot(pyqtgraph.PlotWidget):
-    def __init__(self, args):
+    def __init__(self, args, req):
         pyqtgraph.PlotWidget.__init__(self)
         self.args = args
+        self.timer = QTimer()
+        self.timer.setSingleShot(True)
+        self.timer.timeout.connect(self.length_warning)
+        self.mismatch = {'X values': False,
+                         'Error bars': False,
+                         'Fit values': False}
 
-    def data_changed(self, data, mods, title):
+    def data_changed(self, value, metadata, persist, mods, title):
         try:
-            y = data[self.args.y][1]
+            y = value[self.args.y]
         except KeyError:
             return
-        x = data.get(self.args.x, (False, None))[1]
+        x = value.get(self.args.x, (False, None))
         if x is None:
             x = np.arange(len(y))
-        error = data.get(self.args.error, (False, None))[1]
-        fit = data.get(self.args.fit, (False, None))[1]
+        error = value.get(self.args.error, (False, None))
+        fit = value.get(self.args.fit, (False, None))
 
         if not len(y) or len(y) != len(x):
-            return
+            self.mismatch['X values'] = True
+        else:
+            self.mismatch['X values'] = False
         if error is not None and hasattr(error, "__len__"):
             if not len(error):
                 error = None
             elif len(error) != len(y):
-                return
+                self.mismatch['Error bars'] = True
+            else:
+                self.mismatch['Error bars'] = False
         if fit is not None:
             if not len(fit):
                 fit = None
             elif len(fit) != len(y):
-                return
+                self.mismatch['Fit values'] = True
+            else:
+                self.mismatch['Fit values'] = False
+        if not any(self.mismatch.values()):
+            self.timer.stop()
+        else:
+            if not self.timer.isActive():
+                self.timer.start(1000)
+            return
 
         self.clear()
         self.plot(x, y, pen=None, symbol="x")
@@ -50,6 +69,13 @@ class XYPlot(pyqtgraph.PlotWidget):
             xi = np.argsort(x)
             self.plot(x[xi], fit[xi])
 
+    def length_warning(self):
+        self.clear()
+        text = "⚠️ dataset lengths mismatch:\n"
+        errors = ', '.join([k for k, v in self.mismatch.items() if v])
+        text = ' '.join([errors, "should have the same length as Y values"])
+        self.addItem(pyqtgraph.TextItem(text))
+
 
 def main():
     applet = TitleApplet(XYPlot)

artiq/applets/plot_xy_hist.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3.5
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 import numpy as np
 from PyQt5 import QtWidgets
+from PyQt5.QtCore import QTimer
 import pyqtgraph
 
 from artiq.applets.simple import SimpleApplet
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ def _compute_ys(histogram_bins, histograms_counts):
 # pyqtgraph.GraphicsWindow fails to behave like a regular Qt widget
 # and breaks embedding. Do not use as top widget.
 class XYHistPlot(QtWidgets.QSplitter):
-    def __init__(self, args):
+    def __init__(self, args, req):
         QtWidgets.QSplitter.__init__(self)
         self.resize(1000, 600)
         self.setWindowTitle("XY/Histogram")
@@ -37,6 +38,10 @@ class XYHistPlot(QtWidgets.QSplitter):
         self.hist_plot_data = None
 
         self.args = args
+        self.timer = QTimer()
+        self.timer.setSingleShot(True)
+        self.timer.timeout.connect(self.length_warning)
+        self.mismatch = {'bins': False, 'xs': False}
 
     def _set_full_data(self, xs, histogram_bins, histograms_counts):
         self.xy_plot.clear()
@@ -59,9 +64,9 @@ class XYHistPlot(QtWidgets.QSplitter):
             point.histogram_index = index
             point.histogram_counts = counts
 
-        self.hist_plot_data = self.hist_plot.plot(
-            stepMode=True, fillLevel=0,
-            brush=(0, 0, 255, 150))
+        text = "click on a data point at the left\n"\
+               "to see the corresponding histogram"
+        self.hist_plot.addItem(pyqtgraph.TextItem(text))
 
     def _set_partial_data(self, xs, histograms_counts):
         ys = _compute_ys(self.histogram_bins, histograms_counts)
@@ -87,8 +92,17 @@ class XYHistPlot(QtWidgets.QSplitter):
         else:
             self.arrow.setPos(position)
         self.selected_index = spot_item.histogram_index
-        self.hist_plot_data.setData(x=self.histogram_bins,
-                                    y=spot_item.histogram_counts)
+
+        if self.hist_plot_data is None:
+            self.hist_plot.clear()
+            self.hist_plot_data = self.hist_plot.plot(
+                x=self.histogram_bins,
+                y=spot_item.histogram_counts,
+                stepMode=True, fillLevel=0,
+                brush=(0, 0, 255, 150))
+        else:
+            self.hist_plot_data.setData(x=self.histogram_bins,
+                                        y=spot_item.histogram_counts)
 
     def _can_use_partial(self, mods):
         if self.hist_plot_data is None:
@@ -110,18 +124,48 @@ class XYHistPlot(QtWidgets.QSplitter):
                 return False
         return True
 
-    def data_changed(self, data, mods):
+    def data_changed(self, value, metadata, persist, mods):
         try:
-            xs = data[self.args.xs][1]
-            histogram_bins = data[self.args.histogram_bins][1]
-            histograms_counts = data[self.args.histograms_counts][1]
+            xs = value[self.args.xs]
+            histogram_bins = value[self.args.histogram_bins]
+            histograms_counts = value[self.args.histograms_counts]
         except KeyError:
             return
+        if len(xs) != histograms_counts.shape[0]:
+            self.mismatch['xs'] = True
+        else:
+            self.mismatch['xs'] = False
+        if histograms_counts.shape[1] != len(histogram_bins) - 1:
+            self.mismatch['bins'] = True
+        else:
+            self.mismatch['bins'] = False
+        if any(self.mismatch.values()):
+            if not self.timer.isActive():
+                self.timer.start(1000)
+            return
+        else:
+            self.timer.stop()
         if self._can_use_partial(mods):
             self._set_partial_data(xs, histograms_counts)
         else:
             self._set_full_data(xs, histogram_bins, histograms_counts)
 
+    def length_warning(self):
+        self.xy_plot.clear()
+        self.hist_plot.clear()
+        text = "⚠️ dataset lengths mismatch:\n\n"
+        if self.mismatch['bins']:
+            text = ''.join([text,
+                            "bin boundaries should have the same length\n"
+                            "as the first dimension of histogram counts."])
+        if self.mismatch['bins'] and self.mismatch['xs']:
+            text = ''.join([text, '\n\n'])
+        if self.mismatch['xs']:
+            text = ''.join([text,
+                            "point abscissas should have the same length\n"
+                            "as the second dimension of histogram counts."])
+        self.xy_plot.addItem(pyqtgraph.TextItem(text))
+
 
 def main():
     applet = SimpleApplet(XYHistPlot)

artiq/applets/progress_bar.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from PyQt5 import QtWidgets
+
+from artiq.applets.simple import SimpleApplet
+
+
+class ProgressWidget(QtWidgets.QProgressBar):
+    def __init__(self, args, req):
+        QtWidgets.QProgressBar.__init__(self)
+        self.setMinimum(args.min)
+        self.setMaximum(args.max)
+        self.dataset_value = args.value
+
+    def data_changed(self, value, metadata, persist, mods):
+        try:
+            val = round(value[self.dataset_value])
+        except (KeyError, ValueError, TypeError):
+            val = 0
+        self.setValue(val)
+
+
+
+def main():
+    applet = SimpleApplet(ProgressWidget)
+    applet.add_dataset("value", "counter")
+    applet.argparser.add_argument("--min", type=int, default=0,
+                                  help="minimum (left) value of the bar")
+    applet.argparser.add_argument("--max", type=int, default=100,
+                                  help="maximum (right) value of the bar")
+    applet.run()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

artiq/applets/simple.py

@@ -4,16 +4,115 @@ import asyncio
 import os
 import string
 
-from quamash import QEventLoop, QtWidgets, QtCore
+from qasync import QEventLoop, QtWidgets, QtCore
 
-from artiq.protocols.sync_struct import Subscriber, process_mod
-from artiq.protocols import pyon
-from artiq.protocols.pipe_ipc import AsyncioChildComm
+from sipyco.sync_struct import Subscriber, process_mod
+from sipyco.pc_rpc import AsyncioClient as RPCClient
+from sipyco import pyon
+from sipyco.pipe_ipc import AsyncioChildComm
+
+from artiq.language.scan import ScanObject
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+class _AppletRequestInterface:
+    def __init__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def set_dataset(self, key, value, unit=None, scale=None, precision=None, persist=None):
+        """
+        Set a dataset.
+        See documentation of ``artiq.language.environment.set_dataset``.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def mutate_dataset(self, key, index, value):
+        """
+        Mutate a dataset.
+        See documentation of ``artiq.language.environment.mutate_dataset``.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def append_to_dataset(self, key, value):
+        """
+        Append to a dataset.
+        See documentation of ``artiq.language.environment.append_to_dataset``.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def set_argument_value(self, expurl, key, value):
+        """
+        Temporarily set the value of an argument in a experiment in the dashboard.
+        The value resets to default value when recomputing the argument.
+
+        :param expurl: Experiment URL identifying the experiment in the dashboard. Example: 'repo:ArgumentsDemo'.
+        :param key: Name of the argument in the experiment.
+        :param value: Object representing the new temporary value of the argument. For ``Scannable`` arguments, this parameter
+            should be a ``ScanObject``. The type of the ``ScanObject`` will be set as the selected type when this function is called. 
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class AppletRequestIPC(_AppletRequestInterface):
+    def __init__(self, ipc):
+        self.ipc = ipc
+
+    def set_dataset(self, key, value, unit=None, scale=None, precision=None, persist=None):
+        metadata = {}
+        if unit is not None:
+            metadata["unit"] = unit
+        if scale is not None:
+            metadata["scale"] = scale
+        if precision is not None:
+            metadata["precision"] = precision
+        self.ipc.set_dataset(key, value, metadata, persist)
+
+    def mutate_dataset(self, key, index, value):
+        mod = {"action": "setitem", "path": [key, 1], "key": index, "value": value}
+        self.ipc.update_dataset(mod)
+
+    def append_to_dataset(self, key, value):
+        mod = {"action": "append", "path": [key, 1], "x": value}
+        self.ipc.update_dataset(mod)
+
+    def set_argument_value(self, expurl, key, value):
+        if isinstance(value, ScanObject):
+            value = value.describe()
+        self.ipc.set_argument_value(expurl, key, value)
+
+
+class AppletRequestRPC(_AppletRequestInterface):
+    def __init__(self, loop, dataset_ctl):
+        self.loop = loop
+        self.dataset_ctl = dataset_ctl
+        self.background_tasks = set()
+
+    def _background(self, coro, *args, **kwargs):
+        task = self.loop.create_task(coro(*args, **kwargs))
+        self.background_tasks.add(task)
+        task.add_done_callback(self.background_tasks.discard)
+
+    def set_dataset(self, key, value, unit=None, scale=None, precision=None, persist=None):
+        metadata = {}
+        if unit is not None:
+            metadata["unit"] = unit
+        if scale is not None:
+            metadata["scale"] = scale
+        if precision is not None:
+            metadata["precision"] = precision
+        self._background(self.dataset_ctl.set, key, value, metadata=metadata, persist=persist)
+
+    def mutate_dataset(self, key, index, value):
+        mod = {"action": "setitem", "path": [key, 1], "key": index, "value": value}
+        self._background(self.dataset_ctl.update, mod)
+
+    def append_to_dataset(self, key, value):
+        mod = {"action": "append", "path": [key, 1], "x": value}
+        self._background(self.dataset_ctl.update, mod)
+
+
 class AppletIPCClient(AsyncioChildComm):
     def set_close_cb(self, close_cb):
         self.close_cb = close_cb
@@ -64,12 +163,30 @@ class AppletIPCClient(AsyncioChildComm):
                              exc_info=True)
                 self.close_cb()
 
-    def subscribe(self, datasets, init_cb, mod_cb):
+    def subscribe(self, datasets, init_cb, mod_cb, dataset_prefixes=[], *, loop):
         self.write_pyon({"action": "subscribe",
-                         "datasets": datasets})
+                         "datasets": datasets,
+                         "dataset_prefixes": dataset_prefixes})
         self.init_cb = init_cb
         self.mod_cb = mod_cb
-        asyncio.ensure_future(self.listen())
+        self.listen_task = loop.create_task(self.listen())
+
+    def set_dataset(self, key, value, metadata, persist=None):
+        self.write_pyon({"action": "set_dataset",
+                         "key": key,
+                         "value": value,
+                         "metadata": metadata,
+                         "persist": persist})
+
+    def update_dataset(self, mod):
+        self.write_pyon({"action": "update_dataset",
+                         "mod": mod})
+
+    def set_argument_value(self, expurl, key, value):
+        self.write_pyon({"action": "set_argument_value",
+                         "expurl": expurl,
+                         "key": key,
+                         "value": value})
 
 
 class SimpleApplet:
@@ -91,12 +208,11 @@ class SimpleApplet:
                  "for dataset notifications "
                  "(ignored in embedded mode)")
         group.add_argument(
-            "--port", default=3250, type=int,
-            help="TCP port to connect to")
-
-        self.argparser.add_argument(
-            "--embed", default=None, help="embed into GUI",
-            metavar="IPC_ADDRESS")
+            "--port-notify", default=3250, type=int,
+            help="TCP port to connect to for notifications (ignored in embedded mode)")
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--port-control", default=3251, type=int,
+            help="TCP port to connect to for control (ignored in embedded mode)")
 
         self._arggroup_datasets = self.argparser.add_argument_group("datasets")
 
@@ -114,26 +230,43 @@ class SimpleApplet:
 
     def args_init(self):
         self.args = self.argparser.parse_args()
+        self.embed = os.getenv("ARTIQ_APPLET_EMBED")
         self.datasets = {getattr(self.args, arg.replace("-", "_"))
                          for arg in self.dataset_args}
+        # Optional prefixes (dataset sub-trees) to match subscriptions against;
+        # currently only used by out-of-tree subclasses (ndscan).
+        self.dataset_prefixes = []
 
-    def quamash_init(self):
+    def qasync_init(self):
         app = QtWidgets.QApplication([])
         self.loop = QEventLoop(app)
         asyncio.set_event_loop(self.loop)
 
     def ipc_init(self):
-        if self.args.embed is not None:
-            self.ipc = AppletIPCClient(self.args.embed)
+        if self.embed is not None:
+            self.ipc = AppletIPCClient(self.embed)
             self.loop.run_until_complete(self.ipc.connect())
 
     def ipc_close(self):
-        if self.args.embed is not None:
+        if self.embed is not None:
             self.ipc.close()
 
+    def req_init(self):
+        if self.embed is None:
+            dataset_ctl = RPCClient()
+            self.loop.run_until_complete(dataset_ctl.connect_rpc(
+                self.args.server, self.args.port_control, "dataset_db"))
+            self.req = AppletRequestRPC(self.loop, dataset_ctl)
+        else:
+            self.req = AppletRequestIPC(self.ipc)
+
+    def req_close(self):
+        if self.embed is None:
+            self.req.dataset_ctl.close_rpc()
+
     def create_main_widget(self):
-        self.main_widget = self.main_widget_class(self.args)
-        if self.args.embed is not None:
+        self.main_widget = self.main_widget_class(self.args, self.req)
+        if self.embed is not None:
             self.ipc.set_close_cb(self.main_widget.close)
             if os.name == "nt":
                 # HACK: if the window has a frame, there will be garbage
@@ -165,22 +298,35 @@ class SimpleApplet:
         self.data = data
         return data
 
+    def is_dataset_subscribed(self, key):
+        if key in self.datasets:
+            return True
+        for prefix in self.dataset_prefixes:
+            if key.startswith(prefix):
+                return True
+        return False
+
     def filter_mod(self, mod):
-        if self.args.embed is not None:
+        if self.embed is not None:
             # the parent already filters for us
             return True
 
         if mod["action"] == "init":
             return True
         if mod["path"]:
-            return mod["path"][0] in self.datasets
+            return self.is_dataset_subscribed(mod["path"][0])
         elif mod["action"] in {"setitem", "delitem"}:
-            return mod["key"] in self.datasets
+            return self.is_dataset_subscribed(mod["key"])
         else:
             return False
 
     def emit_data_changed(self, data, mod_buffer):
-        self.main_widget.data_changed(data, mod_buffer)
+        persist = dict()
+        value = dict()
+        metadata = dict()
+        for k, d in data.items():
+            persist[k], value[k], metadata[k] = d
+        self.main_widget.data_changed(value, metadata, persist, mod_buffer)
 
     def flush_mod_buffer(self):
         self.emit_data_changed(self.data, self.mod_buffer)
@@ -195,36 +341,42 @@ class SimpleApplet:
                 self.mod_buffer.append(mod)
             else:
                 self.mod_buffer = [mod]
-                asyncio.get_event_loop().call_later(self.args.update_delay,
-                                                    self.flush_mod_buffer)
+                self.loop.call_later(self.args.update_delay,
+                                     self.flush_mod_buffer)
         else:
             self.emit_data_changed(self.data, [mod])
 
     def subscribe(self):
-        if self.args.embed is None:
+        if self.embed is None:
             self.subscriber = Subscriber("datasets",
                                          self.sub_init, self.sub_mod)
             self.loop.run_until_complete(self.subscriber.connect(
-                self.args.server, self.args.port))
+                self.args.server, self.args.port_notify))
         else:
-            self.ipc.subscribe(self.datasets, self.sub_init, self.sub_mod)
+            self.ipc.subscribe(self.datasets, self.sub_init, self.sub_mod,
+                               dataset_prefixes=self.dataset_prefixes,
+                               loop=self.loop)
 
     def unsubscribe(self):
-        if self.args.embed is None:
+        if self.embed is None:
             self.loop.run_until_complete(self.subscriber.close())
 
     def run(self):
         self.args_init()
-        self.quamash_init()
+        self.qasync_init()
         try:
             self.ipc_init()
             try:
-                self.create_main_widget()
-                self.subscribe()
+                self.req_init()
                 try:
-                    self.loop.run_forever()
+                    self.create_main_widget()
+                    self.subscribe()
+                    try:
+                        self.loop.run_forever()
+                    finally:
+                        self.unsubscribe()
                 finally:
-                    self.unsubscribe()
+                    self.req_close()
             finally:
                 self.ipc_close()
         finally:
@@ -263,4 +415,9 @@ class TitleApplet(SimpleApplet):
                 title = self.args.title
         else:
             title = None
-        self.main_widget.data_changed(data, mod_buffer, title)
+        persist = dict()
+        value = dict()
+        metadata = dict()
+        for k, d in data.items():
+            persist[k], value[k], metadata[k] = d
+        self.main_widget.data_changed(value, metadata, persist, mod_buffer, title)

artiq/browser/datasets.py

@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ import asyncio
 
 from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtWidgets
 
+from sipyco.pc_rpc import AsyncioClient as RPCClient
+
 from artiq.tools import short_format
 from artiq.gui.tools import LayoutWidget, QRecursiveFilterProxyModel
 from artiq.gui.models import DictSyncTreeSepModel
-from artiq.protocols.pc_rpc import AsyncioClient as RPCClient
 
 # reduced read-only version of artiq.dashboard.datasets
 
@@ -19,11 +20,46 @@ class Model(DictSyncTreeSepModel):
         DictSyncTreeSepModel.__init__(self, ".", ["Dataset", "Value"], init)
 
     def convert(self, k, v, column):
-        return short_format(v[1])
+        return short_format(v[1], v[2])
+
+
+class DatasetCtl:
+    def __init__(self, master_host, master_port):
+        self.master_host = master_host
+        self.master_port = master_port
+
+    async def _execute_rpc(self, op_name, key_or_mod, value=None, persist=None, metadata=None):
+        logger.info("Starting %s operation on %s", op_name, key_or_mod)
+        try:
+            remote = RPCClient()
+            await remote.connect_rpc(self.master_host, self.master_port,
+                                     "dataset_db")
+            try:
+                if op_name == "set":
+                    await remote.set(key_or_mod, value, persist, metadata)
+                elif op_name == "update":
+                    await remote.update(key_or_mod)
+                else:
+                    logger.error("Invalid operation: %s", op_name)
+                    return
+            finally:
+                remote.close_rpc()
+        except:
+            logger.error("Failed %s operation on %s", op_name,
+                        key_or_mod, exc_info=True)
+        else:
+            logger.info("Finished %s operation on %s", op_name,
+                     key_or_mod)
+
+    async def set(self, key, value, persist=None, metadata=None):
+        await self._execute_rpc("set", key, value, persist, metadata)
+
+    async def update(self, mod):
+        await self._execute_rpc("update", mod)
 
 
 class DatasetsDock(QtWidgets.QDockWidget):
-    def __init__(self, datasets_sub, master_host, master_port):
+    def __init__(self, dataset_sub, dataset_ctl):
         QtWidgets.QDockWidget.__init__(self, "Datasets")
         self.setObjectName("Datasets")
         self.setFeatures(QtWidgets.QDockWidget.DockWidgetMovable |
@@ -61,10 +97,9 @@ class DatasetsDock(QtWidgets.QDockWidget):
         self.table.addAction(upload_action)
 
         self.set_model(Model(dict()))
-        datasets_sub.add_setmodel_callback(self.set_model)
+        dataset_sub.add_setmodel_callback(self.set_model)
 
-        self.master_host = master_host
-        self.master_port = master_port
+        self.dataset_ctl = dataset_ctl
 
     def _search_datasets(self):
         if hasattr(self, "table_model_filter"):
@@ -81,30 +116,14 @@ class DatasetsDock(QtWidgets.QDockWidget):
         self.table_model_filter.setSourceModel(self.table_model)
         self.table.setModel(self.table_model_filter)
 
-    async def _upload_dataset(self, name, value,):
-        logger.info("Uploading dataset '%s' to master...", name)
-        try:
-            remote = RPCClient()
-            await remote.connect_rpc(self.master_host, self.master_port,
-                                     "master_dataset_db")
-            try:
-                await remote.set(name, value)
-            finally:
-                remote.close_rpc()
-        except:
-            logger.error("Failed uploading dataset '%s'",
-                         name, exc_info=True)
-        else:
-            logger.info("Finished uploading dataset '%s'", name)
-
     def upload_clicked(self):
         idx = self.table.selectedIndexes()
         if idx:
             idx = self.table_model_filter.mapToSource(idx[0])
             key = self.table_model.index_to_key(idx)
             if key is not None:
-                persist, value = self.table_model.backing_store[key]
-                asyncio.ensure_future(self._upload_dataset(key, value))
+                persist, value, metadata = self.table_model.backing_store[key]
+                asyncio.ensure_future(self.dataset_ctl.set(key, value, metadata=metadata))
 
     def save_state(self):
         return bytes(self.table.header().saveState())

artiq/browser/experiments.py

@@ -7,93 +7,29 @@ from collections import OrderedDict
 from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets
 import h5py
 
+from sipyco import pyon
+
 from artiq import __artiq_dir__ as artiq_dir
-from artiq.gui.tools import LayoutWidget, log_level_to_name, get_open_file_name
-from artiq.gui.entries import argty_to_entry
-from artiq.protocols import pyon
+from artiq.gui.tools import (LayoutWidget, log_level_to_name, get_open_file_name)
+from artiq.gui.entries import procdesc_to_entry, EntryTreeWidget
 from artiq.master.worker import Worker, log_worker_exception
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class _WheelFilter(QtCore.QObject):
-    def eventFilter(self, obj, event):
-        if (event.type() == QtCore.QEvent.Wheel and
-                event.modifiers() != QtCore.Qt.NoModifier):
-            event.ignore()
-            return True
-        return False
-
-
-class _ArgumentEditor(QtWidgets.QTreeWidget):
+class _ArgumentEditor(EntryTreeWidget):
     def __init__(self, dock):
-        QtWidgets.QTreeWidget.__init__(self)
-        self.setColumnCount(3)
-        self.header().setStretchLastSection(False)
-        try:
-            set_resize_mode = self.header().setSectionResizeMode
-        except AttributeError:
-            set_resize_mode = self.header().setResizeMode
-        set_resize_mode(0, QtWidgets.QHeaderView.ResizeToContents)
-        set_resize_mode(1, QtWidgets.QHeaderView.Stretch)
-        set_resize_mode(2, QtWidgets.QHeaderView.ResizeToContents)
-        self.header().setVisible(False)
-        self.setSelectionMode(self.NoSelection)
-        self.setHorizontalScrollMode(self.ScrollPerPixel)
-        self.setVerticalScrollMode(self.ScrollPerPixel)
-
-        self.setStyleSheet("QTreeWidget {background: " +
-                           self.palette().midlight().color().name() + " ;}")
-
-        self.viewport().installEventFilter(_WheelFilter(self.viewport()))
-
-        self._groups = dict()
-        self._arg_to_entry_widgetitem = dict()
+        EntryTreeWidget.__init__(self)
         self._dock = dock
 
         if not self._dock.arguments:
-            self.addTopLevelItem(QtWidgets.QTreeWidgetItem(["No arguments"]))
-        gradient = QtGui.QLinearGradient(
-            0, 0, 0, QtGui.QFontMetrics(self.font()).lineSpacing()*2.5)
-        gradient.setColorAt(0, self.palette().base().color())
-        gradient.setColorAt(1, self.palette().midlight().color())
+            self.insertTopLevelItem(0, QtWidgets.QTreeWidgetItem(["No arguments"]))
 
         for name, argument in self._dock.arguments.items():
-            try:
-                entry = argty_to_entry[argument["desc"]["ty"]](argument)
-            except:
-                print(name, argument)
-            widget_item = QtWidgets.QTreeWidgetItem([name])
-            self._arg_to_entry_widgetitem[name] = entry, widget_item
+            self.set_argument(name, argument)
 
-            for col in range(3):
-                widget_item.setBackground(col, gradient)
-            font = widget_item.font(0)
-            font.setBold(True)
-            widget_item.setFont(0, font)
+        self.quickStyleClicked.connect(self._dock._run_clicked)
 
-            if argument["group"] is None:
-                self.addTopLevelItem(widget_item)
-            else:
-                self._get_group(argument["group"]).addChild(widget_item)
-            fix_layout = LayoutWidget()
-            fix_layout.addWidget(entry)
-            self.setItemWidget(widget_item, 1, fix_layout)
-
-            recompute_argument = QtWidgets.QToolButton()
-            recompute_argument.setToolTip("Re-run the experiment's build "
-                                          "method and take the default value")
-            recompute_argument.setIcon(
-                QtWidgets.QApplication.style().standardIcon(
-                    QtWidgets.QStyle.SP_BrowserReload))
-            recompute_argument.clicked.connect(
-                partial(self._recompute_argument_clicked, name))
-            fix_layout = LayoutWidget()
-            fix_layout.addWidget(recompute_argument)
-            self.setItemWidget(widget_item, 2, fix_layout)
-
-        widget_item = QtWidgets.QTreeWidgetItem()
-        self.addTopLevelItem(widget_item)
         recompute_arguments = QtWidgets.QPushButton("Recompute all arguments")
         recompute_arguments.setIcon(
             QtWidgets.QApplication.style().standardIcon(
@@ -103,7 +39,7 @@ class _ArgumentEditor(QtWidgets.QTreeWidget):
         load = QtWidgets.QPushButton("Set arguments from HDF5")
         load.setToolTip("Set arguments from currently selected HDF5 file")
         load.setIcon(QtWidgets.QApplication.style().standardIcon(
-                QtWidgets.QStyle.SP_DialogApplyButton))
+            QtWidgets.QStyle.SP_DialogApplyButton))
         load.clicked.connect(self._load_clicked)
 
         buttons = LayoutWidget()
@@ -111,21 +47,7 @@ class _ArgumentEditor(QtWidgets.QTreeWidget):
         buttons.addWidget(load, 1, 2)
         for i, s in enumerate((1, 0, 0, 1)):
             buttons.layout.setColumnStretch(i, s)
-        self.setItemWidget(widget_item, 1, buttons)
-
-    def _get_group(self, name):
-        if name in self._groups:
-            return self._groups[name]
-        group = QtWidgets.QTreeWidgetItem([name])
-        for col in range(3):
-            group.setBackground(col, self.palette().mid())
-            group.setForeground(col, self.palette().brightText())
-            font = group.font(col)
-            font.setBold(True)
-            group.setFont(col, font)
-        self.addTopLevelItem(group)
-        self._groups[name] = group
-        return group
+        self.setItemWidget(self.bottom_item, 1, buttons)
 
     def _load_clicked(self):
         asyncio.ensure_future(self._dock.load_hdf5_task())
@@ -133,8 +55,8 @@ class _ArgumentEditor(QtWidgets.QTreeWidget):
     def _recompute_arguments_clicked(self):
         asyncio.ensure_future(self._dock._recompute_arguments())
 
-    def _recompute_argument_clicked(self, name):
-        asyncio.ensure_future(self._recompute_argument(name))
+    def reset_entry(self, key):
+        asyncio.ensure_future(self._recompute_argument(key))
 
     async def _recompute_argument(self, name):
         try:
@@ -146,30 +68,10 @@ class _ArgumentEditor(QtWidgets.QTreeWidget):
         argument = self._dock.arguments[name]
 
         procdesc = arginfo[name][0]
-        state = argty_to_entry[procdesc["ty"]].default_state(procdesc)
+        state = procdesc_to_entry(procdesc).default_state(procdesc)
         argument["desc"] = procdesc
         argument["state"] = state
-
-        old_entry, widget_item = self._arg_to_entry_widgetitem[name]
-        old_entry.deleteLater()
-
-        entry = argty_to_entry[procdesc["ty"]](argument)
-        self._arg_to_entry_widgetitem[name] = entry, widget_item
-        self.setItemWidget(widget_item, 1, entry)
-
-    def save_state(self):
-        expanded = []
-        for k, v in self._groups.items():
-            if v.isExpanded():
-                expanded.append(k)
-        return {"expanded": expanded}
-
-    def restore_state(self, state):
-        for e in state["expanded"]:
-            try:
-                self._groups[e].setExpanded(True)
-            except KeyError:
-                pass
+        self.update_argument(name, argument)
 
 
 log_levels = ["DEBUG", "INFO", "WARNING", "ERROR", "CRITICAL"]
@@ -252,8 +154,9 @@ class _ExperimentDock(QtWidgets.QMdiSubWindow):
     def dropEvent(self, ev):
         for uri in ev.mimeData().urls():
             if uri.scheme() == "file":
-                logger.debug("Loading HDF5 arguments from %s", uri.path())
-                asyncio.ensure_future(self.load_hdf5_task(uri.path()))
+                filename = QtCore.QDir.toNativeSeparators(uri.toLocalFile())
+                logger.debug("Loading HDF5 arguments from %s", filename)
+                asyncio.ensure_future(self.load_hdf5_task(filename))
                 break
 
     async def compute_arginfo(self):
@@ -277,8 +180,8 @@ class _ExperimentDock(QtWidgets.QMdiSubWindow):
         state = self.argeditor.save_state()
         self.argeditor.deleteLater()
         self.argeditor = _ArgumentEditor(self)
-        self.argeditor.restore_state(state)
         self.layout.addWidget(self.argeditor, 0, 0, 1, 5)
+        self.argeditor.restore_state(state)
 
     async def load_hdf5_task(self, filename=None):
         if filename is None:
@@ -314,7 +217,7 @@ class _ExperimentDock(QtWidgets.QMdiSubWindow):
             "class_name": class_name,
             "log_level": self.options["log_level"],
             "arguments": {
-                name: argty_to_entry[argument["desc"]["ty"]].state_to_value(
+                name: procdesc_to_entry(argument["desc"]).state_to_value(
                     argument["state"])
                 for name, argument in self.arguments.items()},
         }
@@ -370,9 +273,9 @@ class _ExperimentDock(QtWidgets.QMdiSubWindow):
 
 
 class LocalDatasetDB:
-    def __init__(self, datasets_sub):
-        self.datasets_sub = datasets_sub
-        datasets_sub.add_setmodel_callback(self.init)
+    def __init__(self, dataset_sub):
+        self.dataset_sub = dataset_sub
+        dataset_sub.add_setmodel_callback(self.init)
 
     def init(self, data):
         self._data = data
@@ -381,24 +284,24 @@ class LocalDatasetDB:
         return self._data.backing_store[key][1]
 
     def update(self, mod):
-        self.datasets_sub.update(mod)
+        self.dataset_sub.update(mod)
 
 
 class ExperimentsArea(QtWidgets.QMdiArea):
-    def __init__(self, root, datasets_sub):
+    def __init__(self, root, dataset_sub):
         QtWidgets.QMdiArea.__init__(self)
         self.pixmap = QtGui.QPixmap(os.path.join(
-            artiq_dir, "gui", "logo20.svg"))
+            artiq_dir, "gui", "logo_ver.svg"))
         self.current_dir = root
         self.dataset = None
 
         self.open_experiments = []
 
-        self._ddb = LocalDatasetDB(datasets_sub)
+        self._ddb = LocalDatasetDB(dataset_sub)
 
         self.worker_handlers = {
             "get_device_db": lambda: {},
-            "get_device": lambda k: {"type": "dummy"},
+            "get_device": lambda key, resolve_alias=False: {"type": "dummy"},
             "get_dataset": self._ddb.get,
             "update_dataset": self._ddb.update,
         }
@@ -465,11 +368,14 @@ class ExperimentsArea(QtWidgets.QMdiArea):
 
     def initialize_submission_arguments(self, arginfo):
         arguments = OrderedDict()
-        for name, (procdesc, group) in arginfo.items():
-            state = argty_to_entry[procdesc["ty"]].default_state(procdesc)
+        for name, (procdesc, group, tooltip) in arginfo.items():
+            if procdesc["ty"] == "EnumerationValue" and procdesc["quickstyle"]:
+                procdesc["quickstyle"] = False
+            state = procdesc_to_entry(procdesc).default_state(procdesc)
             arguments[name] = {
                 "desc": procdesc,
                 "group": group,
+                "tooltip": tooltip,
                 "state": state  # mutated by entries
             }
         return arguments
@@ -500,11 +406,16 @@ class ExperimentsArea(QtWidgets.QMdiArea):
                            exc_info=True)
             dock = _ExperimentDock(self, expurl, {})
             asyncio.ensure_future(dock._recompute_arguments())
+        dock.setAttribute(QtCore.Qt.WA_DeleteOnClose)
         self.addSubWindow(dock)
         dock.show()
         dock.sigClosed.connect(partial(self.on_dock_closed, dock))
         self.open_experiments.append(dock)
         return dock
 
+    def set_argument_value(self, expurl, name, value):
+        logger.warning("Unable to set argument '%s', dropping change. "
+                       "'set_argument_value' not supported in browser.", name)
+
     def on_dock_closed(self, dock):
         self.open_experiments.remove(dock)

artiq/browser/files.py

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ from datetime import datetime
 import h5py
 from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtWidgets, QtGui
 
-from artiq.protocols import pyon
+from sipyco import pyon
+
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ class ThumbnailIconProvider(QtWidgets.QFileIconProvider):
             except KeyError:
                 return
             try:
-                img = QtGui.QImage.fromData(t.value)
+                img = QtGui.QImage.fromData(t[()])
             except:
                 logger.warning("unable to read thumbnail from %s",
                                info.filePath(), exc_info=True)
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ class ZoomIconView(QtWidgets.QListView):
         self._char_width = QtGui.QFontMetrics(self.font()).averageCharWidth()
         self.setViewMode(self.IconMode)
         w = self._char_width*self.default_size
-        self.setIconSize(QtCore.QSize(w, w*self.aspect))
+        self.setIconSize(QtCore.QSize(w, int(w*self.aspect)))
         self.setFlow(self.LeftToRight)
         self.setResizeMode(self.Adjust)
         self.setWrapping(True)
@@ -101,13 +102,14 @@ class Hdf5FileSystemModel(QtWidgets.QFileSystemModel):
             h5 = open_h5(info)
             if h5 is not None:
                 try:
-                    expid = pyon.decode(h5["expid"].value)
-                    start_time = datetime.fromtimestamp(h5["start_time"].value)
+                    expid = pyon.decode(h5["expid"][()]) if "expid" in h5 else dict()
+                    start_time = datetime.fromtimestamp(h5["start_time"][()]) if "start_time" in h5 else "<none>"
                     v = ("artiq_version: {}\nrepo_rev: {}\nfile: {}\n"
                          "class_name: {}\nrid: {}\nstart_time: {}").format(
-                             h5["artiq_version"].value, expid["repo_rev"],
-                             expid["file"], expid["class_name"],
-                             h5["rid"].value, start_time)
+                             h5["artiq_version"].asstr()[()] if "artiq_version" in h5 else "<none>",
+                             expid.get("repo_rev", "<none>"),
+                             expid.get("file", "<none>"), expid.get("class_name", "<none>"),
+                             h5["rid"][()] if "rid" in h5 else "<none>", start_time)
                     return v
                 except:
                     logger.warning("unable to read metadata from %s",
@@ -173,23 +175,45 @@ class FilesDock(QtWidgets.QDockWidget):
         logger.debug("loading datasets from %s", info.filePath())
         with f:
             try:
-                expid = pyon.decode(f["expid"].value)
-                start_time = datetime.fromtimestamp(f["start_time"].value)
+                expid = pyon.decode(f["expid"][()]) if "expid" in f else dict()
+                start_time = datetime.fromtimestamp(f["start_time"][()]) if "start_time" in f else "<none>"
                 v = {
-                    "artiq_version": f["artiq_version"].value,
-                    "repo_rev": expid["repo_rev"],
-                    "file": expid["file"],
-                    "class_name": expid["class_name"],
-                    "rid": f["rid"].value,
+                    "artiq_version": f["artiq_version"].asstr()[()] if "artiq_version" in f else "<none>",
+                    "repo_rev": expid.get("repo_rev", "<none>"),
+                    "file": expid.get("file", "<none>"),
+                    "class_name": expid.get("class_name", "<none>"),
+                    "rid": f["rid"][()] if "rid" in f else "<none>",
                     "start_time": start_time,
                 }
                 self.metadata_changed.emit(v)
             except:
                 logger.warning("unable to read metadata from %s",
                                info.filePath(), exc_info=True)
+
+            rd = {}
+            if "archive" in f:
+                def visitor(k, v):
+                    if isinstance(v, h5py.Dataset):
+                        # v.attrs is a non-serializable h5py.AttributeManager, need to convert to dict
+                        # See https://docs.h5py.org/en/stable/high/attr.html#h5py.AttributeManager
+                        rd[k] = (True, v[()], dict(v.attrs))
+
+                f["archive"].visititems(visitor)
+
             if "datasets" in f:
-                rd = {k: (True, v.value) for k, v in f["datasets"].items()}
-                self.datasets.init(rd)
+                def visitor(k, v):
+                    if isinstance(v, h5py.Dataset):
+                        if k in rd:
+                            logger.warning("dataset '%s' is both in archive "
+                                           "and outputs", k)
+                        # v.attrs is a non-serializable h5py.AttributeManager, need to convert to dict
+                        # See https://docs.h5py.org/en/stable/high/attr.html#h5py.AttributeManager
+                        rd[k] = (True, v[()], dict(v.attrs))
+
+                f["datasets"].visititems(visitor)
+
+            self.datasets.init(rd)
+
         self.dataset_changed.emit(info.filePath())
 
     def list_activated(self, idx):

artiq/build_soc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import os
+import subprocess
+
+from migen import *
+from migen.build.platforms.sinara import kasli
+from misoc.interconnect.csr import *
+from misoc.integration.builder import *
+
+from artiq.gateware.amp import AMPSoC
+from artiq import __version__ as artiq_version
+from artiq import __artiq_dir__ as artiq_dir
+
+
+__all__ = ["add_identifier", "build_artiq_soc"]
+
+
+def get_identifier_string(soc, suffix="", add_class_name=True):
+    r = artiq_version
+    if suffix or add_class_name:
+        r += ";"
+    if add_class_name:
+        r += getattr(soc, "class_name_override", soc.__class__.__name__.lower())
+    r += suffix
+    return r
+
+
+class ReprogrammableIdentifier(Module, AutoCSR):
+    def __init__(self, ident):
+        self.address = CSRStorage(8)
+        self.data = CSRStatus(8)
+
+        contents = list(ident.encode())
+        l = len(contents)
+        if l > 255:
+            raise ValueError("Identifier string must be 255 characters or less")
+        contents.insert(0, l)
+
+        for i in range(8):
+            self.specials += Instance("ROM256X1", name="identifier_str"+str(i),
+                i_A0=self.address.storage[0], i_A1=self.address.storage[1],
+                i_A2=self.address.storage[2], i_A3=self.address.storage[3],
+                i_A4=self.address.storage[4], i_A5=self.address.storage[5],
+                i_A6=self.address.storage[6], i_A7=self.address.storage[7],
+                o_O=self.data.status[i],
+                p_INIT=sum(1 << j if c & (1 << i) else 0 for j, c in enumerate(contents)))
+
+
+def add_identifier(soc, *args, gateware_identifier_str=None, **kwargs):
+    if hasattr(soc, "identifier"):
+        raise ValueError
+    identifier_str = get_identifier_string(soc, *args, **kwargs)
+    soc.submodules.identifier = ReprogrammableIdentifier(gateware_identifier_str or identifier_str)
+    soc.config["IDENTIFIER_STR"] = identifier_str
+
+
+def build_artiq_soc(soc, argdict):
+    firmware_dir = os.path.join(artiq_dir, "firmware")
+    builder = Builder(soc, **argdict)
+    builder.software_packages = []
+    builder.add_software_package("bootloader", os.path.join(firmware_dir, "bootloader"))
+    is_kasli_v1 = isinstance(soc.platform, kasli.Platform) and soc.platform.hw_rev in ("v1.0", "v1.1")
+    kernel_cpu_type = "vexriscv" if is_kasli_v1 else "vexriscv-g"
+    builder.add_software_package("libm", cpu_type=kernel_cpu_type)
+    builder.add_software_package("libprintf", cpu_type=kernel_cpu_type)
+    builder.add_software_package("libunwind", cpu_type=kernel_cpu_type)
+    builder.add_software_package("ksupport", os.path.join(firmware_dir, "ksupport"), cpu_type=kernel_cpu_type)
+    # Generate unwinder for soft float target (ARTIQ runtime)
+    # If the kernel lacks FPU, then the runtime unwinder is already generated
+    if not is_kasli_v1:
+        builder.add_software_package("libunwind")
+    if not soc.config["DRTIO_ROLE"] == "satellite":
+        builder.add_software_package("runtime", os.path.join(firmware_dir, "runtime"))
+    else:
+        builder.add_software_package("satman", os.path.join(firmware_dir, "satman"))
+    try:
+        builder.build()
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        raise SystemExit("Command {} failed".format(" ".join(e.cmd)))

artiq/compiler/analyses/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-from .constness import Constness
 from .domination import DominatorTree
 from .devirtualization import Devirtualization
+from .invariant_detection import InvariantDetection

artiq/compiler/analyses/constness.py

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-"""
-:class:`Constness` checks that no attribute marked
-as constant is ever set.
-"""
-
-from pythonparser import algorithm, diagnostic
-from .. import types
-
-class Constness(algorithm.Visitor):
-    def __init__(self, engine):
-        self.engine = engine
-        self.in_assign = False
-
-    def visit_Assign(self, node):
-        self.visit(node.value)
-        self.in_assign = True
-        self.visit(node.targets)
-        self.in_assign = False
-
-    def visit_AttributeT(self, node):
-        self.generic_visit(node)
-        if self.in_assign:
-            typ = node.value.type.find()
-            if types.is_instance(typ) and node.attr in typ.constant_attributes:
-                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
-                    "cannot assign to constant attribute '{attr}' of class '{class}'",
-                    {"attr": node.attr, "class": typ.name},
-                    node.loc)
-                self.engine.process(diag)
-                return

artiq/compiler/analyses/invariant_detection.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+"""
+:class:`InvariantDetection` determines which attributes can be safely
+marked kernel invariant.
+"""
+
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+from .. import ir, types
+
+class InvariantDetection:
+    def __init__(self, engine):
+        self.engine = engine
+
+    def process(self, functions):
+        self.attr_locs = dict()
+        self.attr_written = set()
+
+        for func in functions:
+            self.process_function(func)
+
+        for key in self.attr_locs:
+            if key not in self.attr_written:
+                typ, attr = key
+                if attr in typ.constant_attributes:
+                    continue
+
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "attribute '{attr}' of type '{type}' is never written to; " +
+                    "it could be marked as kernel invariant to potentially increase performance",
+                    {"attr": attr,
+                     "type": typ.name},
+                    self.attr_locs[key])
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+
+    def process_function(self, func):
+        for block in func.basic_blocks:
+            for insn in block.instructions:
+                if not isinstance(insn, (ir.GetAttr, ir.SetAttr)):
+                    continue
+                if not types.is_instance(insn.object().type):
+                    continue
+
+                key = (insn.object().type, insn.attr)
+                if isinstance(insn, ir.GetAttr):
+                    if types.is_method(insn.type):
+                        continue
+                    if key not in self.attr_locs and insn.loc is not None:
+                        self.attr_locs[key] = insn.loc
+                elif isinstance(insn, ir.SetAttr):
+                    self.attr_written.add(key)

artiq/compiler/asttyped.py

@@ -21,13 +21,19 @@ class scoped(object):
         set of variables resolved as globals
     """
 
+class remote(object):
+    """
+    :ivar remote_fn: (bool) whether function is ran on a remote device,
+        meaning arguments are received remotely and return is sent remotely
+    """
+
 # Typed versions of untyped nodes
 class argT(ast.arg, commontyped):
     pass
 
 class ClassDefT(ast.ClassDef):
     _types = ("constructor_type",)
-class FunctionDefT(ast.FunctionDef, scoped):
+class FunctionDefT(ast.FunctionDef, scoped, remote):
     _types = ("signature_type",)
 class QuotedFunctionDefT(FunctionDefT):
     """
@@ -58,7 +64,7 @@ class BinOpT(ast.BinOp, commontyped):
     pass
 class BoolOpT(ast.BoolOp, commontyped):
     pass
-class CallT(ast.Call, commontyped):
+class CallT(ast.Call, commontyped, remote):
     """
     :ivar iodelay: (:class:`iodelay.Expr`)
     :ivar arg_exprs: (dict of str to :class:`iodelay.Expr`)

artiq/compiler/builtins.py

@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ class TInt(types.TMono):
     def one():
         return 1
 
+def TInt8():
+    return TInt(types.TValue(8))
+
 def TInt32():
     return TInt(types.TValue(32))
 
@@ -67,6 +70,14 @@ class TStr(types.TMono):
     def __init__(self):
         super().__init__("str")
 
+class TBytes(types.TMono):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("bytes")
+
+class TByteArray(types.TMono):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("bytearray")
+
 class TList(types.TMono):
     def __init__(self, elt=None):
         if elt is None:
@@ -74,13 +85,27 @@ class TList(types.TMono):
         super().__init__("list", {"elt": elt})
 
 class TArray(types.TMono):
-    def __init__(self, elt=None):
+    def __init__(self, elt=None, num_dims=1):
         if elt is None:
             elt = types.TVar()
-        super().__init__("array", {"elt": elt})
+        if isinstance(num_dims, int):
+            # Make TArray more convenient to instantiate from (ARTIQ) user code.
+            num_dims = types.TValue(num_dims)
+        # For now, enforce number of dimensions to be known, as we'd otherwise
+        # need to implement custom unification logic for the type of `shape`.
+        # Default to 1 to keep compatibility with old user code from before
+        # multidimensional array support.
+        assert isinstance(num_dims.value, int), "Number of dimensions must be resolved"
+
+        super().__init__("array", {"elt": elt, "num_dims": num_dims})
+        self.attributes = OrderedDict([
+            ("buffer", types._TPointer(elt)),
+            ("shape", types.TTuple([TInt32()] * num_dims.value)),
+        ])
 
 def _array_printer(typ, printer, depth, max_depth):
-    return "numpy.array(elt={})".format(printer.name(typ["elt"], depth, max_depth))
+    return "numpy.array(elt={}, num_dims={})".format(
+        printer.name(typ["elt"], depth, max_depth), typ["num_dims"].value)
 types.TypePrinter.custom_printers["array"] = _array_printer
 
 class TRange(types.TMono):
@@ -101,18 +126,23 @@ class TException(types.TMono):
     #  * File, line and column where it was raised (str, int, int).
     #  * Message, which can contain substitutions {0}, {1} and {2} (str).
     #  * Three 64-bit integers, parameterizing the message (numpy.int64).
+    # These attributes are prefixed with `#` so that users cannot access them,
+    # and we don't have to do string allocation in the runtime.
+    # #__name__ is now a string key in the host. TStr may not be an actual
+    # CSlice in the runtime, they might be a CSlice with length = i32::MAX and
+    # ptr = string key in the host.
 
     # Keep this in sync with the function ARTIQIRGenerator.alloc_exn.
     attributes = OrderedDict([
-        ("__name__",    TStr()),
-        ("__file__",    TStr()),
-        ("__line__",    TInt32()),
-        ("__col__",     TInt32()),
-        ("__func__",    TStr()),
-        ("__message__", TStr()),
-        ("__param0__",  TInt64()),
-        ("__param1__",  TInt64()),
-        ("__param2__",  TInt64()),
+        ("#__name__",    TInt32()),
+        ("#__file__",    TStr()),
+        ("#__line__",    TInt32()),
+        ("#__col__",     TInt32()),
+        ("#__func__",    TStr()),
+        ("#__message__", TStr()),
+        ("#__param0__",  TInt64()),
+        ("#__param1__",  TInt64()),
+        ("#__param2__",  TInt64()),
     ])
 
     def __init__(self, name="Exception", id=0):
@@ -126,10 +156,10 @@ def fn_int():
     return types.TConstructor(TInt())
 
 def fn_int32():
-    return types.TConstructor(TInt32())
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("int32")
 
 def fn_int64():
-    return types.TConstructor(TInt64())
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("int64")
 
 def fn_float():
     return types.TConstructor(TFloat())
@@ -137,11 +167,19 @@ def fn_float():
 def fn_str():
     return types.TConstructor(TStr())
 
+def fn_bytes():
+    return types.TConstructor(TBytes())
+
+def fn_bytearray():
+    return types.TConstructor(TByteArray())
+
 def fn_list():
     return types.TConstructor(TList())
 
 def fn_array():
-    return types.TConstructor(TArray())
+    # numpy.array() is actually a "magic" macro that is expanded in-place, but
+    # just as for builtin functions, we do not want to quote it, etc.
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("array")
 
 def fn_Exception():
     return types.TExceptionConstructor(TException("Exception"))
@@ -155,6 +193,9 @@ def fn_ValueError():
 def fn_ZeroDivisionError():
     return types.TExceptionConstructor(TException("ZeroDivisionError"))
 
+def fn_RuntimeError():
+    return types.TExceptionConstructor(TException("RuntimeError"))
+
 def fn_range():
     return types.TBuiltinFunction("range")
 
@@ -164,6 +205,9 @@ def fn_len():
 def fn_round():
     return types.TBuiltinFunction("round")
 
+def fn_abs():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("abs")
+
 def fn_min():
     return types.TBuiltinFunction("min")
 
@@ -188,9 +232,6 @@ def obj_interleave():
 def obj_sequential():
     return types.TBuiltin("sequential")
 
-def fn_watchdog():
-    return types.TBuiltinFunction("watchdog")
-
 def fn_delay():
     return types.TBuiltinFunction("delay")
 
@@ -203,15 +244,21 @@ def fn_delay_mu():
 def fn_at_mu():
     return types.TBuiltinFunction("at_mu")
 
-def fn_mu_to_seconds():
-    return types.TBuiltinFunction("mu_to_seconds")
-
-def fn_seconds_to_mu():
-    return types.TBuiltinFunction("seconds_to_mu")
-
 def fn_rtio_log():
     return types.TBuiltinFunction("rtio_log")
 
+def fn_subkernel_await():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("subkernel_await")
+
+def fn_subkernel_preload():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("subkernel_preload")
+
+def fn_subkernel_send():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("subkernel_send")
+
+def fn_subkernel_recv():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("subkernel_recv")
+
 # Accessors
 
 def is_none(typ):
@@ -242,6 +289,12 @@ def is_float(typ):
 def is_str(typ):
     return types.is_mono(typ, "str")
 
+def is_bytes(typ):
+    return types.is_mono(typ, "bytes")
+
+def is_bytearray(typ):
+    return types.is_mono(typ, "bytearray")
+
 def is_numeric(typ):
     typ = typ.find()
     return isinstance(typ, types.TMono) and \
@@ -260,7 +313,12 @@ def is_array(typ, elt=None):
         return types.is_mono(typ, "array")
 
 def is_listish(typ, elt=None):
-    return is_list(typ, elt) or is_array(typ, elt) or (elt is None and is_str(typ))
+    if is_list(typ, elt) or is_array(typ, elt):
+        return True
+    elif elt is None:
+        return is_str(typ) or is_bytes(typ) or is_bytearray(typ)
+    else:
+        return False
 
 def is_range(typ, elt=None):
     if elt is not None:
@@ -276,15 +334,16 @@ def is_exception(typ, name=None):
             typ.name == name
 
 def is_iterable(typ):
-    typ = typ.find()
-    return isinstance(typ, types.TMono) and \
-        typ.name in ('list', 'array', 'range')
+    return is_listish(typ) or is_range(typ)
 
 def get_iterable_elt(typ):
-    if is_iterable(typ):
+    # TODO: Arrays count as listish, but this returns the innermost element type for
+    # n-dimensional arrays, rather than the n-1 dimensional result of iterating over
+    # the first axis, which makes the name a bit misleading.
+    if is_str(typ) or is_bytes(typ) or is_bytearray(typ):
+        return TInt8()
+    elif types._is_pointer(typ) or is_iterable(typ):
         return typ.find()["elt"].find()
-    elif is_str(typ):
-        return TInt(types.TValue(8))
     else:
         assert False
 
@@ -297,6 +356,6 @@ def is_allocated(typ):
     return not (is_none(typ) or is_bool(typ) or is_int(typ) or
                   is_float(typ) or is_range(typ) or
                   types._is_pointer(typ) or types.is_function(typ) or
-                  types.is_c_function(typ) or types.is_rpc(typ) or
-                  types.is_method(typ) or types.is_tuple(typ) or
-                  types.is_value(typ))
+                  types.is_external_function(typ) or types.is_rpc(typ) or
+                  types.is_subkernel(typ) or types.is_method(typ) or
+                  types.is_tuple(typ) or types.is_value(typ))

artiq/compiler/import_cache.py

@@ -29,7 +29,10 @@ def hook_exec_module(self, module):
         fn = module.__file__
         try:
             with tokenize.open(fn) as fp:
-                cache[fn] = fp.readlines()
+                lines = fp.readlines()
+            if lines and not lines[-1].endswith("\n"):
+                lines[-1] += "\n"
+            cache[fn] = lines
         except:
             logger.warning("failed to add '%s' to cache", fn, exc_info=True)
         else:

artiq/compiler/ir.py

@@ -36,12 +36,47 @@ class TKeyword(types.TMono):
 def is_keyword(typ):
     return isinstance(typ, TKeyword)
 
-class TExceptionTypeInfo(types.TMono):
-    def __init__(self):
-        super().__init__("exntypeinfo")
 
-def is_exn_typeinfo(typ):
-    return isinstance(typ, TExceptionTypeInfo)
+# See rpc_proto.rs and comm_kernel.py:_{send,receive}_rpc_value.
+def rpc_tag(typ, error_handler):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    if types.is_tuple(typ):
+        assert len(typ.elts) < 256
+        return b"t" + bytes([len(typ.elts)]) + \
+                b"".join([rpc_tag(elt_type, error_handler)
+                            for elt_type in typ.elts])
+    elif builtins.is_none(typ):
+        return b"n"
+    elif builtins.is_bool(typ):
+        return b"b"
+    elif builtins.is_int(typ, types.TValue(32)):
+        return b"i"
+    elif builtins.is_int(typ, types.TValue(64)):
+        return b"I"
+    elif builtins.is_float(typ):
+        return b"f"
+    elif builtins.is_str(typ):
+        return b"s"
+    elif builtins.is_bytes(typ):
+        return b"B"
+    elif builtins.is_bytearray(typ):
+        return b"A"
+    elif builtins.is_list(typ):
+        return b"l" + rpc_tag(builtins.get_iterable_elt(typ), error_handler)
+    elif builtins.is_array(typ):
+        num_dims = typ["num_dims"].value
+        return b"a" + bytes([num_dims]) + rpc_tag(typ["elt"], error_handler)
+    elif builtins.is_range(typ):
+        return b"r" + rpc_tag(builtins.get_iterable_elt(typ), error_handler)
+    elif is_keyword(typ):
+        return b"k" + rpc_tag(typ.params["value"], error_handler)
+    elif types.is_function(typ) or types.is_method(typ) or types.is_rpc(typ):
+        raise ValueError("RPC tag for functional value")
+    elif '__objectid__' in typ.attributes:
+        return b"O"
+    else:
+        error_handler(typ)
+
 
 class Value:
     """
@@ -100,6 +135,7 @@ class NamedValue(Value):
     def __init__(self, typ, name):
         super().__init__(typ)
         self.name, self.function = name, None
+        self.is_removed = False
 
     def set_name(self, new_name):
         if self.function is not None:
@@ -200,7 +236,7 @@ class Instruction(User):
         self.drop_references()
         # Check this after drop_references in case this
         # is a self-referencing phi.
-        assert not any(self.uses)
+        assert all(use.is_removed for use in self.uses)
 
     def replace_with(self, value):
         self.replace_all_uses_with(value)
@@ -310,6 +346,7 @@ class BasicBlock(NamedValue):
 
     :ivar instructions: (list of :class:`Instruction`)
     """
+    _dump_loc = True
 
     def __init__(self, instructions, name=""):
         super().__init__(TBasicBlock(), name)
@@ -334,7 +371,7 @@ class BasicBlock(NamedValue):
         self.remove_from_parent()
         # Check this after erasing instructions in case the block
         # loops into itself.
-        assert not any(self.uses)
+        assert all(use.is_removed for use in self.uses)
 
     def prepend(self, insn):
         assert isinstance(insn, Instruction)
@@ -385,12 +422,12 @@ class BasicBlock(NamedValue):
         lines = ["{}:".format(escape_name(self.name))]
         if self.function is not None:
             lines[0] += " ; predecessors: {}".format(
-                ", ".join([escape_name(pred.name) for pred in self.predecessors()]))
+                ", ".join(sorted([escape_name(pred.name) for pred in self.predecessors()])))
 
         # Annotated instructions
         loc = None
         for insn in self.instructions:
-            if loc != insn.loc:
+            if self._dump_loc and loc != insn.loc:
                 loc = insn.loc
 
                 if loc is None:
@@ -416,7 +453,13 @@ class BasicBlock(NamedValue):
 class Argument(NamedValue):
     """
     A function argument.
+
+    :ivar loc: (:class:`pythonparser.source.Range` or None)
+        source location
     """
+    def __init__(self, typ, name):
+        super().__init__(typ, name)
+        self.loc = None
 
     def as_entity(self, type_printer):
         return self.as_operand(type_printer)
@@ -663,6 +706,81 @@ class SetLocal(Instruction):
     def value(self):
         return self.operands[1]
 
+class GetArgFromRemote(Instruction):
+    """
+    An instruction that receives function arguments from remote 
+    (ie. subkernel in DRTIO context)
+
+    :ivar arg_name: (string) argument name
+    :ivar arg_type: argument type
+    """
+
+    """
+    :param arg_name: (string) argument name
+    :param arg_type: argument type
+    """
+    def __init__(self, arg_name, arg_type, name=""):
+        assert isinstance(arg_name, str)
+        super().__init__([], arg_type, name)
+        self.arg_name = arg_name
+        self.arg_type = arg_type
+
+    def copy(self, mapper):
+        self_copy = super().copy(mapper)
+        self_copy.arg_name = self.arg_name
+        self_copy.arg_type = self.arg_type
+        return self_copy
+
+    def opcode(self):
+        return "getargfromremote({})".format(repr(self.arg_name))
+
+class GetOptArgFromRemote(GetArgFromRemote):
+    """
+    An instruction that may or may not retrieve an optional function argument
+    from remote, depending on number of values received by firmware.
+
+    :ivar rcv_count: number of received values,
+                     determined by firmware
+    :ivar index: (integer) index of the current argument, 
+                 in reference to remote arguments
+    """
+
+    """
+    :param rcv_count: number of received valuese
+    :param index: (integer) index of the current argument, 
+                  in reference to remote arguments
+    """
+    def __init__(self, arg_name, arg_type, rcv_count, index, name=""):
+        super().__init__(arg_name, arg_type, name)
+        self.rcv_count = rcv_count
+        self.index = index
+
+    def copy(self, mapper):
+        self_copy = super().copy(mapper)
+        self_copy.rcv_count = self.rcv_count
+        self_copy.index = self.index
+        return self_copy
+
+    def opcode(self):
+        return "getoptargfromremote({})".format(repr(self.arg_name))
+
+class SubkernelAwaitArgs(Instruction):
+    """
+    A builtin instruction that takes min and max received messages as operands,
+    and a list of received types.
+
+    :ivar arg_types: (list of types) types of passed arguments (including optional)
+    """
+
+    """
+    :param arg_types: (list of types) types of passed arguments (including optional)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, operands, arg_types, name=None):
+        assert isinstance(arg_types, list)
+        self.arg_types = arg_types
+        super().__init__(operands, builtins.TNone(), name)
+
 class GetAttr(Instruction):
     """
     An intruction that loads an attribute from an object,
@@ -685,7 +803,7 @@ class GetAttr(Instruction):
             typ = obj.type.attributes[attr]
         else:
             typ = obj.type.constructor.attributes[attr]
-            if types.is_function(typ) or types.is_rpc(typ):
+            if types.is_function(typ) or types.is_rpc(typ) or types.is_subkernel(typ):
                 typ = types.TMethod(obj.type, typ)
         super().__init__([obj], typ, name)
         self.attr = attr
@@ -738,6 +856,33 @@ class SetAttr(Instruction):
     def value(self):
         return self.operands[1]
 
+class Offset(Instruction):
+    """
+    An intruction that adds an offset to a pointer (indexes into a list).
+
+    This is used to represent internally generated pointer arithmetic, and must
+    remain inside the same object (see :class:`GetElem` and LLVM's GetElementPtr).
+    """
+
+    """
+    :param lst: (:class:`Value`) list
+    :param index: (:class:`Value`) index
+    """
+    def __init__(self, base, offset, name=""):
+        assert isinstance(base, Value)
+        assert isinstance(offset, Value)
+        typ = types._TPointer(builtins.get_iterable_elt(base.type))
+        super().__init__([base, offset], typ, name)
+
+    def opcode(self):
+        return "offset"
+
+    def base(self):
+        return self.operands[0]
+
+    def index(self):
+        return self.operands[1]
+
 class GetElem(Instruction):
     """
     An intruction that loads an element from a list.
@@ -755,7 +900,7 @@ class GetElem(Instruction):
     def opcode(self):
         return "getelem"
 
-    def list(self):
+    def base(self):
         return self.operands[0]
 
     def index(self):
@@ -781,7 +926,7 @@ class SetElem(Instruction):
     def opcode(self):
         return "setelem"
 
-    def list(self):
+    def base(self):
         return self.operands[0]
 
     def index(self):
@@ -840,6 +985,7 @@ class Arith(Instruction):
     def rhs(self):
         return self.operands[1]
 
+
 class Compare(Instruction):
     """
     A comparison operation on numbers.
@@ -1119,14 +1265,18 @@ class IndirectBranch(Terminator):
 class Return(Terminator):
     """
     A return instruction.
+    :param remote_return: (bool) 
+        marks a return in subkernel context,
+        where the return value is sent back through DRTIO
     """
 
     """
     :param value: (:class:`Value`) return value
     """
-    def __init__(self, value, name=""):
+    def __init__(self, value, remote_return=False, name=""):
         assert isinstance(value, Value)
         super().__init__([value], builtins.TNone(), name)
+        self.remote_return = remote_return
 
     def opcode(self):
         return "return"
@@ -1175,9 +1325,9 @@ class Raise(Terminator):
         if len(self.operands) > 1:
             return self.operands[1]
 
-class Reraise(Terminator):
+class Resume(Terminator):
     """
-    A reraise instruction.
+    A resume instruction.
     """
 
     """
@@ -1191,7 +1341,7 @@ class Reraise(Terminator):
         super().__init__(operands, builtins.TNone(), name)
 
     def opcode(self):
-        return "reraise"
+        return "resume"
 
     def exception_target(self):
         if len(self.operands) > 0:
@@ -1277,6 +1427,7 @@ class LandingPad(Terminator):
     def __init__(self, cleanup, name=""):
         super().__init__([cleanup], builtins.TException(), name)
         self.types = []
+        self.has_cleanup = True
 
     def copy(self, mapper):
         self_copy = super().copy(mapper)

artiq/compiler/kernel.ld

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/* Force ld to make the ELF header as loadable. */
+PHDRS
+{
+    headers     PT_LOAD FILEHDR PHDRS ;
+    text        PT_LOAD ;
+    data        PT_LOAD ;
+    dynamic     PT_DYNAMIC ;
+    eh_frame    PT_GNU_EH_FRAME ;
+}
+
+SECTIONS
+{
+    /* Push back .text section enough so that ld.lld not complain */
+    . = SIZEOF_HEADERS;
+
+    .text :
+    {
+        *(.text .text.*)
+    } : text
+
+    .rodata :
+    {
+        *(.rodata .rodata.*)
+    }
+
+    .eh_frame :
+    {
+        KEEP(*(.eh_frame))
+    } : text
+
+    .eh_frame_hdr :
+    {
+        KEEP(*(.eh_frame_hdr))
+    } : text : eh_frame
+
+    .got :
+    {
+        *(.got)
+    } : text
+
+    .got.plt :
+    {
+        *(.got.plt)
+    } : text
+
+    .data :
+    {
+        *(.data .data.*)
+    } : data
+
+    .dynamic :
+    {
+        *(.dynamic)
+    } : data : dynamic
+
+    .bss (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
+    {
+        __bss_start = .;
+        *(.sbss .sbss.* .bss .bss.*);
+        . = ALIGN(4);
+        _end = .;
+    }
+
+    /* Kernel stack grows downward from end of memory, so put guard page after
+     * all the program contents. Note: This requires all loaded sections (at
+     * least those accessed) to be explicitly listed in the above!
+     */
+    . = ALIGN(0x1000);
+    _sstack_guard = .;
+}

artiq/compiler/math_fns.py

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+r"""
+The :mod:`math_fns` module lists math-related functions from NumPy recognized
+by the ARTIQ compiler so host function objects can be :func:`match`\ ed to
+the compiler type metadata describing their core device analogue.
+"""
+
+from collections import OrderedDict
+import numpy
+from . import builtins, types
+
+# Some special mathematical functions are exposed via their scipy.special
+# equivalents. Since the rest of the ARTIQ core does not depend on SciPy,
+# gracefully handle it not being present, making the functions simply not
+# available.
+try:
+    import scipy.special as scipy_special
+except ImportError:
+    scipy_special = None
+
+#: float -> float numpy.* math functions for which llvm.* intrinsics exist.
+unary_fp_intrinsics = [(name, "llvm." + name + ".f64") for name in [
+    "sin",
+    "cos",
+    "exp",
+    "exp2",
+    "log",
+    "log10",
+    "log2",
+    "fabs",
+    "floor",
+    "ceil",
+    "trunc",
+    "sqrt",
+]] + [
+    # numpy.rint() seems to (NumPy 1.19.0, Python 3.8.5, Linux x86_64)
+    # implement round-to-even, but unfortunately, rust-lang/libm only
+    # provides round(), which always rounds away from zero.
+    #
+    # As there is no equivalent of the latter in NumPy (nor any other
+    # basic rounding function), expose round() as numpy.rint anyway,
+    # even if the rounding modes don't match up, so there is some way
+    # to do rounding on the core device. (numpy.round() has entirely
+    # different semantics; it rounds to a configurable number of
+    # decimals.)
+    ("rint", "llvm.round.f64"),
+]
+
+#: float -> float numpy.* math functions lowered to runtime calls.
+unary_fp_runtime_calls = [
+    ("tan", "tan"),
+    ("arcsin", "asin"),
+    ("arccos", "acos"),
+    ("arctan", "atan"),
+    ("sinh", "sinh"),
+    ("cosh", "cosh"),
+    ("tanh", "tanh"),
+    ("arcsinh", "asinh"),
+    ("arccosh", "acosh"),
+    ("arctanh", "atanh"),
+    ("expm1", "expm1"),
+    ("cbrt", "cbrt"),
+]
+
+#: float -> float numpy.* math functions lowered to runtime calls.
+unary_fp_runtime_calls = [
+    ("tan", "tan"),
+    ("arcsin", "asin"),
+    ("arccos", "acos"),
+    ("arctan", "atan"),
+    ("sinh", "sinh"),
+    ("cosh", "cosh"),
+    ("tanh", "tanh"),
+    ("arcsinh", "asinh"),
+    ("arccosh", "acosh"),
+    ("arctanh", "atanh"),
+    ("expm1", "expm1"),
+    ("cbrt", "cbrt"),
+]
+
+scipy_special_unary_runtime_calls = [
+    ("erf", "erf"),
+    ("erfc", "erfc"),
+    ("gamma", "tgamma"),
+    ("gammaln", "lgamma"),
+    ("j0", "j0"),
+    ("j1", "j1"),
+    ("y0", "y0"),
+    ("y1", "y1"),
+]
+# Not mapped: jv/yv, libm only supports integer orders.
+
+#: (float, float) -> float numpy.* math functions lowered to runtime calls.
+binary_fp_runtime_calls = [
+    ("arctan2", "atan2"),
+    ("copysign", "copysign"),
+    ("fmax", "fmax"),
+    ("fmin", "fmin"),
+    # ("ldexp", "ldexp"),  # One argument is an int; would need a bit more plumbing.
+    ("hypot", "hypot"),
+    ("nextafter", "nextafter"),
+]
+
+#: Array handling builtins (special treatment due to allocations).
+numpy_builtins = ["transpose"]
+
+
+def fp_runtime_type(name, arity):
+    args = [("arg{}".format(i), builtins.TFloat()) for i in range(arity)]
+    return types.TExternalFunction(
+        OrderedDict(args),
+        builtins.TFloat(),
+        name,
+        # errno isn't observable from ARTIQ Python.
+        flags={"nounwind", "nowrite"},
+        broadcast_across_arrays=True)
+
+
+math_fn_map = {
+    getattr(numpy, symbol): fp_runtime_type(mangle, arity=1)
+    for symbol, mangle in (unary_fp_intrinsics + unary_fp_runtime_calls)
+}
+for symbol, mangle in binary_fp_runtime_calls:
+    math_fn_map[getattr(numpy, symbol)] = fp_runtime_type(mangle, arity=2)
+for name in numpy_builtins:
+    math_fn_map[getattr(numpy, name)] = types.TBuiltinFunction("numpy." + name)
+if scipy_special is not None:
+    for symbol, mangle in scipy_special_unary_runtime_calls:
+        math_fn_map[getattr(scipy_special, symbol)] = fp_runtime_type(mangle, arity=1)
+
+
+def match(obj):
+    return math_fn_map.get(obj, None)

artiq/compiler/module.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ string and infers types for it using a trivial :module:`prelude`.
 
 import os
 from pythonparser import source, diagnostic, parse_buffer
-from . import prelude, types, transforms, analyses, validators
+from . import prelude, types, transforms, analyses, validators, embedding
 
 class Source:
     def __init__(self, source_buffer, engine=None):
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class Source:
             self.engine = diagnostic.Engine(all_errors_are_fatal=True)
         else:
             self.engine = engine
-        self.embedding_map = None
+        self.embedding_map = embedding.EmbeddingMap()
         self.name, _ = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(source_buffer.name))
 
         asttyped_rewriter = transforms.ASTTypedRewriter(engine=engine,
@@ -40,53 +40,60 @@ class Source:
             return cls(source.Buffer(f.read(), filename, 1), engine=engine)
 
 class Module:
-    def __init__(self, src, ref_period=1e-6):
+    def __init__(self, src, ref_period=1e-6, attribute_writeback=True, remarks=False):
+        self.attribute_writeback = attribute_writeback
         self.engine = src.engine
         self.embedding_map = src.embedding_map
         self.name = src.name
         self.globals = src.globals
 
         int_monomorphizer = transforms.IntMonomorphizer(engine=self.engine)
+        cast_monomorphizer = transforms.CastMonomorphizer(engine=self.engine)
         inferencer = transforms.Inferencer(engine=self.engine)
         monomorphism_validator = validators.MonomorphismValidator(engine=self.engine)
         escape_validator = validators.EscapeValidator(engine=self.engine)
         iodelay_estimator = transforms.IODelayEstimator(engine=self.engine,
                                                         ref_period=ref_period)
-        constness = analyses.Constness(engine=self.engine)
+        constness_validator = validators.ConstnessValidator(engine=self.engine)
         artiq_ir_generator = transforms.ARTIQIRGenerator(engine=self.engine,
                                                          module_name=src.name,
-                                                         ref_period=ref_period)
+                                                         ref_period=ref_period,
+                                                         embedding_map=self.embedding_map)
         dead_code_eliminator = transforms.DeadCodeEliminator(engine=self.engine)
         local_access_validator = validators.LocalAccessValidator(engine=self.engine)
+        local_demoter = transforms.LocalDemoter()
+        constant_hoister = transforms.ConstantHoister()
         devirtualization = analyses.Devirtualization()
         interleaver = transforms.Interleaver(engine=self.engine)
+        invariant_detection = analyses.InvariantDetection(engine=self.engine)
 
         int_monomorphizer.visit(src.typedtree)
+        cast_monomorphizer.visit(src.typedtree)
         inferencer.visit(src.typedtree)
         monomorphism_validator.visit(src.typedtree)
         escape_validator.visit(src.typedtree)
         iodelay_estimator.visit_fixpoint(src.typedtree)
-        constness.visit(src.typedtree)
+        constness_validator.visit(src.typedtree)
         devirtualization.visit(src.typedtree)
         self.artiq_ir = artiq_ir_generator.visit(src.typedtree)
         artiq_ir_generator.annotate_calls(devirtualization)
         dead_code_eliminator.process(self.artiq_ir)
         interleaver.process(self.artiq_ir)
         local_access_validator.process(self.artiq_ir)
+        local_demoter.process(self.artiq_ir)
+        constant_hoister.process(self.artiq_ir)
+        if remarks:
+            invariant_detection.process(self.artiq_ir)
+        # for subkernels: main kernel inferencer output, to be passed to further compilations
+        self.subkernel_arg_types = inferencer.subkernel_arg_types
 
     def build_llvm_ir(self, target):
         """Compile the module to LLVM IR for the specified target."""
         llvm_ir_generator = transforms.LLVMIRGenerator(
             engine=self.engine, module_name=self.name, target=target,
             embedding_map=self.embedding_map)
-        return llvm_ir_generator.process(self.artiq_ir, attribute_writeback=True)
-
-    def entry_point(self):
-        """Return the name of the function that is the entry point of this module."""
-        if self.name != "":
-            return self.name + ".__modinit__"
-        else:
-            return "__modinit__"
+        return llvm_ir_generator.process(self.artiq_ir,
+            attribute_writeback=self.attribute_writeback)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         printer = types.TypePrinter()

artiq/compiler/prelude.py

@@ -11,42 +11,54 @@ def globals():
         "bool":                 builtins.fn_bool(),
         "int":                  builtins.fn_int(),
         "float":                builtins.fn_float(),
+        "str":                  builtins.fn_str(),
+        "bytes":                builtins.fn_bytes(),
+        "bytearray":            builtins.fn_bytearray(),
         "list":                 builtins.fn_list(),
         "array":                builtins.fn_array(),
         "range":                builtins.fn_range(),
+        "int32":                builtins.fn_int32(),
+        "int64":                builtins.fn_int64(),
 
         # Exception constructors
         "Exception":            builtins.fn_Exception(),
         "IndexError":           builtins.fn_IndexError(),
         "ValueError":           builtins.fn_ValueError(),
         "ZeroDivisionError":    builtins.fn_ZeroDivisionError(),
+        "RuntimeError":         builtins.fn_RuntimeError(),
 
         # Built-in Python functions
         "len":                  builtins.fn_len(),
         "round":                builtins.fn_round(),
+        "abs":                  builtins.fn_abs(),
         "min":                  builtins.fn_min(),
         "max":                  builtins.fn_max(),
         "print":                builtins.fn_print(),
 
         # ARTIQ decorators
         "kernel":               builtins.fn_kernel(),
+        "subkernel":            builtins.fn_kernel(),
         "portable":             builtins.fn_kernel(),
+        "rpc":                  builtins.fn_kernel(),
 
         # ARTIQ context managers
         "parallel":             builtins.obj_parallel(),
         "interleave":           builtins.obj_interleave(),
         "sequential":           builtins.obj_sequential(),
-        "watchdog":             builtins.fn_watchdog(),
 
         # ARTIQ time management functions
         "delay":                builtins.fn_delay(),
         "now_mu":               builtins.fn_now_mu(),
         "delay_mu":             builtins.fn_delay_mu(),
         "at_mu":                builtins.fn_at_mu(),
-        "mu_to_seconds":        builtins.fn_mu_to_seconds(),
-        "seconds_to_mu":        builtins.fn_seconds_to_mu(),
 
         # ARTIQ utility functions
         "rtio_log":             builtins.fn_rtio_log(),
         "core_log":             builtins.fn_print(),
+
+        # ARTIQ subkernel utility functions
+        "subkernel_await":     builtins.fn_subkernel_await(),
+        "subkernel_preload":   builtins.fn_subkernel_preload(),
+        "subkernel_send":      builtins.fn_subkernel_send(),
+        "subkernel_recv":      builtins.fn_subkernel_recv(), 
     }

artiq/compiler/targets.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import os, sys, tempfile, subprocess
-from artiq.compiler import types
-from llvmlite_artiq import ir as ll, binding as llvm
+import os, sys, tempfile, subprocess, io
+from artiq.compiler import types, ir
+from llvmlite import ir as ll, binding as llvm
 
 llvm.initialize()
 llvm.initialize_all_targets()
@@ -8,40 +8,46 @@ llvm.initialize_all_asmprinters()
 
 class RunTool:
     def __init__(self, pattern, **tempdata):
-        self.files = []
-        self.pattern = pattern
-        self.tempdata = tempdata
-
-    def maketemp(self, data):
-        f = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
-        f.write(data)
-        f.flush()
-        self.files.append(f)
-        return f
+        self._pattern   = pattern
+        self._tempdata  = tempdata
+        self._tempnames = {}
+        self._tempfiles = {}
 
     def __enter__(self):
-        tempfiles = {}
-        tempnames = {}
-        for key in self.tempdata:
-            tempfiles[key] = self.maketemp(self.tempdata[key])
-            tempnames[key] = tempfiles[key].name
+        for key, data in self._tempdata.items():
+            if data is None:
+                fd, filename = tempfile.mkstemp()
+                os.close(fd)
+                self._tempnames[key] = filename
+            else:
+                with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as f:
+                    f.write(data)
+                    self._tempnames[key] = f.name
 
         cmdline = []
-        for argument in self.pattern:
-            cmdline.append(argument.format(**tempnames))
+        for argument in self._pattern:
+            cmdline.append(argument.format(**self._tempnames))
 
-        process = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        # https://bugs.python.org/issue17023
+        windows = os.name == "nt"
+        process = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                   universal_newlines=True, shell=windows)
         stdout, stderr = process.communicate()
         if process.returncode != 0:
             raise Exception("{} invocation failed: {}".
-                            format(cmdline[0], stderr.decode('utf-8')))
+                            format(cmdline[0], stderr))
 
-        tempfiles["__stdout__"] = stdout.decode('utf-8')
-        return tempfiles
+        self._tempfiles["__stdout__"] = io.StringIO(stdout)
+        for key in self._tempdata:
+            if self._tempdata[key] is None:
+                self._tempfiles[key] = open(self._tempnames[key], "rb")
+        return self._tempfiles
 
     def __exit__(self, exc_typ, exc_value, exc_trace):
-        for f in self.files:
-            f.close()
+        for file in self._tempfiles.values():
+            file.close()
+        for filename in self._tempnames.values():
+            os.unlink(filename)
 
 def _dump(target, kind, suffix, content):
     if target is not None:
@@ -63,37 +69,46 @@ class Target:
     generated by the ARTIQ compiler will be deployed.
 
     :var triple: (string)
-        LLVM target triple, e.g. ``"or1k"``
+        LLVM target triple, e.g. ``"riscv32"``
     :var data_layout: (string)
         LLVM target data layout, e.g. ``"E-m:e-p:32:32-i64:32-f64:32-v64:32-v128:32-a:0:32-n32"``
     :var features: (list of string)
         LLVM target CPU features, e.g. ``["mul", "div", "ffl1"]``
+    :var additional_linker_options: (list of string)
+        Linker options for the target in addition to the target-independent ones, e.g. ``["--target2=rel"]``
     :var print_function: (string)
         Name of a formatted print functions (with the signature of ``printf``)
         provided by the target, e.g. ``"printf"``.
+    :var now_pinning: (boolean)
+        Whether the target implements the now-pinning RTIO optimization.
     """
     triple = "unknown"
     data_layout = ""
     features = []
+    additional_linker_options = []
     print_function = "printf"
+    now_pinning = True
 
+    tool_ld = "ld.lld"
+    tool_strip = "llvm-strip"
+    tool_symbolizer = "llvm-symbolizer"
+    tool_cxxfilt = "llvm-cxxfilt"
 
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self, subkernel_id=None):
         self.llcontext = ll.Context()
+        self.subkernel_id = subkernel_id
 
     def target_machine(self):
         lltarget = llvm.Target.from_triple(self.triple)
         llmachine = lltarget.create_target_machine(
                         features=",".join(["+{}".format(f) for f in self.features]),
-                        reloc="pic", codemodel="default")
-        llmachine.set_verbose(True)
+                        reloc="pic", codemodel="default",
+                        abiname="ilp32d" if isinstance(self, RV32GTarget) else "")
+        llmachine.set_asm_verbosity(True)
         return llmachine
 
     def optimize(self, llmodule):
-        llmachine = self.target_machine()
         llpassmgr = llvm.create_module_pass_manager()
-        llmachine.target_data.add_pass(llpassmgr)
-        llmachine.add_analysis_passes(llpassmgr)
 
         # Register our alias analysis passes.
         llpassmgr.add_basic_alias_analysis_pass()
@@ -130,8 +145,12 @@ class Target:
             print("====== MODULE_SIGNATURE DUMP ======", file=sys.stderr)
             print(module, file=sys.stderr)
 
+        if os.getenv("ARTIQ_IR_NO_LOC") is not None:
+            ir.BasicBlock._dump_loc = False
+
         type_printer = types.TypePrinter()
-        _dump(os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_IR"), "ARTIQ IR", ".txt",
+        suffix = "_subkernel_{}".format(self.subkernel_id) if self.subkernel_id is not None else ""
+        _dump(os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_IR"), "ARTIQ IR", suffix + ".txt",
               lambda: "\n".join(fn.as_entity(type_printer) for fn in module.artiq_ir))
 
         llmod = module.build_llvm_ir(self)
@@ -143,12 +162,12 @@ class Target:
             _dump("", "LLVM IR (broken)", ".ll", lambda: str(llmod))
             raise
 
-        _dump(os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_UNOPT_LLVM"), "LLVM IR (generated)", "_unopt.ll",
+        _dump(os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_UNOPT_LLVM"), "LLVM IR (generated)", suffix + "_unopt.ll",
               lambda: str(llparsedmod))
 
         self.optimize(llparsedmod)
 
-        _dump(os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_LLVM"), "LLVM IR (optimized)", ".ll",
+        _dump(os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_LLVM"), "LLVM IR (optimized)", suffix + ".ll",
               lambda: str(llparsedmod))
 
         return llparsedmod
@@ -159,30 +178,35 @@ class Target:
         _dump(os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_ASM"), "Assembly", ".s",
               lambda: llmachine.emit_assembly(llmodule))
 
+        _dump(os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_OBJ"), "Object file", ".o",
+              lambda: llmachine.emit_object(llmodule))
+
         return llmachine.emit_object(llmodule)
 
-    def link(self, objects, init_fn):
+    def link(self, objects):
         """Link the relocatable objects into a shared library for this target."""
-        with RunTool([self.triple + "-ld", "-shared", "--eh-frame-hdr", "-init", init_fn] +
+        with RunTool([self.tool_ld, "-shared", "--eh-frame-hdr"] +
+                     self.additional_linker_options +
+                     ["-T" + os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "kernel.ld")] +
                      ["{{obj{}}}".format(index) for index in range(len(objects))] +
+                     ["-x"] +
                      ["-o", "{output}"],
-                     output=b"",
+                     output=None,
                      **{"obj{}".format(index): obj for index, obj in enumerate(objects)}) \
                 as results:
             library = results["output"].read()
 
-            _dump(os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_ELF"), "Shared library", ".so",
+            _dump(os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_ELF"), "Shared library", ".elf",
                   lambda: library)
 
             return library
 
     def compile_and_link(self, modules):
-        return self.link([self.assemble(self.compile(module)) for module in modules],
-                         init_fn=modules[0].entry_point())
+        return self.link([self.assemble(self.compile(module)) for module in modules])
 
     def strip(self, library):
-        with RunTool([self.triple + "-strip", "--strip-debug", "{library}", "-o", "{output}"],
-                     library=library, output=b"") \
+        with RunTool([self.tool_strip, "--strip-debug", "{library}", "-o", "{output}"],
+                     library=library, output=None) \
                 as results:
             return results["output"].read()
 
@@ -194,12 +218,13 @@ class Target:
         # just after the call. Offset them back to get an address somewhere
         # inside the call instruction (or its delay slot), since that's what
         # the backtrace entry should point at.
+        last_inlined = None
         offset_addresses = [hex(addr - 1) for addr in addresses]
-        with RunTool([self.triple + "-addr2line", "--addresses",  "--functions", "--inlines",
-                      "--demangle", "--exe={library}"] + offset_addresses,
+        with RunTool([self.tool_symbolizer, "--addresses",  "--functions", "--inlines",
+                      "--demangle", "--output-style=GNU", "--exe={library}"] + offset_addresses,
                      library=library) \
                 as results:
-            lines = iter(results["__stdout__"].rstrip().split("\n"))
+            lines = iter(results["__stdout__"].read().rstrip().split("\n"))
             backtrace = []
             while True:
                 try:
@@ -209,30 +234,76 @@ class Target:
                 if address_or_function[:2] == "0x":
                     address  = int(address_or_function[2:], 16) + 1 # remove offset
                     function = next(lines)
+                    inlined = False
                 else:
                     address  = backtrace[-1][4] # inlined
                     function = address_or_function
+                    inlined = True
                 location = next(lines)
 
                 filename, line = location.rsplit(":", 1)
                 if filename == "??" or filename == "<synthesized>":
                     continue
+                if line == "?":
+                    line = -1
+                else:
+                    line = int(line)
                 # can't get column out of addr2line D:
-                backtrace.append((filename, int(line), -1, function, address))
+                if inlined:
+                    last_inlined.append((filename, line, -1, function, address))
+                else:
+                    last_inlined = []
+                    backtrace.append((filename, line, -1, function, address,
+                                      last_inlined))
             return backtrace
 
     def demangle(self, names):
-        with RunTool([self.triple + "-c++filt"] + names) as results:
-            return results["__stdout__"].rstrip().split("\n")
+        if not any(names):
+            return names
+        with RunTool([self.tool_cxxfilt] + names) as results:
+            return results["__stdout__"].read().rstrip().split("\n")
 
 class NativeTarget(Target):
     def __init__(self):
         super().__init__()
         self.triple = llvm.get_default_triple()
+        self.data_layout = str(llvm.targets.Target.from_default_triple().create_target_machine().target_data)
 
-class OR1KTarget(Target):
-    triple = "or1k-linux"
-    data_layout = "E-m:e-p:32:32-i8:8:8-i16:16:16-i64:32:32-" \
-                  "f64:32:32-v64:32:32-v128:32:32-a0:0:32-n32"
-    features = ["mul", "div", "ffl1", "cmov", "addc"]
+class RV32IMATarget(Target):
+    triple = "riscv32-unknown-linux"
+    data_layout = "e-m:e-p:32:32-i64:64-n32-S128"
+    features = ["m", "a"]
+    additional_linker_options = ["-m", "elf32lriscv"]
     print_function = "core_log"
+    now_pinning = True
+
+    tool_ld = "ld.lld"
+    tool_strip = "llvm-strip"
+    tool_symbolizer = "llvm-symbolizer"
+    tool_cxxfilt = "llvm-cxxfilt"
+
+class RV32GTarget(Target):
+    triple = "riscv32-unknown-linux"
+    data_layout = "e-m:e-p:32:32-i64:64-n32-S128"
+    features = ["m", "a", "f", "d"]
+    additional_linker_options = ["-m", "elf32lriscv"]
+    print_function = "core_log"
+    now_pinning = True
+
+    tool_ld = "ld.lld"
+    tool_strip = "llvm-strip"
+    tool_symbolizer = "llvm-symbolizer"
+    tool_cxxfilt = "llvm-cxxfilt"
+
+class CortexA9Target(Target):
+    triple = "armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf"
+    data_layout = "e-m:e-p:32:32-i64:64-v128:64:128-a:0:32-n32-S64"
+    features = ["dsp", "fp16", "neon", "vfp3"]
+    additional_linker_options = ["-m", "armelf_linux_eabi", "--target2=rel"]
+    print_function = "core_log"
+    now_pinning = False
+
+    tool_ld = "ld.lld"
+    tool_strip = "llvm-strip"
+    tool_symbolizer = "llvm-symbolizer"
+    tool_cxxfilt = "llvm-cxxfilt"

artiq/compiler/testbench/embedding.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import sys, os
+import sys, os, tokenize
 
 from artiq.master.databases import DeviceDB
 from artiq.master.worker_db import DeviceManager
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ def main():
     else:
         compile_only = False
 
-    ddb_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[1]), "device_db.pyon")
+    ddb_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[1]), "device_db.py")
     dmgr = DeviceManager(DeviceDB(ddb_path))
 
-    with open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
+    with tokenize.open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
         testcase_code = compile(f.read(), f.name, "exec")
         testcase_vars = {'__name__': 'testbench', 'dmgr': dmgr}
         exec(testcase_code, testcase_vars)
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@ def main():
             core.compile(testcase_vars["entrypoint"], (), {})
         else:
             core.run(testcase_vars["entrypoint"], (), {})
-            print(core.comm.get_log())
-            core.comm.clear_log()
     except CompileError as error:
         if not diag:
             exit(1)

artiq/compiler/testbench/inferencer.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import sys, fileinput, os
 from pythonparser import source, diagnostic, algorithm, parse_buffer
 from .. import prelude, types
-from ..transforms import ASTTypedRewriter, Inferencer, IntMonomorphizer
+from ..transforms import ASTTypedRewriter, Inferencer, IntMonomorphizer, CastMonomorphizer
 from ..transforms import IODelayEstimator
+from ..validators import ConstnessValidator
 
 class Printer(algorithm.Visitor):
     """
@@ -83,7 +84,9 @@ def main():
     parsed, comments = parse_buffer(buf, engine=engine)
     typed = ASTTypedRewriter(engine=engine, prelude=prelude.globals()).visit(parsed)
     Inferencer(engine=engine).visit(typed)
+    ConstnessValidator(engine=engine).visit(typed)
     if monomorphize:
+        CastMonomorphizer(engine=engine).visit(typed)
         IntMonomorphizer(engine=engine).visit(typed)
         Inferencer(engine=engine).visit(typed)
     if iodelay:

artiq/compiler/testbench/irgen.py

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
-import sys, fileinput
+import sys, os, fileinput
 from pythonparser import diagnostic
+from .. import ir
 from ..module import Module, Source
 
 def main():
+    if os.getenv("ARTIQ_IR_NO_LOC") is not None:
+        ir.BasicBlock._dump_loc = False
+
     def process_diagnostic(diag):
         print("\n".join(diag.render()))
         if diag.level in ("fatal", "error"):

artiq/compiler/testbench/jit.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import os, sys, fileinput, ctypes
 from pythonparser import diagnostic
-from llvmlite_artiq import binding as llvm
+from llvmlite import binding as llvm
 from ..module import Module, Source
 from ..targets import NativeTarget
 

artiq/compiler/testbench/llvmgen.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import sys, fileinput
 from pythonparser import diagnostic
-from llvmlite_artiq import ir as ll
+from llvmlite import ir as ll
 from ..module import Module, Source
 from ..targets import NativeTarget
 

artiq/compiler/testbench/perf.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import sys, os
 from pythonparser import diagnostic
 from ..module import Module, Source
-from ..targets import OR1KTarget
+from ..targets import RV32GTarget
 from . import benchmark
 
 def main():
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def main():
     benchmark(lambda: Module(source),
               "ARTIQ transforms and validators")
 
-    benchmark(lambda: OR1KTarget().compile_and_link([module]),
+    benchmark(lambda: RV32GTarget().compile_and_link([module]),
               "LLVM optimization and linking")
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

artiq/compiler/testbench/perf_embedding.py

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-import sys, os
+import sys, os, tokenize
 from pythonparser import diagnostic
 from ...language.environment import ProcessArgumentManager
 from ...master.databases import DeviceDB, DatasetDB
 from ...master.worker_db import DeviceManager, DatasetManager
 from ..module import Module
 from ..embedding import Stitcher
-from ..targets import OR1KTarget
+from ..targets import RV32GTarget
 from . import benchmark
 
+
 def main():
     if not len(sys.argv) == 2:
         print("Expected exactly one module filename", file=sys.stderr)
@@ -21,16 +22,17 @@ def main():
     engine = diagnostic.Engine()
     engine.process = process_diagnostic
 
-    with open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
+    with tokenize.open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
         testcase_code = compile(f.read(), f.name, "exec")
         testcase_vars = {'__name__': 'testbench'}
         exec(testcase_code, testcase_vars)
 
-    device_db_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[1]), "device_db.pyon")
+    device_db_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[1]), "device_db.py")
     device_mgr = DeviceManager(DeviceDB(device_db_path))
 
-    dataset_db_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[1]), "dataset_db.pyon")
-    dataset_mgr = DatasetManager(DatasetDB(dataset_db_path))
+    dataset_db_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[1]), "dataset_db.mdb")
+    dataset_db = DatasetDB(dataset_db_path)
+    dataset_mgr = DatasetManager()
 
     argument_mgr = ProcessArgumentManager({})
 
@@ -44,10 +46,10 @@ def main():
 
     stitcher = embed()
     module = Module(stitcher)
-    target = OR1KTarget()
+    target = RV32GTarget()
     llvm_ir = target.compile(module)
     elf_obj = target.assemble(llvm_ir)
-    elf_shlib = target.link([elf_obj], init_fn=module.entry_point())
+    elf_shlib = target.link([elf_obj])
 
     benchmark(lambda: embed(),
               "ARTIQ embedding")
@@ -61,11 +63,13 @@ def main():
     benchmark(lambda: target.assemble(llvm_ir),
               "LLVM machine code emission")
 
-    benchmark(lambda: target.link([elf_obj], init_fn=module.entry_point()),
+    benchmark(lambda: target.link([elf_obj]),
               "Linking")
 
     benchmark(lambda: target.strip(elf_shlib),
               "Stripping debug information")
 
+    dataset_db.close_db()
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

artiq/compiler/testbench/shlib.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import sys, os
 from pythonparser import diagnostic
 from ..module import Module, Source
-from ..targets import OR1KTarget
+from ..targets import RV32GTarget
 
 def main():
     if not len(sys.argv) > 1:
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def main():
     for filename in sys.argv[1:]:
         modules.append(Module(Source.from_filename(filename, engine=engine)))
 
-    llobj = OR1KTarget().compile_and_link(modules)
+    llobj = RV32GTarget().compile_and_link(modules)
 
     basename, ext = os.path.splitext(sys.argv[-1])
     with open(basename + ".so", "wb") as f:

artiq/compiler/transforms/__init__.py

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 from .asttyped_rewriter import ASTTypedRewriter
 from .inferencer import Inferencer
 from .int_monomorphizer import IntMonomorphizer
+from .cast_monomorphizer import CastMonomorphizer
 from .iodelay_estimator import IODelayEstimator
 from .artiq_ir_generator import ARTIQIRGenerator
 from .dead_code_eliminator import DeadCodeEliminator
-from .llvm_ir_generator import LLVMIRGenerator
+from .local_demoter import LocalDemoter
+from .constant_hoister import ConstantHoister
 from .interleaver import Interleaver
+from .typedtree_printer import TypedtreePrinter
+from .llvm_ir_generator import LLVMIRGenerator

artiq/compiler/transforms/asttyped_rewriter.py

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class ASTTypedRewriter(algorithm.Transformer):
             body=node.body, decorator_list=node.decorator_list,
             keyword_loc=node.keyword_loc, name_loc=node.name_loc,
             arrow_loc=node.arrow_loc, colon_loc=node.colon_loc, at_locs=node.at_locs,
-            loc=node.loc)
+            loc=node.loc, remote_fn=False)
 
         try:
             self.env_stack.append(node.typing_env)
@@ -331,8 +331,13 @@ class ASTTypedRewriter(algorithm.Transformer):
                              n=node.n, loc=node.loc)
 
     def visit_Str(self, node):
-        return asttyped.StrT(type=builtins.TStr(),
-                             s=node.s,
+        if isinstance(node.s, str):
+            typ = builtins.TStr()
+        elif isinstance(node.s, bytes):
+            typ = builtins.TBytes()
+        else:
+            assert False
+        return asttyped.StrT(type=typ, s=node.s,
                              begin_loc=node.begin_loc, end_loc=node.end_loc, loc=node.loc)
 
     def visit_Name(self, node):
@@ -434,8 +439,9 @@ class ASTTypedRewriter(algorithm.Transformer):
 
     def visit_Call(self, node):
         node = self.generic_visit(node)
-        node = asttyped.CallT(type=types.TVar(), iodelay=None, arg_exprs={},
-                              func=node.func, args=node.args, keywords=node.keywords,
+        node = asttyped.CallT(type=types.TVar(), iodelay=None, arg_exprs={}, 
+                              remote_fn=False, func=node.func, 
+                              args=node.args, keywords=node.keywords, 
                               starargs=node.starargs, kwargs=node.kwargs,
                               star_loc=node.star_loc, dstar_loc=node.dstar_loc,
                               begin_loc=node.begin_loc, end_loc=node.end_loc, loc=node.loc)
@@ -509,7 +515,7 @@ class ASTTypedRewriter(algorithm.Transformer):
     visit_DictComp = visit_unsupported
     visit_Ellipsis = visit_unsupported
     visit_GeneratorExp = visit_unsupported
-    visit_Set = visit_unsupported
+    # visit_Set = visit_unsupported
     visit_SetComp = visit_unsupported
     visit_Starred = visit_unsupported
     visit_Yield = visit_unsupported

artiq/compiler/transforms/cast_monomorphizer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+"""
+:class:`CastMonomorphizer` uses explicit casts to monomorphize
+expressions of undetermined integer type to either 32 or 64 bits.
+"""
+
+from pythonparser import algorithm, diagnostic
+from .. import types, builtins, asttyped
+
+class CastMonomorphizer(algorithm.Visitor):
+    def __init__(self, engine):
+        self.engine = engine
+
+    def visit_CallT(self, node):
+        if (types.is_builtin(node.func.type, "int") or
+                types.is_builtin(node.func.type, "int32") or
+                types.is_builtin(node.func.type, "int64")):
+            typ = node.type.find()
+            if (not types.is_var(typ["width"]) and
+                    len(node.args) == 1 and
+                    builtins.is_int(node.args[0].type) and
+                    types.is_var(node.args[0].type.find()["width"])):
+                if isinstance(node.args[0], asttyped.BinOpT):
+                    # Binary operations are a bit special: they can widen, and so their
+                    # return type is indeterminate until both argument types are fully known.
+                    # In case we first monomorphize the return type, and then some argument type,
+                    # and argument type is wider than return type, we'll introduce a conflict.
+                    return
+
+                node.args[0].type.unify(typ)
+
+        if types.is_builtin(node.func.type, "int") or \
+                types.is_builtin(node.func.type, "round"):
+            typ = node.type.find()
+            if types.is_var(typ["width"]):
+                typ["width"].unify(types.TValue(32))
+
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+
+    def visit_CoerceT(self, node):
+        if isinstance(node.value, asttyped.NumT) and \
+                builtins.is_int(node.type) and \
+                builtins.is_int(node.value.type) and \
+                not types.is_var(node.type["width"]) and \
+                types.is_var(node.value.type["width"]):
+            node.value.type.unify(node.type)
+
+        self.generic_visit(node)

artiq/compiler/transforms/constant_hoister.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+"""
+:class:`ConstantHoister` is a code motion transform:
+it moves any invariant loads to the earliest point where
+they may be executed.
+"""
+
+from .. import types, ir
+
+class ConstantHoister:
+    def process(self, functions):
+        for func in functions:
+            self.process_function(func)
+
+    def process_function(self, func):
+        entry = func.entry()
+        worklist = set(func.instructions())
+        moved = set()
+        while len(worklist) > 0:
+            insn = worklist.pop()
+
+            if (isinstance(insn, ir.GetAttr) and insn not in moved and
+                    types.is_instance(insn.object().type) and
+                    insn.attr in insn.object().type.constant_attributes):
+                has_variant_operands = False
+                index_in_entry = 0
+                for operand in insn.operands:
+                    if isinstance(operand, ir.Argument):
+                        pass
+                    elif isinstance(operand, ir.Instruction) and operand.basic_block == entry:
+                        index_in_entry = entry.index(operand) + 1
+                    else:
+                        has_variant_operands = True
+                        break
+
+                if has_variant_operands:
+                    continue
+
+                insn.remove_from_parent()
+                entry.instructions.insert(index_in_entry, insn)
+                moved.add(insn)
+
+                for use in insn.uses:
+                    worklist.add(use)

artiq/compiler/transforms/dead_code_eliminator.py

@@ -15,13 +15,26 @@ class DeadCodeEliminator:
             self.process_function(func)
 
     def process_function(self, func):
-        modified = True
-        while modified:
-            modified = False
-            for block in list(func.basic_blocks):
-                if not any(block.predecessors()) and block != func.entry():
-                    self.remove_block(block)
-                    modified = True
+        # defer removing those blocks, so our use checks will ignore deleted blocks
+        preserve = [func.entry()]
+        work_list = [func.entry()]
+        while any(work_list):
+            block = work_list.pop()
+            for succ in block.successors():
+                if succ not in preserve:
+                    preserve.append(succ)
+                    work_list.append(succ)
+
+        to_be_removed = []
+        for block in func.basic_blocks:
+            if block not in preserve:
+                block.is_removed = True
+                to_be_removed.append(block)
+                for insn in block.instructions:
+                    insn.is_removed = True
+
+        for block in to_be_removed:
+            self.remove_block(block)
 
         modified = True
         while modified:
@@ -33,7 +46,8 @@ class DeadCodeEliminator:
                 # it also has to run after the interleaver, but interleaver
                 # doesn't like to work with IR before DCE.
                 if isinstance(insn, (ir.Phi, ir.Alloc, ir.GetAttr, ir.GetElem, ir.Coerce,
-                                     ir.Arith, ir.Compare, ir.Select, ir.Quote, ir.Closure)) \
+                                     ir.Arith, ir.Compare, ir.Select, ir.Quote, ir.Closure,
+                                     ir.Offset)) \
                         and not any(insn.uses):
                     insn.erase()
                     modified = True
@@ -41,6 +55,8 @@ class DeadCodeEliminator:
     def remove_block(self, block):
         # block.uses are updated while iterating
         for use in set(block.uses):
+            if use.is_removed:
+                continue
             if isinstance(use, ir.Phi):
                 use.remove_incoming_block(block)
                 if not any(use.operands):
@@ -55,6 +71,8 @@ class DeadCodeEliminator:
 
     def remove_instruction(self, insn):
         for use in set(insn.uses):
+            if use.is_removed:
+                continue
             if isinstance(use, ir.Phi):
                 use.remove_incoming_value(insn)
                 if not any(use.operands):

artiq/compiler/transforms/inferencer.py

@@ -5,6 +5,31 @@
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from pythonparser import algorithm, diagnostic, ast
 from .. import asttyped, types, builtins
+from .typedtree_printer import TypedtreePrinter
+from artiq.experiment import kernel
+
+
+def is_nested_empty_list(node):
+    """If the passed AST node is an empty list, or a regularly nested list thereof,
+    returns the number of nesting layers, or ``None`` otherwise.
+
+    For instance, ``is_nested_empty_list([]) == 1`` and
+    ``is_nested_empty_list([[], []]) == 2``, but
+    ``is_nested_empty_list([[[]], []]) == None`` as the number of nesting layers doesn't
+    match.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(node, ast.List):
+        return None
+    if not node.elts:
+        return 1
+    result = is_nested_empty_list(node.elts[0])
+    if result is None:
+        return None
+    for elt in node.elts[:1]:
+        if result != is_nested_empty_list(elt):
+            return None
+    return result + 1
+
 
 class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
     """
@@ -21,6 +46,7 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
         self.function = None # currently visited function, for Return inference
         self.in_loop = False
         self.has_return = False
+        self.subkernel_arg_types = dict()
 
     def _unify(self, typea, typeb, loca, locb, makenotes=None, when=""):
         try:
@@ -153,7 +179,7 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
                     # Convert to a method.
                     attr_type = types.TMethod(object_type, attr_type)
                     self._unify_method_self(attr_type, attr_name, attr_loc, loc, value_node.loc)
-                elif types.is_rpc(attr_type):
+                elif types.is_rpc(attr_type) or types.is_subkernel(attr_type):
                     # Convert to a method. We don't have to bother typechecking
                     # the self argument, since for RPCs anything goes.
                     attr_type = types.TMethod(object_type, attr_type)
@@ -179,7 +205,18 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
                 self.engine.process(diag)
 
     def _unify_iterable(self, element, collection):
-        if builtins.is_iterable(collection.type):
+        if builtins.is_bytes(collection.type) or builtins.is_bytearray(collection.type):
+            self._unify(element.type, builtins.get_iterable_elt(collection.type),
+                        element.loc, None)
+        elif builtins.is_array(collection.type):
+            array_type = collection.type.find()
+            elem_dims = array_type["num_dims"].value - 1
+            if elem_dims > 0:
+                elem_type = builtins.TArray(array_type["elt"], types.TValue(elem_dims))
+            else:
+                elem_type = array_type["elt"]
+            self._unify(element.type, elem_type, element.loc, collection.loc)
+        elif builtins.is_iterable(collection.type) and not builtins.is_str(collection.type):
             rhs_type = collection.type.find()
             rhs_wrapped_lhs_type = types.TMono(rhs_type.name, {"elt": element.type})
             self._unify(rhs_wrapped_lhs_type, rhs_type,
@@ -195,15 +232,15 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
         self.generic_visit(node)
         value = node.value
         if types.is_tuple(value.type):
-            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
-                "multi-dimensional slices are not supported", {},
-                node.loc, [])
-            self.engine.process(diag)
+            for elt in value.type.find().elts:
+                self._unify(elt, builtins.TInt(),
+                            value.loc, None)
         else:
             self._unify(value.type, builtins.TInt(),
                         value.loc, None)
 
     def visit_SliceT(self, node):
+        self.generic_visit(node)
         if (node.lower, node.upper, node.step) == (None, None, None):
             self._unify(node.type, builtins.TInt32(),
                         node.loc, None)
@@ -223,16 +260,78 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
 
     def visit_SubscriptT(self, node):
         self.generic_visit(node)
-        if isinstance(node.slice, ast.Index):
-            self._unify_iterable(element=node, collection=node.value)
+
+        if types.is_tuple(node.value.type):
+            if (not isinstance(node.slice, ast.Index) or
+                not isinstance(node.slice.value, ast.Num)):
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                    "error", "tuples can only be indexed by a constant", {},
+                    node.slice.loc, []
+                )
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+                return
+
+            tuple_type = node.value.type.find()
+            index = node.slice.value.n
+            if index < 0 or index >= len(tuple_type.elts):
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                    "error",
+                    "index {index} is out of range for tuple of size {size}",
+                    {"index": index, "size": len(tuple_type.elts)},
+                    node.slice.loc, []
+                )
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+                return
+
+            self._unify(node.type, tuple_type.elts[index], node.loc, node.value.loc)
+        elif isinstance(node.slice, ast.Index):
+            if types.is_tuple(node.slice.value.type):
+                if types.is_var(node.value.type):
+                    return
+                if not builtins.is_array(node.value.type):
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                        "error",
+                        "multi-dimensional indexing only supported for arrays, not {type}",
+                        {"type": types.TypePrinter().name(node.value.type)},
+                        node.loc, [])
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
+                    return
+                num_idxs = len(node.slice.value.type.find().elts)
+                array_type = node.value.type.find()
+                num_dims = array_type["num_dims"].value
+                remaining_dims = num_dims - num_idxs
+                if remaining_dims < 0:
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                        "error",
+                        "too many indices for array of dimension {num_dims}",
+                        {"num_dims": num_dims}, node.slice.loc, [])
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
+                    return
+                if remaining_dims == 0:
+                    self._unify(node.type, array_type["elt"], node.loc,
+                                node.value.loc)
+                else:
+                    self._unify(
+                        node.type,
+                        builtins.TArray(array_type["elt"], remaining_dims))
+            else:
+                self._unify_iterable(element=node, collection=node.value)
         elif isinstance(node.slice, ast.Slice):
-            self._unify(node.type, node.value.type,
-                        node.loc, node.value.loc)
-        else: # ExtSlice
-            pass # error emitted above
+            if builtins.is_array(node.value.type):
+                if node.slice.step is not None:
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                        "error",
+                        "strided slicing not yet supported for NumPy arrays", {},
+                        node.slice.step.loc, [])
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
+                    return
+            self._unify(node.type, node.value.type, node.loc, node.value.loc)
+        else:  # ExtSlice
+            pass  # error emitted above
 
     def visit_IfExpT(self, node):
         self.generic_visit(node)
+        self._unify(node.test.type, builtins.TBool(), node.test.loc, None)
         self._unify(node.body.type, node.orelse.type,
                     node.body.loc, node.orelse.loc)
         self._unify(node.type, node.body.type,
@@ -261,21 +360,36 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
                     node.operand.loc)
                 self.engine.process(diag)
         else: # UAdd, USub
+            if types.is_var(operand_type):
+                return
+
             if builtins.is_numeric(operand_type):
-                self._unify(node.type, operand_type,
-                            node.loc, None)
-            elif not types.is_var(operand_type):
-                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
-                    "expected unary '{op}' operand to be of numeric type, not {type}",
-                    {"op": node.op.loc.source(),
-                     "type": types.TypePrinter().name(operand_type)},
-                    node.operand.loc)
-                self.engine.process(diag)
+                self._unify(node.type, operand_type, node.loc, None)
+                return
+
+            if builtins.is_array(operand_type):
+                elt = operand_type.find()["elt"]
+                if builtins.is_numeric(elt):
+                    self._unify(node.type, operand_type, node.loc, None)
+                    return
+                if types.is_var(elt):
+                    return
+
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "expected unary '{op}' operand to be of numeric type, not {type}",
+                {"op": node.op.loc.source(),
+                    "type": types.TypePrinter().name(operand_type)},
+                node.operand.loc)
+            self.engine.process(diag)
 
     def visit_CoerceT(self, node):
         self.generic_visit(node)
         if builtins.is_numeric(node.type) and builtins.is_numeric(node.value.type):
             pass
+        elif (builtins.is_array(node.type) and builtins.is_array(node.value.type)
+              and builtins.is_numeric(node.type.find()["elt"])
+              and builtins.is_numeric(node.value.type.find()["elt"])):
+            pass
         else:
             printer = types.TypePrinter()
             note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
@@ -293,21 +407,31 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
             return coerced_node
         elif isinstance(coerced_node, asttyped.CoerceT):
             node = coerced_node
-            node.type, node.other_value = typ, other_node
+            node.type.unify(typ)
+            node.other_value = other_node
         else:
             node = asttyped.CoerceT(type=typ, value=coerced_node, other_value=other_node,
                                     loc=coerced_node.loc)
         self.visit(node)
         return node
 
-    def _coerce_numeric(self, nodes, map_return=lambda typ: typ):
+    def _coerce_numeric(self, nodes, map_return=lambda typ: typ, map_node_type =lambda typ:typ):
         # See https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex.
         node_types = []
         for node in nodes:
             if isinstance(node, asttyped.CoerceT):
-                node_types.append(node.value.type)
+                # If we already know exactly what we coerce this value to, use that type,
+                # or we'll get an unification error in case the coerced type is not the same
+                # as the type of the coerced value.
+                # Otherwise, use the potentially more specific subtype when considering possible
+                # coercions, or we may get stuck.
+                if node.type.fold(False, lambda acc, ty: acc or types.is_var(ty)):
+                    node_types.append(node.value.type)
+                else:
+                    node_types.append(node.type)
             else:
                 node_types.append(node.type)
+        node_types = [map_node_type(typ) for typ in node_types]
         if any(map(types.is_var, node_types)): # not enough info yet
             return
         elif not all(map(builtins.is_numeric, node_types)):
@@ -339,8 +463,125 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
         else:
             assert False
 
+    def _coerce_binary_broadcast_op(self, left, right, map_return_elt, op_loc):
+        def num_dims(typ):
+            if builtins.is_array(typ):
+                # TODO: If number of dimensions is ever made a non-fixed parameter,
+                # need to acutally unify num_dims in _coerce_binop/….
+                return typ.find()["num_dims"].value
+            return 0
+
+        left_dims = num_dims(left.type)
+        right_dims = num_dims(right.type)
+        if left_dims != right_dims and left_dims != 0 and right_dims != 0:
+            # Mismatch (only scalar broadcast supported for now).
+            note1 = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note", "operand of dimension {num_dims}",
+                                            {"num_dims": left_dims}, left.loc)
+            note2 = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note", "operand of dimension {num_dims}",
+                                            {"num_dims": right_dims}, right.loc)
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                "error", "dimensions of '{op}' array operands must match",
+                {"op": op_loc.source()}, op_loc, [left.loc, right.loc], [note1, note2])
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+            return
+
+        def map_node_type(typ):
+            if not builtins.is_array(typ):
+                # This is a single value broadcast across the array.
+                return typ
+            return typ.find()["elt"]
+
+        # Figure out result type, handling broadcasts.
+        result_dims = left_dims if left_dims else right_dims
+        def map_return(typ):
+            elt = map_return_elt(typ)
+            result = builtins.TArray(elt=elt, num_dims=result_dims)
+            left = builtins.TArray(elt=elt, num_dims=left_dims) if left_dims else elt
+            right = builtins.TArray(elt=elt, num_dims=right_dims) if right_dims else elt
+            return (result, left, right)
+
+        return self._coerce_numeric((left, right),
+                                    map_return=map_return,
+                                    map_node_type=map_node_type)
+
     def _coerce_binop(self, op, left, right):
-        if isinstance(op, (ast.BitAnd, ast.BitOr, ast.BitXor,
+        if isinstance(op, ast.MatMult):
+            if types.is_var(left.type) or types.is_var(right.type):
+                return
+
+            def num_dims(operand):
+                if not builtins.is_array(operand.type):
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                        "error",
+                        "expected matrix multiplication operand to be of array type, not {type}",
+                        {
+                            "op": op.loc.source(),
+                            "type": types.TypePrinter().name(operand.type)
+                        }, op.loc, [operand.loc])
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
+                    return
+                num_dims = operand.type.find()["num_dims"].value
+                if num_dims not in (1, 2):
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                        "error",
+                        "expected matrix multiplication operand to be 1- or 2-dimensional, not {type}",
+                        {
+                            "op": op.loc.source(),
+                            "type": types.TypePrinter().name(operand.type)
+                        }, op.loc, [operand.loc])
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
+                    return
+                return num_dims
+
+            left_dims = num_dims(left)
+            if not left_dims:
+                return
+            right_dims = num_dims(right)
+            if not right_dims:
+                return
+
+            def map_node_type(typ):
+                return typ.find()["elt"]
+
+            def map_return(typ):
+                if left_dims == 1:
+                    if right_dims == 1:
+                        result_dims = 0
+                    else:
+                        result_dims = 1
+                elif right_dims == 1:
+                    result_dims = 1
+                else:
+                    result_dims = 2
+                result = typ if result_dims == 0 else builtins.TArray(
+                    typ, result_dims)
+                return (result, builtins.TArray(typ, left_dims),
+                        builtins.TArray(typ, right_dims))
+
+            return self._coerce_numeric((left, right),
+                                        map_return=map_return,
+                                        map_node_type=map_node_type)
+        elif builtins.is_array(left.type) or builtins.is_array(right.type):
+            # Operations on arrays are element-wise (possibly using broadcasting).
+
+            # TODO: Allow only for integer arrays.
+            # allowed_int_array_ops = (ast.BitAnd, ast.BitOr, ast.BitXor, ast.LShift,
+            #                      ast.RShift)
+            allowed_array_ops = (ast.Add, ast.Mult, ast.FloorDiv, ast.Mod,
+                                 ast.Pow, ast.Sub, ast.Div)
+            if not isinstance(op, allowed_array_ops):
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                    "error", "operator '{op}' not valid for array types",
+                    {"op": op.loc.source()}, op.loc)
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+                return
+
+            def map_result(typ):
+                if isinstance(op, ast.Div):
+                    return builtins.TFloat()
+                return typ
+            return self._coerce_binary_broadcast_op(left, right, map_result, op.loc)
+        elif isinstance(op, (ast.BitAnd, ast.BitOr, ast.BitXor,
                            ast.LShift, ast.RShift)):
             # bitwise operators require integers
             for operand in (left, right):
@@ -394,7 +635,8 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
                     self._unify(left.type, right.type,
                                 left.loc, right.loc)
                     return left.type, left.type, right.type
-            elif builtins.is_str(left.type) or builtins.is_str(right.type):
+            elif (builtins.is_str(left.type) or builtins.is_str(right.type) or
+                  builtins.is_bytes(left.type) or builtins.is_bytes(right.type)):
                 self._unify(left.type, right.type,
                             left.loc, right.loc)
                 return left.type, left.type, right.type
@@ -438,7 +680,7 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
             # division always returns a float
             return self._coerce_numeric((left, right),
                         lambda typ: (builtins.TFloat(), builtins.TFloat(), builtins.TFloat()))
-        else: # MatMult
+        else:
             diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
                 "operator '{op}' is not supported", {"op": op.loc.source()},
                 op.loc)
@@ -622,14 +864,28 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
 
             self._unify(node.type, builtins.TBool(),
                         node.loc, None)
-        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "int"):
-            valid_forms = lambda: [
-                valid_form("int() -> numpy.int?"),
-                valid_form("int(x:'a) -> numpy.int?"),
-                valid_form("int(x:'a, width=?) -> numpy.int?")
-            ]
+        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "int") or \
+                types.is_builtin(typ, "int32") or types.is_builtin(typ, "int64"):
+            if types.is_builtin(typ, "int"):
+                valid_forms = lambda: [
+                    valid_form("int() -> numpy.int?"),
+                    valid_form("int(x:'a) -> numpy.int? where 'a is numeric")
+                ]
+                result_typ = builtins.TInt()
+            elif types.is_builtin(typ, "int32"):
+                valid_forms = lambda: [
+                    valid_form("numpy.int32() -> numpy.int32"),
+                    valid_form("numpy.int32(x:'a) -> numpy.int32 where 'a is numeric")
+                ]
+                result_typ = builtins.TInt32()
+            elif types.is_builtin(typ, "int64"):
+                valid_forms = lambda: [
+                    valid_form("numpy.int64() -> numpy.int64"),
+                    valid_form("numpy.int64(x:'a) -> numpy.int64 where 'a is numeric")
+                ]
+                result_typ = builtins.TInt64()
 
-            self._unify(node.type, builtins.TInt(),
+            self._unify(node.type, result_typ,
                         node.loc, None)
 
             if len(node.args) == 0 and len(node.keywords) == 0:
@@ -639,20 +895,7 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
                 pass # undetermined yet
             elif len(node.args) == 1 and len(node.keywords) == 0 and \
                     builtins.is_numeric(node.args[0].type):
-                self._unify(node.type, builtins.TInt(),
-                            node.loc, None)
-            elif len(node.args) == 1 and len(node.keywords) == 1 and \
-                    builtins.is_numeric(node.args[0].type) and \
-                    node.keywords[0].arg == 'width':
-                width = node.keywords[0].value
-                if not (isinstance(width, asttyped.NumT) and isinstance(width.n, int)):
-                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
-                        "the width argument of int() must be an integer literal", {},
-                        node.keywords[0].loc)
-                    self.engine.process(diag)
-                    return
-
-                self._unify(node.type, builtins.TInt(types.TValue(width.n)),
+                self._unify(node.type, result_typ,
                             node.loc, None)
             else:
                 diagnose(valid_forms())
@@ -675,28 +918,116 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
                 pass
             else:
                 diagnose(valid_forms())
-        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "list") or types.is_builtin(typ, "array"):
-            if types.is_builtin(typ, "list"):
-                valid_forms = lambda: [
-                    valid_form("list() -> list(elt='a)"),
-                    valid_form("list(x:'a) -> list(elt='b) where 'a is iterable")
-                ]
+        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "str"):
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "strings currently cannot be constructed", {},
+                node.loc)
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "array"):
+            valid_forms = lambda: [
+                valid_form("array(x:'a) -> array(elt='b) where 'a is iterable"),
+                valid_form("array(x:'a, dtype:'b) -> array(elt='b) where 'a is iterable")
+            ]
 
-                self._unify(node.type, builtins.TList(),
-                            node.loc, None)
-            elif types.is_builtin(typ, "array"):
-                valid_forms = lambda: [
-                    valid_form("array() -> array(elt='a)"),
-                    valid_form("array(x:'a) -> array(elt='b) where 'a is iterable")
-                ]
+            explicit_dtype = None
+            keywords_acceptable = False
+            if len(node.keywords) == 0:
+                keywords_acceptable = True
+            elif len(node.keywords) == 1:
+                if node.keywords[0].arg == "dtype":
+                    keywords_acceptable = True
+                    explicit_dtype = node.keywords[0].value
+            if len(node.args) == 1 and keywords_acceptable:
+                arg, = node.args
 
-                self._unify(node.type, builtins.TArray(),
-                            node.loc, None)
+                num_empty_dims = is_nested_empty_list(arg)
+                if num_empty_dims is not None:
+                    # As a special case, following the behaviour of numpy.array (and
+                    # repr() on ndarrays), consider empty lists to be exactly of the
+                    # number of dimensions given, instead of potentially containing an
+                    # unknown number of extra dimensions.
+                    num_dims = num_empty_dims
+
+                    # The ultimate element type will be TVar initially, but we might be
+                    # able to resolve it from context.
+                    elt = arg.type
+                    for _ in range(num_dims):
+                        assert builtins.is_list(elt)
+                        elt = elt.find()["elt"]
+                else:
+                    # In the absence of any other information (there currently isn't a way
+                    # to specify any), assume that all iterables are expandable into a
+                    # (runtime-checked) rectangular array of the innermost element type.
+                    elt = arg.type
+                    num_dims = 0
+                    expected_dims = (node.type.find()["num_dims"].value
+                                    if builtins.is_array(node.type) else -1)
+                    while True:
+                        if num_dims == expected_dims:
+                            # If we already know the number of dimensions of the result,
+                            # stop so we can disambiguate the (innermost) element type of
+                            # the argument if it is still unknown.
+                            break
+                        if types.is_var(elt):
+                            # Can't make progress here because we don't know how many more
+                            # dimensions might be "hidden" inside.
+                            return
+                        if not builtins.is_iterable(elt) or builtins.is_str(elt):
+                            break
+                        if builtins.is_array(elt):
+                            num_dims += elt.find()["num_dims"].value
+                        else:
+                            num_dims += 1
+                        elt = builtins.get_iterable_elt(elt)
+
+                if explicit_dtype is not None:
+                    # TODO: Factor out type detection; support quoted type constructors
+                    # (TList(TInt32), …)?
+                    typ = explicit_dtype.type
+                    if types.is_builtin(typ, "int32"):
+                        elt = builtins.TInt32()
+                    elif types.is_builtin(typ, "int64"):
+                        elt = builtins.TInt64()
+                    elif types.is_constructor(typ):
+                        elt = typ.find().instance
+                    else:
+                        diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                            "error",
+                            "dtype argument of {builtin}() must be a valid constructor",
+                            {"builtin": typ.find().name},
+                            node.func.loc,
+                            notes=[note])
+                        self.engine.process(diag)
+                        return
+
+                if num_dims == 0:
+                    note = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                        "note", "this expression has type {type}",
+                        {"type": types.TypePrinter().name(arg.type)}, arg.loc)
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                        "error",
+                        "the argument of {builtin}() must be of an iterable type",
+                        {"builtin": typ.find().name},
+                        node.func.loc,
+                        notes=[note])
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
+                    return
+
+                self._unify(node.type,
+                            builtins.TArray(elt, types.TValue(num_dims)),
+                            node.loc, arg.loc)
             else:
-                assert False
+                diagnose(valid_forms())
+        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "list"):
+            valid_forms = lambda: [
+                valid_form("list() -> list(elt='a)"),
+                valid_form("list(x:'a) -> list(elt='b) where 'a is iterable")
+            ]
+
+            self._unify(node.type, builtins.TList(), node.loc, None)
 
             if len(node.args) == 0 and len(node.keywords) == 0:
-                pass # []
+                pass  # []
             elif len(node.args) == 1 and len(node.keywords) == 0:
                 arg, = node.args
 
@@ -779,7 +1110,6 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
         elif types.is_builtin(typ, "round"):
             valid_forms = lambda: [
                 valid_form("round(x:float) -> numpy.int?"),
-                valid_form("round(x:float, width=?) -> numpy.int?")
             ]
 
             self._unify(node.type, builtins.TInt(),
@@ -790,19 +1120,28 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
 
                 self._unify(arg.type, builtins.TFloat(),
                             arg.loc, None)
-            elif len(node.args) == 1 and len(node.keywords) == 1 and \
-                    builtins.is_numeric(node.args[0].type) and \
-                    node.keywords[0].arg == 'width':
-                width = node.keywords[0].value
-                if not (isinstance(width, asttyped.NumT) and isinstance(width.n, int)):
-                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
-                        "the width argument of round() must be an integer literal", {},
-                        node.keywords[0].loc)
-                    self.engine.process(diag)
-                    return
+            else:
+                diagnose(valid_forms())
+        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "abs"):
+            fn = typ.name
 
-                self._unify(node.type, builtins.TInt(types.TValue(width.n)),
-                            node.loc, None)
+            valid_forms = lambda: [
+                valid_form("abs(x:numpy.int?) -> numpy.int?"),
+                valid_form("abs(x:float) -> float")
+            ]
+
+            if len(node.args) == 1 and len(node.keywords) == 0:
+                (arg,) = node.args
+                if builtins.is_int(arg.type) or builtins.is_float(arg.type):
+                    self._unify(arg.type, node.type,
+                                arg.loc, node.loc)
+                elif types.is_var(arg.type):
+                    pass # undetermined yet
+                else:
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                        "the arguments of abs() must be of a numeric type", {},
+                        node.func.loc)
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
             else:
                 diagnose(valid_forms())
         elif types.is_builtin(typ, "min") or types.is_builtin(typ, "max"):
@@ -851,21 +1190,69 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
                 diagnose(valid_forms())
         elif types.is_builtin(typ, "make_array"):
             valid_forms = lambda: [
-                valid_form("numpy.full(count:int32, value:'a) -> numpy.array(elt='a)")
+                valid_form("numpy.full(count:int32, value:'a) -> array(elt='a, num_dims=1)"),
+                valid_form("numpy.full(shape:(int32,)*'b, value:'a) -> array(elt='a, num_dims='b)"),
             ]
 
-            self._unify(node.type, builtins.TArray(),
-                        node.loc, None)
-
             if len(node.args) == 2 and len(node.keywords) == 0:
                 arg0, arg1 = node.args
 
-                self._unify(arg0.type, builtins.TInt32(),
-                            arg0.loc, None)
+                if types.is_var(arg0.type):
+                    return  # undetermined yet
+                elif types.is_tuple(arg0.type):
+                    num_dims = len(arg0.type.find().elts)
+                    self._unify(arg0.type, types.TTuple([builtins.TInt32()] * num_dims),
+                                arg0.loc, None)
+                else:
+                    num_dims = 1
+                    self._unify(arg0.type, builtins.TInt32(),
+                                arg0.loc, None)
+
+                self._unify(node.type, builtins.TArray(num_dims=num_dims),
+                            node.loc, None)
                 self._unify(arg1.type, node.type.find()["elt"],
                             arg1.loc, None)
             else:
                 diagnose(valid_forms())
+        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "numpy.transpose"):
+            valid_forms = lambda: [
+                valid_form("transpose(x: array(elt='a, num_dims=1)) -> array(elt='a, num_dims=1)"),
+                valid_form("transpose(x: array(elt='a, num_dims=2)) -> array(elt='a, num_dims=2)")
+            ]
+
+            if len(node.args) == 1 and len(node.keywords) == 0:
+                arg, = node.args
+
+                if types.is_var(arg.type):
+                    pass  # undetermined yet
+                elif not builtins.is_array(arg.type):
+                    note = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                        "note", "this expression has type {type}",
+                        {"type": types.TypePrinter().name(arg.type)}, arg.loc)
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                        "error",
+                        "the argument of {builtin}() must be an array",
+                        {"builtin": typ.find().name},
+                        node.func.loc,
+                        notes=[note])
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
+                else:
+                    num_dims = arg.type.find()["num_dims"].value
+                    if num_dims not in (1, 2):
+                        note = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                            "note", "argument is {num_dims}-dimensional",
+                            {"num_dims": num_dims}, arg.loc)
+                        diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic(
+                            "error",
+                            "{builtin}() is currently only supported for up to "
+                            "two-dimensional arrays", {"builtin": typ.find().name},
+                            node.func.loc,
+                            notes=[note])
+                        self.engine.process(diag)
+                    else:
+                        self._unify(node.type, arg.type, node.loc, None)
+            else:
+                diagnose(valid_forms())
         elif types.is_builtin(typ, "rtio_log"):
             valid_forms = lambda: [
                 valid_form("rtio_log(channel:str, args...) -> None"),
@@ -899,15 +1286,6 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
         elif types.is_builtin(typ, "at_mu"):
             simple_form("at_mu(time_mu:numpy.int64) -> None",
                         [builtins.TInt64()])
-        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "mu_to_seconds"):
-            simple_form("mu_to_seconds(time_mu:numpy.int64) -> float",
-                        [builtins.TInt64()], builtins.TFloat())
-        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "seconds_to_mu"):
-            simple_form("seconds_to_mu(time:float) -> numpy.int64",
-                        [builtins.TFloat()], builtins.TInt64())
-        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "watchdog"):
-            simple_form("watchdog(time:float) -> [builtin context manager]",
-                        [builtins.TFloat()], builtins.TNone())
         elif types.is_constructor(typ):
             # An user-defined class.
             self._unify(node.type, typ.find().instance,
@@ -916,6 +1294,106 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
             # Ignored.
             self._unify(node.type, builtins.TNone(),
                         node.loc, None)
+        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "subkernel_await"):
+            valid_forms = lambda: [
+                valid_form("subkernel_await(f: subkernel) -> f return type"),
+                valid_form("subkernel_await(f: subkernel, timeout: numpy.int64) -> f return type")
+            ]
+            if 1 <= len(node.args) <= 2:
+                arg0 = node.args[0].type
+                if types.is_var(arg0):
+                    pass  # undetermined yet
+                else:
+                    if types.is_method(arg0):
+                        fn = types.get_method_function(arg0)
+                    elif types.is_function(arg0) or types.is_subkernel(arg0):
+                        fn = arg0
+                    else:
+                        diagnose(valid_forms())
+                    self._unify(node.type, fn.ret,
+                                node.loc, None)
+                if len(node.args) == 2:
+                    arg1 = node.args[1]
+                    if types.is_var(arg1.type):
+                        pass
+                    elif builtins.is_int(arg1.type):
+                        # promote to TInt64
+                        self._unify(arg1.type, builtins.TInt64(),
+                                    arg1.loc, None)
+                    else:
+                        diagnose(valid_forms())
+            else:
+                diagnose(valid_forms())
+        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "subkernel_preload"):
+            valid_forms = lambda: [
+                valid_form("subkernel_preload(f: subkernel) -> None")
+            ]
+            if len(node.args) == 1:
+                arg0 = node.args[0].type
+                if types.is_var(arg0):
+                    pass  # undetermined yet
+                else:
+                    if types.is_method(arg0):
+                        fn = types.get_method_function(arg0)
+                    elif types.is_function(arg0) or types.is_subkernel(arg0):
+                        fn = arg0
+                    else:
+                        diagnose(valid_forms())
+                    self._unify(node.type, fn.ret,
+                                node.loc, None)
+            else:
+                diagnose(valid_forms())
+        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "subkernel_send"):
+            valid_forms = lambda: [
+                valid_form("subkernel_send(dest: numpy.int?, name: str, value: V) -> None"),
+            ]
+            self._unify(node.type, builtins.TNone(),
+                        node.loc, None)
+            if len(node.args) == 3:
+                arg0 = node.args[0]
+                if types.is_var(arg0.type):
+                    pass  # undetermined yet
+                else:
+                    if builtins.is_int(arg0.type):
+                        self._unify(arg0.type, builtins.TInt8(),
+                                    arg0.loc, None)
+                    else:
+                        diagnose(valid_forms())
+                arg1 = node.args[1]
+                self._unify(arg1.type, builtins.TStr(),
+                        arg1.loc, None)
+            else:
+                diagnose(valid_forms())
+        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "subkernel_recv"):
+            valid_forms = lambda: [
+                valid_form("subkernel_recv(name: str, value_type: type) -> value_type"),
+                valid_form("subkernel_recv(name: str, value_type: type, timeout: numpy.int64) -> value_type"),
+            ]
+            if 2 <= len(node.args) <= 3:
+                arg0 = node.args[0]
+                if types.is_var(arg0.type):
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    self._unify(arg0.type, builtins.TStr(),
+                            arg0.loc, None)
+                arg1 = node.args[1]
+                if types.is_var(arg1.type):
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    self._unify(node.type, arg1.value,
+                                node.loc, None)
+                if len(node.args) == 3:
+                    arg2 = node.args[2]
+                    if types.is_var(arg2.type):
+                        pass
+                    elif builtins.is_int(arg2.type):
+                        # promote to TInt64
+                        self._unify(arg2.type, builtins.TInt64(),
+                                    arg2.loc, None)
+                    else:
+                        diagnose(valid_forms())
+            else:
+                diagnose(valid_forms())
         else:
             assert False
 
@@ -954,6 +1432,7 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
             typ_args    = typ.args
             typ_optargs = typ.optargs
             typ_ret     = typ.ret
+            typ_func    = typ
         else:
             typ_self    = types.get_method_self(typ)
             typ_func    = types.get_method_function(typ)
@@ -991,11 +1470,43 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
             self.engine.process(diag)
             return
 
+        # Array broadcasting for functions explicitly marked as such.
+        if len(node.args) == typ_arity and types.is_broadcast_across_arrays(typ):
+            if typ_arity == 1:
+                arg_type = node.args[0].type.find()
+                if builtins.is_array(arg_type):
+                    typ_arg, = typ_args.values()
+                    self._unify(typ_arg, arg_type["elt"], node.args[0].loc, None)
+                    self._unify(node.type, builtins.TArray(typ_ret, arg_type["num_dims"]),
+                                node.loc, None)
+                    return
+            elif typ_arity == 2:
+                if any(builtins.is_array(arg.type) for arg in node.args):
+                    ret, arg0, arg1 = self._coerce_binary_broadcast_op(
+                        node.args[0], node.args[1], lambda t: typ_ret, node.loc)
+                    node.args[0] = self._coerce_one(arg0, node.args[0],
+                                                    other_node=node.args[1])
+                    node.args[1] = self._coerce_one(arg1, node.args[1],
+                                                    other_node=node.args[0])
+                    self._unify(node.type, ret, node.loc, None)
+                    return
+        if types.is_subkernel(typ_func) and typ_func.sid not in self.subkernel_arg_types:
+            self.subkernel_arg_types[typ_func.sid] = []
+
         for actualarg, (formalname, formaltyp) in \
                 zip(node.args, list(typ_args.items()) + list(typ_optargs.items())):
             self._unify(actualarg.type, formaltyp,
                         actualarg.loc, None)
             passed_args[formalname] = actualarg.loc
+            if types.is_subkernel(typ_func):
+                if types.is_instance(actualarg.type):
+                    # objects cannot be passed to subkernels, as rpc code doesn't support them
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                        "argument '{name}' of type: {typ} is not supported in subkernels",
+                        {"name": formalname, "typ": actualarg.type},
+                        actualarg.loc, [])
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
+                self.subkernel_arg_types[typ_func.sid].append((formalname, formaltyp))
 
         for keyword in node.keywords:
             if keyword.arg in passed_args:
@@ -1012,10 +1523,21 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
             elif keyword.arg in typ_optargs:
                 self._unify(keyword.value.type, typ_optargs[keyword.arg],
                             keyword.value.loc, None)
+            else:
+                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "extraneous argument", {},
+                    keyword.loc)
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                    "this function of type {type} does not accept argument '{name}'",
+                    {"type": types.TypePrinter().name(node.func.type),
+                     "name": keyword.arg},
+                    node.func.loc, [], [note])
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+                return
             passed_args[keyword.arg] = keyword.arg_loc
 
         for formalname in typ_args:
-            if formalname not in passed_args:
+            if formalname not in passed_args and not node.remote_fn:
                 note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
                     "the called function is of type {type}",
                     {"type": types.TypePrinter().name(node.func.type)},
@@ -1049,22 +1571,10 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
         if coerced:
             return_type, target_type, value_type = coerced
 
-            try:
-                node.target.type.unify(target_type)
-            except types.UnificationError as e:
-                printer = types.TypePrinter()
-                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
-                    "expression of type {typec}",
-                    {"typec": printer.name(node.value.type)},
-                    node.value.loc)
-                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
-                    "expression of type {typea} has to be coerced to {typeb}, "
-                    "which makes assignment invalid",
-                    {"typea": printer.name(node.target.type),
-                     "typeb": printer.name(target_type)},
-                    node.op.loc, [node.target.loc], [note])
-                self.engine.process(diag)
-                return
+            if isinstance(node.value, asttyped.CoerceT):
+                orig_value_type = node.value.value.type
+            else:
+                orig_value_type = node.value.type
 
             try:
                 node.target.type.unify(return_type)
@@ -1072,17 +1582,34 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
                 printer = types.TypePrinter()
                 note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
                     "expression of type {typec}",
-                    {"typec": printer.name(node.value.type)},
+                    {"typec": printer.name(orig_value_type)},
                     node.value.loc)
                 diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
                     "the result of this operation has type {typeb}, "
-                    "which makes assignment to a slot of type {typea} invalid",
+                    "which cannot be assigned to a left-hand side of type {typea}",
                     {"typea": printer.name(node.target.type),
                      "typeb": printer.name(return_type)},
                     node.op.loc, [node.target.loc], [note])
                 self.engine.process(diag)
                 return
 
+            try:
+                node.target.type.unify(target_type)
+            except types.UnificationError as e:
+                printer = types.TypePrinter()
+                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "expression of type {typec}",
+                    {"typec": printer.name(orig_value_type)},
+                    node.value.loc)
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                    "this operation requires the left-hand side of type {typea} "
+                    "to be coerced to {typeb}, which cannot be done",
+                    {"typea": printer.name(node.target.type),
+                     "typeb": printer.name(target_type)},
+                    node.op.loc, [node.target.loc], [note])
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+                return
+
             node.value = self._coerce_one(value_type, node.value, other_node=node.target)
 
     def visit_ForT(self, node):
@@ -1115,9 +1642,7 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
 
         typ = node.context_expr.type
         if (types.is_builtin(typ, "interleave") or types.is_builtin(typ, "sequential") or
-            types.is_builtin(typ, "parallel") or
-                (isinstance(node.context_expr, asttyped.CallT) and
-                 types.is_builtin(node.context_expr.func.type, "watchdog"))):
+            types.is_builtin(typ, "parallel")):
             # builtin context managers
             if node.optional_vars is not None:
                 self._unify(node.optional_vars.type, builtins.TNone(),
@@ -1275,7 +1800,14 @@ class Inferencer(algorithm.Visitor):
 
     def visit_FunctionDefT(self, node):
         for index, decorator in enumerate(node.decorator_list):
-            if types.is_builtin(decorator.type, "kernel") or \
+            def eval_attr(attr):
+                if isinstance(attr.value, asttyped.QuoteT):
+                    return getattr(attr.value.value, attr.attr)
+                return getattr(eval_attr(attr.value), attr.attr)
+            if isinstance(decorator, asttyped.AttributeT):
+                decorator = eval_attr(decorator)
+            if id(decorator) == id(kernel) or \
+                    types.is_builtin(decorator.type, "kernel") or \
                     isinstance(decorator, asttyped.CallT) and \
                     types.is_builtin(decorator.func.type, "kernel"):
                 continue

artiq/compiler/transforms/int_monomorphizer.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ do not.
 """
 
 from pythonparser import algorithm, diagnostic
-from .. import types, builtins
+from .. import types, builtins, asttyped
 
 class IntMonomorphizer(algorithm.Visitor):
     def __init__(self, engine):
@@ -26,12 +26,3 @@ class IntMonomorphizer(algorithm.Visitor):
                     return
 
                 node.type["width"].unify(types.TValue(width))
-
-    def visit_CallT(self, node):
-        self.generic_visit(node)
-
-        if types.is_builtin(node.func.type, "int") or \
-                types.is_builtin(node.func.type, "round"):
-            typ = node.type.find()
-            if types.is_var(typ["width"]):
-                typ["width"].unify(types.TValue(32))

artiq/compiler/transforms/iodelay_estimator.py

@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ class IODelayEstimator(algorithm.Visitor):
                                   context="as an argument for delay_mu()")
             call_delay = value
         elif not types.is_builtin(typ):
-            if types.is_function(typ) or types.is_rpc(typ):
+            if types.is_function(typ) or types.is_rpc(typ) or types.is_subkernel(typ):
                 offset = 0
             elif types.is_method(typ):
                 offset = 1
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class IODelayEstimator(algorithm.Visitor):
             else:
                 assert False
 
-            if types.is_rpc(typ):
+            if types.is_rpc(typ) or types.is_subkernel(typ):
                 call_delay = iodelay.Const(0)
             else:
                 delay = typ.find().delay.find()
@@ -311,13 +311,20 @@ class IODelayEstimator(algorithm.Visitor):
                         args[arg_name] = arg_node
 
                     free_vars = delay.duration.free_vars()
-                    node.arg_exprs = {
-                        arg: self.evaluate(args[arg], abort=abort,
-                                           context="in the expression for argument '{}' "
-                                                   "that affects I/O delay".format(arg))
-                        for arg in free_vars
-                    }
-                    call_delay = delay.duration.fold(node.arg_exprs)
+                    try:
+                        node.arg_exprs = {
+                            arg: self.evaluate(args[arg], abort=abort,
+                                            context="in the expression for argument '{}' "
+                                                    "that affects I/O delay".format(arg))
+                            for arg in free_vars
+                        }
+                        call_delay = delay.duration.fold(node.arg_exprs)
+                    except KeyError as e:
+                        if getattr(node, "remote_fn", False):
+                            note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                                "function called here", {},
+                                node.loc)
+                            self.abort("due to arguments passed remotely", node.loc, note)
                 else:
                     assert False
         else:

artiq/compiler/transforms/local_demoter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+"""
+:class:`LocalDemoter` is a constant propagation transform:
+it replaces reads of any local variable with only one write
+in a function without closures with the value that was written.
+
+:class:`LocalAccessValidator` must be run before this transform
+to ensure that the transformation it performs is sound.
+"""
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from .. import ir
+
+class LocalDemoter:
+    def process(self, functions):
+        for func in functions:
+            self.process_function(func)
+
+    def process_function(self, func):
+        env_safe = {}
+        env_gets = defaultdict(lambda: set())
+        env_sets = defaultdict(lambda: set())
+
+        for insn in func.instructions():
+            if isinstance(insn, (ir.GetLocal, ir.SetLocal)):
+                if "$" in insn.var_name:
+                    continue
+
+                env = insn.environment()
+
+                if env not in env_safe:
+                    for use in env.uses:
+                        if not isinstance(use, (ir.GetLocal, ir.SetLocal)):
+                            env_safe[env] = False
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        env_safe[env] = True
+
+                if not env_safe[env]:
+                    continue
+
+                if isinstance(insn, ir.SetLocal):
+                    env_sets[(env, insn.var_name)].add(insn)
+                else:
+                    env_gets[(env, insn.var_name)].add(insn)
+
+        for (env, var_name) in env_sets:
+            if len(env_sets[(env, var_name)]) == 1:
+                set_insn = next(iter(env_sets[(env, var_name)]))
+                for get_insn in env_gets[(env, var_name)]:
+                    get_insn.replace_all_uses_with(set_insn.value())
+                    get_insn.erase()

artiq/compiler/transforms/typedtree_printer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+"""
+:class:`TypedtreePrinter` prints a human-readable representation of typedtrees.
+"""
+
+from pythonparser import algorithm, ast
+from .. import types, asttyped
+
+class TypedtreePrinter(algorithm.Visitor):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.str = None
+        self.level = None
+        self.last_nl = None
+        self.type_printer = None
+
+    def print(self, node):
+        try:
+            self.str = ""
+            self.level = 0
+            self.last_nl = 0
+            self.type_printer = types.TypePrinter()
+            self.visit(node)
+            self._nl()
+            return self.str
+        finally:
+            self.str = None
+            self.level = None
+            self.last_nl = 0
+            self.type_printer = None
+
+    def _nl(self):
+        # self.str += "·"
+        if len(self.str) != self.last_nl:
+            self.str += "\n" + ("  " * self.level)
+            self.last_nl = len(self.str)
+
+    def _indent(self):
+        self.level += 1
+        self._nl()
+
+    def _dedent(self):
+        self._nl()
+        self.level -= 1
+        self.str = self.str[:-2]
+        self.last_nl -= 2
+
+    def visit(self, obj):
+        if isinstance(obj, ast.AST):
+            attrs = set(obj._fields) - {'ctx'}
+            if isinstance(obj, asttyped.commontyped):
+                attrs.update(set(obj._types))
+
+            for attr in set(attrs):
+                if not getattr(obj, attr):
+                    attrs.remove(attr) # omit falsey stuff
+
+            self.str += obj.__class__.__name__ + "("
+            if len(attrs) > 1:
+                self._indent()
+
+            for attr in attrs:
+                if len(attrs) > 1:
+                    self._nl()
+                self.str += attr + "="
+                self.visit(getattr(obj, attr))
+                if len(attrs) > 1:
+                    self._nl()
+
+            if len(attrs) > 1:
+                self._dedent()
+            self.str += ")"
+        elif isinstance(obj, types.Type):
+            self.str += self.type_printer.name(obj, max_depth=0)
+        elif isinstance(obj, list):
+            self.str += "["
+            if len(obj) > 1:
+                self._indent()
+
+            for elem in obj:
+                if len(obj) > 1:
+                    self._nl()
+                self.visit(elem)
+                if len(obj) > 1:
+                    self._nl()
+
+            if len(obj) > 1:
+                self._dedent()
+            self.str += "]"
+        else:
+            self.str += repr(obj)

artiq/compiler/types.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ The :mod:`types` module contains the classes describing the types
 in :mod:`asttyped`.
 """
 
+import builtins
 import string
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from . import iodelay
@@ -55,38 +56,39 @@ class TVar(Type):
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.parent = self
+        self.rank = 0
 
     def find(self):
-        if self.parent is self:
+        parent = self.parent
+        if parent is self:
             return self
         else:
             # The recursive find() invocation is turned into a loop
             # because paths resulting from unification of large arrays
             # can easily cause a stack overflow.
             root = self
-            while root.__class__ == TVar:
-                if root is root.parent:
-                    break
-                else:
-                    root = root.parent
-
-            # path compression
-            iter = self
-            while iter.__class__ == TVar:
-                if iter is iter.parent:
-                    break
-                else:
-                    iter, iter.parent = iter.parent, root
-
-            return root
+            while parent.__class__ == TVar and root is not parent:
+                _, parent = root, root.parent = parent, parent.parent
+            return root.parent
 
     def unify(self, other):
-        other = other.find()
-
-        if self.parent is self:
-            self.parent = other
+        if other is self:
+            return
+        x = other.find()
+        y = self.find()
+        if x is y:
+            return
+        if y.__class__ == TVar:
+            if x.__class__ == TVar:
+                if x.rank < y.rank:
+                    x, y = y, x
+                y.parent = x
+                if x.rank == y.rank:
+                    x.rank += 1
+            else:
+                y.parent = x
         else:
-            self.find().unify(other)
+            y.unify(x)
 
     def fold(self, accum, fn):
         if self.parent is self:
@@ -95,6 +97,8 @@ class TVar(Type):
             return self.find().fold(accum, fn)
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        if getattr(builtins, "__in_sphinx__", False):
+            return str(self)
         if self.parent is self:
             return "<artiq.compiler.types.TVar %d>" % id(self)
         else:
@@ -124,6 +128,8 @@ class TMono(Type):
         return self
 
     def unify(self, other):
+        if other is self:
+            return
         if isinstance(other, TMono) and self.name == other.name:
             assert self.params.keys() == other.params.keys()
             for param in self.params:
@@ -139,6 +145,8 @@ class TMono(Type):
         return fn(accum, self)
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        if getattr(builtins, "__in_sphinx__", False):
+                return str(self)
         return "artiq.compiler.types.TMono(%s, %s)" % (repr(self.name), repr(self.params))
 
     def __getitem__(self, param):
@@ -171,6 +179,8 @@ class TTuple(Type):
         return self
 
     def unify(self, other):
+        if other is self:
+            return
         if isinstance(other, TTuple) and len(self.elts) == len(other.elts):
             for selfelt, otherelt in zip(self.elts, other.elts):
                 selfelt.unify(otherelt)
@@ -185,6 +195,8 @@ class TTuple(Type):
         return fn(accum, self)
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        if getattr(builtins, "__in_sphinx__", False):
+            return str(self)
         return "artiq.compiler.types.TTuple(%s)" % repr(self.elts)
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
@@ -194,9 +206,14 @@ class TTuple(Type):
     def __ne__(self, other):
         return not (self == other)
 
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(tuple(self.elts))
+
 class _TPointer(TMono):
-    def __init__(self):
-        super().__init__("pointer")
+    def __init__(self, elt=None):
+        if elt is None:
+            elt = TMono("int", {"width": 8})  # i8*
+        super().__init__("pointer", params={"elt": elt})
 
 class TFunction(Type):
     """
@@ -234,6 +251,8 @@ class TFunction(Type):
         return self
 
     def unify(self, other):
+        if other is self:
+            return
         if isinstance(other, TFunction) and \
                 self.args.keys() == other.args.keys() and \
                 self.optargs.keys() == other.optargs.keys():
@@ -256,6 +275,8 @@ class TFunction(Type):
         return fn(accum, self)
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        if getattr(builtins, "__in_sphinx__", False):
+            return str(self)
         return "artiq.compiler.types.TFunction({}, {}, {})".format(
             repr(self.args), repr(self.optargs), repr(self.ret))
 
@@ -270,20 +291,29 @@ class TFunction(Type):
     def __hash__(self):
         return hash((_freeze(self.args), _freeze(self.optargs), self.ret))
 
-class TCFunction(TFunction):
+class TExternalFunction(TFunction):
     """
-    A function type of a runtime-provided C function.
+    A type of an externally-provided function.
 
-    :ivar name: (str) C function name
-    :ivar flags: (set of str) C function flags.
+    This can be any function following the C ABI, such as provided by the
+    C/Rust runtime, or a compiler backend intrinsic. The mangled name to link
+    against is encoded as part of the type.
+
+    :ivar name: (str) external symbol name.
+        This will be the symbol linked against (following any extra C name
+        mangling rules).
+    :ivar flags: (set of str) function flags.
         Flag ``nounwind`` means the function never raises an exception.
-        Flag ``nowrite`` means the function never writes any memory
+        Flag ``nowrite`` means the function never accesses any memory
         that the ARTIQ Python code can observe.
+    :ivar broadcast_across_arrays: (bool)
+        If True, the function is transparently applied element-wise when called
+        with TArray arguments.
     """
 
     attributes = OrderedDict()
 
-    def __init__(self, args, ret, name, flags={}):
+    def __init__(self, args, ret, name, flags=set(), broadcast_across_arrays=False):
         assert isinstance(flags, set)
         for flag in flags:
             assert flag in {'nounwind', 'nowrite'}
@@ -291,9 +321,12 @@ class TCFunction(TFunction):
         self.name  = name
         self.delay = TFixedDelay(iodelay.Const(0))
         self.flags = flags
+        self.broadcast_across_arrays = broadcast_across_arrays
 
     def unify(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, TCFunction) and \
+        if other is self:
+            return
+        if isinstance(other, TExternalFunction) and \
                 self.name == other.name:
             super().unify(other)
         elif isinstance(other, TVar):
@@ -308,20 +341,24 @@ class TRPC(Type):
     :ivar ret: (:class:`Type`)
         return type
     :ivar service: (int) RPC service number
+    :ivar is_async: (bool) whether the RPC blocks until return
     """
 
     attributes = OrderedDict()
 
-    def __init__(self, ret, service):
+    def __init__(self, ret, service, is_async=False):
         assert isinstance(ret, Type)
-        self.ret, self.service = ret, service
+        self.ret, self.service, self.is_async = ret, service, is_async
 
     def find(self):
         return self
 
     def unify(self, other):
+        if other is self:
+            return
         if isinstance(other, TRPC) and \
-                self.service == other.service:
+                self.service == other.service and \
+                self.is_async == other.is_async:
             self.ret.unify(other.ret)
         elif isinstance(other, TVar):
             other.unify(self)
@@ -333,11 +370,14 @@ class TRPC(Type):
         return fn(accum, self)
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        if getattr(builtins, "__in_sphinx__", False):
+            return str(self)
         return "artiq.compiler.types.TRPC({})".format(repr(self.ret))
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return isinstance(other, TRPC) and \
-                self.service == other.service
+                self.service == other.service and \
+                self.is_async == other.is_async
 
     def __ne__(self, other):
         return not (self == other)
@@ -345,6 +385,50 @@ class TRPC(Type):
     def __hash__(self):
         return hash(self.service)
 
+class TSubkernel(TFunction):
+    """
+    A kernel to be run on a satellite.
+
+    :ivar args: (:class:`collections.OrderedDict` of string to :class:`Type`)
+        function arguments
+    :ivar ret: (:class:`Type`)
+        return type
+    :ivar sid: (int) subkernel ID number
+    :ivar destination: (int) satellite destination number
+    """
+
+    attributes = OrderedDict()
+
+    def __init__(self, args, optargs, ret, sid, destination):
+        assert isinstance(ret, Type)
+        super().__init__(args, optargs, ret)
+        self.sid, self.destination = sid, destination
+        self.delay = TFixedDelay(iodelay.Const(0))
+
+    def unify(self, other):
+        if other is self:
+            return
+        if isinstance(other, TSubkernel) and \
+                self.sid == other.sid and \
+                self.destination == other.destination:
+            self.ret.unify(other.ret)
+        elif isinstance(other, TVar):
+            other.unify(self)
+        else:
+            raise UnificationError(self, other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if getattr(builtins, "__in_sphinx__", False):
+            return str(self)
+        return "artiq.compiler.types.TSubkernel({})".format(repr(self.ret))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, TSubkernel) and \
+                self.sid == other.sid
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.sid)
+
 class TBuiltin(Type):
     """
     An instance of builtin type. Every instance of a builtin
@@ -360,6 +444,8 @@ class TBuiltin(Type):
         return self
 
     def unify(self, other):
+        if other is self:
+            return
         if self != other:
             raise UnificationError(self, other)
 
@@ -367,6 +453,8 @@ class TBuiltin(Type):
         return fn(accum, self)
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        if getattr(builtins, "__in_sphinx__", False):
+            return str(self)
         return "artiq.compiler.types.{}({})".format(type(self).__name__, repr(self.name))
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
@@ -382,6 +470,11 @@ class TBuiltin(Type):
 class TBuiltinFunction(TBuiltin):
     """
     A type of a builtin function.
+
+    Builtin functions are treated specially throughout all stages of the
+    compilation process according to their name (e.g. calls may not actually
+    lower to a function call). See :class:`TExternalFunction` for externally
+    defined functions that are otherwise regular.
     """
 
 class TConstructor(TBuiltin):
@@ -422,6 +515,8 @@ class TInstance(TMono):
         self.constant_attributes = set()
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        if getattr(builtins, "__in_sphinx__", False):
+            return str(self)
         return "artiq.compiler.types.TInstance({}, {})".format(
                     repr(self.name), repr(self.attributes))
 
@@ -437,6 +532,8 @@ class TModule(TMono):
         self.constant_attributes = set()
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        if getattr(builtins, "__in_sphinx__", False):
+            return str(self)
         return "artiq.compiler.types.TModule({}, {})".format(
                     repr(self.name), repr(self.attributes))
 
@@ -465,6 +562,8 @@ class TValue(Type):
         return self
 
     def unify(self, other):
+        if other is self:
+            return
         if isinstance(other, TVar):
             other.unify(self)
         elif self != other:
@@ -474,6 +573,8 @@ class TValue(Type):
         return fn(accum, self)
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        if getattr(builtins, "__in_sphinx__", False):
+            return str(self)
         return "artiq.compiler.types.TValue(%s)" % repr(self.value)
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
@@ -532,6 +633,8 @@ class TDelay(Type):
         return not (self == other)
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        if getattr(builtins, "__in_sphinx__", False):
+            return str(self)
         if self.duration is None:
             return "<{}.TIndeterminateDelay>".format(__name__)
         elif self.cause is None:
@@ -555,13 +658,15 @@ def is_mono(typ, name=None, **params):
     if not isinstance(typ, TMono):
         return False
 
-    params_match = True
+    if name is not None and typ.name != name:
+        return False
+
     for param in params:
         if param not in typ.params:
             return False
-        params_match = params_match and \
-            typ.params[param].find() == params[param].find()
-    return name is None or (typ.name == name and params_match)
+        if typ.params[param].find() != params[param].find():
+            return False
+    return True
 
 def is_polymorphic(typ):
     return typ.fold(False, lambda accum, typ: accum or is_var(typ))
@@ -583,12 +688,15 @@ def is_function(typ):
 def is_rpc(typ):
     return isinstance(typ.find(), TRPC)
 
-def is_c_function(typ, name=None):
+def is_subkernel(typ):
+    return isinstance(typ.find(), TSubkernel)
+
+def is_external_function(typ, name=None):
     typ = typ.find()
     if name is None:
-        return isinstance(typ, TCFunction)
+        return isinstance(typ, TExternalFunction)
     else:
-        return isinstance(typ, TCFunction) and \
+        return isinstance(typ, TExternalFunction) and \
             typ.name == name
 
 def is_builtin(typ, name=None):
@@ -599,6 +707,23 @@ def is_builtin(typ, name=None):
         return isinstance(typ, TBuiltin) and \
             typ.name == name
 
+def is_builtin_function(typ, name=None):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    if name is None:
+        return isinstance(typ, TBuiltinFunction)
+    else:
+        return isinstance(typ, TBuiltinFunction) and \
+            typ.name == name
+
+def is_broadcast_across_arrays(typ):
+    # For now, broadcasting is only exposed to predefined external functions, and
+    # statically selected. Might be extended to user-defined functions if the design
+    # pans out.
+    typ = typ.find()
+    if not isinstance(typ, TExternalFunction):
+        return False
+    return typ.broadcast_across_arrays
+
 def is_constructor(typ, name=None):
     typ = typ.find()
     if name is not None:
@@ -703,12 +828,14 @@ class TypePrinter(object):
             else:
                 return "%s(%s)" % (typ.name, ", ".join(
                     ["%s=%s" % (k, self.name(typ.params[k], depth + 1)) for k in typ.params]))
+        elif isinstance(typ, _TPointer):
+            return "{}*".format(self.name(typ["elt"], depth + 1))
         elif isinstance(typ, TTuple):
             if len(typ.elts) == 1:
                 return "(%s,)" % self.name(typ.elts[0], depth + 1)
             else:
                 return "(%s)" % ", ".join([self.name(typ, depth + 1) for typ in typ.elts])
-        elif isinstance(typ, (TFunction, TCFunction)):
+        elif isinstance(typ, (TFunction, TExternalFunction)):
             args = []
             args += [ "%s:%s" % (arg, self.name(typ.args[arg], depth + 1))
                      for arg in typ.args]
@@ -722,12 +849,18 @@ class TypePrinter(object):
             elif not (delay.is_fixed() and iodelay.is_zero(delay.duration)):
                 signature += " " + self.name(delay, depth + 1)
 
-            if isinstance(typ, TCFunction):
+            if isinstance(typ, TExternalFunction):
                 return "[ffi {}]{}".format(repr(typ.name), signature)
             elif isinstance(typ, TFunction):
                 return signature
         elif isinstance(typ, TRPC):
-            return "[rpc #{}](...)->{}".format(typ.service, self.name(typ.ret, depth + 1))
+            return "[rpc{} #{}](...)->{}".format(typ.service,
+                                                 " async" if typ.is_async else "",
+                                                 self.name(typ.ret, depth + 1))
+        elif isinstance(typ, TSubkernel):
+            return "<subkernel{} dest#{}>->{}".format(typ.sid,
+                                                      typ.destination,
+                                                      self.name(typ.ret, depth + 1))
         elif isinstance(typ, TBuiltinFunction):
             return "<function {}>".format(typ.name)
         elif isinstance(typ, (TConstructor, TExceptionConstructor)):

artiq/compiler/validators/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 from .monomorphism import MonomorphismValidator
 from .escape import EscapeValidator
 from .local_access import LocalAccessValidator
+from .constness import ConstnessValidator

artiq/compiler/validators/constness.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"""
+:class:`ConstnessValidator` checks that no attribute marked
+as constant is ever set.
+"""
+
+from pythonparser import algorithm, diagnostic
+from .. import types, builtins
+
+class ConstnessValidator(algorithm.Visitor):
+    def __init__(self, engine):
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.in_assign = False
+
+    def visit_Assign(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.value)
+        self.in_assign = True
+        self.visit(node.targets)
+        self.in_assign = False
+
+    def visit_AugAssign(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.value)
+        self.in_assign = True
+        self.visit(node.target)
+        self.in_assign = False
+
+    def visit_SubscriptT(self, node):
+        old_in_assign, self.in_assign = self.in_assign, False
+        self.visit(node.value)
+        self.visit(node.slice)
+        self.in_assign = old_in_assign
+
+        if self.in_assign and builtins.is_bytes(node.value.type):
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "type {typ} is not mutable",
+                {"typ": "bytes"},
+                node.loc)
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+
+    def visit_AttributeT(self, node):
+        old_in_assign, self.in_assign = self.in_assign, False
+        self.visit(node.value)
+        self.in_assign = old_in_assign
+
+        if self.in_assign:
+            typ = node.value.type.find()
+            if types.is_instance(typ) and node.attr in typ.constant_attributes:
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                    "cannot assign to constant attribute '{attr}' of class '{class}'",
+                    {"attr": node.attr, "class": typ.name},
+                    node.loc)
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+                return
+            if builtins.is_array(typ):
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                                             "array attributes cannot be assigned to",
+                                             {}, node.loc)
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+                return

artiq/compiler/validators/escape.py

@@ -51,10 +51,6 @@ class Region:
                (other.range.begin_pos <= self.range.begin_pos <= other.range.end_pos and \
                     self.range.end_pos > other.range.end_pos)
 
-    def contract(self, other):
-        if not self.range:
-            self.range = other.range
-
     def outlives(lhs, rhs):
         if not isinstance(lhs, Region): # lhs lives nonlexically
             return True
@@ -69,8 +65,11 @@ class Region:
 
 class RegionOf(algorithm.Visitor):
     """
-    Visit an expression and return the list of regions that must
-    be alive for the expression to execute.
+    Visit an expression and return the region that must be alive for the
+    expression to execute.
+
+    For expressions involving multiple regions, the shortest-lived one is
+    returned.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, env_stack, youngest_region):
@@ -100,11 +99,23 @@ class RegionOf(algorithm.Visitor):
     visit_BinOpT = visit_sometimes_allocating
 
     def visit_CallT(self, node):
-        if types.is_c_function(node.func.type, "cache_get"):
+        if types.is_external_function(node.func.type, "cache_get"):
             # The cache is borrow checked dynamically
             return Global()
-        else:
-            self.visit_sometimes_allocating(node)
+
+        if (types.is_builtin_function(node.func.type, "array")
+              or types.is_builtin_function(node.func.type, "make_array")
+              or types.is_builtin_function(node.func.type, "numpy.transpose")):
+            # While lifetime tracking across function calls in general is currently
+            # broken (see below), these special builtins that allocate an array on
+            # the stack of the caller _always_ allocate regardless of the parameters,
+            # and we can thus handle them without running into the precision issue
+            # mentioned in commit ae999db.
+            return self.visit_allocating(node)
+
+        # FIXME: Return statement missing here, but see m-labs/artiq#1497 and
+        # commit ae999db.
+        self.visit_sometimes_allocating(node)
 
     # Value lives as long as the object/container, if it's mutable,
     # or else forever
@@ -157,7 +168,7 @@ class RegionOf(algorithm.Visitor):
     visit_NameConstantT = visit_immutable
     visit_NumT = visit_immutable
     visit_EllipsisT = visit_immutable
-    visit_UnaryOpT = visit_immutable
+    visit_UnaryOpT = visit_sometimes_allocating   # possibly array op
     visit_CompareT = visit_immutable
 
     # Value lives forever
@@ -298,37 +309,32 @@ class EscapeValidator(algorithm.Visitor):
     # and exceptions can only refer to strings, so we don't actually check
     # this property. But we will need to, if string operations are ever added.
 
-    def visit_assignment(self, target, value, is_aug_assign=False):
-        value_region  = self._region_of(value) if not is_aug_assign else self.youngest_region
-
-        # If this is a variable, we might need to contract the live range.
-        if isinstance(value_region, Region):
-            for name in self._names_of(target):
-                region = self._region_of(name)
-                if isinstance(region, Region):
-                    region.contract(value_region)
+    def visit_assignment(self, target, value):
+        value_region  = self._region_of(value)
 
         # If we assign to an attribute of a quoted value, there will be no names
         # in the assignment lhs.
         target_names   = self._names_of(target) or []
 
+        # Adopt the value region for any variables declared on the lhs.
+        for name in target_names:
+            region = self._region_of(name)
+            if isinstance(region, Region) and not region.present():
+                # Find the name's environment to overwrite the region.
+                for env in self.env_stack[::-1]:
+                    if name.id in env:
+                        env[name.id] = value_region
+                        break
+
         # The assigned value should outlive the assignee
         target_regions = [self._region_of(name) for name in target_names]
         for target_region in target_regions:
             if not Region.outlives(value_region, target_region):
-                if is_aug_assign:
-                    target_desc = "the assignment target, allocated here,"
-                else:
-                    target_desc = "the assignment target"
-                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
-                    "this expression has type {type}",
-                    {"type": types.TypePrinter().name(value.type)},
-                    value.loc)
                 diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
                     "the assigned value does not outlive the assignment target", {},
                     value.loc, [target.loc],
                     notes=self._diagnostics_for(target_region, target.loc,
-                                                target_desc) +
+                                                "the assignment target") +
                           self._diagnostics_for(value_region, value.loc,
                                                 "the assigned value"))
                 self.engine.process(diag)
@@ -338,10 +344,20 @@ class EscapeValidator(algorithm.Visitor):
             self.visit_assignment(target, node.value)
 
     def visit_AugAssign(self, node):
-        if builtins.is_allocated(node.target.type):
-            # If the target is mutable, op-assignment will allocate
-            # in the youngest region.
-            self.visit_assignment(node.target, node.value, is_aug_assign=True)
+        if builtins.is_list(node.target.type):
+            note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                "try using `{lhs} = {lhs} {op} {rhs}` instead",
+                {"lhs": node.target.loc.source(),
+                 "rhs": node.value.loc.source(),
+                 "op": node.op.loc.source()[:-1]},
+                node.loc)
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "lists cannot be mutated in-place", {},
+                node.op.loc, [node.target.loc],
+                notes=[note])
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+
+        self.visit_assignment(node.target, node.value)
 
     def visit_Return(self, node):
         region = self._region_of(node.value)

artiq/coredevice/__init__.py

@@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
-from artiq.coredevice import exceptions, dds, spi
-from artiq.coredevice.exceptions import (RTIOUnderflow, RTIOSequenceError,
-                                         RTIOCollision, RTIOOverflow, RTIOBusy)
-from artiq.coredevice.dds import (PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS, PHASE_MODE_ABSOLUTE,
-                                  PHASE_MODE_TRACKING)
+from artiq.coredevice.exceptions import (RTIOUnderflow, RTIOOverflow)
 
-__all__ = []
-__all__ += ["RTIOUnderflow", "RTIOSequenceError", "RTIOCollision",
-            "RTIOOverflow", "RTIOBusy"]
-__all__ += ["PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS", "PHASE_MODE_ABSOLUTE",
-            "PHASE_MODE_TRACKING"]
+__all__ = ["RTIOUnderflow", "RTIOOverflow"]

artiq/coredevice/ad5360.py

@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-from artiq.language.core import (kernel, portable, delay_mu, delay,
-                                 seconds_to_mu)
-from artiq.language.units import ns, us
-from artiq.coredevice import spi
-
-# Designed from the data sheets and somewhat after the linux kernel
-# iio driver.
-
-_AD5360_SPI_CONFIG = (0*spi.SPI_OFFLINE | 0*spi.SPI_CS_POLARITY |
-                      0*spi.SPI_CLK_POLARITY | 1*spi.SPI_CLK_PHASE |
-                      0*spi.SPI_LSB_FIRST | 0*spi.SPI_HALF_DUPLEX)
-
-_AD5360_CMD_DATA = 3 << 22
-_AD5360_CMD_OFFSET = 2 << 22
-_AD5360_CMD_GAIN = 1 << 22
-_AD5360_CMD_SPECIAL = 0 << 22
-
-
-@portable
-def _AD5360_WRITE_CHANNEL(c):
-    return (c + 8) << 16
-
-_AD5360_SPECIAL_NOP = 0 << 16
-_AD5360_SPECIAL_CONTROL = 1 << 16
-_AD5360_SPECIAL_OFS0 = 2 << 16
-_AD5360_SPECIAL_OFS1 = 3 << 16
-_AD5360_SPECIAL_READ = 5 << 16
-
-
-@portable
-def _AD5360_READ_CHANNEL(ch):
-    return (ch + 8) << 7
-
-_AD5360_READ_X1A = 0x000 << 7
-_AD5360_READ_X1B = 0x040 << 7
-_AD5360_READ_OFFSET = 0x080 << 7
-_AD5360_READ_GAIN = 0x0c0 << 7
-_AD5360_READ_CONTROL = 0x101 << 7
-_AD5360_READ_OFS0 = 0x102 << 7
-_AD5360_READ_OFS1 = 0x103 << 7
-
-
-class AD5360:
-    """
-    Support for the Analog devices AD53[67][0123]
-    multi-channel Digital to Analog Converters
-
-    :param spi_device: Name of the SPI bus this device is on.
-    :param ldac_device: Name of the TTL device that LDAC is connected to
-      (optional). Needs to be explicitly initialized to high.
-    :param chip_select: Value to drive on the chip select lines
-      during transactions.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, dmgr, spi_device, ldac_device=None, chip_select=1):
-        self.core = dmgr.get("core")
-        self.bus = dmgr.get(spi_device)
-        if ldac_device is not None:
-            self.ldac = dmgr.get(ldac_device)
-        self.chip_select = chip_select
-
-    @kernel
-    def setup_bus(self, write_div=4, read_div=7):
-        """Configure the SPI bus and the SPI transaction parameters
-        for this device. This method has to be called before any other method
-        if the bus has been used to access a different device in the meantime.
-
-        This method advances the timeline by the duration of two
-        RTIO-to-Wishbone bus transactions.
-
-        :param write_div: Write clock divider.
-        :param read_div: Read clock divider.
-        """
-        # write: 2*8ns >= 10ns = t_6 (clk falling to cs_n rising)
-        # read: 4*8*ns >= 25ns = t_22 (clk falling to miso valid)
-        self.bus.set_config_mu(_AD5360_SPI_CONFIG, write_div, read_div)
-        self.bus.set_xfer(self.chip_select, 24, 0)
-
-    @kernel
-    def write(self, data):
-        """Write 24 bits of data.
-
-        This method advances the timeline by the duration of the SPI transfer
-        and the required CS high time.
-        """
-        self.bus.write(data << 8)
-        delay_mu(self.bus.ref_period_mu)  # get to 20ns min cs high
-
-    @kernel
-    def write_offsets(self, value=0x1fff):
-        """Write the OFS0 and OFS1 offset DACs.
-
-        This method advances the timeline by twice the duration of
-        :meth:`write`.
-
-        :param value: Value to set both offset registers to.
-        """
-        value &= 0x3fff
-        self.write(_AD5360_CMD_SPECIAL | _AD5360_SPECIAL_OFS0 | value)
-        self.write(_AD5360_CMD_SPECIAL | _AD5360_SPECIAL_OFS1 | value)
-
-    @kernel
-    def write_channel(self, channel=0, value=0, op=_AD5360_CMD_DATA):
-        """Write to a channel register.
-
-        This method advances the timeline by the duration of :meth:`write`.
-
-        :param channel: Channel number to write to.
-        :param value: 16 bit value to write to the register.
-        :param op: Operation to perform, one of :const:`_AD5360_CMD_DATA`,
-          :const:`_AD5360_CMD_OFFSET`, :const:`_AD5360_CMD_GAIN`
-          (default: :const:`_AD5360_CMD_DATA`).
-        """
-        channel &= 0x3f
-        value &= 0xffff
-        self.write(op | _AD5360_WRITE_CHANNEL(channel) | value)
-
-    @kernel
-    def read_channel_sync(self, channel=0, op=_AD5360_READ_X1A):
-        """Read a channel register.
-
-        This method advances the timeline by the duration of :meth:`write` plus
-        three RTIO-to-Wishbone transactions.
-
-        :param channel: Channel number to read from.
-        :param op: Operation to perform, one of :const:`_AD5360_READ_X1A`,
-          :const:`_AD5360_READ_X1B`, :const:`_AD5360_READ_OFFSET`,
-          :const:`_AD5360_READ_GAIN` (default: :const:`_AD5360_READ_X1A`).
-        :return: The 16 bit register value.
-        """
-        channel &= 0x3f
-        self.write(_AD5360_CMD_SPECIAL | _AD5360_SPECIAL_READ | op |
-                   _AD5360_READ_CHANNEL(channel))
-        self.bus.set_xfer(self.chip_select, 0, 24)
-        self.write(_AD5360_CMD_SPECIAL | _AD5360_SPECIAL_NOP)
-        self.bus.read_async()
-        self.bus.set_xfer(self.chip_select, 24, 0)
-        return self.bus.input_async() & 0xffff
-
-    @kernel
-    def load(self):
-        """Pulse the LDAC line.
-
-        This method advances the timeline by two RTIO clock periods (16 ns).
-        """
-        self.ldac.off()
-        # t13 = 10ns ldac pulse width low
-        delay_mu(2*self.bus.ref_period_mu)
-        self.ldac.on()
-
-    @kernel
-    def set(self, values, op=_AD5360_CMD_DATA):
-        """Write to several channels and pulse LDAC to update the channels.
-
-        This method does not advance the timeline. Write events are scheduled
-        in the past. The DACs will synchronously start changing their output
-        levels `now`.
-
-        :param values: List of 16 bit values to write to the channels.
-        :param op: Operation to perform, one of :const:`_AD5360_CMD_DATA`,
-          :const:`_AD5360_CMD_OFFSET`, :const:`_AD5360_CMD_GAIN`
-          (default: :const:`_AD5360_CMD_DATA`).
-        """
-        # compensate all delays that will be applied
-        delay_mu(-len(values)*(self.bus.xfer_period_mu +
-                               self.bus.write_period_mu +
-                               self.bus.ref_period_mu) -
-                 3*self.bus.ref_period_mu -
-                 seconds_to_mu(1.5*us))
-        for i in range(len(values)):
-            self.write_channel(i, values[i], op)
-        delay_mu(3*self.bus.ref_period_mu +  # latency alignment ttl to spi
-                 seconds_to_mu(1.5*us))  # t10 max busy low for one channel
-        self.load()
-        delay_mu(-2*self.bus.ref_period_mu)  # load(), t13

artiq/coredevice/ad53xx.py

@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+""""RTIO driver for the Analog Devices AD53[67][0123] family of multi-channel
+Digital to Analog Converters.
+
+Output event replacement is not supported and issuing commands at the same
+time is an error.
+"""
+
+# Designed from the data sheets and somewhat after the linux kernel
+# iio driver.
+
+from numpy import int32
+
+from artiq.language.core import (kernel, portable, delay_mu, delay, now_mu,
+                                 at_mu)
+from artiq.language.units import ns, us
+from artiq.coredevice import spi2 as spi
+
+SPI_AD53XX_CONFIG = (0*spi.SPI_OFFLINE | 1*spi.SPI_END |
+                     0*spi.SPI_INPUT | 0*spi.SPI_CS_POLARITY |
+                     0*spi.SPI_CLK_POLARITY | 1*spi.SPI_CLK_PHASE |
+                     0*spi.SPI_LSB_FIRST | 0*spi.SPI_HALF_DUPLEX)
+
+AD53XX_CMD_DATA = 3 << 22
+AD53XX_CMD_OFFSET = 2 << 22
+AD53XX_CMD_GAIN = 1 << 22
+AD53XX_CMD_SPECIAL = 0 << 22
+
+AD53XX_SPECIAL_NOP = 0 << 16
+AD53XX_SPECIAL_CONTROL = 1 << 16
+AD53XX_SPECIAL_OFS0 = 2 << 16
+AD53XX_SPECIAL_OFS1 = 3 << 16
+AD53XX_SPECIAL_READ = 5 << 16
+AD53XX_SPECIAL_AB0 = 6 << 16
+AD53XX_SPECIAL_AB1 = 7 << 16
+AD53XX_SPECIAL_AB2 = 8 << 16
+AD53XX_SPECIAL_AB3 = 9 << 16
+AD53XX_SPECIAL_AB = 11 << 16
+
+# incorporate the channel offset (8, table 17) here
+AD53XX_READ_X1A = 0x008 << 7
+AD53XX_READ_X1B = 0x048 << 7
+AD53XX_READ_OFFSET = 0x088 << 7
+AD53XX_READ_GAIN = 0x0C8 << 7
+
+AD53XX_READ_CONTROL = 0x101 << 7
+AD53XX_READ_OFS0 = 0x102 << 7
+AD53XX_READ_OFS1 = 0x103 << 7
+AD53XX_READ_AB0 = 0x106 << 7
+AD53XX_READ_AB1 = 0x107 << 7
+AD53XX_READ_AB2 = 0x108 << 7
+AD53XX_READ_AB3 = 0x109 << 7
+
+
+@portable
+def ad53xx_cmd_write_ch(channel, value, op):
+    """Returns the word that must be written to the DAC to set a DAC
+    channel register to a given value.
+
+    :param channel: DAC channel to write to (8 bits)
+    :param value: 16-bit value to write to the register
+    :param op: The channel register to write to, one of
+      :const:`AD53XX_CMD_DATA`, :const:`AD53XX_CMD_OFFSET` or
+      :const:`AD53XX_CMD_GAIN`.
+    :return: The 24-bit word to be written to the DAC
+    """
+    return op | (channel + 8) << 16 | (value & 0xffff)
+
+
+@portable
+def ad53xx_cmd_read_ch(channel, op):
+    """Returns the word that must be written to the DAC to read a given
+    DAC channel register.
+
+    :param channel: DAC channel to read (8 bits)
+    :param op: The channel register to read, one of
+      :const:`AD53XX_READ_X1A`, :const:`AD53XX_READ_X1B`,
+      :const:`AD53XX_READ_OFFSET`, :const:`AD53XX_READ_GAIN` etc.
+    :return: The 24-bit word to be written to the DAC to initiate read
+    """
+    return AD53XX_CMD_SPECIAL | AD53XX_SPECIAL_READ | (op + (channel << 7))
+
+
+# maintain function definition for backward compatibility
+@portable
+def voltage_to_mu(voltage, offset_dacs=0x2000, vref=5.):
+    """Returns the 16-bit DAC register value required to produce a given output
+    voltage, assuming offset and gain errors have been trimmed out.
+
+    The 16-bit register value may also be used with 14-bit DACs. The additional
+    bits are disregarded by 14-bit DACs.
+
+    Also used to return offset register value required to produce a given
+    voltage when the DAC register is set to mid-scale.
+    An offset of V can be used to trim out a DAC offset error of -V.
+
+    :param voltage: Voltage in SI units.
+        Valid voltages are: [-2*vref, + 2*vref - 1 LSB] + voltage offset.
+    :param offset_dacs: Register value for the two offset DACs
+      (default: 0x2000)
+    :param vref: DAC reference voltage (default: 5.)
+    :return: The 16-bit DAC register value
+    """
+    code = int(round((1 << 16) * (voltage / (4. * vref)) + offset_dacs * 0x4))
+    if code < 0x0 or code > 0xffff:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid DAC voltage!")
+    return code
+
+
+class _DummyTTL:
+    @portable
+    def on(self):
+        pass
+
+    @portable
+    def off(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class AD53xx:
+    """Analog devices AD53[67][0123] family of multi-channel Digital to Analog
+    Converters.
+
+    :param spi_device: SPI bus device name
+    :param ldac_device: LDAC RTIO TTLOut channel name (optional)
+    :param clr_device: CLR RTIO TTLOut channel name (optional)
+    :param chip_select: Value to drive on SPI chip select lines during
+      transactions (default: 1)
+    :param div_write: SPI clock divider for write operations (default: 4,
+      50MHz max SPI clock with {t_high, t_low} >=8ns)
+    :param div_read: SPI clock divider for read operations (default: 16, not
+      optimized for speed; datasheet says t22: 25ns min SCLK edge to SDO
+      valid, and suggests the SPI speed for reads should be <=20 MHz)
+    :param vref: DAC reference voltage (default: 5.)
+    :param offset_dacs: Initial register value for the two offset DACs, device
+      dependent and must be set correctly for correct voltage to mu
+      conversions. Knowledge of his state is not transferred between
+      experiments. (default: 8192)
+    :param core_device: Core device name (default: "core")
+    """
+    kernel_invariants = {"bus", "ldac", "clr", "chip_select", "div_write",
+                         "div_read", "vref", "core"}
+
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, spi_device, ldac_device=None, clr_device=None,
+                 chip_select=1, div_write=4, div_read=16, vref=5.,
+                 offset_dacs=8192, core="core"):
+        self.bus = dmgr.get(spi_device)
+        self.bus.update_xfer_duration_mu(div_write, 24)
+        if ldac_device is None:
+            self.ldac = _DummyTTL()
+        else:
+            self.ldac = dmgr.get(ldac_device)
+        if clr_device is None:
+            self.clr = _DummyTTL()
+        else:
+            self.clr = dmgr.get(clr_device)
+        self.chip_select = chip_select
+        self.div_write = div_write
+        self.div_read = div_read
+        self.vref = vref
+        self.offset_dacs = offset_dacs
+        self.core = dmgr.get(core)
+
+    @kernel
+    def init(self, blind=False):
+        """Configures the SPI bus, drives LDAC and CLR high, programmes
+        the offset DACs, and enables overtemperature shutdown.
+
+        This method must be called before any other method at start-up or if
+        the SPI bus has been accessed by another device.
+
+        :param blind: If ``True``, do not attempt to read back control register
+            or check for overtemperature.
+        """
+        self.ldac.on()
+        self.clr.on()
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_AD53XX_CONFIG, 24, self.div_write,
+                               self.chip_select)
+        self.write_offset_dacs_mu(self.offset_dacs)
+        if not blind:
+            ctrl = self.read_reg(channel=0, op=AD53XX_READ_CONTROL)
+            if ctrl == 0xffff:
+                raise ValueError("DAC not found")
+            if ctrl & 0b10000:
+                raise ValueError("DAC over temperature")
+            delay(25*us)
+        self.bus.write(  # enable power and overtemperature shutdown
+            (AD53XX_CMD_SPECIAL | AD53XX_SPECIAL_CONTROL | 0b0010) << 8)
+        if not blind:
+            ctrl = self.read_reg(channel=0, op=AD53XX_READ_CONTROL)
+            if (ctrl & 0b10111) != 0b00010:
+                raise ValueError("DAC CONTROL readback mismatch")
+            delay(15*us)
+
+    @kernel
+    def read_reg(self, channel=0, op=AD53XX_READ_X1A):
+        """Read a DAC register.
+
+        This method advances the timeline by the duration of two SPI transfers
+        plus two RTIO coarse cycles plus 270 ns and consumes all slack.
+
+        :param channel: Channel number to read from (default: 0)
+        :param op: Operation to perform, one of :const:`AD53XX_READ_X1A`,
+          :const:`AD53XX_READ_X1B`, :const:`AD53XX_READ_OFFSET`,
+          :const:`AD53XX_READ_GAIN` etc. (default: :const:`AD53XX_READ_X1A`).
+        :return: The 16 bit register value
+        """
+        self.bus.write(ad53xx_cmd_read_ch(channel, op) << 8)
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_AD53XX_CONFIG | spi.SPI_INPUT, 24,
+                               self.div_read, self.chip_select)
+        delay(270*ns)  # t_21 min sync high in readback
+        self.bus.write((AD53XX_CMD_SPECIAL | AD53XX_SPECIAL_NOP) << 8)
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_AD53XX_CONFIG, 24, self.div_write,
+                               self.chip_select)
+        # FIXME: the int32 should not be needed to resolve unification
+        return self.bus.read() & int32(0xffff)
+
+    @kernel
+    def write_offset_dacs_mu(self, value):
+        """Program the OFS0 and OFS1 offset DAC registers.
+
+        Writes to the offset DACs take effect immediately without requiring
+        a LDAC. This method advances the timeline by the duration of two SPI
+        transfers.
+
+        :param value: Value to set both offset DAC registers to
+        """
+        value &= 0x3fff
+        self.offset_dacs = value
+        self.bus.write((AD53XX_CMD_SPECIAL | AD53XX_SPECIAL_OFS0 | value) << 8)
+        self.bus.write((AD53XX_CMD_SPECIAL | AD53XX_SPECIAL_OFS1 | value) << 8)
+
+    @kernel
+    def write_gain_mu(self, channel, gain=0xffff):
+        """Program the gain register for a DAC channel.
+
+        The DAC output is not updated until LDAC is pulsed (see :meth:`load`).
+        This method advances the timeline by the duration of one SPI transfer.
+
+        :param gain: 16-bit gain register value (default: 0xffff)
+        """
+        self.bus.write(
+            ad53xx_cmd_write_ch(channel, gain, AD53XX_CMD_GAIN) << 8)
+
+    @kernel
+    def write_offset_mu(self, channel, offset=0x8000):
+        """Program the offset register for a DAC channel.
+
+        The DAC output is not updated until LDAC is pulsed (see :meth:`load`).
+        This method advances the timeline by the duration of one SPI transfer.
+
+        :param offset: 16-bit offset register value (default: 0x8000)
+        """
+        self.bus.write(
+            ad53xx_cmd_write_ch(channel, offset, AD53XX_CMD_OFFSET) << 8)
+
+    @kernel
+    def write_offset(self, channel, voltage):
+        """Program the DAC offset voltage for a channel.
+
+        An offset of +V can be used to trim out a DAC offset error of -V.
+        The DAC output is not updated until LDAC is pulsed (see :meth:`load`).
+        This method advances the timeline by the duration of one SPI transfer.
+
+        :param voltage: the offset voltage
+        """
+        self.write_offset_mu(channel, voltage_to_mu(voltage, self.offset_dacs,
+                                                    self.vref))
+
+    @kernel
+    def write_dac_mu(self, channel, value):
+        """Program the DAC input register for a channel.
+
+        The DAC output is not updated until LDAC is pulsed (see :meth:`load`).
+        This method advances the timeline by the duration of one SPI transfer.
+        """
+        self.bus.write(
+            ad53xx_cmd_write_ch(channel, value, AD53XX_CMD_DATA) << 8)
+
+    @kernel
+    def write_dac(self, channel, voltage):
+        """Program the DAC output voltage for a channel.
+
+        The DAC output is not updated until LDAC is pulsed (see :meth:`load`).
+        This method advances the timeline by the duration of one SPI transfer.
+        """
+        self.write_dac_mu(channel, voltage_to_mu(voltage, self.offset_dacs,
+                                                 self.vref))
+
+    @kernel
+    def load(self):
+        """Pulse the LDAC line.
+
+        Note that there is a <= 1.5us "BUSY" period (t10) after writing to a
+        DAC input/gain/offset register. All DAC registers may be programmed
+        normally during the busy period, however LDACs during the busy period
+        cause the DAC output to change *after* the BUSY period has completed,
+        instead of the usual immediate update on LDAC behaviour.
+
+        This method advances the timeline by two RTIO clock periods.
+        """
+        self.ldac.off()
+        delay_mu(2*self.bus.ref_period_mu)  # t13 = 10ns ldac pulse width low
+        self.ldac.on()
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_dac_mu(self, values, channels=list(range(40))):
+        """Program multiple DAC channels and pulse LDAC to update the DAC
+        outputs.
+
+        This method does not advance the timeline; write events are scheduled
+        in the past. The DACs will synchronously start changing their output
+        levels `now`.
+
+        If no LDAC device was defined, the LDAC pulse is skipped.
+
+        See :meth:`load`.
+
+        :param values: list of DAC values to program
+        :param channels: list of DAC channels to program. If not specified,
+          we program the DAC channels sequentially, starting at 0.
+        """
+        t0 = now_mu()
+
+        # t10: max busy period after writing to DAC registers
+        t_10 = self.core.seconds_to_mu(1500*ns)
+        # compensate all delays that will be applied
+        delay_mu(-t_10-len(values)*self.bus.xfer_duration_mu)
+        for i in range(len(values)):
+            self.write_dac_mu(channels[i], values[i])
+        delay_mu(t_10)
+        self.load()
+        at_mu(t0)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_dac(self, voltages, channels=list(range(40))):
+        """Program multiple DAC channels and pulse LDAC to update the DAC
+        outputs.
+
+        This method does not advance the timeline; write events are scheduled
+        in the past. The DACs will synchronously start changing their output
+        levels `now`.
+
+        If no LDAC device was defined, the LDAC pulse is skipped.
+
+        :param voltages: list of voltages to program the DAC channels to
+        :param channels: list of DAC channels to program. If not specified,
+          we program the DAC channels sequentially, starting at 0.
+        """
+        values = [voltage_to_mu(voltage, self.offset_dacs, self.vref)
+                  for voltage in voltages]
+        self.set_dac_mu(values, channels)
+
+    @kernel
+    def calibrate(self, channel, vzs, vfs):
+        """ Two-point calibration of a DAC channel.
+
+        Programs the offset and gain register to trim out DAC errors. Does not
+        take effect until LDAC is pulsed (see :meth:`load`).
+
+        Calibration consists of measuring the DAC output voltage for a channel
+        with the DAC set to zero-scale (0x0000) and full-scale (0xffff).
+
+        Note that only negative offsets and full-scale errors (DAC gain too
+        high) can be calibrated in this fashion.
+
+        :param channel: The number of the calibrated channel
+        :params vzs: Measured voltage with the DAC set to zero-scale (0x0000)
+        :params vfs: Measured voltage with the DAC set to full-scale (0xffff)
+        """
+        offset_err = voltage_to_mu(vzs, self.offset_dacs, self.vref)
+        gain_err = voltage_to_mu(vfs, self.offset_dacs, self.vref) - (
+            offset_err + 0xffff)
+
+        assert offset_err <= 0
+        assert gain_err >= 0
+
+        self.core.break_realtime()
+        self.write_offset_mu(channel, 0x8000-offset_err)
+        self.write_gain_mu(channel, 0xffff-gain_err)
+
+    @portable
+    def voltage_to_mu(self, voltage):
+        """Returns the 16-bit DAC register value required to produce a given
+        output voltage, assuming offset and gain errors have been trimmed out.
+
+        The 16-bit register value may also be used with 14-bit DACs. The
+        additional bits are disregarded by 14-bit DACs.
+
+        :param voltage: Voltage in SI units.
+            Valid voltages are: [-2*vref, + 2*vref - 1 LSB] + voltage offset.
+        :return: The 16-bit DAC register value
+        """
+        return voltage_to_mu(voltage, self.offset_dacs, self.vref)

artiq/coredevice/ad9912.py

@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+from numpy import int32, int64
+
+from artiq.language.types import TInt32, TInt64, TFloat, TTuple, TBool
+from artiq.language.core import kernel, delay, portable
+from artiq.language.units import ms, us, ns
+from artiq.coredevice.ad9912_reg import *
+
+from artiq.coredevice import spi2 as spi
+from artiq.coredevice import urukul
+
+
+class AD9912:
+    """
+    AD9912 DDS channel on Urukul
+
+    This class supports a single DDS channel and exposes the DDS,
+    the digital step attenuator, and the RF switch.
+
+    :param chip_select: Chip select configuration. On Urukul this is an
+        encoded chip select and not "one-hot".
+    :param cpld_device: Name of the Urukul CPLD this device is on.
+    :param sw_device: Name of the RF switch device. The RF switch is a
+        TTLOut channel available as the :attr:`sw` attribute of this instance.
+    :param pll_n: DDS PLL multiplier. The DDS sample clock is
+        f_ref/clk_div*pll_n where f_ref is the reference frequency and clk_div
+        is the reference clock divider (both set in the parent Urukul CPLD
+        instance).
+    :param pll_en: PLL enable bit, set to 0 to bypass PLL (default: 1).
+        Note that when bypassing the PLL the red front panel LED may remain on.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, chip_select, cpld_device, sw_device=None,
+                 pll_n=10, pll_en=1):
+        self.kernel_invariants = {"cpld", "core", "bus", "chip_select",
+                                  "pll_n", "pll_en", "ftw_per_hz"}
+        self.cpld = dmgr.get(cpld_device)
+        self.core = self.cpld.core
+        self.bus = self.cpld.bus
+        assert 4 <= chip_select <= 7
+        self.chip_select = chip_select
+        if sw_device:
+            self.sw = dmgr.get(sw_device)
+            self.kernel_invariants.add("sw")
+        self.pll_en = pll_en
+        self.pll_n = pll_n
+        if pll_en:
+            sysclk = self.cpld.refclk / [1, 1, 2, 4][self.cpld.clk_div] * pll_n
+        else:
+            sysclk = self.cpld.refclk
+        assert sysclk <= 1e9
+        self.ftw_per_hz = 1 / sysclk * (int64(1) << 48)
+
+    @kernel
+    def write(self, addr: TInt32, data: TInt32, length: TInt32):
+        """Variable length write to a register.
+        Up to 4 bytes.
+
+        :param addr: Register address
+        :param data: Data to be written: int32
+        :param length: Length in bytes (1-4)
+        """
+        assert length > 0
+        assert length <= 4
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(urukul.SPI_CONFIG, 16,
+                               urukul.SPIT_DDS_WR, self.chip_select)
+        self.bus.write((addr | ((length - 1) << 13)) << 16)
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(urukul.SPI_CONFIG | spi.SPI_END, length * 8,
+                               urukul.SPIT_DDS_WR, self.chip_select)
+        self.bus.write(data << (32 - length * 8))
+
+    @kernel
+    def read(self, addr: TInt32, length: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+        """Variable length read from a register.
+        Up to 4 bytes.
+
+        :param addr: Register address
+        :param length: Length in bytes (1-4)
+        :return: Data read
+        """
+        assert length > 0
+        assert length <= 4
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(urukul.SPI_CONFIG, 16,
+                               urukul.SPIT_DDS_WR, self.chip_select)
+        self.bus.write((addr | ((length - 1) << 13) | 0x8000) << 16)
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(urukul.SPI_CONFIG | spi.SPI_END
+                               | spi.SPI_INPUT, length * 8,
+                               urukul.SPIT_DDS_RD, self.chip_select)
+        self.bus.write(0)
+        data = self.bus.read()
+        if length < 4:
+            data &= (1 << (length * 8)) - 1
+        return data
+
+    @kernel
+    def init(self):
+        """Initialize and configure the DDS.
+
+        Sets up SPI mode, confirms chip presence, powers down unused blocks,
+        and configures the PLL. Does not wait for PLL lock. Uses the
+        IO_UPDATE signal multiple times.
+        """
+        # SPI mode
+        self.write(AD9912_SER_CONF, 0x99, length=1)
+        self.cpld.io_update.pulse(2 * us)
+        # Verify chip ID and presence
+        prodid = self.read(AD9912_PRODIDH, length=2)
+        if (prodid != 0x1982) and (prodid != 0x1902):
+            raise ValueError("Urukul AD9912 product id mismatch")
+        delay(50 * us)
+        # HSTL power down, CMOS power down
+        pwrcntrl1 = 0x80 | ((~self.pll_en & 1) << 4)
+        self.write(AD9912_PWRCNTRL1, pwrcntrl1, length=1)
+        self.cpld.io_update.pulse(2 * us)
+        if self.pll_en:
+            self.write(AD9912_N_DIV, self.pll_n // 2 - 2, length=1)
+            self.cpld.io_update.pulse(2 * us)
+            # I_cp = 375 µA, VCO high range
+            self.write(AD9912_PLLCFG, 0b00000101, length=1)
+            self.cpld.io_update.pulse(2 * us)
+        delay(1 * ms)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_att_mu(self, att: TInt32):
+        """Set digital step attenuator in machine units.
+
+        This method will write the attenuator settings of all four channels.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`artiq.coredevice.urukul.CPLD.set_att_mu`
+
+        :param att: Attenuation setting, 8 bit digital.
+        """
+        self.cpld.set_att_mu(self.chip_select - 4, att)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_att(self, att: TFloat):
+        """Set digital step attenuator in SI units.
+
+        This method will write the attenuator settings of all four channels.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`artiq.coredevice.urukul.CPLD.set_att`
+
+        :param att: Attenuation in dB. Higher values mean more attenuation.
+        """
+        self.cpld.set_att(self.chip_select - 4, att)
+
+    @kernel
+    def get_att_mu(self) -> TInt32:
+        """Get digital step attenuator value in machine units.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`artiq.coredevice.urukul.CPLD.get_channel_att_mu`
+
+        :return: Attenuation setting, 8 bit digital.
+        """
+        return self.cpld.get_channel_att_mu(self.chip_select - 4)
+
+    @kernel
+    def get_att(self) -> TFloat:
+        """Get digital step attenuator value in SI units.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`artiq.coredevice.urukul.CPLD.get_channel_att`
+
+        :return: Attenuation in dB.
+        """
+        return self.cpld.get_channel_att(self.chip_select - 4)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_mu(self, ftw: TInt64, pow_: TInt32 = 0):
+        """Set profile 0 data in machine units.
+
+        After the SPI transfer, the shared IO update pin is pulsed to
+        activate the data.
+
+        :param ftw: Frequency tuning word: 48 bit unsigned.
+        :param pow_: Phase tuning word: 16 bit unsigned.
+        """
+        # streaming transfer of FTW and POW
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(urukul.SPI_CONFIG, 16,
+                               urukul.SPIT_DDS_WR, self.chip_select)
+        self.bus.write((AD9912_POW1 << 16) | (3 << 29))
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(urukul.SPI_CONFIG, 32,
+                               urukul.SPIT_DDS_WR, self.chip_select)
+        self.bus.write((pow_ << 16) | (int32(ftw >> 32) & 0xffff))
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(urukul.SPI_CONFIG | spi.SPI_END, 32,
+                               urukul.SPIT_DDS_WR, self.chip_select)
+        self.bus.write(int32(ftw))
+        self.cpld.io_update.pulse(10 * ns)
+
+    @kernel
+    def get_mu(self) -> TTuple([TInt64, TInt32]):
+        """Get the frequency tuning word and phase offset word.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`get`
+
+        :return: A tuple ``(ftw, pow)``.
+        """
+
+        # Read data
+        high = self.read(AD9912_POW1, 4)
+        self.core.break_realtime()  # Regain slack to perform second read
+        low = self.read(AD9912_FTW3, 4)
+        # Extract and return fields
+        ftw = (int64(high & 0xffff) << 32) | (int64(low) & int64(0xffffffff))
+        pow_ = (high >> 16) & 0x3fff
+        return ftw, pow_
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def frequency_to_ftw(self, frequency: TFloat) -> TInt64:
+        """Returns the 48-bit frequency tuning word corresponding to the given
+        frequency.
+        """
+        return int64(round(self.ftw_per_hz * frequency)) & (
+                (int64(1) << 48) - 1)
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def ftw_to_frequency(self, ftw: TInt64) -> TFloat:
+        """Returns the frequency corresponding to the given
+        frequency tuning word.
+        """
+        return ftw / self.ftw_per_hz
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def turns_to_pow(self, phase: TFloat) -> TInt32:
+        """Returns the 16-bit phase offset word corresponding to the given
+        phase.
+        """
+        return int32(round((1 << 14) * phase)) & 0xffff
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def pow_to_turns(self, pow_: TInt32) -> TFloat:
+        """Return the phase in turns corresponding to a given phase offset
+        word.
+
+        :param pow_: Phase offset word.
+        :return: Phase in turns.
+        """
+        return pow_ / (1 << 14)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set(self, frequency: TFloat, phase: TFloat = 0.0):
+        """Set profile 0 data in SI units.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`set_mu`
+
+        :param frequency: Frequency in Hz
+        :param phase: Phase tuning word in turns
+        """
+        self.set_mu(self.frequency_to_ftw(frequency),
+                    self.turns_to_pow(phase))
+
+    @kernel
+    def get(self) -> TTuple([TFloat, TFloat]):
+        """Get the frequency and phase.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`get_mu`
+
+        :return: A tuple ``(frequency, phase)``.
+        """
+
+        # Get values
+        ftw, pow_ = self.get_mu()
+        # Convert and return
+        return self.ftw_to_frequency(ftw), self.pow_to_turns(pow_)
+
+    @kernel
+    def cfg_sw(self, state: TBool):
+        """Set CPLD CFG RF switch state. The RF switch is controlled by the
+        logical or of the CPLD configuration shift register
+        RF switch bit and the SW TTL line (if used).
+
+        :param state: CPLD CFG RF switch bit
+        """
+        self.cpld.cfg_sw(self.chip_select - 4, state)

artiq/coredevice/ad9912_reg.py

@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+# auto-generated, do not edit
+from artiq.language.core import portable
+from artiq.language.types import TInt32
+
+AD9912_SER_CONF =                       0x000
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_SDOACTIVE_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 0
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_SDOACTIVE_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 0) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_LSBFIRST_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 1
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_LSBFIRST_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 1) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_SOFTRESET_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 2
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_SOFTRESET_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 2) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x01, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_LONGINSN_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 3
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_LONGINSN_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 3) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x01, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_LONGINSN_M_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 4
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_LONGINSN_M_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 4) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_SOFTRESET_M_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 5
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_SOFTRESET_M_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 5) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_LSBFIRST_M_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 6
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_LSBFIRST_M_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 6) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_SDOACTIVE_M_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 7
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_SDOACTIVE_M_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 7) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_PRODIDL =                        0x002
+
+AD9912_PRODIDH =                        0x003
+
+AD9912_SER_OPT1 =                       0x004
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_READ_BUF_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 0
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_READ_BUF_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 0) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_SER_OPT2 =                       0x005
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_RED_UPDATE_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 0
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_RED_UPDATE_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 0) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_PWRCNTRL1 =                      0x010
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_PD_DIGITAL_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 0
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_PD_DIGITAL_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 0) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_PD_FULL_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 1
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_PD_FULL_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 1) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_PD_SYSCLK_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 4
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_PD_SYSCLK_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 4) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_EN_DOUBLER_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 5
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_EN_DOUBLER_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 5) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x01, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_EN_CMOS_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 6
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_EN_CMOS_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 6) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x01, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_PD_HSTL_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 7
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_PD_HSTL_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 7) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_PWRCNTRL2 =                      0x012
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_DDS_RESET_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 0
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_DDS_RESET_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 0) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_PWRCNTRL3 =                      0x013
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_S_DIV_RESET_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 1
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_S_DIV_RESET_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 1) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_S_DIV2_RESET_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 3
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_S_DIV2_RESET_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 3) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_PD_FUND_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 7
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_PD_FUND_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 7) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_N_DIV =                          0x020
+
+AD9912_PLLCFG =                         0x022
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_PLL_ICP_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x3) << 0
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_PLL_ICP_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 0) & 0x3
+
+# default: 0x01, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_VCO_RANGE_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 2
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_VCO_RANGE_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 2) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_PLL_REF2X_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 3
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_PLL_REF2X_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 3) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_VCO_AUTO_RANGE_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 7
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_VCO_AUTO_RANGE_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 7) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_S_DIVL =                         0x104
+
+AD9912_S_DIVH =                         0x105
+
+AD9912_S_DIV_CFG =                      0x106
+# default: 0x01, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_S_DIV2_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 0
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_S_DIV2_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 0) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_S_DIV_FALL_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 7
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_S_DIV_FALL_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 7) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_FTW0 =                           0x1a6
+
+AD9912_FTW1 =                           0x1a7
+
+AD9912_FTW2 =                           0x1a8
+
+AD9912_FTW3 =                           0x1a9
+
+AD9912_FTW4 =                           0x1aa
+
+AD9912_FTW5 =                           0x1ab
+
+AD9912_POW0 =                           0x1ac
+
+AD9912_POW1 =                           0x1ad
+
+AD9912_HSTL =                           0x200
+# default: 0x01, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSTL_CFG_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x3) << 0
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSTL_CFG_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 0) & 0x3
+
+# default: 0x01, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSTL_OPOL_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 4
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSTL_OPOL_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 4) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_CMOS =                           0x201
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_CMOS_MUX_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 0
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_CMOS_MUX_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 0) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_FSC0 =                           0x40b
+
+AD9912_FSC1 =                           0x40c
+
+AD9912_HSR_A_CFG =                      0x500
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_A_HARMONIC_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0xf) << 0
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_A_HARMONIC_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 0) & 0xf
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_A_MAG2X_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 6
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_A_MAG2X_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 6) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_A_EN_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 7
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_A_EN_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 7) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_HSR_A_MAG =                      0x501
+
+AD9912_HSR_A_POW0 =                     0x503
+
+AD9912_HSR_A_POW1 =                     0x504
+
+AD9912_HSR_B_CFG =                      0x505
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_B_HARMONIC_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0xf) << 0
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_B_HARMONIC_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 0) & 0xf
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_B_MAG2X_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 6
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_B_MAG2X_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 6) & 0x1
+
+# default: 0x00, access: R/W
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_B_EN_SET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x & 0x1) << 7
+
+@portable
+def AD9912_HSR_B_EN_GET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return (x >> 7) & 0x1
+
+
+AD9912_HSR_B_MAG =                      0x506
+
+AD9912_HSR_B_POW0 =                     0x508
+
+AD9912_HSR_B_POW1 =                     0x509

artiq/coredevice/ad9914.py

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+"""
+Driver for the AD9914 DDS (with parallel bus) on RTIO.
+"""
+
+
+from artiq.language.core import *
+from artiq.language.types import *
+from artiq.language.units import *
+from artiq.coredevice.rtio import rtio_output
+
+from numpy import int32, int64
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AD9914",
+    "PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS", "PHASE_MODE_ABSOLUTE", "PHASE_MODE_TRACKING"
+]
+
+
+_PHASE_MODE_DEFAULT   = -1
+PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS = 0
+PHASE_MODE_ABSOLUTE   = 1
+PHASE_MODE_TRACKING   = 2
+
+AD9914_REG_CFR1L = 0x01
+AD9914_REG_CFR1H = 0x03
+AD9914_REG_CFR2L = 0x05
+AD9914_REG_CFR2H = 0x07
+AD9914_REG_CFR3L = 0x09
+AD9914_REG_CFR3H = 0x0b
+AD9914_REG_CFR4L = 0x0d
+AD9914_REG_CFR4H = 0x0f
+AD9914_REG_DRGFL = 0x11
+AD9914_REG_DRGFH = 0x13
+AD9914_REG_DRGBL = 0x15
+AD9914_REG_DRGBH = 0x17
+AD9914_REG_DRGAL = 0x19
+AD9914_REG_DRGAH = 0x1b
+AD9914_REG_POW   = 0x31
+AD9914_REG_ASF   = 0x33
+AD9914_REG_USR0  = 0x6d
+AD9914_FUD       = 0x80
+AD9914_GPIO      = 0x81
+
+
+class AD9914:
+    """Driver for one AD9914 DDS channel.
+
+    The time cursor is not modified by any function in this class.
+
+    Output event replacement is not supported and issuing commands at the same
+    time is an error.
+
+    :param sysclk: DDS system frequency. The DDS system clock must be a
+        phase-locked multiple of the RTIO clock.
+    :param bus_channel: RTIO channel number of the DDS bus.
+    :param channel: channel number (on the bus) of the DDS device to control.
+    """
+
+    kernel_invariants = {"core", "sysclk", "bus_channel", "channel",
+        "rtio_period_mu", "sysclk_per_mu", "write_duration_mu",
+        "dac_cal_duration_mu", "init_duration_mu", "init_sync_duration_mu",
+        "set_duration_mu", "set_x_duration_mu", "exit_x_duration_mu"}
+
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, sysclk, bus_channel, channel, core_device="core"):
+        self.core        = dmgr.get(core_device)
+        self.sysclk      = sysclk
+        self.bus_channel = bus_channel
+        self.channel     = channel
+        self.phase_mode  = PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS
+
+        self.rtio_period_mu        = int64(8)
+        self.sysclk_per_mu         = int32(self.sysclk * self.core.ref_period)
+
+        self.write_duration_mu     = 5 * self.rtio_period_mu
+        self.dac_cal_duration_mu   = 147000 * self.rtio_period_mu
+        self.init_duration_mu      = 13 * self.write_duration_mu + self.dac_cal_duration_mu
+        self.init_sync_duration_mu = 21 * self.write_duration_mu + 2 * self.dac_cal_duration_mu
+        self.set_duration_mu       = 7 * self.write_duration_mu
+        self.set_x_duration_mu     = 7 * self.write_duration_mu
+        self.exit_x_duration_mu    = 3 * self.write_duration_mu
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_rtio_channels(bus_channel, channel, **kwargs):
+        # return only first entry, as there are several devices with the same RTIO channel
+        if channel == 0:
+            return [(bus_channel, None)]
+        return []
+
+    @kernel
+    def write(self, addr, data):
+        rtio_output((self.bus_channel << 8) | addr, data)
+        delay_mu(self.write_duration_mu)
+
+    @kernel
+    def init(self):
+        """Resets and initializes the DDS channel.
+
+        This needs to be done for each DDS channel before it can be used, and
+        it is recommended to use the startup kernel for this purpose.
+        """
+        delay_mu(-self.init_duration_mu)
+        self.write(AD9914_GPIO,      (1 << self.channel) << 1);
+
+        # Note another undocumented "feature" of the AD9914:
+        # Programmable modulus breaks if the digital ramp enable bit is
+        # not set at the same time.
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR1H, 0x0000) # Enable cosine output
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR2L, 0x8900) # Enable matched latency
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR2H, 0x0089) # Enable profile mode + programmable modulus + DRG
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGAL, 0)      # Programmable modulus A = 0
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGAH, 0)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGBH, 0x8000) # Programmable modulus B == 2**31
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGBL, 0x0000)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_ASF,   0x0fff) # Set amplitude to maximum
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR4H, 0x0105) # Enable DAC calibration
+        self.write(AD9914_FUD,       0)
+        delay_mu(self.dac_cal_duration_mu)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR4H, 0x0005) # Disable DAC calibration
+        self.write(AD9914_FUD,       0)
+
+    @kernel
+    def init_sync(self, sync_delay):
+        """Resets and initializes the DDS channel as well as configures
+        the AD9914 DDS for synchronisation. The synchronisation procedure
+        follows the steps outlined in the AN-1254 application note.
+
+        This needs to be done for each DDS channel before it can be used, and
+        it is recommended to use the startup kernel for this.
+
+        This function cannot be used in a batch; the correct way of
+        initializing multiple DDS channels is to call this function
+        sequentially with a delay between the calls. 10ms provides a good
+        timing margin.
+
+        :param sync_delay: integer from 0 to 0x3f that sets the value of
+            SYNC_OUT (bits 3-5) and SYNC_IN (bits 0-2) delay ADJ bits.
+        """
+        delay_mu(-self.init_sync_duration_mu)
+        self.write(AD9914_GPIO,      (1 << self.channel) << 1)
+
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR4H, 0x0105) # Enable DAC calibration
+        self.write(AD9914_FUD,       0)
+        delay_mu(self.dac_cal_duration_mu)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR4H, 0x0005) # Disable DAC calibration
+        self.write(AD9914_FUD,       0)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR2L, 0x8b00) # Enable matched latency and sync_out
+        self.write(AD9914_FUD,       0)
+        # Set cal with sync and set sync_out and sync_in delay
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_USR0,  0x0840 | (sync_delay & 0x3f))
+        self.write(AD9914_FUD,       0)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR4H, 0x0105) # Enable DAC calibration
+        self.write(AD9914_FUD,       0)
+        delay_mu(self.dac_cal_duration_mu)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR4H, 0x0005) # Disable DAC calibration
+        self.write(AD9914_FUD,       0)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR1H, 0x0000) # Enable cosine output
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR2H, 0x0089) # Enable profile mode + programmable modulus + DRG
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGAL, 0)      # Programmable modulus A = 0
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGAH, 0)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGBH, 0x8000) # Programmable modulus B == 2**31
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGBL, 0x0000)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_ASF,   0x0fff) # Set amplitude to maximum
+        self.write(AD9914_FUD,       0)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_phase_mode(self, phase_mode):
+        """Sets the phase mode of the DDS channel. Supported phase modes are:
+
+        * :const:`PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS`: the phase accumulator is unchanged when
+          switching frequencies. The DDS phase is the sum of the phase
+          accumulator and the phase offset. The only discrete jumps in the
+          DDS output phase come from changes to the phase offset.
+
+        * :const:`PHASE_MODE_ABSOLUTE`: the phase accumulator is reset when
+          switching frequencies. Thus, the phase of the DDS at the time of
+          the frequency change is equal to the phase offset.
+
+        * :const:`PHASE_MODE_TRACKING`: when switching frequencies, the phase
+          accumulator is set to the value it would have if the DDS had been
+          running at the specified frequency since the start of the
+          experiment.
+
+        .. warning:: This setting may become inconsistent when used as part of
+            a DMA recording. When using DMA, it is recommended to specify the
+            phase mode explicitly when calling :meth:`set` or :meth:`set_mu`.
+        """
+        self.phase_mode = phase_mode
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_mu(self, ftw, pow=0, phase_mode=_PHASE_MODE_DEFAULT,
+               asf=0x0fff, ref_time_mu=-1):
+        """Sets the DDS channel to the specified frequency and phase.
+
+        This uses machine units (FTW and POW). The frequency tuning word width
+        is 32, the phase offset word width is 16, and the amplitude scale factor
+        width is 12.
+
+        The "frequency update" pulse is sent to the DDS with a fixed latency
+        with respect to the current position of the time cursor.
+
+        :param ftw: frequency to generate.
+        :param pow: adds an offset to the phase.
+        :param phase_mode: if specified, overrides the default phase mode set
+            by :meth:`set_phase_mode` for this call.
+        :param ref_time_mu: reference time used to compute phase. Specifying this
+            makes it easier to have a well-defined phase relationship between
+            DDSes on the same bus that are updated at a similar time.
+        :return: Resulting phase offset word after application of phase
+            tracking offset. When using :const:`PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS` in
+            subsequent calls, use this value as the "current" phase.
+        """
+        if phase_mode == _PHASE_MODE_DEFAULT:
+            phase_mode = self.phase_mode
+        if ref_time_mu < 0:
+            ref_time_mu = now_mu()
+        delay_mu(-self.set_duration_mu)
+
+        self.write(AD9914_GPIO,      (1 << self.channel) << 1)
+
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGFL, ftw & 0xffff)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGFH, (ftw >> 16) & 0xffff)
+
+        # We need the RTIO fine timestamp clock to be phase-locked
+        # to DDS SYSCLK, and divided by an integer self.sysclk_per_mu.
+        if phase_mode == PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS:
+            # Do not clear phase accumulator on FUD
+            # Disable autoclear phase accumulator and enables OSK.
+            self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR1L, 0x0108)
+        else:
+            # Clear phase accumulator on FUD
+            # Enable autoclear phase accumulator and enables OSK.
+            self.write(AD9914_REG_CFR1L, 0x2108)
+            fud_time = now_mu() + 2 * self.write_duration_mu
+            pow -= int32((ref_time_mu - fud_time) * self.sysclk_per_mu * ftw >> (32 - 16))
+            if phase_mode == PHASE_MODE_TRACKING:
+                pow += int32(ref_time_mu * self.sysclk_per_mu * ftw >> (32 - 16))
+
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_POW,  pow)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_ASF,  asf)
+        self.write(AD9914_FUD,      0)
+        return pow
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def frequency_to_ftw(self, frequency):
+        """Returns the 32-bit frequency tuning word corresponding to the given
+        frequency.
+        """
+        return int32(round(float(int64(2)**32*frequency/self.sysclk)))
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def ftw_to_frequency(self, ftw):
+        """Returns the frequency corresponding to the given frequency tuning
+        word.
+        """
+        return ftw*self.sysclk/int64(2)**32
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def turns_to_pow(self, turns):
+        """Returns the 16-bit phase offset word corresponding to the given
+        phase in turns."""
+        return round(float(turns*2**16)) & 0xffff
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def pow_to_turns(self, pow):
+        """Returns the phase in turns corresponding to the given phase offset
+        word."""
+        return pow/2**16
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def amplitude_to_asf(self, amplitude):
+        """Returns 12-bit amplitude scale factor corresponding to given
+        amplitude."""
+        code = round(float(amplitude * 0x0fff))
+        if code < 0 or code > 0xfff:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid AD9914 amplitude!")
+        return code
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def asf_to_amplitude(self, asf):
+        """Returns the amplitude corresponding to the given amplitude scale
+           factor."""
+        return asf/0x0fff
+
+    @kernel
+    def set(self, frequency, phase=0.0, phase_mode=_PHASE_MODE_DEFAULT,
+            amplitude=1.0):
+        """Like :meth:`set_mu`, but uses Hz and turns."""
+        return self.pow_to_turns(
+            self.set_mu(self.frequency_to_ftw(frequency),
+                    self.turns_to_pow(phase), phase_mode,
+                    self.amplitude_to_asf(amplitude)))
+
+    # Extended-resolution functions
+    @kernel
+    def set_x_mu(self, xftw, amplitude=0x0fff):
+        """Set the DDS frequency and amplitude with an extended-resolution
+        (63-bit) frequency tuning word.
+
+        Phase control is not implemented in this mode; the phase offset
+        can assume any value.
+
+        After this function has been called, exit extended-resolution mode
+        before calling functions that use standard-resolution mode.
+        """
+        delay_mu(-self.set_x_duration_mu)
+
+        self.write(AD9914_GPIO,      (1 << self.channel) << 1)
+
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGAL, xftw & 0xffff)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGAH, (xftw >> 16) & 0x7fff)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGFL, (xftw >> 31) & 0xffff)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGFH, (xftw >> 47) & 0xffff)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_ASF,   amplitude)
+
+        self.write(AD9914_FUD,       0)
+
+    @kernel
+    def exit_x(self):
+        """Exits extended-resolution mode."""
+        delay_mu(-self.exit_x_duration_mu)
+        self.write(AD9914_GPIO,      (1 << self.channel) << 1)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGAL, 0)
+        self.write(AD9914_REG_DRGAH, 0)
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def frequency_to_xftw(self, frequency):
+        """Returns the 63-bit frequency tuning word corresponding to the given
+        frequency (extended resolution mode).
+        """
+        return int64(round(2.0*float(int64(2)**62)*frequency/self.sysclk)) & (
+                (int64(1) << 63) - 1)
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def xftw_to_frequency(self, xftw):
+        """Returns the frequency corresponding to the given frequency tuning
+        word (extended resolution mode).
+        """
+        return xftw*self.sysclk/(2.0*float(int64(2)**62))
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_x(self, frequency, amplitude=1.0):
+        """Like :meth:`set_x_mu`, but uses Hz and turns.
+
+        Note that the precision of ``float`` is less than the precision
+        of the extended frequency tuning word.
+        """
+        self.set_x_mu(self.frequency_to_xftw(frequency),
+                      self.amplitude_to_asf(amplitude))

artiq/coredevice/adf5356.py

@@ -0,0 +1,598 @@
+"""RTIO driver for the Analog Devices ADF[45]35[56] family of GHz PLLs
+on Mirny-style prefixed SPI buses.
+"""
+
+# https://github.com/analogdevicesinc/linux/blob/master/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/iio/frequency/adf5355.txt
+# https://github.com/analogdevicesinc/linux/blob/master/drivers/iio/frequency/adf5355.c
+# https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ADF5355.pdf
+# https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ADF5355.pdf
+# https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/user-guides/EV-ADF5355SD1Z-UG-1087.pdf
+
+
+from artiq.language.core import kernel, portable, delay
+from artiq.language.units import us, GHz, MHz
+from artiq.language.types import TInt32, TInt64
+from artiq.coredevice import spi2 as spi
+from artiq.coredevice.adf5356_reg import *
+
+from numpy import int32, int64, floor, ceil
+
+
+SPI_CONFIG = (
+    0 * spi.SPI_OFFLINE
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_END
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_INPUT
+    | 1 * spi.SPI_CS_POLARITY
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_CLK_POLARITY
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_CLK_PHASE
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_LSB_FIRST
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_HALF_DUPLEX
+)
+
+
+ADF5356_MIN_VCO_FREQ = int64(3.4 * GHz)
+ADF5356_MAX_VCO_FREQ = int64(6.8 * GHz)
+ADF5356_MAX_FREQ_PFD = int32(125.0 * MHz)
+ADF5356_MODULUS1 = int32(1 << 24)
+ADF5356_MAX_MODULUS2 = int32(1 << 28)  # FIXME: ADF5356 has 28 bits MOD2
+ADF5356_MAX_R_CNT = int32(1023)
+
+
+class ADF5356:
+    """Analog Devices AD[45]35[56] family of GHz PLLs.
+
+    :param cpld_device: Mirny CPLD device name
+    :param sw_device: Mirny RF switch device name
+    :param channel: Mirny RF channel index
+    :param ref_doubler: enable/disable reference clock doubler
+    :param ref_divider: enable/disable reference clock divide-by-2
+    :param core_device: Core device name (default: "core")
+    """
+
+    kernel_invariants = {"cpld", "sw", "channel", "core", "sysclk"}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dmgr,
+        cpld_device,
+        sw_device,
+        channel,
+        ref_doubler=False,
+        ref_divider=False,
+        core="core",
+    ):
+        self.cpld = dmgr.get(cpld_device)
+        self.sw = dmgr.get(sw_device)
+        self.channel = channel
+        self.core = dmgr.get(core)
+
+        self.ref_doubler = ref_doubler
+        self.ref_divider = ref_divider
+        self.sysclk = self.cpld.refclk
+        assert 10 <= self.sysclk / 1e6 <= 600
+
+        self._init_registers()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_rtio_channels(**kwargs):
+        return []
+
+    @kernel
+    def init(self, blind=False):
+        """
+        Initialize and configure the PLL.
+
+        :param blind: Do not attempt to verify presence.
+        """
+        self.sync()
+        if not blind:
+            # MUXOUT = VDD
+            self.regs[4] = ADF5356_REG4_MUXOUT_UPDATE(self.regs[4], 1)
+            self.write(self.regs[4])
+            delay(1000 * us)
+            if not self.read_muxout():
+                raise ValueError("MUXOUT not high")
+            delay(800 * us)
+
+            # MUXOUT = DGND
+            self.regs[4] = ADF5356_REG4_MUXOUT_UPDATE(self.regs[4], 2)
+            self.write(self.regs[4])
+            delay(1000 * us)
+            if self.read_muxout():
+                raise ValueError("MUXOUT not low")
+            delay(800 * us)
+
+            # MUXOUT = digital lock-detect
+            self.regs[4] = ADF5356_REG4_MUXOUT_UPDATE(self.regs[4], 6)
+            self.write(self.regs[4])
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_att(self, att):
+        """Set digital step attenuator in SI units.
+
+        This method will write the attenuator settings of the channel.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`artiq.coredevice.mirny.Mirny.set_att`
+
+        :param att: Attenuation in dB.
+        """
+        self.cpld.set_att(self.channel, att)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_att_mu(self, att):
+        """Set digital step attenuator in machine units.
+
+        :param att: Attenuation setting, 8 bit digital.
+        """
+        self.cpld.set_att_mu(self.channel, att)
+
+    @kernel
+    def write(self, data):
+        self.cpld.write_ext(self.channel | 4, 32, data)
+
+    @kernel
+    def read_muxout(self):
+        """
+        Read the state of the MUXOUT line.
+
+        By default, this is configured to be the digital lock detection.
+        """
+        return bool(self.cpld.read_reg(0) & (1 << (self.channel + 8)))
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_output_power_mu(self, n):
+        """
+        Set the power level at output A of the PLL chip in machine units.
+
+        This driver defaults to `n = 3` at init.
+
+        :param n: output power setting, 0, 1, 2, or 3 (see ADF5356 datasheet, fig. 44).
+        """
+        if n not in [0, 1, 2, 3]:
+            raise ValueError("invalid power setting")
+        self.regs[6] = ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_POWER_UPDATE(self.regs[6], n)
+        self.sync()
+
+    @portable
+    def output_power_mu(self):
+        """
+        Return the power level at output A of the PLL chip in machine units.
+        """
+        return ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_POWER_GET(self.regs[6])
+
+    @kernel
+    def enable_output(self):
+        """
+        Enable output A of the PLL chip. This is the default after init.
+        """
+        self.regs[6] |= ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_ENABLE(1)
+        self.sync()
+
+    @kernel
+    def disable_output(self):
+        """
+        Disable output A of the PLL chip.
+        """
+        self.regs[6] &= ~ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_ENABLE(1)
+        self.sync()
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_frequency(self, f):
+        """
+        Output given frequency on output A.
+
+        :param f: 53.125 MHz <= f <= 6800 MHz
+        """
+        freq = int64(round(f))
+
+        if freq > ADF5356_MAX_VCO_FREQ:
+            raise ValueError("Requested too high frequency")
+
+        # select minimal output divider
+        rf_div_sel = 0
+        while freq < ADF5356_MIN_VCO_FREQ:
+            freq <<= 1
+            rf_div_sel += 1
+
+        if (1 << rf_div_sel) > 64:
+            raise ValueError("Requested too low frequency")
+
+        # choose reference divider that maximizes PFD frequency
+        self.regs[4] = ADF5356_REG4_R_COUNTER_UPDATE(
+            self.regs[4], self._compute_reference_counter()
+        )
+        f_pfd = self.f_pfd()
+
+        # choose prescaler
+        if freq > int64(6e9):
+            self.regs[0] |= ADF5356_REG0_PRESCALER(1)  # 8/9
+            n_min, n_max = 75, 65535
+
+            # adjust reference divider to be able to match n_min constraint
+            while n_min * f_pfd > freq:
+                r = ADF5356_REG4_R_COUNTER_GET(self.regs[4])
+                self.regs[4] = ADF5356_REG4_R_COUNTER_UPDATE(self.regs[4], r + 1)
+                f_pfd = self.f_pfd()
+        else:
+            self.regs[0] &= ~ADF5356_REG0_PRESCALER(1)  # 4/5
+            n_min, n_max = 23, 32767
+
+        # calculate PLL parameters
+        n, frac1, (frac2_msb, frac2_lsb), (mod2_msb, mod2_lsb) = calculate_pll(
+            freq, f_pfd
+        )
+
+        if not (n_min <= n <= n_max):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid INT value")
+
+        # configure PLL
+        self.regs[0] = ADF5356_REG0_INT_VALUE_UPDATE(self.regs[0], n)
+        self.regs[1] = ADF5356_REG1_MAIN_FRAC_VALUE_UPDATE(self.regs[1], frac1)
+        self.regs[2] = ADF5356_REG2_AUX_FRAC_LSB_VALUE_UPDATE(self.regs[2], frac2_lsb)
+        self.regs[2] = ADF5356_REG2_AUX_MOD_LSB_VALUE_UPDATE(self.regs[2], mod2_lsb)
+        self.regs[13] = ADF5356_REG13_AUX_FRAC_MSB_VALUE_UPDATE(
+            self.regs[13], frac2_msb
+        )
+        self.regs[13] = ADF5356_REG13_AUX_MOD_MSB_VALUE_UPDATE(self.regs[13], mod2_msb)
+
+        self.regs[6] = ADF5356_REG6_RF_DIVIDER_SELECT_UPDATE(self.regs[6], rf_div_sel)
+        self.regs[6] = ADF5356_REG6_CP_BLEED_CURRENT_UPDATE(
+            self.regs[6], int32(floor(24 * f_pfd / (61.44 * MHz)))
+        )
+        self.regs[9] = ADF5356_REG9_VCO_BAND_DIVISION_UPDATE(
+            self.regs[9], int32(ceil(f_pfd / 160e3))
+        )
+
+        # commit
+        self.sync()
+
+    @kernel
+    def sync(self):
+        """
+        Write all registers to the device. Attempts to lock the PLL.
+        """
+        f_pfd = self.f_pfd()
+        delay(200 * us)         # Slack
+
+        if f_pfd <= 75.0 * MHz:
+            for i in range(13, 0, -1):
+                self.write(self.regs[i])
+            delay(200 * us)
+            self.write(self.regs[0] | ADF5356_REG0_AUTOCAL(1))
+        else:
+            # AUTOCAL AT HALF PFD FREQUENCY
+
+            # calculate PLL at f_pfd/2
+            n, frac1, (frac2_msb, frac2_lsb), (mod2_msb, mod2_lsb) = calculate_pll(
+                self.f_vco(), f_pfd >> 1
+            )
+            delay(200 * us)     # Slack
+
+            self.write(
+                13
+                | ADF5356_REG13_AUX_FRAC_MSB_VALUE(frac2_msb)
+                | ADF5356_REG13_AUX_MOD_MSB_VALUE(mod2_msb)
+            )
+
+            for i in range(12, 4, -1):
+                self.write(self.regs[i])
+
+            self.write(
+                ADF5356_REG4_R_COUNTER_UPDATE(self.regs[4], 2 * self.ref_counter())
+            )
+
+            self.write(self.regs[3])
+            self.write(
+                2
+                | ADF5356_REG2_AUX_MOD_LSB_VALUE(mod2_lsb)
+                | ADF5356_REG2_AUX_FRAC_LSB_VALUE(frac2_lsb)
+            )
+            self.write(1 | ADF5356_REG1_MAIN_FRAC_VALUE(frac1))
+
+            delay(200 * us)
+            self.write(ADF5356_REG0_INT_VALUE(n) | ADF5356_REG0_AUTOCAL(1))
+
+            # RELOCK AT WANTED PFD FREQUENCY
+
+            for i in [4, 2, 1]:
+                self.write(self.regs[i])
+
+            # force-disable autocal
+            self.write(self.regs[0] & ~ADF5356_REG0_AUTOCAL(1))
+
+    @portable
+    def f_pfd(self) -> TInt64:
+        """
+        Return the PFD frequency for the cached set of registers.
+        """
+        r = ADF5356_REG4_R_COUNTER_GET(self.regs[4])
+        d = ADF5356_REG4_R_DOUBLER_GET(self.regs[4])
+        t = ADF5356_REG4_R_DIVIDER_GET(self.regs[4])
+        return self._compute_pfd_frequency(r, d, t)
+
+    @portable
+    def f_vco(self) -> TInt64:
+        """
+        Return the VCO frequency for the cached set of registers.
+        """
+        return int64(
+            self.f_pfd()
+            * (
+                self.pll_n()
+                + (self.pll_frac1() + self.pll_frac2() / self.pll_mod2())
+                / ADF5356_MODULUS1
+            )
+        )
+
+    @portable
+    def pll_n(self) -> TInt32:
+        """
+        Return the PLL integer value (INT) for the cached set of registers.
+        """
+        return ADF5356_REG0_INT_VALUE_GET(self.regs[0])
+
+    @portable
+    def pll_frac1(self) -> TInt32:
+        """
+        Return the main fractional value (FRAC1) for the cached set of registers.
+        """
+        return ADF5356_REG1_MAIN_FRAC_VALUE_GET(self.regs[1])
+
+    @portable
+    def pll_frac2(self) -> TInt32:
+        """
+        Return the auxiliary fractional value (FRAC2) for the cached set of registers.
+        """
+        return (
+            ADF5356_REG13_AUX_FRAC_MSB_VALUE_GET(self.regs[13]) << 14
+        ) | ADF5356_REG2_AUX_FRAC_LSB_VALUE_GET(self.regs[2])
+
+    @portable
+    def pll_mod2(self) -> TInt32:
+        """
+        Return the auxiliary modulus value (MOD2) for the cached set of registers.
+        """
+        return (
+            ADF5356_REG13_AUX_MOD_MSB_VALUE_GET(self.regs[13]) << 14
+        ) | ADF5356_REG2_AUX_MOD_LSB_VALUE_GET(self.regs[2])
+
+    @portable
+    def ref_counter(self) -> TInt32:
+        """
+        Return the reference counter value (R) for the cached set of registers.
+        """
+        return ADF5356_REG4_R_COUNTER_GET(self.regs[4])
+
+    @portable
+    def output_divider(self) -> TInt32:
+        """
+        Return the value of the output A divider.
+        """
+        return 1 << ADF5356_REG6_RF_DIVIDER_SELECT_GET(self.regs[6])
+
+    def info(self):
+        """
+        Return a summary of high-level parameters as a dict.
+        """
+        prescaler = ADF5356_REG0_PRESCALER_GET(self.regs[0])
+        return {
+            # output
+            "f_outA": self.f_vco() / self.output_divider(),
+            "f_outB": self.f_vco() * 2,
+            "output_divider": self.output_divider(),
+            # PLL parameters
+            "f_vco": self.f_vco(),
+            "pll_n": self.pll_n(),
+            "pll_frac1": self.pll_frac1(),
+            "pll_frac2": self.pll_frac2(),
+            "pll_mod2": self.pll_mod2(),
+            "prescaler": "4/5" if prescaler == 0 else "8/9",
+            # reference / PFD
+            "sysclk": self.sysclk,
+            "ref_doubler": self.ref_doubler,
+            "ref_divider": self.ref_divider,
+            "ref_counter": self.ref_counter(),
+            "f_pfd": self.f_pfd(),
+        }
+
+    @portable
+    def _init_registers(self):
+        """
+        Initialize cached registers with sensible defaults.
+        """
+        # fill with control bits
+        self.regs = [int32(i) for i in range(ADF5356_NUM_REGS)]
+
+        # REG2
+        # ====
+
+        # avoid divide-by-zero
+        self.regs[2] |= ADF5356_REG2_AUX_MOD_LSB_VALUE(1)
+
+        # REG4
+        # ====
+
+        # single-ended reference mode is recommended
+        # for references up to 250 MHz, even if the signal is differential
+        if self.sysclk <= 250 * MHz:
+            self.regs[4] |= ADF5356_REG4_REF_MODE(0)
+        else:
+            self.regs[4] |= ADF5356_REG4_REF_MODE(1)
+
+        # phase detector polarity: positive
+        self.regs[4] |= ADF5356_REG4_PD_POLARITY(1)
+
+        # charge pump current: 0.94 mA
+        self.regs[4] |= ADF5356_REG4_CURRENT_SETTING(2)
+
+        # MUXOUT: digital lock detect
+        self.regs[4] |= ADF5356_REG4_MUX_LOGIC(1)  # 3v3 logic
+        self.regs[4] |= ADF5356_REG4_MUXOUT(6)
+
+        # setup reference path
+        if self.ref_doubler:
+            self.regs[4] |= ADF5356_REG4_R_DOUBLER(1)
+
+        if self.ref_divider:
+            self.regs[4] |= ADF5356_REG4_R_DIVIDER(1)
+
+        r = self._compute_reference_counter()
+        self.regs[4] |= ADF5356_REG4_R_COUNTER(r)
+
+        # REG5
+        # ====
+
+        # reserved values
+        self.regs[5] = int32(0x800025)
+
+        # REG6
+        # ====
+
+        # reserved values
+        self.regs[6] = int32(0x14000006)
+
+        # enable negative bleed
+        self.regs[6] |= ADF5356_REG6_NEGATIVE_BLEED(1)
+
+        # charge pump bleed current
+        self.regs[6] |= ADF5356_REG6_CP_BLEED_CURRENT(
+            int32(floor(24 * self.f_pfd() / (61.44 * MHz)))
+        )
+
+        # direct feedback from VCO to N counter
+        self.regs[6] |= ADF5356_REG6_FB_SELECT(1)
+
+        # mute until the PLL is locked
+        self.regs[6] |= ADF5356_REG6_MUTE_TILL_LD(1)
+
+        # enable output A
+        self.regs[6] |= ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_ENABLE(1)
+
+        # set output A power to max power, is adjusted by extra attenuator
+        self.regs[6] |= ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_POWER(3)  # +5 dBm
+
+        # REG7
+        # ====
+
+        # reserved values
+        self.regs[7] = int32(0x10000007)
+
+        # sync load-enable to reference
+        self.regs[7] |= ADF5356_REG7_LE_SYNC(1)
+
+        # frac-N lock-detect precision: 12 ns
+        self.regs[7] |= ADF5356_REG7_FRAC_N_LD_PRECISION(3)
+
+        # REG8
+        # ====
+
+        # reserved values
+        self.regs[8] = int32(0x102D0428)
+
+        # REG9
+        # ====
+
+        # default timeouts (from eval software)
+        self.regs[9] |= (
+            ADF5356_REG9_SYNTH_LOCK_TIMEOUT(13)
+            | ADF5356_REG9_AUTOCAL_TIMEOUT(31)
+            | ADF5356_REG9_TIMEOUT(0x67)
+        )
+
+        self.regs[9] |= ADF5356_REG9_VCO_BAND_DIVISION(
+            int32(ceil(self.f_pfd() / 160e3))
+        )
+
+        # REG10
+        # =====
+
+        # reserved values
+        self.regs[10] = int32(0xC0000A)
+
+        # ADC defaults (from eval software)
+        self.regs[10] |= (
+            ADF5356_REG10_ADC_ENABLE(1)
+            | ADF5356_REG10_ADC_CLK_DIV(256)
+            | ADF5356_REG10_ADC_CONV(1)
+        )
+
+        # REG11
+        # =====
+
+        # reserved values
+        self.regs[11] = int32(0x61200B)
+
+        # REG12
+        # =====
+
+        # reserved values
+        self.regs[12] = int32(0x15FC)
+
+    @portable
+    def _compute_pfd_frequency(self, r, d, t) -> TInt64:
+        """
+        Calculate the PFD frequency from the given reference path parameters
+        """
+        return int64(self.sysclk * ((1 + d) / (r * (1 + t))))
+
+    @portable
+    def _compute_reference_counter(self) -> TInt32:
+        """
+        Determine the reference counter R that maximizes the PFD frequency
+        """
+        d = ADF5356_REG4_R_DOUBLER_GET(self.regs[4])
+        t = ADF5356_REG4_R_DIVIDER_GET(self.regs[4])
+        r = 1
+        while self._compute_pfd_frequency(r, d, t) > ADF5356_MAX_FREQ_PFD:
+            r += 1
+        return int32(r)
+
+
+@portable
+def gcd(a, b):
+    while b:
+        a, b = b, a % b
+    return a
+
+
+@portable
+def split_msb_lsb_28b(v):
+    return int32((v >> 14) & 0x3FFF), int32(v & 0x3FFF)
+
+
+@portable
+def calculate_pll(f_vco: TInt64, f_pfd: TInt64):
+    """
+    Calculate fractional-N PLL parameters such that
+
+    ``f_vco`` = ``f_pfd`` * (``n`` + (``frac1`` + ``frac2``/``mod2``) / ``mod1``)
+
+    where
+        ``mod1 = 2**24`` and ``mod2 <= 2**28``
+
+    :param f_vco: target VCO frequency
+    :param f_pfd: PFD frequency
+    :return: ``(n, frac1, (frac2_msb, frac2_lsb), (mod2_msb, mod2_lsb))``
+    """
+    f_pfd = int64(f_pfd)
+    f_vco = int64(f_vco)
+
+    # integral part
+    n, r = int32(f_vco // f_pfd), f_vco % f_pfd
+
+    # main fractional part
+    r *= ADF5356_MODULUS1
+    frac1, frac2 = int32(r // f_pfd), r % f_pfd
+
+    # auxiliary fractional part
+    mod2 = f_pfd
+
+    while mod2 > ADF5356_MAX_MODULUS2:
+        mod2 >>= 1
+        frac2 >>= 1
+
+    gcd_div = gcd(frac2, mod2)
+    mod2 //= gcd_div
+    frac2 //= gcd_div
+
+    return n, frac1, split_msb_lsb_28b(frac2), split_msb_lsb_28b(mod2)

artiq/coredevice/adf5356_reg.py

@@ -0,0 +1,642 @@
+# auto-generated, do not edit
+from artiq.language.core import portable
+from artiq.language.types import TInt32
+from numpy import int32
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG0_AUTOCAL_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 21) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG0_AUTOCAL(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 21)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG0_AUTOCAL_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 21)) | ((x & 0x1) << 21))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG0_INT_VALUE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 4) & 0xffff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG0_INT_VALUE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0xffff) << 4)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG0_INT_VALUE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0xffff << 4)) | ((x & 0xffff) << 4))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG0_PRESCALER_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 20) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG0_PRESCALER(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 20)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG0_PRESCALER_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 20)) | ((x & 0x1) << 20))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG1_MAIN_FRAC_VALUE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 4) & 0xffffff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG1_MAIN_FRAC_VALUE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0xffffff) << 4)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG1_MAIN_FRAC_VALUE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0xffffff << 4)) | ((x & 0xffffff) << 4))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG2_AUX_FRAC_LSB_VALUE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 18) & 0x3fff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG2_AUX_FRAC_LSB_VALUE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x3fff) << 18)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG2_AUX_FRAC_LSB_VALUE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x3fff << 18)) | ((x & 0x3fff) << 18))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG2_AUX_MOD_LSB_VALUE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 4) & 0x3fff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG2_AUX_MOD_LSB_VALUE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x3fff) << 4)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG2_AUX_MOD_LSB_VALUE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x3fff << 4)) | ((x & 0x3fff) << 4))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_PHASE_ADJUST_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 28) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_PHASE_ADJUST(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 28)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_PHASE_ADJUST_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 28)) | ((x & 0x1) << 28))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_PHASE_RESYNC_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 29) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_PHASE_RESYNC(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 29)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_PHASE_RESYNC_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 29)) | ((x & 0x1) << 29))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_PHASE_VALUE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 4) & 0xffffff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_PHASE_VALUE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0xffffff) << 4)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_PHASE_VALUE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0xffffff << 4)) | ((x & 0xffffff) << 4))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_SD_LOAD_RESET_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 30) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_SD_LOAD_RESET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 30)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG3_SD_LOAD_RESET_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 30)) | ((x & 0x1) << 30))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_COUNTER_RESET_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 4) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_COUNTER_RESET(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 4)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_COUNTER_RESET_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 4)) | ((x & 0x1) << 4))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_CP_THREE_STATE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 5) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_CP_THREE_STATE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 5)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_CP_THREE_STATE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 5)) | ((x & 0x1) << 5))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_CURRENT_SETTING_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 10) & 0xf)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_CURRENT_SETTING(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0xf) << 10)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_CURRENT_SETTING_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0xf << 10)) | ((x & 0xf) << 10))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_DOUBLE_BUFF_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 14) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_DOUBLE_BUFF(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 14)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_DOUBLE_BUFF_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 14)) | ((x & 0x1) << 14))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_MUX_LOGIC_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 8) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_MUX_LOGIC(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 8)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_MUX_LOGIC_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 8)) | ((x & 0x1) << 8))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_MUXOUT_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 27) & 0x7)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_MUXOUT(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x7) << 27)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_MUXOUT_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x7 << 27)) | ((x & 0x7) << 27))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_PD_POLARITY_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 7) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_PD_POLARITY(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 7)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_PD_POLARITY_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 7)) | ((x & 0x1) << 7))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_POWER_DOWN_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 6) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_POWER_DOWN(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 6)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_POWER_DOWN_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 6)) | ((x & 0x1) << 6))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_R_COUNTER_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 15) & 0x3ff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_R_COUNTER(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x3ff) << 15)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_R_COUNTER_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x3ff << 15)) | ((x & 0x3ff) << 15))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_R_DIVIDER_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 25) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_R_DIVIDER(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 25)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_R_DIVIDER_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 25)) | ((x & 0x1) << 25))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_R_DOUBLER_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 26) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_R_DOUBLER(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 26)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_R_DOUBLER_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 26)) | ((x & 0x1) << 26))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_REF_MODE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 9) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_REF_MODE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 9)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG4_REF_MODE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 9)) | ((x & 0x1) << 9))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_BLEED_POLARITY_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 31) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_BLEED_POLARITY(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 31)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_BLEED_POLARITY_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 31)) | ((x & 0x1) << 31))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_CP_BLEED_CURRENT_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 13) & 0xff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_CP_BLEED_CURRENT(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0xff) << 13)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_CP_BLEED_CURRENT_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0xff << 13)) | ((x & 0xff) << 13))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_FB_SELECT_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 24) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_FB_SELECT(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 24)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_FB_SELECT_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 24)) | ((x & 0x1) << 24))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_GATE_BLEED_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 30) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_GATE_BLEED(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 30)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_GATE_BLEED_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 30)) | ((x & 0x1) << 30))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_MUTE_TILL_LD_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 11) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_MUTE_TILL_LD(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 11)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_MUTE_TILL_LD_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 11)) | ((x & 0x1) << 11))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_NEGATIVE_BLEED_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 29) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_NEGATIVE_BLEED(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 29)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_NEGATIVE_BLEED_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 29)) | ((x & 0x1) << 29))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_DIVIDER_SELECT_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 21) & 0x7)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_DIVIDER_SELECT(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x7) << 21)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_DIVIDER_SELECT_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x7 << 21)) | ((x & 0x7) << 21))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_ENABLE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 6) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_ENABLE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 6)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_ENABLE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 6)) | ((x & 0x1) << 6))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_POWER_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 4) & 0x3)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_POWER(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x3) << 4)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_A_POWER_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x3 << 4)) | ((x & 0x3) << 4))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_B_ENABLE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 10) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_B_ENABLE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 10)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG6_RF_OUTPUT_B_ENABLE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 10)) | ((x & 0x1) << 10))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_FRAC_N_LD_PRECISION_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 5) & 0x3)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_FRAC_N_LD_PRECISION(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x3) << 5)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_FRAC_N_LD_PRECISION_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x3 << 5)) | ((x & 0x3) << 5))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LD_CYCLE_COUNT_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 8) & 0x3)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LD_CYCLE_COUNT(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x3) << 8)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LD_CYCLE_COUNT_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x3 << 8)) | ((x & 0x3) << 8))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LD_MODE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 4) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LD_MODE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 4)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LD_MODE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 4)) | ((x & 0x1) << 4))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LE_SEL_SYNC_EDGE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 27) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LE_SEL_SYNC_EDGE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 27)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LE_SEL_SYNC_EDGE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 27)) | ((x & 0x1) << 27))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LE_SYNC_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 25) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LE_SYNC(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 25)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LE_SYNC_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 25)) | ((x & 0x1) << 25))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LOL_MODE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 7) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LOL_MODE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 7)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG7_LOL_MODE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 7)) | ((x & 0x1) << 7))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_AUTOCAL_TIMEOUT_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 9) & 0x1f)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_AUTOCAL_TIMEOUT(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1f) << 9)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_AUTOCAL_TIMEOUT_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1f << 9)) | ((x & 0x1f) << 9))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_SYNTH_LOCK_TIMEOUT_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 4) & 0x1f)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_SYNTH_LOCK_TIMEOUT(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1f) << 4)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_SYNTH_LOCK_TIMEOUT_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1f << 4)) | ((x & 0x1f) << 4))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_TIMEOUT_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 14) & 0x3ff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_TIMEOUT(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x3ff) << 14)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_TIMEOUT_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x3ff << 14)) | ((x & 0x3ff) << 14))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_VCO_BAND_DIVISION_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 24) & 0xff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_VCO_BAND_DIVISION(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0xff) << 24)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG9_VCO_BAND_DIVISION_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0xff << 24)) | ((x & 0xff) << 24))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG10_ADC_CLK_DIV_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 6) & 0xff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG10_ADC_CLK_DIV(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0xff) << 6)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG10_ADC_CLK_DIV_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0xff << 6)) | ((x & 0xff) << 6))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG10_ADC_CONV_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 5) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG10_ADC_CONV(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 5)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG10_ADC_CONV_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 5)) | ((x & 0x1) << 5))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG10_ADC_ENABLE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 4) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG10_ADC_ENABLE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 4)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG10_ADC_ENABLE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 4)) | ((x & 0x1) << 4))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG11_VCO_BAND_HOLD_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 24) & 0x1)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG11_VCO_BAND_HOLD(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x1) << 24)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG11_VCO_BAND_HOLD_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x1 << 24)) | ((x & 0x1) << 24))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG12_PHASE_RESYNC_CLK_VALUE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 12) & 0xfffff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG12_PHASE_RESYNC_CLK_VALUE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0xfffff) << 12)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG12_PHASE_RESYNC_CLK_VALUE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0xfffff << 12)) | ((x & 0xfffff) << 12))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG13_AUX_FRAC_MSB_VALUE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 18) & 0x3fff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG13_AUX_FRAC_MSB_VALUE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x3fff) << 18)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG13_AUX_FRAC_MSB_VALUE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x3fff << 18)) | ((x & 0x3fff) << 18))
+
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG13_AUX_MOD_MSB_VALUE_GET(reg: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg >> 4) & 0x3fff)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG13_AUX_MOD_MSB_VALUE(x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((x & 0x3fff) << 4)
+
+@portable
+def ADF5356_REG13_AUX_MOD_MSB_VALUE_UPDATE(reg: TInt32, x: TInt32) -> TInt32:
+    return int32((reg & ~(0x3fff << 4)) | ((x & 0x3fff) << 4))
+
+ADF5356_NUM_REGS = 14

artiq/coredevice/almazny.py

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+from artiq.language.core import kernel, portable
+from artiq.language.units import us
+
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+# almazny-specific data
+ALMAZNY_LEGACY_REG_BASE = 0x0C
+ALMAZNY_LEGACY_OE_SHIFT = 12
+
+# higher SPI write divider to match almazny shift register timing 
+# min SER time before SRCLK rise = 125ns
+# -> div=32 gives 125ns for data before clock rise
+# works at faster dividers too but could be less reliable
+ALMAZNY_LEGACY_SPIT_WR = 32
+
+
+class AlmaznyLegacy:
+    """
+    Almazny (High frequency mezzanine board for Mirny)
+
+    This applies to Almazny hardware v1.1 and earlier.
+    Use :class:`artiq.coredevice.almazny.AlmaznyChannel` for Almazny v1.2 and later.
+
+    :param host_mirny: Mirny device Almazny is connected to
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, host_mirny):
+        self.mirny_cpld = dmgr.get(host_mirny)
+        self.att_mu = [0x3f] * 4
+        self.channel_sw = [0] * 4
+        self.output_enable = False
+
+    @kernel
+    def init(self):
+        self.output_toggle(self.output_enable)
+
+    @kernel
+    def att_to_mu(self, att):
+        """
+        Convert an attenuator setting in dB to machine units.
+
+        :param att: attenuator setting in dB [0-31.5]
+        :return: attenuator setting in machine units
+        """
+        mu = round(att * 2.0)
+        if mu > 63 or mu < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid Almazny attenuator settings!")
+        return mu
+
+    @kernel
+    def mu_to_att(self, att_mu):
+        """
+        Convert a digital attenuator setting to dB.
+
+        :param att_mu: attenuator setting in machine units
+        :return: attenuator setting in dB
+        """
+        return att_mu / 2
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_att(self, channel, att, rf_switch=True):
+        """
+        Sets attenuators on chosen shift register (channel).
+
+        :param channel: index of the register [0-3]
+        :param att: attenuation setting in dBm [0-31.5]
+        :param rf_switch: rf switch (bool)
+        """
+        self.set_att_mu(channel, self.att_to_mu(att), rf_switch)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_att_mu(self, channel, att_mu, rf_switch=True):
+        """
+        Sets attenuators on chosen shift register (channel).
+
+        :param channel: index of the register [0-3]
+        :param att_mu: attenuation setting in machine units [0-63]
+        :param rf_switch: rf switch (bool)
+        """
+        self.channel_sw[channel] = 1 if rf_switch else 0
+        self.att_mu[channel] = att_mu
+        self._update_register(channel)
+
+    @kernel
+    def output_toggle(self, oe):
+        """
+        Toggles output on all shift registers on or off.
+
+        :param oe: toggle output enable (bool)
+        """
+        self.output_enable = oe
+        cfg_reg = self.mirny_cpld.read_reg(1)
+        en = 1 if self.output_enable else 0
+        delay(100 * us)
+        new_reg = (en << ALMAZNY_LEGACY_OE_SHIFT) | (cfg_reg & 0x3FF)
+        self.mirny_cpld.write_reg(1, new_reg)
+        delay(100 * us)
+
+    @kernel
+    def _flip_mu_bits(self, mu):
+        # in this form MSB is actually 0.5dB attenuator
+        # unnatural for users, so we flip the six bits
+        return (((mu & 0x01) << 5)
+                | ((mu & 0x02) << 3) 
+                | ((mu & 0x04) << 1) 
+                | ((mu & 0x08) >> 1) 
+                | ((mu & 0x10) >> 3) 
+                | ((mu & 0x20) >> 5))
+
+    @kernel
+    def _update_register(self, ch):
+        self.mirny_cpld.write_ext(
+            ALMAZNY_LEGACY_REG_BASE + ch, 
+            8, 
+            self._flip_mu_bits(self.att_mu[ch]) | (self.channel_sw[ch] << 6), 
+            ALMAZNY_LEGACY_SPIT_WR
+        )
+        delay(100 * us)
+
+
+class AlmaznyChannel:
+    """
+    One Almazny channel
+    Almazny is a mezzanine for the Quad PLL RF source Mirny that exposes and
+    controls the frequency-doubled outputs.
+    This driver requires Almazny hardware revision v1.2 or later
+    and Mirny CPLD gateware v0.3 or later.
+    Use :class:`artiq.coredevice.almazny.AlmaznyLegacy` for Almazny hardware v1.1 and earlier.
+
+    :param host_mirny: Mirny CPLD device name
+    :param channel: channel index (0-3)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, host_mirny, channel):
+        self.channel = channel
+        self.mirny_cpld = dmgr.get(host_mirny)
+
+    @portable
+    def to_mu(self, att, enable, led):
+        """
+        Convert an attenuation in dB, RF switch state and LED state to machine
+        units.
+
+        :param att: attenuator setting in dB (0-31.5)
+        :param enable: RF switch state (bool)
+        :param led: LED state (bool)
+        :return: channel setting in machine units
+        """
+        mu = int32(round(att * 2.))
+        if mu >= 64 or mu < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Attenuation out of range")
+        # unfortunate hardware design: bit reverse
+        mu = ((mu & 0x15) << 1) | ((mu >> 1) & 0x15)
+        mu = ((mu & 0x03) << 4) | (mu & 0x0c) | ((mu >> 4) & 0x03)
+        if enable:
+          mu |= 1 << 6
+        if led:
+          mu |= 1 << 7
+        return mu
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_mu(self, mu):
+        """
+        Set channel state (machine units).
+
+        :param mu: channel state in machine units.
+        """
+        self.mirny_cpld.write_ext(
+            addr=0xc + self.channel, length=8, data=mu, ext_div=32)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set(self, att, enable, led=False):
+        """
+        Set attenuation, RF switch, and LED state (SI units).
+
+        :param att: attenuator setting in dB (0-31.5)
+        :param enable: RF switch state (bool)
+        :param led: LED state (bool)
+        """
+        self.set_mu(self.to_mu(att, enable, led))

artiq/coredevice/analyzer.py

@@ -1,404 +0,0 @@
-from operator import itemgetter
-from collections import namedtuple
-from itertools import count
-import struct
-import logging
-
-from artiq.protocols.analyzer import MessageType, ExceptionType
-
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-OutputMessage = namedtuple(
-    "OutputMessage", "channel timestamp rtio_counter address data")
-
-InputMessage = namedtuple(
-    "InputMessage", "channel timestamp rtio_counter data")
-
-ExceptionMessage = namedtuple(
-    "ExceptionMessage", "channel rtio_counter exception_type")
-
-StoppedMessage = namedtuple(
-    "StoppedMessage", "rtio_counter")
-
-
-def decode_message(data):
-    message_type_channel = struct.unpack(">I", data[28:32])[0]
-    message_type = MessageType(message_type_channel & 0b11)
-    channel = message_type_channel >> 2
-
-    if message_type == MessageType.output:
-        parts = struct.unpack(">QIQQ", data[:28])
-        data, address, rtio_counter, timestamp = parts
-        return OutputMessage(channel, timestamp, rtio_counter, address, data)
-    elif message_type == MessageType.input:
-        parts = struct.unpack(">QIQQ", data[:28])
-        data, _, rtio_counter, timestamp = parts
-        return InputMessage(channel, timestamp, rtio_counter, data)
-    elif message_type == MessageType.exception:
-        exception_type, rtio_counter = struct.unpack(">BQ", data[11:20])
-        return ExceptionMessage(channel, rtio_counter,
-                                ExceptionType(exception_type))
-    elif message_type == MessageType.stopped:
-        rtio_counter = struct.unpack(">Q", data[12:20])[0]
-        return StoppedMessage(rtio_counter)
-    else:
-        raise ValueError
-
-
-DecodedDump = namedtuple(
-    "DecodedDump", "log_channel dds_onehot_sel messages")
-
-
-def decode_dump(data):
-    parts = struct.unpack(">IQbbb", data[:15])
-    (sent_bytes, total_byte_count,
-     overflow_occured, log_channel, dds_onehot_sel) = parts
-
-    expected_len = sent_bytes + 15
-    if expected_len != len(data):
-        raise ValueError("analyzer dump has incorrect length "
-                         "(got {}, expected {})".format(
-                            len(data), expected_len))
-    if overflow_occured:
-        logger.warning("analyzer FIFO overflow occured, "
-                       "some messages have been lost")
-    if total_byte_count > sent_bytes:
-        logger.info("analyzer ring buffer has wrapped %d times",
-                    total_byte_count//sent_bytes)
-
-    position = 15
-    messages = []
-    for _ in range(sent_bytes//32):
-        messages.append(decode_message(data[position:position+32]))
-        position += 32
-    return DecodedDump(log_channel, bool(dds_onehot_sel), messages)
-
-
-def vcd_codes():
-    codechars = [chr(i) for i in range(33, 127)]
-    for n in count():
-        q, r = divmod(n, len(codechars))
-        code = codechars[r]
-        while q > 0:
-            q, r = divmod(q, len(codechars))
-            code = codechars[r] + code
-        yield code
-
-
-class VCDChannel:
-    def __init__(self, out, code):
-        self.out = out
-        self.code = code
-
-    def set_value(self, value):
-        if len(value) > 1:
-            self.out.write("b" + value + " " + self.code + "\n")
-        else:
-            self.out.write(value + self.code + "\n")
-
-    def set_value_double(self, x):
-        integer_cast = struct.unpack(">Q", struct.pack(">d", x))[0]
-        self.set_value("{:064b}".format(integer_cast))
-
-
-class VCDManager:
-    def __init__(self, fileobj):
-        self.out = fileobj
-        self.codes = vcd_codes()
-        self.current_time = None
-
-    def set_timescale_ps(self, timescale):
-        self.out.write("$timescale {}ps $end\n".format(round(timescale)))
-
-    def get_channel(self, name, width):
-        code = next(self.codes)
-        self.out.write("$var wire {width} {code} {name} $end\n"
-                       .format(name=name, code=code, width=width))
-        return VCDChannel(self.out, code)
-
-    def set_time(self, time):
-        if time != self.current_time:
-            self.out.write("#{}\n".format(time))
-            self.current_time = time
-
-
-class TTLHandler:
-    def __init__(self, vcd_manager, name):
-        self.name = name
-        self.channel_value = vcd_manager.get_channel("ttl/" + name, 1)
-        self.last_value = "X"
-        self.oe = True
-
-    def process_message(self, message):
-        if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
-            logger.debug("TTL write @%d %d to %d, name: %s",
-                message.timestamp, message.data, message.address, self.name)
-            if message.address == 0:
-                self.last_value = str(message.data)
-                if self.oe:
-                    self.channel_value.set_value(self.last_value)
-            elif message.address == 1:
-                self.oe = bool(message.data)
-                if self.oe:
-                    self.channel_value.set_value(self.last_value)
-                else:
-                    self.channel_value.set_value("X")
-        elif isinstance(message, InputMessage):
-            logger.debug("TTL read  @%d %d, name: %s",
-                message.timestamp, message.data, self.name)
-            self.channel_value.set_value(str(message.data))
-
-
-class TTLClockGenHandler:
-    def __init__(self, vcd_manager, name, ref_period):
-        self.name = name
-        self.ref_period = ref_period
-        self.channel_frequency = vcd_manager.get_channel(
-            "ttl_clkgen/" + name, 64)
-
-    def process_message(self, message):
-        if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
-            logger.debug("TTL_CLKGEN write @%d %d to %d, name: %s",
-                message.timestamp, message.data, message.address, self.name)
-            frequency = message.data/self.ref_period/2**24
-            self.channel_frequency.set_value_double(frequency)
-
-
-class DDSHandler:
-    def __init__(self, vcd_manager, dds_type, onehot_sel, sysclk):
-        self.vcd_manager = vcd_manager
-        self.dds_type = dds_type
-        self.onehot_sel = onehot_sel
-        self.sysclk = sysclk
-
-        self.selected_dds_channels = set()
-        self.dds_channels = dict()
-
-    def add_dds_channel(self, name, dds_channel_nr):
-        dds_channel = dict()
-        dds_channel["vcd_frequency"] = \
-            self.vcd_manager.get_channel("dds/" + name + "/frequency", 64)
-        dds_channel["vcd_phase"] = \
-            self.vcd_manager.get_channel("dds/" + name + "/phase", 64)
-        if self.dds_type == "AD9858":
-            dds_channel["ftw"] = [None, None, None, None]
-            dds_channel["pow"] = [None, None]
-        elif self.dds_type == "AD9914":
-            dds_channel["ftw"] = [None, None]
-            dds_channel["pow"] = None
-        self.dds_channels[dds_channel_nr] = dds_channel
-
-    def _gpio_to_channels(self, gpio):
-        gpio >>= 1  # strip reset
-        if self.onehot_sel:
-            r = set()
-            nr = 0
-            mask = 1
-            while gpio >= mask:
-                if gpio & mask:
-                    r.add(nr)
-                nr += 1
-                mask *= 2
-            return r
-        else:
-            return {gpio}
-
-    def _decode_ad9858_write(self, message):
-        if message.address == 0x41:
-            self.selected_dds_channels = self._gpio_to_channels(message.data)
-        for dds_channel_nr in self.selected_dds_channels:
-            dds_channel = self.dds_channels[dds_channel_nr]
-            if message.address in range(0x0a, 0x0e):
-                dds_channel["ftw"][message.address - 0x0a] = message.data
-            elif message.address in range(0x0e, 0x10):
-                dds_channel["pow"][message.address - 0x0e] = message.data
-            elif message.address == 0x40:  # FUD
-                if None not in dds_channel["ftw"]:
-                    ftw = sum(x << i*8
-                              for i, x in enumerate(dds_channel["ftw"]))
-                    frequency = ftw*self.sysclk/2**32
-                    dds_channel["vcd_frequency"].set_value_double(frequency)
-                if None not in dds_channel["pow"]:
-                    pow = dds_channel["pow"][0] | (dds_channel["pow"][1] & 0x3f) << 8
-                    phase = pow/2**14
-                    dds_channel["vcd_phase"].set_value_double(phase)
-
-    def _decode_ad9914_write(self, message):
-        if message.address == 0x81:
-            self.selected_dds_channels = self._gpio_to_channels(message.data)
-        for dds_channel_nr in self.selected_dds_channels:
-            dds_channel = self.dds_channels[dds_channel_nr]
-            if message.address == 0x2d:
-                dds_channel["ftw"][0] = message.data
-            elif message.address == 0x2f:
-                dds_channel["ftw"][1] = message.data
-            elif message.address == 0x31:
-                dds_channel["pow"] = message.data
-            elif message.address == 0x80:  # FUD
-                if None not in dds_channel["ftw"]:
-                    ftw = sum(x << i*16
-                              for i, x in enumerate(dds_channel["ftw"]))
-                    frequency = ftw*self.sysclk/2**32
-                    dds_channel["vcd_frequency"].set_value_double(frequency)
-                if dds_channel["pow"] is not None:
-                    phase = dds_channel["pow"]/2**16
-                    dds_channel["vcd_phase"].set_value_double(phase)
-
-    def process_message(self, message):
-        if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
-            logger.debug("DDS write @%d 0x%04x to 0x%02x, selected channels: %s",
-                         message.timestamp, message.data, message.address,
-                         self.selected_dds_channels)
-            if self.dds_type == "AD9858":
-                self._decode_ad9858_write(message)
-            elif self.dds_type == "AD9914":
-                self._decode_ad9914_write(message)
-
-
-def _extract_log_chars(data):
-    r = ""
-    for i in range(4):
-        n = data >> 24
-        data = (data << 8) & 0xffffffff
-        if not n:
-            return r
-        r += chr(n)
-    return r
-
-
-class LogHandler:
-    def __init__(self, vcd_manager, vcd_log_channels):
-        self.vcd_channels = dict()
-        for name, maxlength in vcd_log_channels.items():
-            self.vcd_channels[name] = vcd_manager.get_channel("log/" + name,
-                                                              maxlength*8)
-        self.current_entry = ""
-
-    def process_message(self, message):
-        if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
-            self.current_entry += _extract_log_chars(message.data)
-            if len(self.current_entry) > 1 and self.current_entry[-1] == "\x1D":
-                channel_name, log_message = self.current_entry[:-1].split("\x1E", maxsplit=1)
-                vcd_value = ""
-                for c in log_message:
-                    vcd_value += "{:08b}".format(ord(c))
-                self.vcd_channels[channel_name].set_value(vcd_value)
-                self.current_entry = ""
-
-
-def get_vcd_log_channels(log_channel, messages):
-    vcd_log_channels = dict()
-    log_entry = ""
-    for message in messages:
-        if (isinstance(message, OutputMessage)
-                and message.channel == log_channel):
-            log_entry += _extract_log_chars(message.data)
-            if len(log_entry) > 1 and log_entry[-1] == "\x1D":
-                channel_name, log_message = log_entry[:-1].split("\x1E", maxsplit=1)
-                l = len(log_message)
-                if channel_name in vcd_log_channels:
-                    if vcd_log_channels[channel_name] < l:
-                        vcd_log_channels[channel_name] = l
-                else:
-                    vcd_log_channels[channel_name] = l
-                log_entry = ""
-    return vcd_log_channels
-
-
-def get_single_device_argument(devices, module, cls, argument):
-    ref_period = None
-    for desc in devices.values():
-        if isinstance(desc, dict) and desc["type"] == "local":
-            if (desc["module"] == module
-                    and desc["class"] == cls):
-                if ref_period is None:
-                    ref_period = desc["arguments"][argument]
-                else:
-                    return None  # more than one device found
-    return ref_period
-
-
-def get_ref_period(devices):
-    return get_single_device_argument(devices, "artiq.coredevice.core",
-                                      "Core", "ref_period")
-
-
-def get_dds_sysclk(devices):
-    return get_single_device_argument(devices, "artiq.coredevice.dds",
-                                      "CoreDDS", "sysclk")
-
-
-def create_channel_handlers(vcd_manager, devices, ref_period,
-                            dds_sysclk, dds_onehot_sel):
-    channel_handlers = dict()
-    for name, desc in sorted(devices.items(), key=itemgetter(0)):
-        if isinstance(desc, dict) and desc["type"] == "local":
-            if (desc["module"] == "artiq.coredevice.ttl"
-                    and desc["class"] in {"TTLOut", "TTLInOut"}):
-                channel = desc["arguments"]["channel"]
-                channel_handlers[channel] = TTLHandler(vcd_manager, name)
-            if (desc["module"] == "artiq.coredevice.ttl"
-                    and desc["class"] == "TTLClockGen"):
-                channel = desc["arguments"]["channel"]
-                channel_handlers[channel] = TTLClockGenHandler(vcd_manager, name, ref_period)
-            if (desc["module"] == "artiq.coredevice.dds"
-                    and desc["class"] in {"AD9858", "AD9914"}):
-                dds_bus_channel = desc["arguments"]["bus_channel"]
-                dds_channel = desc["arguments"]["channel"]
-                if dds_bus_channel in channel_handlers:
-                    dds_handler = channel_handlers[dds_bus_channel]
-                    if dds_handler.dds_type != desc["class"]:
-                        raise ValueError("All DDS channels must have the same type")
-                else:
-                    dds_handler = DDSHandler(vcd_manager, desc["class"],
-                        dds_onehot_sel, dds_sysclk)
-                    channel_handlers[dds_bus_channel] = dds_handler
-                dds_handler.add_dds_channel(name, dds_channel)
-    return channel_handlers
-
-
-def get_message_time(message):
-    return getattr(message, "timestamp", message.rtio_counter)
-
-
-def decoded_dump_to_vcd(fileobj, devices, dump):
-    vcd_manager = VCDManager(fileobj)
-    ref_period = get_ref_period(devices)
-    if ref_period is not None:
-        vcd_manager.set_timescale_ps(ref_period*1e12)
-    else:
-        logger.warning("unable to determine core device ref_period")
-        ref_period = 1e-9  # guess
-    dds_sysclk = get_dds_sysclk(devices)
-    if dds_sysclk is None:
-        logger.warning("unable to determine DDS sysclk")
-        dds_sysclk = 3e9  # guess
-
-    if isinstance(dump.messages[-1], StoppedMessage):
-        messages = dump.messages[:-1]
-    else:
-        logger.warning("StoppedMessage missing")
-        messages = dump.messages
-    messages = sorted(messages, key=get_message_time)
-
-    channel_handlers = create_channel_handlers(
-        vcd_manager, devices, ref_period,
-        dds_sysclk, dump.dds_onehot_sel)
-    vcd_log_channels = get_vcd_log_channels(dump.log_channel, messages)
-    channel_handlers[dump.log_channel] = LogHandler(
-        vcd_manager, vcd_log_channels)
-    slack = vcd_manager.get_channel("rtio_slack", 64)
-
-    vcd_manager.set_time(0)
-    if messages:
-        start_time = get_message_time(messages[0])
-        for message in messages:
-            if message.channel in channel_handlers:
-                vcd_manager.set_time(
-                    get_message_time(message) - start_time)
-                channel_handlers[message.channel].process_message(message)
-                if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
-                    slack.set_value_double(
-                        (message.timestamp - message.rtio_counter)*ref_period)

artiq/coredevice/cache.py

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ from artiq.language.core import *
 from artiq.language.types import *
 
 
-@syscall(flags={"nounwind", "nowrite"})
+@syscall(flags={"nounwind"})
 def cache_get(key: TStr) -> TList(TInt32):
     raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
 
-@syscall(flags={"nowrite"})
+@syscall
 def cache_put(key: TStr, value: TList(TInt32)) -> TNone:
     raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
 

artiq/coredevice/comm_analyzer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,778 @@
+from operator import itemgetter
+from collections import namedtuple
+from itertools import count
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from sipyco import keepalive
+import asyncio
+from enum import Enum
+import struct
+import logging
+import socket
+import math
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+DEFAULT_REF_PERIOD = 1e-9
+ANALYZER_MAGIC = b"ARTIQ Analyzer Proxy\n"
+
+
+class MessageType(Enum):
+    output = 0b00
+    input = 0b01
+    exception = 0b10
+    stopped = 0b11
+
+
+class ExceptionType(Enum):
+    legacy_reset = 0b000000
+    legacy_reset_falling = 0b000001
+    legacy_reset_phy = 0b000010
+    legacy_reset_phy_falling = 0b000011
+    legacy_o_underflow_reset = 0b010000
+    legacy_o_sequence_error_reset = 0b010001
+    legacy_o_collision_reset = 0b010010
+    legacy_i_overflow_reset = 0b100000
+    legacy_o_sequence_error = 0b010101
+
+    o_underflow = 0b010100
+
+    i_overflow = 0b100001
+
+
+class WaveformType(Enum):
+    ANALOG = 0
+    BIT = 1
+    VECTOR = 2
+    LOG = 3
+
+
+def get_analyzer_dump(host, port=1382):
+    sock = socket.create_connection((host, port))
+    try:
+        r = bytes()
+        while True:
+            buf = sock.recv(8192)
+            if not buf:
+                break
+            r += buf
+    finally:
+        sock.close()
+    return r
+
+
+OutputMessage = namedtuple(
+    "OutputMessage", "channel timestamp rtio_counter address data")
+
+InputMessage = namedtuple(
+    "InputMessage", "channel timestamp rtio_counter data")
+
+ExceptionMessage = namedtuple(
+    "ExceptionMessage", "channel rtio_counter exception_type")
+
+StoppedMessage = namedtuple(
+    "StoppedMessage", "rtio_counter")
+
+
+def decode_message(data):
+    message_type_channel = struct.unpack(">I", data[28:32])[0]
+    message_type = MessageType(message_type_channel & 0b11)
+    channel = message_type_channel >> 2
+
+    if message_type == MessageType.output:
+        parts = struct.unpack(">QIQQ", data[:28])
+        data, address, rtio_counter, timestamp = parts
+        return OutputMessage(channel, timestamp, rtio_counter, address, data)
+    elif message_type == MessageType.input:
+        parts = struct.unpack(">QIQQ", data[:28])
+        data, _, rtio_counter, timestamp = parts
+        return InputMessage(channel, timestamp, rtio_counter, data)
+    elif message_type == MessageType.exception:
+        exception_type, rtio_counter = struct.unpack(">BQ", data[11:20])
+        return ExceptionMessage(channel, rtio_counter,
+                                ExceptionType(exception_type))
+    elif message_type == MessageType.stopped:
+        rtio_counter = struct.unpack(">Q", data[12:20])[0]
+        return StoppedMessage(rtio_counter)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError
+
+
+DecodedDump = namedtuple(
+    "DecodedDump", "log_channel dds_onehot_sel messages")
+
+
+def decode_dump(data):
+    # extract endian byte
+    if data[0] == ord('E'):
+        endian = '>'
+    elif data[0] == ord('e'):
+        endian = '<'
+    else:
+        raise ValueError
+    data = data[1:]
+    # only header is device endian
+    # messages are big endian
+    parts = struct.unpack(endian + "IQbbb", data[:15])
+    (sent_bytes, total_byte_count,
+     error_occurred, log_channel, dds_onehot_sel) = parts
+
+    logger.debug("analyzer dump has length %d", sent_bytes)
+
+    expected_len = sent_bytes + 15
+    if expected_len != len(data):
+        raise ValueError("analyzer dump has incorrect length "
+                         "(got {}, expected {})".format(
+                            len(data), expected_len))
+    if error_occurred:
+        logger.warning("error occurred within the analyzer, "
+                       "data may be corrupted")
+    if total_byte_count > sent_bytes:
+        logger.info("analyzer ring buffer has wrapped %d times",
+                    total_byte_count//sent_bytes)
+    if sent_bytes == 0:
+        logger.warning("analyzer dump is empty")
+
+    position = 15
+    messages = []
+    for _ in range(sent_bytes//32):
+        messages.append(decode_message(data[position:position+32]))
+        position += 32
+
+    if len(messages) == 1 and isinstance(messages[0], StoppedMessage):
+        logger.warning("analyzer dump is empty aside from stop message")
+
+    return DecodedDump(log_channel, bool(dds_onehot_sel), messages)
+
+
+# simplified from sipyco broadcast Receiver
+class AnalyzerProxyReceiver:
+    def __init__(self, receive_cb, disconnect_cb=None):
+        self.receive_cb = receive_cb
+        self.disconnect_cb = disconnect_cb
+
+    async def connect(self, host, port):
+        self.reader, self.writer = \
+            await keepalive.async_open_connection(host, port)
+        try:
+            line = await self.reader.readline()
+            assert line == ANALYZER_MAGIC
+            self.receive_task = asyncio.create_task(self._receive_cr())
+        except:
+            self.writer.close()
+            del self.reader
+            del self.writer
+            raise
+
+    async def close(self):
+        self.disconnect_cb = None
+        try:
+            self.receive_task.cancel()
+            try:
+                await self.receive_task
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                pass
+        finally:
+            self.writer.close()
+            del self.reader
+            del self.writer
+
+    async def _receive_cr(self):
+        try:
+            while True:
+                endian_byte = await self.reader.read(1)
+                if endian_byte == b"E":
+                    endian = '>'
+                elif endian_byte == b"e":
+                    endian = '<'
+                elif endian_byte == b"":
+                    # EOF reached, connection lost
+                    return
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError
+                payload_length_word = await self.reader.readexactly(4)
+                payload_length = struct.unpack(endian + "I", payload_length_word)[0]
+                if payload_length > 10 * 512 * 1024:
+                    # 10x buffer size of firmware
+                    raise ValueError
+
+                # The remaining header length is 11 bytes.
+                remaining_data = await self.reader.readexactly(payload_length + 11)
+                data = endian_byte + payload_length_word + remaining_data
+                self.receive_cb(data)
+        except Exception:
+            logger.error("analyzer receiver connection terminating with exception", exc_info=True)
+        finally:
+            if self.disconnect_cb is not None:
+                self.disconnect_cb()
+
+
+def vcd_codes():
+    codechars = [chr(i) for i in range(33, 127)]
+    for n in count():
+        q, r = divmod(n, len(codechars))
+        code = codechars[r]
+        while q > 0:
+            q, r = divmod(q, len(codechars))
+            code = codechars[r] + code
+        yield code
+
+
+class VCDChannel:
+    def __init__(self, out, code):
+        self.out = out
+        self.code = code
+
+    def set_value(self, value):
+        if len(value) > 1:
+            self.out.write("b" + value + " " + self.code + "\n")
+        else:
+            self.out.write(value + self.code + "\n")
+
+    def set_value_double(self, x):
+        integer_cast = struct.unpack(">Q", struct.pack(">d", x))[0]
+        self.set_value("{:064b}".format(integer_cast))
+
+    def set_log(self, log_message):
+        value = ""
+        for c in log_message:
+            value += "{:08b}".format(ord(c))
+        self.set_value(value)
+
+
+class VCDManager:
+    def __init__(self, fileobj):
+        self.out = fileobj
+        self.codes = vcd_codes()
+        self.current_time = None
+        self.start_time = 0
+
+    def set_timescale_ps(self, timescale):
+        self.out.write("$timescale {}ps $end\n".format(round(timescale)))
+
+    def get_channel(self, name, width, ty, precision=0, unit=""):
+        code = next(self.codes)
+        self.out.write("$var wire {width} {code} {name} $end\n"
+                       .format(name=name, code=code, width=width))
+        return VCDChannel(self.out, code)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def scope(self, scope, name):
+        self.out.write("$scope module {}/{} $end\n".format(scope, name))
+        yield
+        self.out.write("$upscope $end\n")
+
+    def set_time(self, time):
+        time -= self.start_time
+        if time != self.current_time:
+            self.out.write("#{}\n".format(time))
+            self.current_time = time
+
+    def set_start_time(self, time):
+        self.start_time = time
+
+    def set_end_time(self, time):
+        pass
+
+
+class WaveformManager:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.current_time = 0
+        self.start_time = 0
+        self.end_time = 0
+        self.channels = list()
+        self.current_scope = ""
+        self.trace = {"timescale": 1, "stopped_x": None, "logs": dict(), "data": dict()}
+
+    def set_timescale_ps(self, timescale):
+        self.trace["timescale"] = int(timescale)
+
+    def get_channel(self, name, width, ty, precision=0, unit=""):
+        if ty == WaveformType.LOG:
+            self.trace["logs"][self.current_scope + name] = (ty, width, precision, unit)
+        data = self.trace["data"][self.current_scope + name] = list()
+        channel = WaveformChannel(data, self.current_time)
+        self.channels.append(channel)
+        return channel
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def scope(self, scope, name):
+        old_scope = self.current_scope
+        self.current_scope = scope + "/"
+        yield
+        self.current_scope = old_scope
+
+    def set_time(self, time):
+        time -= self.start_time
+        for channel in self.channels:
+            channel.set_time(time)
+
+    def set_start_time(self, time):
+        self.start_time = time
+        if self.trace["stopped_x"] is not None:
+            self.trace["stopped_x"] = self.end_time - self.start_time
+
+    def set_end_time(self, time):
+        self.end_time = time
+        self.trace["stopped_x"] = self.end_time - self.start_time
+
+
+class WaveformChannel:
+    def __init__(self, data, current_time):
+        self.data = data
+        self.current_time = current_time
+
+    def set_value(self, value):
+        self.data.append((self.current_time, value))
+
+    def set_value_double(self, x):
+        self.data.append((self.current_time, x))
+
+    def set_time(self, time):
+        self.current_time = time
+
+    def set_log(self, log_message):
+        self.data.append((self.current_time, log_message))
+
+
+class ChannelSignatureManager:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.current_scope = ""
+        self.channels = dict()
+
+    def get_channel(self, name, width, ty, precision=0, unit=""):
+        self.channels[self.current_scope + name] = (ty, width, precision, unit)
+        return None
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def scope(self, scope, name):
+        old_scope = self.current_scope
+        self.current_scope = scope + "/"
+        yield
+        self.current_scope = old_scope
+
+
+class TTLHandler:
+    def __init__(self, manager, name):
+        self.name = name
+        self.channel_value = manager.get_channel("ttl/" + name, 1, ty=WaveformType.BIT)
+        self.last_value = "X"
+        self.oe = True
+
+    def process_message(self, message):
+        if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
+            logger.debug("TTL write @%d %d to %d, name: %s",
+                message.timestamp, message.data, message.address, self.name)
+            if message.address == 0:
+                self.last_value = str(message.data)
+                if self.oe:
+                    self.channel_value.set_value(self.last_value)
+            elif message.address == 1:
+                self.oe = bool(message.data)
+                if self.oe:
+                    self.channel_value.set_value(self.last_value)
+                else:
+                    self.channel_value.set_value("X")
+        elif isinstance(message, InputMessage):
+            logger.debug("TTL read  @%d %d, name: %s",
+                message.timestamp, message.data, self.name)
+            self.channel_value.set_value(str(message.data))
+
+
+class TTLClockGenHandler:
+    def __init__(self, manager, name, ref_period):
+        self.name = name
+        self.ref_period = ref_period
+        precision = max(0, math.ceil(math.log10(2**24 * ref_period) + 6))
+        self.channel_frequency = manager.get_channel(
+            "ttl_clkgen/" + name, 64, ty=WaveformType.ANALOG, precision=precision, unit="MHz")
+
+    def process_message(self, message):
+        if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
+            logger.debug("TTL_CLKGEN write @%d %d to %d, name: %s",
+                message.timestamp, message.data, message.address, self.name)
+            frequency = message.data/self.ref_period/2**24
+            self.channel_frequency.set_value_double(frequency)
+
+
+class DDSHandler:
+    def __init__(self, manager, onehot_sel, sysclk):
+        self.manager = manager
+        self.onehot_sel = onehot_sel
+        self.sysclk = sysclk
+
+        self.selected_dds_channels = set()
+        self.dds_channels = dict()
+
+    def add_dds_channel(self, name, dds_channel_nr):
+        dds_channel = dict()
+        frequency_precision = max(0, math.ceil(math.log10(2**32 / self.sysclk) + 6))
+        phase_precision = max(0, math.ceil(math.log10(2**16)))
+        with self.manager.scope("dds", name):
+            dds_channel["vcd_frequency"] = \
+                self.manager.get_channel(name + "/frequency", 64, 
+                                         ty=WaveformType.ANALOG, 
+                                         precision=frequency_precision,
+                                         unit="MHz")
+            dds_channel["vcd_phase"] = \
+                self.manager.get_channel(name + "/phase", 64, 
+                                         ty=WaveformType.ANALOG,
+                                         precision=phase_precision)
+        dds_channel["ftw"] = [None, None]
+        dds_channel["pow"] = None
+        self.dds_channels[dds_channel_nr] = dds_channel
+
+    def _gpio_to_channels(self, gpio):
+        gpio >>= 1  # strip reset
+        if self.onehot_sel:
+            r = set()
+            nr = 0
+            mask = 1
+            while gpio >= mask:
+                if gpio & mask:
+                    r.add(nr)
+                nr += 1
+                mask *= 2
+            return r
+        else:
+            return {gpio}
+
+    def _decode_ad9914_write(self, message):
+        if message.address == 0x81:
+            self.selected_dds_channels = self._gpio_to_channels(message.data)
+        for dds_channel_nr in self.selected_dds_channels:
+            dds_channel = self.dds_channels[dds_channel_nr]
+            if message.address == 0x11:
+                dds_channel["ftw"][0] = message.data
+            elif message.address == 0x13:
+                dds_channel["ftw"][1] = message.data
+            elif message.address == 0x31:
+                dds_channel["pow"] = message.data
+            elif message.address == 0x80:  # FUD
+                if None not in dds_channel["ftw"]:
+                    ftw = sum(x << i*16
+                              for i, x in enumerate(dds_channel["ftw"]))
+                    frequency = ftw*self.sysclk/2**32
+                    dds_channel["vcd_frequency"].set_value_double(frequency)
+                if dds_channel["pow"] is not None:
+                    phase = dds_channel["pow"]/2**16
+                    dds_channel["vcd_phase"].set_value_double(phase)
+
+    def process_message(self, message):
+        if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
+            logger.debug("DDS write @%d 0x%04x to 0x%02x, selected channels: %s",
+                         message.timestamp, message.data, message.address,
+                         self.selected_dds_channels)
+            self._decode_ad9914_write(message)
+
+
+class WishboneHandler:
+    def __init__(self, manager, name, read_bit):
+        self._reads = []
+        self._read_bit = read_bit
+        self.stb = manager.get_channel(name + "/stb", 1, ty=WaveformType.BIT)
+
+    def process_message(self, message):
+        self.stb.set_value("1")
+        self.stb.set_value("0")
+        if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
+            logger.debug("Wishbone out @%d adr=0x%02x data=0x%08x",
+                         message.timestamp, message.address, message.data)
+            if message.address & self._read_bit:
+                read = self._reads.pop(0)
+                self.process_read(
+                        message.address & ~self._read_bit,
+                        read.data,
+                        read.rtio_counter - message.timestamp)
+            else:
+                self.process_write(message.address,
+                        message.data)
+        if isinstance(message, InputMessage):
+            logger.debug("Wishbone in @%d data=0x%08x",
+                         message.rtio_counter, message.data)
+            self._reads.append(message)
+
+    def process_write(self, address, data):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def process_read(self, address, data, read_slack):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class SPIMasterHandler(WishboneHandler):
+    def __init__(self, manager, name):
+        self.channels = {}
+        self.scope = "spi"
+        with manager.scope("spi", name):
+            super().__init__(manager, name, read_bit=0b100)
+            for reg_name, reg_width in [
+                    ("config", 32), ("chip_select", 16),
+                    ("write_length", 8), ("read_length", 8),
+                    ("write", 32), ("read", 32)]:
+                self.channels[reg_name] = manager.get_channel(
+                    "{}/{}".format(name, reg_name), reg_width, ty=WaveformType.VECTOR)
+
+    def process_write(self, address, data):
+        if address == 0:
+            self.channels["write"].set_value("{:032b}".format(data))
+        elif address == 1:
+            self.channels["chip_select"].set_value(
+                    "{:08b}".format(data & 0xffff))
+            self.channels["write_length"].set_value(
+                    "{:08b}".format(data >> 16 & 0xff))
+            self.channels["read_length"].set_value(
+                    "{:08b}".format(data >> 24 & 0xff))
+        elif address == 2:
+            self.channels["config"].set_value("{:032b}".format(data))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("bad address %d", address)
+
+    def process_read(self, address, data, read_slack):
+        if address == 0:
+            self.channels["read"].set_value("{:032b}".format(data))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("bad address %d", address)
+
+
+class SPIMaster2Handler(WishboneHandler):
+    def __init__(self, manager, name):
+        self._reads = []
+        self.channels = {}
+        self.scope = "spi2"
+        with manager.scope("spi2", name):
+            self.stb = manager.get_channel(name + "/stb", 1, ty=WaveformType.BIT)
+            for reg_name, reg_width in [
+                    ("flags", 8),
+                    ("length", 5),
+                    ("div", 8),
+                    ("chip_select", 8),
+                    ("write", 32),
+                    ("read", 32)]:
+                self.channels[reg_name] = manager.get_channel(
+                    "{}/{}".format(name, reg_name), reg_width, ty=WaveformType.VECTOR)
+
+    def process_message(self, message):
+        self.stb.set_value("1")
+        self.stb.set_value("0")
+        if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
+            data = message.data
+            address = message.address
+            if address == 1:
+                logger.debug("SPI config @%d data=0x%08x",
+                         message.timestamp, data)
+                self.channels["chip_select"].set_value(
+                        "{:08b}".format(data >> 24))
+                self.channels["div"].set_value(
+                        "{:08b}".format(data >> 16 & 0xff))
+                self.channels["length"].set_value(
+                        "{:08b}".format(data >> 8 & 0x1f))
+                self.channels["flags"].set_value(
+                        "{:08b}".format(data & 0xff))
+            elif address == 0:
+                logger.debug("SPI write @%d data=0x%08x",
+                         message.timestamp, data)
+                self.channels["write"].set_value("{:032b}".format(data))
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("bad address", address)
+            # process untimed reads and insert them here
+            while (self._reads and
+                   self._reads[0].rtio_counter < message.timestamp):
+                read = self._reads.pop(0)
+                logger.debug("SPI read @%d data=0x%08x",
+                            read.rtio_counter, read.data)
+                self.channels["read"].set_value("{:032b}".format(read.data))
+        elif isinstance(message, InputMessage):
+            self._reads.append(message)
+
+
+def _extract_log_chars(data):
+    r = ""
+    for i in range(4):
+        n = data >> 24
+        data = (data << 8) & 0xffffffff
+        if not n:
+            continue
+        r += chr(n)
+    return r
+
+
+class LogHandler:
+    def __init__(self, manager, log_channels):
+        self.channels = dict()
+        for name, maxlength in log_channels.items():
+            self.channels[name] = manager.get_channel("logs/" + name,
+                                                      maxlength * 8,
+                                                      ty=WaveformType.LOG)
+        self.current_entry = ""
+
+    def process_message(self, message):
+        if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
+            self.current_entry += _extract_log_chars(message.data)
+            if len(self.current_entry) > 1 and self.current_entry[-1] == "\x1D":
+                channel_name, log_message = self.current_entry[:-1].split("\x1E", maxsplit=1)
+                self.channels[channel_name].set_log(log_message)
+                self.current_entry = ""
+
+
+def get_log_channels(log_channel, messages):
+    log_channels = dict()
+    log_entry = ""
+    for message in messages:
+        if (isinstance(message, OutputMessage)
+                and message.channel == log_channel):
+            log_entry += _extract_log_chars(message.data)
+            if len(log_entry) > 1 and log_entry[-1] == "\x1D":
+                channel_name, log_message = log_entry[:-1].split("\x1E", maxsplit=1)
+                l = len(log_message)
+                if channel_name in log_channels:
+                    if log_channels[channel_name] < l:
+                        log_channels[channel_name] = l
+                else:
+                    log_channels[channel_name] = l
+                log_entry = ""
+    return log_channels
+
+
+def get_single_device_argument(devices, module, cls, argument):
+    found = None
+    for desc in devices.values():
+        if isinstance(desc, dict) and desc["type"] == "local":
+            if (desc["module"] == module
+                    and desc["class"] in cls):
+                value = desc["arguments"][argument]
+                if found is None:
+                    found = value
+                elif value != found:
+                    return None  # more than one value/device found
+    return found
+
+
+def get_ref_period(devices):
+    return get_single_device_argument(devices, "artiq.coredevice.core",
+                                      ("Core",), "ref_period")
+
+
+def get_dds_sysclk(devices):
+    return get_single_device_argument(devices, "artiq.coredevice.ad9914",
+                                      ("AD9914",), "sysclk")
+
+
+def create_channel_handlers(manager, devices, ref_period,
+                            dds_sysclk, dds_onehot_sel):
+    channel_handlers = dict()
+    for name, desc in sorted(devices.items(), key=itemgetter(0)):
+        if isinstance(desc, dict) and desc["type"] == "local":
+            if (desc["module"] == "artiq.coredevice.ttl"
+                    and desc["class"] in {"TTLOut", "TTLInOut"}):
+                channel = desc["arguments"]["channel"]
+                channel_handlers[channel] = TTLHandler(manager, name)
+            if (desc["module"] == "artiq.coredevice.ttl"
+                    and desc["class"] == "TTLClockGen"):
+                channel = desc["arguments"]["channel"]
+                channel_handlers[channel] = TTLClockGenHandler(manager, name, ref_period)
+            if (desc["module"] == "artiq.coredevice.ad9914"
+                    and desc["class"] == "AD9914"):
+                dds_bus_channel = desc["arguments"]["bus_channel"]
+                dds_channel = desc["arguments"]["channel"]
+                if dds_bus_channel in channel_handlers:
+                    dds_handler = channel_handlers[dds_bus_channel]
+                else:
+                    dds_handler = DDSHandler(manager, dds_onehot_sel, dds_sysclk)
+                    channel_handlers[dds_bus_channel] = dds_handler
+                dds_handler.add_dds_channel(name, dds_channel)
+            if (desc["module"] == "artiq.coredevice.spi2" and
+                    desc["class"] == "SPIMaster"):
+                channel = desc["arguments"]["channel"]
+                channel_handlers[channel] = SPIMaster2Handler(
+                        manager, name)
+    return channel_handlers
+
+
+def get_channel_list(devices):
+    manager = ChannelSignatureManager()
+    create_channel_handlers(manager, devices, 1e-9, 3e9, False)
+    ref_period = get_ref_period(devices)
+    if ref_period is None:
+        ref_period = DEFAULT_REF_PERIOD
+    precision = max(0, math.ceil(math.log10(1 / ref_period) - 6))
+    manager.get_channel("rtio_slack", 64, ty=WaveformType.ANALOG, precision=precision, unit="us")
+    return manager.channels
+
+
+def get_message_time(message):
+    return getattr(message, "timestamp", message.rtio_counter)
+
+
+def decoded_dump_to_vcd(fileobj, devices, dump, uniform_interval=False):
+    vcd_manager = VCDManager(fileobj)
+    decoded_dump_to_target(vcd_manager, devices, dump, uniform_interval)
+
+
+def decoded_dump_to_waveform_data(devices, dump, uniform_interval=False):
+    manager = WaveformManager()
+    decoded_dump_to_target(manager, devices, dump, uniform_interval)
+    return manager.trace
+
+
+def decoded_dump_to_target(manager, devices, dump, uniform_interval):
+    ref_period = get_ref_period(devices)
+
+    if ref_period is None:
+        logger.warning("unable to determine core device ref_period")
+        ref_period = DEFAULT_REF_PERIOD
+    if not uniform_interval:
+        manager.set_timescale_ps(ref_period*1e12)
+    dds_sysclk = get_dds_sysclk(devices)
+    if dds_sysclk is None:
+        logger.warning("unable to determine DDS sysclk")
+        dds_sysclk = 3e9  # guess
+
+    if isinstance(dump.messages[-1], StoppedMessage):
+        m = dump.messages[-1]
+        end_time = get_message_time(m)
+        manager.set_end_time(end_time)
+        messages = dump.messages[:-1]
+    else:
+        logger.warning("StoppedMessage missing")
+        messages = dump.messages
+    messages = sorted(messages, key=get_message_time)
+
+    channel_handlers = create_channel_handlers(
+        manager, devices, ref_period,
+        dds_sysclk, dump.dds_onehot_sel)
+    log_channels = get_log_channels(dump.log_channel, messages)
+    channel_handlers[dump.log_channel] = LogHandler(
+        manager, log_channels)
+    if uniform_interval:
+        # RTIO event timestamp in machine units
+        timestamp = manager.get_channel("timestamp", 64, ty=WaveformType.VECTOR)
+        # RTIO time interval between this and the next timed event
+        # in SI seconds
+        interval = manager.get_channel("interval", 64, ty=WaveformType.ANALOG)
+    slack = manager.get_channel("rtio_slack", 64, ty=WaveformType.ANALOG)
+
+    manager.set_time(0)
+    start_time = 0
+    for m in messages:
+        start_time = get_message_time(m)
+        if start_time:
+            break
+    if not uniform_interval:
+        manager.set_start_time(start_time)
+    t0 = start_time
+    for i, message in enumerate(messages):
+        if message.channel in channel_handlers:
+            t = get_message_time(message)
+            if t >= 0:
+                if uniform_interval:
+                    interval.set_value_double((t - t0)*ref_period)
+                    manager.set_time(i)
+                    timestamp.set_value("{:064b}".format(t))
+                    t0 = t
+                else:
+                    manager.set_time(t)
+            channel_handlers[message.channel].process_message(message)
+            if isinstance(message, OutputMessage):
+                slack.set_value_double(
+                    (message.timestamp - message.rtio_counter)*ref_period)

artiq/coredevice/comm_dummy.py

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-from operator import itemgetter
-
-
-class Comm:
-    def __init__(self, dmgr):
-        super().__init__()
-
-    def switch_clock(self, external):
-        pass
-
-    def load(self, kernel_library):
-        pass
-
-    def run(self):
-        pass
-
-    def serve(self, embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler):
-        pass
-
-    def check_ident(self):
-        pass
-
-    def get_log(self):
-        return ""
-
-    def clear_log(self):
-        pass

artiq/coredevice/comm_generic.py

@@ -1,544 +0,0 @@
-import struct
-import logging
-import traceback
-import numpy
-from enum import Enum
-from fractions import Fraction
-from collections import namedtuple
-
-from artiq.coredevice import exceptions
-from artiq import __version__ as software_version
-
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-class _H2DMsgType(Enum):
-    LOG_REQUEST = 1
-    LOG_CLEAR = 2
-
-    IDENT_REQUEST = 3
-    SWITCH_CLOCK = 4
-
-    LOAD_LIBRARY = 5
-    RUN_KERNEL = 6
-
-    RPC_REPLY = 7
-    RPC_EXCEPTION = 8
-
-    FLASH_READ_REQUEST = 9
-    FLASH_WRITE_REQUEST = 10
-    FLASH_ERASE_REQUEST = 11
-    FLASH_REMOVE_REQUEST = 12
-
-
-class _D2HMsgType(Enum):
-    LOG_REPLY = 1
-
-    IDENT_REPLY = 2
-    CLOCK_SWITCH_COMPLETED = 3
-    CLOCK_SWITCH_FAILED = 4
-
-    LOAD_COMPLETED = 5
-    LOAD_FAILED = 6
-
-    KERNEL_FINISHED = 7
-    KERNEL_STARTUP_FAILED = 8
-    KERNEL_EXCEPTION = 9
-
-    RPC_REQUEST = 10
-
-    FLASH_READ_REPLY = 11
-    FLASH_OK_REPLY = 12
-    FLASH_ERROR_REPLY = 13
-
-    WATCHDOG_EXPIRED = 14
-    CLOCK_FAILURE = 15
-
-
-class UnsupportedDevice(Exception):
-    pass
-
-class RPCReturnValueError(ValueError):
-    pass
-
-
-RPCKeyword = namedtuple('RPCKeyword', ['name', 'value'])
-
-
-class CommGeneric:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self._read_type = self._write_type = None
-        self._read_length = 0
-        self._write_buffer = []
-
-    def open(self):
-        """Opens the communication channel.
-        Must do nothing if already opened."""
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def close(self):
-        """Closes the communication channel.
-        Must do nothing if already closed."""
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def read(self, length):
-        """Reads exactly length bytes from the communication channel.
-        The channel is assumed to be opened."""
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def write(self, data):
-        """Writes exactly length bytes to the communication channel.
-        The channel is assumed to be opened."""
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-    #
-    # Reader interface
-    #
-
-    def _read_header(self):
-        self.open()
-
-        if self._read_length > 0:
-            raise IOError("Read underrun ({} bytes remaining)".
-                          format(self._read_length))
-
-        # Wait for a synchronization sequence, 5a 5a 5a 5a.
-        sync_count = 0
-        while sync_count < 4:
-            (sync_byte, ) = struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))
-            if sync_byte == 0x5a:
-                sync_count += 1
-            else:
-                sync_count = 0
-
-        # Read message header.
-        (self._read_length, ) = struct.unpack(">l", self.read(4))
-        if not self._read_length:  # inband connection close
-            raise OSError("Connection closed")
-
-        (raw_type, ) = struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))
-        self._read_type = _D2HMsgType(raw_type)
-
-        if self._read_length < 9:
-            raise IOError("Read overrun in message header ({} remaining)".
-                          format(self._read_length))
-        self._read_length -= 9
-
-        logger.debug("receiving message: type=%r length=%d",
-                     self._read_type, self._read_length)
-
-    def _read_expect(self, ty):
-        if self._read_type != ty:
-            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {} (expected {})".
-                          format(self._read_type, ty))
-
-    def _read_empty(self, ty):
-        self._read_header()
-        self._read_expect(ty)
-
-    def _read_chunk(self, length):
-        if self._read_length < length:
-            raise IOError("Read overrun while trying to read {} bytes ({} remaining)"
-                          " in packet {}".
-                          format(length, self._read_length, self._read_type))
-
-        self._read_length -= length
-        return self.read(length)
-
-    def _read_int8(self):
-        (value, ) = struct.unpack("B",  self._read_chunk(1))
-        return value
-
-    def _read_int32(self):
-        (value, ) = struct.unpack(">l", self._read_chunk(4))
-        return value
-
-    def _read_int64(self):
-        (value, ) = struct.unpack(">q", self._read_chunk(8))
-        return value
-
-    def _read_float64(self):
-        (value, ) = struct.unpack(">d", self._read_chunk(8))
-        return value
-
-    def _read_bytes(self):
-        return self._read_chunk(self._read_int32())
-
-    def _read_string(self):
-        return self._read_bytes()[:-1].decode("utf-8")
-
-    #
-    # Writer interface
-    #
-
-    def _write_header(self, ty):
-        self.open()
-
-        logger.debug("preparing to send message: type=%r", ty)
-        self._write_type   = ty
-        self._write_buffer = []
-
-    def _write_flush(self):
-        # Calculate message size.
-        length = sum([len(chunk) for chunk in self._write_buffer])
-        logger.debug("sending message: type=%r length=%d", self._write_type, length)
-
-        # Write synchronization sequence, header and body.
-        self.write(struct.pack(">llB", 0x5a5a5a5a,
-                                       9 + length, self._write_type.value))
-        for chunk in self._write_buffer:
-            self.write(chunk)
-
-    def _write_empty(self, ty):
-        self._write_header(ty)
-        self._write_flush()
-
-    def _write_chunk(self, chunk):
-        self._write_buffer.append(chunk)
-
-    def _write_int8(self, value):
-        self._write_buffer.append(struct.pack("B", value))
-
-    def _write_int32(self, value):
-        self._write_buffer.append(struct.pack(">l", value))
-
-    def _write_int64(self, value):
-        self._write_buffer.append(struct.pack(">q", value))
-
-    def _write_float64(self, value):
-        self._write_buffer.append(struct.pack(">d", value))
-
-    def _write_bytes(self, value):
-        self._write_int32(len(value))
-        self._write_buffer.append(value)
-
-    def _write_string(self, value):
-        self._write_bytes(value.encode("utf-8") + b"\0")
-
-    #
-    # Exported APIs
-    #
-
-    def reset_session(self):
-        self.write(struct.pack(">ll", 0x5a5a5a5a, 0))
-
-    def check_ident(self):
-        self._write_empty(_H2DMsgType.IDENT_REQUEST)
-
-        self._read_header()
-        self._read_expect(_D2HMsgType.IDENT_REPLY)
-        runtime_id = self._read_chunk(4)
-        if runtime_id != b"AROR":
-            raise UnsupportedDevice("Unsupported runtime ID: {}"
-                                    .format(runtime_id))
-        gateware_version = self._read_chunk(self._read_length).decode("utf-8")
-        if gateware_version != software_version and \
-                gateware_version + ".dirty" != software_version:
-            logger.warning("Mismatch between gateware (%s) "
-                           "and software (%s) versions",
-                           gateware_version, software_version)
-
-    def switch_clock(self, external):
-        self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.SWITCH_CLOCK)
-        self._write_int8(external)
-        self._write_flush()
-
-        self._read_empty(_D2HMsgType.CLOCK_SWITCH_COMPLETED)
-
-    def get_log(self):
-        self._write_empty(_H2DMsgType.LOG_REQUEST)
-
-        self._read_header()
-        self._read_expect(_D2HMsgType.LOG_REPLY)
-        return self._read_chunk(self._read_length).decode("utf-8", "replace")
-
-    def clear_log(self):
-        self._write_empty(_H2DMsgType.LOG_CLEAR)
-
-        self._read_empty(_D2HMsgType.LOG_REPLY)
-
-    def flash_storage_read(self, key):
-        self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.FLASH_READ_REQUEST)
-        self._write_string(key)
-        self._write_flush()
-
-        self._read_header()
-        self._read_expect(_D2HMsgType.FLASH_READ_REPLY)
-        return self._read_chunk(self._read_length)
-
-    def flash_storage_write(self, key, value):
-        self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.FLASH_WRITE_REQUEST)
-        self._write_string(key)
-        self._write_bytes(value)
-        self._write_flush()
-
-        self._read_header()
-        if self._read_type == _D2HMsgType.FLASH_ERROR_REPLY:
-            raise IOError("Flash storage is full")
-        else:
-            self._read_expect(_D2HMsgType.FLASH_OK_REPLY)
-
-    def flash_storage_erase(self):
-        self._write_empty(_H2DMsgType.FLASH_ERASE_REQUEST)
-
-        self._read_empty(_D2HMsgType.FLASH_OK_REPLY)
-
-    def flash_storage_remove(self, key):
-        self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.FLASH_REMOVE_REQUEST)
-        self._write_string(key)
-        self._write_flush()
-
-        self._read_empty(_D2HMsgType.FLASH_OK_REPLY)
-
-    def load(self, kernel_library):
-        self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.LOAD_LIBRARY)
-        self._write_chunk(kernel_library)
-        self._write_flush()
-
-        self._read_empty(_D2HMsgType.LOAD_COMPLETED)
-
-    def run(self):
-        self._write_empty(_H2DMsgType.RUN_KERNEL)
-        logger.debug("running kernel")
-
-    _rpc_sentinel = object()
-
-    # See session.c:{send,receive}_rpc_value and llvm_ir_generator.py:_rpc_tag.
-    def _receive_rpc_value(self, embedding_map):
-        tag = chr(self._read_int8())
-        if tag == "\x00":
-            return self._rpc_sentinel
-        elif tag == "t":
-            length = self._read_int8()
-            return tuple(self._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map) for _ in range(length))
-        elif tag == "n":
-            return None
-        elif tag == "b":
-            return bool(self._read_int8())
-        elif tag == "i":
-            return numpy.int32(self._read_int32())
-        elif tag == "I":
-            return numpy.int64(self._read_int64())
-        elif tag == "f":
-            return self._read_float64()
-        elif tag == "F":
-            numerator   = self._read_int64()
-            denominator = self._read_int64()
-            return Fraction(numerator, denominator)
-        elif tag == "s":
-            return self._read_string()
-        elif tag == "l":
-            length = self._read_int32()
-            return [self._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map) for _ in range(length)]
-        elif tag == "a":
-            length = self._read_int32()
-            return numpy.array([self._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map) for _ in range(length)])
-        elif tag == "r":
-            start = self._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map)
-            stop  = self._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map)
-            step  = self._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map)
-            return range(start, stop, step)
-        elif tag == "k":
-            name  = self._read_string()
-            value = self._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map)
-            return RPCKeyword(name, value)
-        elif tag == "O":
-            return embedding_map.retrieve_object(self._read_int32())
-        else:
-            raise IOError("Unknown RPC value tag: {}".format(repr(tag)))
-
-    def _receive_rpc_args(self, embedding_map):
-        args, kwargs = [], {}
-        while True:
-            value = self._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map)
-            if value is self._rpc_sentinel:
-                return args, kwargs
-            elif isinstance(value, RPCKeyword):
-                kwargs[value.name] = value.value
-            else:
-                args.append(value)
-
-    def _skip_rpc_value(self, tags):
-        tag = tags.pop(0)
-        if tag == "t":
-            length = tags.pop(0)
-            for _ in range(length):
-                self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
-        elif tag == "l":
-            self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
-        elif tag == "r":
-            self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
-        else:
-            pass
-
-    def _send_rpc_value(self, tags, value, root, function):
-        def check(cond, expected):
-            if not cond:
-                raise RPCReturnValueError(
-                    "type mismatch: cannot serialize {value} as {type}"
-                    " ({function} has returned {root})".format(
-                        value=repr(value), type=expected(),
-                        function=function, root=root))
-
-        tag = chr(tags.pop(0))
-        if tag == "t":
-            length = tags.pop(0)
-            check(isinstance(value, tuple) and length == len(value),
-                  lambda: "tuple of {}".format(length))
-            for elt in value:
-                self._send_rpc_value(tags, elt, root, function)
-        elif tag == "n":
-            check(value is None,
-                  lambda: "None")
-        elif tag == "b":
-            check(isinstance(value, bool),
-                  lambda: "bool")
-            self._write_int8(value)
-        elif tag == "i":
-            check(isinstance(value, int) and (-2**31 < value < 2**31-1),
-                  lambda: "32-bit int")
-            self._write_int32(value)
-        elif tag == "I":
-            check(isinstance(value, int) and (-2**63 < value < 2**63-1),
-                  lambda: "64-bit int")
-            self._write_int64(value)
-        elif tag == "f":
-            check(isinstance(value, float),
-                  lambda: "float")
-            self._write_float64(value)
-        elif tag == "F":
-            check(isinstance(value, Fraction) and
-                    (-2**63 < value.numerator < 2**63-1) and
-                    (-2**63 < value.denominator < 2**63-1),
-                  lambda: "64-bit Fraction")
-            self._write_int64(value.numerator)
-            self._write_int64(value.denominator)
-        elif tag == "s":
-            check(isinstance(value, str) and "\x00" not in value,
-                  lambda: "str")
-            self._write_string(value)
-        elif tag == "l":
-            check(isinstance(value, list),
-                  lambda: "list")
-            self._write_int32(len(value))
-            for elt in value:
-                tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
-                self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, elt, root, function)
-            self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
-        elif tag == "r":
-            check(isinstance(value, range),
-                  lambda: "range")
-            tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
-            self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, value.start, root, function)
-            tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
-            self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, value.stop, root, function)
-            tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
-            self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, value.step, root, function)
-            tags = tags_copy
-        else:
-            raise IOError("Unknown RPC value tag: {}".format(repr(tag)))
-
-    def _serve_rpc(self, embedding_map):
-        service_id  = self._read_int32()
-        if service_id == 0:
-            service = lambda obj, attr, value: setattr(obj, attr, value)
-        else:
-            service = embedding_map.retrieve_object(service_id)
-
-        args, kwargs = self._receive_rpc_args(embedding_map)
-        return_tags  = self._read_bytes()
-        logger.debug("rpc service: [%d]%r %r %r -> %s", service_id, service, args, kwargs, return_tags)
-
-        try:
-            result = service(*args, **kwargs)
-            logger.debug("rpc service: %d %r %r == %r", service_id, args, kwargs, result)
-
-            if service_id != 0:
-                self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.RPC_REPLY)
-                self._write_bytes(return_tags)
-                self._send_rpc_value(bytearray(return_tags), result, result, service)
-                self._write_flush()
-        except Exception as exn:
-            logger.debug("rpc service: %d %r %r ! %r", service_id, args, kwargs, exn)
-
-            self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.RPC_EXCEPTION)
-
-            if hasattr(exn, "artiq_core_exception"):
-                exn = exn.artiq_core_exception
-                self._write_string(exn.name)
-                self._write_string(exn.message)
-                for index in range(3):
-                    self._write_int64(exn.param[index])
-
-                filename, line, column, function = exn.traceback[-1]
-                self._write_string(filename)
-                self._write_int32(line)
-                self._write_int32(column)
-                self._write_string(function)
-            else:
-                exn_type = type(exn)
-                if exn_type in (ZeroDivisionError, ValueError, IndexError) or \
-                        hasattr(exn, "artiq_builtin"):
-                    self._write_string("0:{}".format(exn_type.__name__))
-                else:
-                    exn_id = embedding_map.store_object(exn_type)
-                    self._write_string("{}:{}.{}".format(exn_id,
-                                                         exn_type.__module__, exn_type.__qualname__))
-                self._write_string(str(exn))
-                for index in range(3):
-                    self._write_int64(0)
-
-                tb = traceback.extract_tb(exn.__traceback__, 2)
-                if len(tb) == 2:
-                    (_, (filename, line, function, _), ) = tb
-                elif len(tb) == 1:
-                    ((filename, line, function, _), ) = tb
-                else:
-                    assert False
-                self._write_string(filename)
-                self._write_int32(line)
-                self._write_int32(-1) # column not known
-                self._write_string(function)
-
-            self._write_flush()
-
-    def _serve_exception(self, embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler):
-        name      = self._read_string()
-        message   = self._read_string()
-        params    = [self._read_int64() for _ in range(3)]
-
-        filename  = self._read_string()
-        line      = self._read_int32()
-        column    = self._read_int32()
-        function  = self._read_string()
-
-        backtrace = [self._read_int32() for _ in range(self._read_int32())]
-
-        traceback = list(reversed(symbolizer(backtrace))) + \
-                    [(filename, line, column, *demangler([function]), None)]
-        core_exn = exceptions.CoreException(name, message, params, traceback)
-
-        if core_exn.id == 0:
-            python_exn_type = getattr(exceptions, core_exn.name.split('.')[-1])
-        else:
-            python_exn_type = embedding_map.retrieve_object(core_exn.id)
-
-        python_exn = python_exn_type(message.format(*params))
-        python_exn.artiq_core_exception = core_exn
-        raise python_exn
-
-    def serve(self, embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler):
-        while True:
-            self._read_header()
-            if self._read_type == _D2HMsgType.RPC_REQUEST:
-                self._serve_rpc(embedding_map)
-            elif self._read_type == _D2HMsgType.KERNEL_EXCEPTION:
-                self._serve_exception(embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler)
-            elif self._read_type == _D2HMsgType.WATCHDOG_EXPIRED:
-                raise exceptions.WatchdogExpired
-            elif self._read_type == _D2HMsgType.CLOCK_FAILURE:
-                raise exceptions.ClockFailure
-            else:
-                self._read_expect(_D2HMsgType.KERNEL_FINISHED)
-                return

artiq/coredevice/comm_kernel.py

@@ -0,0 +1,738 @@
+import struct
+import logging
+import traceback
+import numpy
+import socket
+from enum import Enum
+from fractions import Fraction
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+from artiq.coredevice import exceptions
+from artiq import __version__ as software_version
+from sipyco.keepalive import create_connection
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Request(Enum):
+    SystemInfo = 3
+
+    LoadKernel = 5
+    RunKernel = 6
+
+    RPCReply = 7
+    RPCException = 8
+
+    SubkernelUpload = 9
+
+
+class Reply(Enum):
+    SystemInfo = 2
+
+    LoadCompleted = 5
+    LoadFailed = 6
+
+    KernelFinished = 7
+    KernelStartupFailed = 8
+    KernelException = 9
+
+    RPCRequest = 10
+
+    ClockFailure = 15
+
+
+class UnsupportedDevice(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class LoadError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class RPCReturnValueError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+RPCKeyword = namedtuple('RPCKeyword', ['name', 'value'])
+
+
+def _receive_fraction(kernel, embedding_map):
+    numerator = kernel._read_int64()
+    denominator = kernel._read_int64()
+    return Fraction(numerator, denominator)
+
+
+def _receive_list(kernel, embedding_map):
+    length = kernel._read_int32()
+    tag = chr(kernel._read_int8())
+    if tag == "b":
+        buffer = kernel._read(length)
+        return list(struct.unpack(kernel.endian + "%s?" % length, buffer))
+    elif tag == "i":
+        buffer = kernel._read(4 * length)
+        return list(struct.unpack(kernel.endian + "%sl" % length, buffer))
+    elif tag == "I":
+        buffer = kernel._read(8 * length)
+        return list(numpy.ndarray((length, ), kernel.endian + 'i8', buffer))
+    elif tag == "f":
+        buffer = kernel._read(8 * length)
+        return list(struct.unpack(kernel.endian + "%sd" % length, buffer))
+    else:
+        fn = receivers[tag]
+        elems = []
+        for _ in range(length):
+            # discard tag, as our device would still send the tag for each
+            # non-primitive elements.
+            kernel._read_int8()
+            item = fn(kernel, embedding_map)
+            elems.append(item)
+        return elems
+
+
+def _receive_array(kernel, embedding_map):
+    num_dims = kernel._read_int8()
+    shape = tuple(kernel._read_int32() for _ in range(num_dims))
+    tag = chr(kernel._read_int8())
+    fn = receivers[tag]
+    length = numpy.prod(shape)
+    if tag == "b":
+        buffer = kernel._read(length)
+        elems = numpy.ndarray((length, ), '?', buffer)
+    elif tag == "i":
+        buffer = kernel._read(4 * length)
+        elems = numpy.ndarray((length, ), kernel.endian + 'i4', buffer)
+    elif tag == "I":
+        buffer = kernel._read(8 * length)
+        elems = numpy.ndarray((length, ), kernel.endian + 'i8', buffer)
+    elif tag == "f":
+        buffer = kernel._read(8 * length)
+        elems = numpy.ndarray((length, ), kernel.endian + 'd', buffer)
+    else:
+        fn = receivers[tag]
+        elems = []
+        for _ in range(numpy.prod(shape)):
+            # discard the tag
+            kernel._read_int8()
+            item = fn(kernel, embedding_map)
+            elems.append(item)
+        elems = numpy.array(elems)
+    return elems.reshape(shape)
+
+
+def _receive_range(kernel, embedding_map):
+    start = kernel._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map)
+    stop = kernel._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map)
+    step = kernel._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map)
+    return range(start, stop, step)
+
+
+def _receive_keyword(kernel, embedding_map):
+    name = kernel._read_string()
+    value = kernel._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map)
+    return RPCKeyword(name, value)
+
+
+receivers = {
+    "\x00": lambda kernel, embedding_map: kernel._rpc_sentinel,
+    "t": lambda kernel, embedding_map:
+    tuple(kernel._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map)
+          for _ in range(kernel._read_int8())),
+    "n": lambda kernel, embedding_map: None,
+    "b": lambda kernel, embedding_map: bool(kernel._read_int8()),
+    "i": lambda kernel, embedding_map: numpy.int32(kernel._read_int32()),
+    "I": lambda kernel, embedding_map: numpy.int64(kernel._read_int64()),
+    "f": lambda kernel, embedding_map: kernel._read_float64(),
+    "s": lambda kernel, embedding_map: kernel._read_string(),
+    "B": lambda kernel, embedding_map: kernel._read_bytes(),
+    "A": lambda kernel, embedding_map: kernel._read_bytes(),
+    "O": lambda kernel, embedding_map:
+    embedding_map.retrieve_object(kernel._read_int32()),
+    "F": _receive_fraction,
+    "l": _receive_list,
+    "a": _receive_array,
+    "r": _receive_range,
+    "k": _receive_keyword
+}
+
+
+class CommKernelDummy:
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+    def load(self, kernel_library):
+        pass
+
+    def run(self):
+        pass
+
+    def serve(self, embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler):
+        pass
+
+    def check_system_info(self):
+        pass
+
+
+def incompatible_versions(v1, v2):
+    if v1.endswith(".beta") or v2.endswith(".beta"):
+        # Beta branches may introduce breaking changes. Check version strictly.
+        return v1 != v2
+    else:
+        # On stable branches, runtime/software protocol backward compatibility is kept.
+        # Runtime and software with the same major version number are compatible.
+        return v1.split(".", maxsplit=1)[0] != v2.split(".", maxsplit=1)[0]
+
+
+class CommKernel:
+    warned_of_mismatch = False
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=1381):
+        self._read_type = None
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+        self.read_buffer = bytearray()
+        self.write_buffer = bytearray()
+
+
+    def open(self):
+        if hasattr(self, "socket"):
+            return
+        self.socket = create_connection(self.host, self.port)
+        self.socket.sendall(b"ARTIQ coredev\n")
+        endian = self._read(1)
+        if endian == b"e":
+            self.endian = "<"
+        elif endian == b"E":
+            self.endian = ">"
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: expected e/E.")
+        self.unpack_int32 = struct.Struct(self.endian + "l").unpack
+        self.unpack_int64 = struct.Struct(self.endian + "q").unpack
+        self.unpack_float64 = struct.Struct(self.endian + "d").unpack
+
+        self.pack_header = struct.Struct(self.endian + "lB").pack
+        self.pack_int8 = struct.Struct(self.endian + "B").pack
+        self.pack_int32 = struct.Struct(self.endian + "l").pack
+        self.pack_int64 = struct.Struct(self.endian + "q").pack
+        self.pack_float64 = struct.Struct(self.endian + "d").pack
+
+    def close(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "socket"):
+            return
+        self.socket.close()
+        del self.socket
+        logger.debug("disconnected")
+
+    #
+    # Reader interface
+    #
+
+    def _read(self, length):
+        # cache the reads to avoid frequent call to recv
+        while len(self.read_buffer) < length:
+            # the number is just the maximum amount
+            # when there is not much data, it would return earlier
+            diff = length - len(self.read_buffer)
+            flag = 0
+            if diff > 8192:
+                flag |= socket.MSG_WAITALL
+            new_buffer = self.socket.recv(8192, flag)
+            if not new_buffer:
+                raise ConnectionResetError("Core device connection closed unexpectedly")
+            self.read_buffer += new_buffer
+        result = self.read_buffer[:length]
+        self.read_buffer = self.read_buffer[length:]
+        return result
+
+    def _read_header(self):
+        self.open()
+
+        # Wait for a synchronization sequence, 5a 5a 5a 5a.
+        sync_count = 0
+        while sync_count < 4:
+            sync_byte = self._read(1)[0]
+            if sync_byte == 0x5a:
+                sync_count += 1
+            else:
+                sync_count = 0
+
+        # Read message header.
+        raw_type = self._read(1)[0]
+        self._read_type = Reply(raw_type)
+
+        logger.debug("receiving message: type=%r",
+                     self._read_type)
+
+    def _read_expect(self, ty):
+        if self._read_type != ty:
+            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {} (expected {})".
+                          format(self._read_type, ty))
+
+    def _read_empty(self, ty):
+        self._read_header()
+        self._read_expect(ty)
+
+    def _read_int8(self):
+        return self._read(1)[0]
+
+    def _read_int32(self):
+        (value, ) = self.unpack_int32(self._read(4))
+        return value
+
+    def _read_int64(self):
+        (value, ) = self.unpack_int64(self._read(8))
+        return value
+
+    def _read_float64(self):
+        (value, ) = self.unpack_float64(self._read(8))
+        return value
+
+    def _read_bool(self):
+        return True if self._read_int8() else False
+
+    def _read_bytes(self):
+        return self._read(self._read_int32())
+
+    def _read_string(self):
+        return self._read_bytes().decode("utf-8")
+
+    #
+    # Writer interface
+    #
+
+    def _write(self, data):
+        self.write_buffer += data
+        # if the buffer is already pretty large, send it
+        # the block size is arbitrary, tuning it may improve performance
+        if len(self.write_buffer) > 4096:
+            self._flush()
+
+    def _flush(self):
+        self.socket.sendall(self.write_buffer)
+        self.write_buffer.clear()
+
+    def _write_header(self, ty):
+        self.open()
+
+        logger.debug("sending message: type=%r", ty)
+
+        # Write synchronization sequence and header.
+        self._write(self.pack_header(0x5a5a5a5a, ty.value))
+
+    def _write_empty(self, ty):
+        self._write_header(ty)
+
+    def _write_chunk(self, chunk):
+        self._write(chunk)
+
+    def _write_int8(self, value):
+        self._write(self.pack_int8(value))
+
+    def _write_int32(self, value):
+        self._write(self.pack_int32(value))
+
+    def _write_int64(self, value):
+        self._write(self.pack_int64(value))
+
+    def _write_float64(self, value):
+        self._write(self.pack_float64(value))
+
+    def _write_bool(self, value):
+        self._write(b'\x01' if value else b'\x00')
+
+    def _write_bytes(self, value):
+        self._write_int32(len(value))
+        self._write(value)
+
+    def _write_string(self, value):
+        self._write_bytes(value.encode("utf-8"))
+
+    #
+    # Exported APIs
+    #
+
+    def check_system_info(self):
+        self._write_empty(Request.SystemInfo)
+        self._flush()
+
+        self._read_header()
+        self._read_expect(Reply.SystemInfo)
+        runtime_id = self._read(4)
+        if runtime_id == b"AROR":
+            gateware_version = self._read_string().split(";")[0]
+            if not self.warned_of_mismatch and incompatible_versions(gateware_version, software_version):
+                logger.warning("Mismatch between gateware (%s) "
+                               "and software (%s) versions",
+                               gateware_version, software_version)
+                CommKernel.warned_of_mismatch = True
+
+            finished_cleanly = self._read_bool()
+            if not finished_cleanly:
+                logger.warning("Previous kernel did not cleanly finish")
+        elif runtime_id == b"ARZQ":
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise UnsupportedDevice("Unsupported runtime ID: {}"
+                                    .format(runtime_id))
+
+    def load(self, kernel_library):
+        self._write_header(Request.LoadKernel)
+        self._write_bytes(kernel_library)
+        self._flush()
+
+        self._read_header()
+        if self._read_type == Reply.LoadFailed:
+            raise LoadError(self._read_string())
+        else:
+            self._read_expect(Reply.LoadCompleted)
+
+    def upload_subkernel(self, kernel_library, id, destination):
+        self._write_header(Request.SubkernelUpload)
+        self._write_int32(id)
+        self._write_int8(destination)
+        self._write_bytes(kernel_library)
+        self._flush()
+
+        self._read_header()
+        if self._read_type == Reply.LoadFailed:
+            raise LoadError(self._read_string())
+        else:
+            self._read_expect(Reply.LoadCompleted)
+
+    def run(self):
+        self._write_empty(Request.RunKernel)
+        self._flush()
+        logger.debug("running kernel")
+
+    _rpc_sentinel = object()
+
+    # See rpc_proto.rs and compiler/ir.py:rpc_tag.
+    def _receive_rpc_value(self, embedding_map):
+        tag = chr(self._read_int8())
+        if tag in receivers:
+            return receivers.get(tag)(self, embedding_map)
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Unknown RPC value tag: {}".format(repr(tag)))
+
+    def _receive_rpc_args(self, embedding_map):
+        args, kwargs = [], {}
+        while True:
+            value = self._receive_rpc_value(embedding_map)
+            if value is self._rpc_sentinel:
+                return args, kwargs
+            elif isinstance(value, RPCKeyword):
+                kwargs[value.name] = value.value
+            else:
+                args.append(value)
+
+    def _skip_rpc_value(self, tags):
+        tag = chr(tags.pop(0))
+        if tag == "t":
+            length = tags.pop(0)
+            for _ in range(length):
+                self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
+        elif tag == "l":
+            self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
+        elif tag == "r":
+            self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
+        elif tag == "a":
+            _ndims = tags.pop(0)
+            self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
+        else:
+            pass
+
+    def _send_rpc_value(self, tags, value, root, function):
+        def check(cond, expected):
+            if not cond:
+                raise RPCReturnValueError(
+                    "type mismatch: cannot serialize {value} as {type}"
+                    " ({function} has returned {root})".format(
+                        value=repr(value), type=expected(),
+                        function=function, root=root))
+
+        tag = chr(tags.pop(0))
+        if tag == "t":
+            length = tags.pop(0)
+            check(isinstance(value, tuple) and length == len(value),
+                  lambda: "tuple of {}".format(length))
+            for elt in value:
+                self._send_rpc_value(tags, elt, root, function)
+        elif tag == "n":
+            check(value is None,
+                  lambda: "None")
+        elif tag == "b":
+            check(isinstance(value, bool),
+                  lambda: "bool")
+            self._write_bool(value)
+        elif tag == "i":
+            check(isinstance(value, (int, numpy.int32)) and
+                  (-2**31 <= value < 2**31),
+                  lambda: "32-bit int")
+            self._write_int32(value)
+        elif tag == "I":
+            check(isinstance(value, (int, numpy.int32, numpy.int64)) and
+                  (-2**63 <= value < 2**63),
+                  lambda: "64-bit int")
+            self._write_int64(value)
+        elif tag == "f":
+            check(isinstance(value, float),
+                  lambda: "float")
+            self._write_float64(value)
+        elif tag == "F":
+            check(isinstance(value, Fraction) and
+                  (-2**63 <= value.numerator < 2**63) and
+                  (-2**63 <= value.denominator < 2**63),
+                  lambda: "64-bit Fraction")
+            self._write_int64(value.numerator)
+            self._write_int64(value.denominator)
+        elif tag == "s":
+            check(isinstance(value, str) and "\x00" not in value,
+                  lambda: "str")
+            self._write_string(value)
+        elif tag == "B":
+            check(isinstance(value, bytes),
+                  lambda: "bytes")
+            self._write_bytes(value)
+        elif tag == "A":
+            check(isinstance(value, bytearray),
+                  lambda: "bytearray")
+            self._write_bytes(value)
+        elif tag == "l":
+            check(isinstance(value, list),
+                  lambda: "list")
+            self._write_int32(len(value))
+            tag_element = chr(tags[0])
+            if tag_element == "b":
+                self._write(bytes(value))
+            elif tag_element == "i":
+                try:
+                    self._write(struct.pack(self.endian + "%sl" % len(value), *value))
+                except struct.error:
+                    raise RPCReturnValueError(
+                        "type mismatch: cannot serialize {value} as {type}".format(
+                            value=repr(value), type="32-bit integer list"))
+            elif tag_element == "I":
+                try:
+                    self._write(struct.pack(self.endian + "%sq" % len(value), *value))
+                except struct.error:
+                    raise RPCReturnValueError(
+                        "type mismatch: cannot serialize {value} as {type}".format(
+                            value=repr(value), type="64-bit integer list"))
+            elif tag_element == "f":
+                self._write(struct.pack(self.endian + "%sd" %
+                                        len(value), *value))
+            else:
+                for elt in value:
+                    tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
+                    self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, elt, root, function)
+            self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
+        elif tag == "a":
+            check(isinstance(value, numpy.ndarray),
+                  lambda: "numpy.ndarray")
+            num_dims = tags.pop(0)
+            check(num_dims == len(value.shape),
+                  lambda: "{}-dimensional numpy.ndarray".format(num_dims))
+            for s in value.shape:
+                self._write_int32(s)
+            tag_element = chr(tags[0])
+            if tag_element == "b":
+                self._write(value.reshape((-1,), order="C").tobytes())
+            elif tag_element == "i":
+                array = value.reshape(
+                    (-1,), order="C").astype(self.endian + 'i4')
+                self._write(array.tobytes())
+            elif tag_element == "I":
+                array = value.reshape(
+                    (-1,), order="C").astype(self.endian + 'i8')
+                self._write(array.tobytes())
+            elif tag_element == "f":
+                array = value.reshape(
+                    (-1,), order="C").astype(self.endian + 'd')
+                self._write(array.tobytes())
+            else:
+                for elt in value.reshape((-1,), order="C"):
+                    tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
+                    self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, elt, root, function)
+            self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
+        elif tag == "r":
+            check(isinstance(value, range),
+                  lambda: "range")
+            tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
+            self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, value.start, root, function)
+            tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
+            self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, value.stop, root, function)
+            tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
+            self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, value.step, root, function)
+            tags = tags_copy
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Unknown RPC value tag: {}".format(repr(tag)))
+
+    def _truncate_message(self, msg, limit=4096):
+        if len(msg) > limit:
+            return msg[0:limit] + "... (truncated)"
+        else:
+            return msg
+
+    def _serve_rpc(self, embedding_map):
+        is_async = self._read_bool()
+        service_id = self._read_int32()
+        args, kwargs = self._receive_rpc_args(embedding_map)
+        return_tags = self._read_bytes()
+
+        if service_id == 0:
+            def service(obj, attr, value): return setattr(obj, attr, value)
+        else:
+            service = embedding_map.retrieve_object(service_id)
+        logger.debug("rpc service: [%d]%r%s %r %r -> %s", service_id, service,
+                     (" (async)" if is_async else ""), args, kwargs, return_tags)
+
+        if is_async:
+            service(*args, **kwargs)
+            return
+
+        try:
+            result = service(*args, **kwargs)
+        except RPCReturnValueError as exn:
+            raise
+        except Exception as exn:
+            logger.debug("rpc service: %d %r %r ! %r",
+                         service_id, args, kwargs, exn)
+
+            self._write_header(Request.RPCException)
+
+            # Note: instead of sending strings, we send object ID
+            # This is to avoid the need of allocatio on the device side
+            # This is a special case: this only applies to exceptions
+            if hasattr(exn, "artiq_core_exception"):
+                exn = exn.artiq_core_exception
+                self._write_int32(embedding_map.store_str(exn.name))
+                self._write_int32(embedding_map.store_str(self._truncate_message(exn.message)))
+                for index in range(3):
+                    self._write_int64(exn.param[index])
+
+                filename, line, column, function = exn.traceback[-1]
+                self._write_int32(embedding_map.store_str(filename))
+                self._write_int32(line)
+                self._write_int32(column)
+                self._write_int32(embedding_map.store_str(function))
+            else:
+                exn_type = type(exn)
+                if exn_type in (ZeroDivisionError, ValueError, IndexError, RuntimeError) or \
+                        hasattr(exn, "artiq_builtin"):
+                    name = "0:{}".format(exn_type.__name__)
+                else:
+                    exn_id = embedding_map.store_object(exn_type)
+                    name = "{}:{}.{}".format(exn_id,
+                                             exn_type.__module__,
+                                             exn_type.__qualname__)
+                self._write_int32(embedding_map.store_str(name))
+                self._write_int32(embedding_map.store_str(self._truncate_message(str(exn))))
+                for index in range(3):
+                    self._write_int64(0)
+
+                tb = traceback.extract_tb(exn.__traceback__, 2)
+                if len(tb) == 2:
+                    (_, (filename, line, function, _), ) = tb
+                elif len(tb) == 1:
+                    ((filename, line, function, _), ) = tb
+                else:
+                    assert False
+                self._write_int32(embedding_map.store_str(filename))
+                self._write_int32(line)
+                self._write_int32(-1)  # column not known
+                self._write_int32(embedding_map.store_str(function))
+            self._flush()
+        else:
+            logger.debug("rpc service: %d %r %r = %r",
+                         service_id, args, kwargs, result)
+            self._write_header(Request.RPCReply)
+            self._write_bytes(return_tags)
+            self._send_rpc_value(bytearray(return_tags),
+                                 result, result, service)
+            self._flush()
+
+    def _serve_exception(self, embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler):
+        exception_count = self._read_int32()
+        nested_exceptions = []
+
+        def read_exception_string():
+            # note: if length == -1, the following int32 is the object key
+            length = self._read_int32()
+            if length == -1:
+                return embedding_map.retrieve_str(self._read_int32())
+            else:
+                return self._read(length).decode("utf-8")
+
+        for _ in range(exception_count):
+            name = embedding_map.retrieve_str(self._read_int32())
+            message = read_exception_string()
+            params = [self._read_int64() for _ in range(3)]
+
+            filename = read_exception_string()
+            line = self._read_int32()
+            column = self._read_int32()
+            function = read_exception_string()
+            nested_exceptions.append([name, message, params,
+                                      filename, line, column, function])
+
+        demangled_names = demangler([ex[6] for ex in nested_exceptions])
+        for i in range(exception_count):
+            nested_exceptions[i][6] = demangled_names[i]
+
+        exception_info = []
+        for _ in range(exception_count):
+            sp = self._read_int32()
+            initial_backtrace = self._read_int32()
+            current_backtrace = self._read_int32()
+            exception_info.append((sp, initial_backtrace, current_backtrace))
+
+        backtrace = []
+        stack_pointers = []
+        for _ in range(self._read_int32()):
+            backtrace.append(self._read_int32())
+            stack_pointers.append(self._read_int32())
+
+        self._process_async_error()
+
+        traceback = list(symbolizer(backtrace))
+        core_exn = exceptions.CoreException(nested_exceptions, exception_info,
+                                            traceback, stack_pointers)
+
+        if core_exn.id == 0:
+            python_exn_type = getattr(exceptions, core_exn.name.split('.')[-1])
+        else:
+            python_exn_type = embedding_map.retrieve_object(core_exn.id)
+
+        try:
+            python_exn = python_exn_type(
+                nested_exceptions[-1][1].format(*nested_exceptions[0][2]))
+        except Exception as ex:
+            python_exn = RuntimeError(
+                f"Exception type={python_exn_type}, which couldn't be "
+                f"reconstructed ({ex})"
+            )
+        python_exn.artiq_core_exception = core_exn
+        raise python_exn
+
+    def _process_async_error(self):
+        errors = self._read_int8()
+        if errors > 0:
+            map_name = lambda y, z: [f"{y}(s)"] if z else []
+            errors = map_name("collision",      errors & 2 ** 0) + \
+                     map_name("busy error",     errors & 2 ** 1) + \
+                     map_name("sequence error", errors & 2 ** 2)
+            logger.warning(f"{(', '.join(errors[:-1]) + ' and ') if len(errors) > 1 else ''}{errors[-1]} "
+                           f"reported during kernel execution")
+
+    def serve(self, embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler):
+        while True:
+            self._read_header()
+            if self._read_type == Reply.RPCRequest:
+                self._serve_rpc(embedding_map)
+            elif self._read_type == Reply.KernelException:
+                self._serve_exception(embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler)
+            elif self._read_type == Reply.ClockFailure:
+                raise exceptions.ClockFailure
+            else:
+                self._read_expect(Reply.KernelFinished)
+                self._process_async_error()
+                return

artiq/coredevice/comm_mgmt.py

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+from enum import Enum
+import logging
+import struct
+
+from sipyco.keepalive import create_connection
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Request(Enum):
+    GetLog = 1
+    ClearLog = 2
+    PullLog = 7
+    SetLogFilter = 3
+    SetUartLogFilter = 6
+
+    ConfigRead = 12
+    ConfigWrite = 13
+    ConfigRemove = 14
+    ConfigErase = 15
+
+    Reboot = 5
+
+    DebugAllocator = 8
+
+
+class Reply(Enum):
+    Success = 1
+    Error = 6
+    Unavailable = 4
+
+    LogContent = 2
+
+    ConfigData = 7
+
+    RebootImminent = 3
+
+
+class LogLevel(Enum):
+    OFF = 0
+    ERROR = 1
+    WARN = 2
+    INFO = 3
+    DEBUG = 4
+    TRACE = 5
+
+
+class CommMgmt:
+    def __init__(self, host, port=1380):
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+
+    def open(self):
+        if hasattr(self, "socket"):
+            return
+        self.socket = create_connection(self.host, self.port)
+        self.socket.sendall(b"ARTIQ management\n")
+        endian = self._read(1)
+        if endian == b"e":
+            self.endian = "<"
+        elif endian == b"E":
+            self.endian = ">"
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: expected e/E.")
+
+    def close(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "socket"):
+            return
+        self.socket.close()
+        del self.socket
+        logger.debug("disconnected")
+
+    # Protocol elements
+
+    def _write(self, data):
+        self.socket.sendall(data)
+
+    def _write_header(self, ty):
+        self.open()
+
+        logger.debug("sending message: type=%r", ty)
+        self._write(struct.pack("B", ty.value))
+
+    def _write_int8(self, value):
+        self._write(struct.pack("B", value))
+
+    def _write_int32(self, value):
+        self._write(struct.pack(self.endian + "l", value))
+
+    def _write_bytes(self, value):
+        self._write_int32(len(value))
+        self._write(value)
+
+    def _write_string(self, value):
+        self._write_bytes(value.encode("utf-8"))
+
+    def _read(self, length):
+        r = bytes()
+        while len(r) < length:
+            rn = self.socket.recv(min(8192, length - len(r)))
+            if not rn:
+                raise ConnectionResetError("Connection closed")
+            r += rn
+        return r
+
+    def _read_header(self):
+        ty = Reply(*struct.unpack("B", self._read(1)))
+        logger.debug("receiving message: type=%r", ty)
+
+        return ty
+
+    def _read_expect(self, ty):
+        header = self._read_header()
+        if header != ty:
+            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {} (expected {})".
+                          format(header, ty))
+
+    def _read_int32(self):
+        (value, ) = struct.unpack(self.endian + "l", self._read(4))
+        return value
+
+    def _read_bytes(self):
+        return self._read(self._read_int32())
+
+    def _read_string(self):
+        return self._read_bytes().decode("utf-8")
+
+    # External API
+
+    def get_log(self):
+        self._write_header(Request.GetLog)
+        self._read_expect(Reply.LogContent)
+        return self._read_string()
+
+    def clear_log(self):
+        self._write_header(Request.ClearLog)
+        self._read_expect(Reply.Success)
+
+    def pull_log(self):
+        self._write_header(Request.PullLog)
+        self._read_expect(Reply.LogContent)
+        return self._read_string()
+
+    def set_log_level(self, level):
+        if level not in LogLevel.__members__:
+            raise ValueError("invalid log level {}".format(level))
+
+        self._write_header(Request.SetLogFilter)
+        self._write_int8(getattr(LogLevel, level).value)
+        self._read_expect(Reply.Success)
+
+    def set_uart_log_level(self, level):
+        if level not in LogLevel.__members__:
+            raise ValueError("invalid log level {}".format(level))
+
+        self._write_header(Request.SetUartLogFilter)
+        self._write_int8(getattr(LogLevel, level).value)
+        self._read_expect(Reply.Success)
+
+    def config_read(self, key):
+        self._write_header(Request.ConfigRead)
+        self._write_string(key)
+        ty = self._read_header()
+        if ty == Reply.Error:
+            raise IOError("Device failed to read config. The key may not exist.")
+        elif ty != Reply.ConfigData:
+            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {} (expected {})".
+                          format(ty, Reply.ConfigData))
+        return self._read_string()
+
+    def config_write(self, key, value):
+        self._write_header(Request.ConfigWrite)
+        self._write_string(key)
+        self._write_bytes(value)
+        ty = self._read_header()
+        if ty == Reply.Error:
+            raise IOError("Device failed to write config. More information may be available in the log.")
+        elif ty != Reply.Success:
+            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {} (expected {})".
+                          format(ty, Reply.Success))
+
+    def config_remove(self, key):
+        self._write_header(Request.ConfigRemove)
+        self._write_string(key)
+        self._read_expect(Reply.Success)
+
+    def config_erase(self):
+        self._write_header(Request.ConfigErase)
+        self._read_expect(Reply.Success)
+
+    def reboot(self):
+        self._write_header(Request.Reboot)
+        self._read_expect(Reply.RebootImminent)
+
+    def debug_allocator(self):
+        self._write_header(Request.DebugAllocator)

artiq/coredevice/comm_moninj.py

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import struct
+from enum import Enum
+
+from sipyco.keepalive import async_open_connection
+
+__all__ = ["TTLProbe", "TTLOverride", "CommMonInj"]
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class TTLProbe(Enum):
+    level = 0
+    oe = 1
+
+
+class TTLOverride(Enum):
+    en = 0
+    level = 1
+    oe = 2
+
+
+class CommMonInj:
+    def __init__(self, monitor_cb, injection_status_cb, disconnect_cb=None):
+        self.monitor_cb = monitor_cb
+        self.injection_status_cb = injection_status_cb
+        self.disconnect_cb = disconnect_cb
+
+    async def connect(self, host, port=1383):
+        self._reader, self._writer = await async_open_connection(
+            host,
+            port,
+            after_idle=1,
+            interval=1,
+            max_fails=3,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            self._writer.write(b"ARTIQ moninj\n")
+            self._receive_task = asyncio.ensure_future(self._receive_cr())
+        except:
+            self._writer.close()
+            del self._reader
+            del self._writer
+            raise
+
+    def wait_terminate(self):
+        return self._receive_task
+
+    async def close(self):
+        self.disconnect_cb = None
+        try:
+            self._receive_task.cancel()
+            try:
+                await asyncio.wait_for(self._receive_task, None)
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                pass
+        finally:
+            self._writer.close()
+            del self._reader
+            del self._writer
+
+    def monitor_probe(self, enable, channel, probe):
+        packet = struct.pack("<bblb", 0, enable, channel, probe)
+        self._writer.write(packet)
+
+    def monitor_injection(self, enable, channel, overrd):
+        packet = struct.pack("<bblb", 3, enable, channel, overrd)
+        self._writer.write(packet)
+
+    def inject(self, channel, override, value):
+        packet = struct.pack("<blbb", 1, channel, override, value)
+        self._writer.write(packet)
+
+    def get_injection_status(self, channel, override):
+        packet = struct.pack("<blb", 2, channel, override)
+        self._writer.write(packet)
+
+    async def _receive_cr(self):
+        try:
+            while True:
+                ty = await self._reader.read(1)
+                if not ty:
+                    return
+                if ty == b"\x00":
+                    payload = await self._reader.readexactly(13)
+                    channel, probe, value = struct.unpack("<lbq", payload)
+                    self.monitor_cb(channel, probe, value)
+                elif ty == b"\x01":
+                    payload = await self._reader.readexactly(6)
+                    channel, override, value = struct.unpack("<lbb", payload)
+                    self.injection_status_cb(channel, override, value)
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("Unknown packet type", ty)
+        except Exception:
+            logger.error("Moninj connection terminating with exception", exc_info=True)
+        finally:
+            if self.disconnect_cb is not None:
+                self.disconnect_cb()

artiq/coredevice/comm_tcp.py

@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-import logging
-import socket
-import sys
-
-from artiq.coredevice.comm_generic import CommGeneric
-
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-def set_keepalive(sock, after_idle, interval, max_fails):
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
-        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
-        sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPIDLE, after_idle)
-        sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPINTVL, interval)
-        sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPCNT, max_fails)
-    elif sys.platform.startswith("win") or sys.platform.startswith("cygwin"):
-        # setting max_fails is not supported, typically ends up being 5 or 10
-        # depending on Windows version
-        sock.ioctl(socket.SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS,
-                   (1, after_idle*1000, interval*1000))
-    else:
-        logger.warning("TCP keepalive not supported on platform '%s', ignored",
-                       sys.platform)
-
-
-def initialize_connection(host, port):
-    sock = socket.create_connection((host, port), 5.0)
-    sock.settimeout(None)
-    set_keepalive(sock, 3, 2, 3)
-    logger.debug("connected to host %s on port %d", host, port)
-    sock.sendall(b"ARTIQ coredev\n")
-    return sock
-
-
-class Comm(CommGeneric):
-    def __init__(self, dmgr, host, port=1381, port_analyzer=1382):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.host = host
-        self.port = port
-        self.port_analyzer = port_analyzer
-
-    def open(self):
-        if hasattr(self, "socket"):
-            return
-        self.socket = initialize_connection(self.host, self.port)
-
-    def close(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, "socket"):
-            return
-        self.socket.close()
-        del self.socket
-        logger.debug("disconnected")
-
-    def read(self, length):
-        r = bytes()
-        while len(r) < length:
-            rn = self.socket.recv(min(8192, length - len(r)))
-            if not rn:
-                raise ConnectionResetError("Connection closed")
-            r += rn
-        return r
-
-    def write(self, data):
-        self.socket.sendall(data)
-
-    def get_analyzer_dump(self):
-        sock = initialize_connection(self.host, self.port_analyzer)
-        r = bytes()
-        while True:
-            buf = sock.recv(8192)
-            if not buf:
-                break
-            r += buf
-        sock.close()
-        return r

artiq/coredevice/core.py

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 import os, sys
+import numpy
+from inspect import getfullargspec
+from functools import wraps
 
 from pythonparser import diagnostic
 
@@ -10,8 +13,9 @@ from artiq.language.units import *
 
 from artiq.compiler.module import Module
 from artiq.compiler.embedding import Stitcher
-from artiq.compiler.targets import OR1KTarget
+from artiq.compiler.targets import RV32IMATarget, RV32GTarget, CortexA9Target
 
+from artiq.coredevice.comm_kernel import CommKernel, CommKernelDummy
 # Import for side effects (creating the exception classes).
 from artiq.coredevice import exceptions
 
@@ -41,90 +45,279 @@ class CompileError(Exception):
 def rtio_init() -> TNone:
     raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
 
+@syscall(flags={"nounwind", "nowrite"})
+def rtio_get_destination_status(linkno: TInt32) -> TBool:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
 @syscall(flags={"nounwind", "nowrite"})
 def rtio_get_counter() -> TInt64:
     raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
 
 
+def get_target_cls(target):
+    if target == "rv32g":
+        return RV32GTarget
+    elif target == "rv32ima":
+        return RV32IMATarget
+    elif target == "cortexa9":
+        return CortexA9Target
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Unsupported target")
+
+
 class Core:
     """Core device driver.
 
+    :param host: hostname or IP address of the core device.
     :param ref_period: period of the reference clock for the RTIO subsystem.
         On platforms that use clock multiplication and SERDES-based PHYs,
         this is the period after multiplication. For example, with a RTIO core
         clocked at 125MHz and a SERDES multiplication factor of 8, the
         reference period is 1ns.
         The time machine unit is equal to this period.
-    :param external_clock: whether the core device should switch to its
-        external RTIO clock input instead of using its internal oscillator.
     :param ref_multiplier: ratio between the RTIO fine timestamp frequency
         and the RTIO coarse timestamp frequency (e.g. SERDES multiplication
         factor).
-    :param comm_device: name of the device used for communications.
+    :param analyzer_proxy: name of the core device analyzer proxy to trigger
+        (optional).
+    :param analyze_at_run_end: automatically trigger the core device analyzer
+        proxy after the Experiment's run stage finishes.
     """
 
     kernel_invariants = {
         "core", "ref_period", "coarse_ref_period", "ref_multiplier",
-        "external_clock",
     }
 
-    def __init__(self, dmgr, ref_period, external_clock=False,
-                 ref_multiplier=8, comm_device="comm"):
+    def __init__(self, dmgr,
+                 host, ref_period,
+                 analyzer_proxy=None, analyze_at_run_end=False,
+                 ref_multiplier=8,
+                 target="rv32g", satellite_cpu_targets={}):
         self.ref_period = ref_period
-        self.external_clock = external_clock
         self.ref_multiplier = ref_multiplier
+        self.satellite_cpu_targets = satellite_cpu_targets
+        self.target_cls = get_target_cls(target)
         self.coarse_ref_period = ref_period*ref_multiplier
-        self.comm = dmgr.get(comm_device)
+        if host is None:
+            self.comm = CommKernelDummy()
+        else:
+            self.comm = CommKernel(host)
+        self.analyzer_proxy_name = analyzer_proxy
+        self.analyze_at_run_end = analyze_at_run_end
 
         self.first_run = True
         self.dmgr = dmgr
         self.core = self
         self.comm.core = self
+        self.analyzer_proxy = None
 
-    def compile(self, function, args, kwargs, set_result=None, with_attr_writeback=True):
+    def notify_run_end(self):
+        if self.analyze_at_run_end:
+            self.trigger_analyzer_proxy()
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.comm.close()
+
+    def compile(self, function, args, kwargs, set_result=None,
+                attribute_writeback=True, print_as_rpc=True,
+                target=None, destination=0, subkernel_arg_types=[],
+                old_embedding_map=None):
         try:
             engine = _DiagnosticEngine(all_errors_are_fatal=True)
 
-            stitcher = Stitcher(engine=engine, core=self, dmgr=self.dmgr)
+            stitcher = Stitcher(engine=engine, core=self, dmgr=self.dmgr,
+                                print_as_rpc=print_as_rpc,
+                                destination=destination, subkernel_arg_types=subkernel_arg_types,
+                                old_embedding_map=old_embedding_map)
             stitcher.stitch_call(function, args, kwargs, set_result)
             stitcher.finalize()
 
-            module = Module(stitcher, ref_period=self.ref_period)
-            target = OR1KTarget()
+            module = Module(stitcher,
+                ref_period=self.ref_period,
+                attribute_writeback=attribute_writeback)
+            target = target if target is not None else self.target_cls()
 
             library = target.compile_and_link([module])
             stripped_library = target.strip(library)
 
             return stitcher.embedding_map, stripped_library, \
                    lambda addresses: target.symbolize(library, addresses), \
-                   lambda symbols: target.demangle(symbols)
+                   lambda symbols: target.demangle(symbols), \
+                   module.subkernel_arg_types
         except diagnostic.Error as error:
             raise CompileError(error.diagnostic) from error
 
-    def run(self, function, args, kwargs):
-        result = None
-        def set_result(new_result):
-            nonlocal result
-            result = new_result
-
-        embedding_map, kernel_library, symbolizer, demangler = \
-            self.compile(function, args, kwargs, set_result)
-
+    def _run_compiled(self, kernel_library, embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler):
         if self.first_run:
-            self.comm.check_ident()
-            self.comm.switch_clock(self.external_clock)
+            self.comm.check_system_info()
             self.first_run = False
-
         self.comm.load(kernel_library)
         self.comm.run()
         self.comm.serve(embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler)
 
+    def run(self, function, args, kwargs):
+        result = None
+        @rpc(flags={"async"})
+        def set_result(new_result):
+            nonlocal result
+            result = new_result
+        embedding_map, kernel_library, symbolizer, demangler, subkernel_arg_types = \
+            self.compile(function, args, kwargs, set_result)
+        self.compile_and_upload_subkernels(embedding_map, args, subkernel_arg_types)
+        self._run_compiled(kernel_library, embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler)
         return result
 
+    def compile_subkernel(self, sid, subkernel_fn, embedding_map, args, subkernel_arg_types, subkernels):
+        # pass self to subkernels (if applicable)
+        # assuming the first argument is self
+        subkernel_args = getfullargspec(subkernel_fn.artiq_embedded.function)
+        self_arg = []
+        if len(subkernel_args[0]) > 0:
+            if subkernel_args[0][0] == 'self':
+                self_arg = args[:1]
+        destination = subkernel_fn.artiq_embedded.destination
+        destination_tgt = self.satellite_cpu_targets[destination]
+        target = get_target_cls(destination_tgt)(subkernel_id=sid)
+        object_map, kernel_library, _, _, _ = \
+            self.compile(subkernel_fn, self_arg, {}, attribute_writeback=False,
+                        print_as_rpc=False, target=target, destination=destination, 
+                        subkernel_arg_types=subkernel_arg_types.get(sid, []),
+                        old_embedding_map=embedding_map)
+        if object_map.has_rpc():
+            raise ValueError("Subkernel must not use RPC")
+        return destination, kernel_library, object_map
+
+    def compile_and_upload_subkernels(self, embedding_map, args, subkernel_arg_types):
+        subkernels = embedding_map.subkernels()
+        subkernels_compiled = []
+        while True:
+            new_subkernels = {}
+            for sid, subkernel_fn in subkernels.items():
+                if sid in subkernels_compiled:
+                    continue
+                destination, kernel_library, embedding_map = \
+                    self.compile_subkernel(sid, subkernel_fn, embedding_map,
+                                        args, subkernel_arg_types, subkernels)
+                self.comm.upload_subkernel(kernel_library, sid, destination)
+                new_subkernels.update(embedding_map.subkernels())
+                subkernels_compiled.append(sid)
+            if new_subkernels == subkernels:
+                break
+            subkernels.update(new_subkernels)
+        # check for messages without a send/recv pair
+        unpaired_messages = embedding_map.subkernel_messages_unpaired()
+        if unpaired_messages:
+            for unpaired_message in unpaired_messages:
+                engine = _DiagnosticEngine(all_errors_are_fatal=False)
+                # errors are non-fatal in order to display
+                # all unpaired message errors before raising an excption
+                if unpaired_message.send_loc is None:
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                        "subkernel message '{name}' only has a receiver but no sender",
+                        {"name": unpaired_message.name},
+                        unpaired_message.recv_loc)
+                else:
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                        "subkernel message '{name}' only has a sender but no receiver",
+                        {"name": unpaired_message.name},
+                        unpaired_message.send_loc)
+                engine.process(diag)
+            raise ValueError("Found subkernel message(s) without a full send/recv pair")
+
+
+    def precompile(self, function, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Precompile a kernel and return a callable that executes it on the core device
+        at a later time.
+
+        Arguments to the kernel are set at compilation time and passed to this function,
+        as additional positional and keyword arguments.
+        The returned callable accepts no arguments.
+
+        Precompiled kernels may use RPCs and subkernels.
+
+        Object attributes at the beginning of a precompiled kernel execution have the
+        values they had at precompilation time. If up-to-date values are required,
+        use RPC to read them.
+        Similarly, modified values are not written back, and explicit RPC should be used
+        to modify host objects.
+        Carefully review the source code of drivers calls used in precompiled kernels, as
+        they may rely on host object attributes being transfered between kernel calls.
+        Examples include code used to control DDS phase, and Urukul RF switch control
+        via the CPLD register.
+
+        The return value of the callable is the return value of the kernel, if any.
+
+        The callable may be called several times.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(function, "artiq_embedded"):
+            raise ValueError("Argument is not a kernel")
+
+        result = None
+        @rpc(flags={"async"})
+        def set_result(new_result):
+            nonlocal result
+            result = new_result
+
+        embedding_map, kernel_library, symbolizer, demangler, subkernel_arg_types = \
+            self.compile(function, args, kwargs, set_result, attribute_writeback=False)
+        self.compile_and_upload_subkernels(embedding_map, args, subkernel_arg_types)
+
+        @wraps(function)
+        def run_precompiled():
+            nonlocal result
+            self._run_compiled(kernel_library, embedding_map, symbolizer, demangler)
+            return result
+
+        return run_precompiled
+
+    @portable
+    def seconds_to_mu(self, seconds):
+        """Convert seconds to the corresponding number of machine units
+        (RTIO cycles).
+
+        :param seconds: time (in seconds) to convert.
+        """
+        return numpy.int64(seconds//self.ref_period)
+
+    @portable
+    def mu_to_seconds(self, mu):
+        """Convert machine units (RTIO cycles) to seconds.
+
+        :param mu: cycle count to convert.
+        """
+        return mu*self.ref_period
+
     @kernel
     def get_rtio_counter_mu(self):
+        """Retrieve the current value of the hardware RTIO timeline counter.
+
+        As the timing of kernel code executed on the CPU is inherently
+        non-deterministic, the return value is by necessity only a lower bound
+        for the actual value of the hardware register at the instant when
+        execution resumes in the caller.
+
+        For a more detailed description of these concepts, see :doc:`/rtio`.
+        """
         return rtio_get_counter()
 
+    @kernel
+    def wait_until_mu(self, cursor_mu):
+        """Block execution until the hardware RTIO counter reaches the given
+        value (see :meth:`get_rtio_counter_mu`).
+
+        If the hardware counter has already passed the given time, the function
+        returns immediately.
+        """
+        while self.get_rtio_counter_mu() < cursor_mu:
+            pass
+
+    @kernel
+    def get_rtio_destination_status(self, destination):
+        """Returns whether the specified RTIO destination is up.
+        This is particularly useful in startup kernels to delay
+        startup until certain DRTIO destinations are up."""
+        return rtio_get_destination_status(destination)
+
     @kernel
     def reset(self):
         """Clear RTIO FIFOs, release RTIO PHY reset, and set the time cursor
@@ -143,3 +336,21 @@ class Core:
         min_now = rtio_get_counter() + 125000
         if now_mu() < min_now:
             at_mu(min_now)
+
+    def trigger_analyzer_proxy(self):
+        """Causes the core analyzer proxy to retrieve a dump from the device,
+        and distribute it to all connected clients (typically dashboards).
+
+        Returns only after the dump has been retrieved from the device.
+
+        Raises IOError if no analyzer proxy has been configured, or if the
+        analyzer proxy fails. In the latter case, more details would be
+        available in the proxy log.
+        """
+        if self.analyzer_proxy is None:
+            if self.analyzer_proxy_name is not None:
+                self.analyzer_proxy = self.dmgr.get(self.analyzer_proxy_name)
+        if self.analyzer_proxy is None:
+            raise IOError("No analyzer proxy configured")
+        else:
+            self.analyzer_proxy.trigger()

artiq/coredevice/coredevice_generic.schema.json

@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+{
+    "$id": "https://m-labs.hk/kasli_generic.schema.json",
+    "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+    "title": "Kasli variant description",
+    
+    "type": "object",
+    "properties": {
+        "_description": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Free-form description text"
+        },
+        "target": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Target board"
+        },
+        "variant": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Target board variant name"
+        },
+        "min_artiq_version": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Minimum required ARTIQ version",
+            "default": "0"
+        },
+        "hw_rev": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Hardware revision"
+        },
+        "base": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "enum": ["use_drtio_role", "standalone", "master", "satellite"],
+            "description": "Deprecated, use drtio_role instead",
+            "default": "use_drtio_role"
+        },
+        "drtio_role": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "enum": ["standalone", "master", "satellite"],
+            "description": "Role that this device takes in a DRTIO network; 'standalone' means no DRTIO",
+            "default": "standalone"
+        },
+        "ext_ref_frequency": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+            "description": "External reference frequency"
+        },
+        "rtio_frequency": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+            "default": 125e6,
+            "description": "RTIO frequency"
+        },
+        "enable_wrpll": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "default": false
+        },
+        "core_addr": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "format": "ipv4",
+            "description": "IPv4 address",
+            "default": "192.168.1.70"
+        },
+        "vendor": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Board vendor"
+        },
+        "eui48": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "pattern": "^([0-9a-f]{2}-){5}[0-9a-f]{2}$",
+                "examples": ["80-1f-12-4c-22-7f"]
+            },
+            "description": "Ethernet MAC addresses"
+        },
+        "enable_sata_drtio": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "default": false
+        },
+        "sed_lanes": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "minimum": 1,
+            "maximum": 32,
+            "default": 8,
+            "description": "Number of FIFOs in the SED, must be a power of 2"
+        },
+        "peripherals": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+                "$ref": "#/definitions/peripheral"
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "if": {
+        "properties": {
+            "target": { "const": "kasli" },
+            "hw_rev": {
+                "not": {
+                    "oneOf": [
+                        { "const": "v1.0" },
+                        { "const": "v1.1" }
+                    ]
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "then": {
+        "properties": {
+            "enable_sata_drtio": {
+                "const": false
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "required": ["target", "variant", "hw_rev", "base", "peripherals"],
+    "additionalProperties": false,
+
+    "oneOf": [
+        {
+            "properties": {
+                "target": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "const": "kasli"
+                },
+                "hw_rev": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": ["v1.0", "v1.1", "v2.0"]
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "properties": {
+                "target": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "const": "kasli_soc"
+                },
+                "hw_rev": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": ["v1.0", "v1.1"]
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    ],
+
+    "definitions": {
+        "peripheral": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+                "type": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": ["dio", "dio_spi", "urukul", "novogorny", "sampler", "suservo", "zotino", "grabber", "mirny", "fastino", "phaser", "hvamp", "shuttler"]
+                },
+                "board": {
+                    "type": "string"
+                },
+                "hw_rev": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "pattern": "^v[0-9]+\\.[0-9]+"
+                }
+            },
+            "required": ["type"],
+            "allOf": [{
+                "title": "DIO",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "dio"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 1
+                        },
+                        "edge_counter": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "default": false
+                        },
+                        "bank_direction_low": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": ["input", "output", "clkgen"]
+                        },
+                        "bank_direction_high": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": ["input", "output", "clkgen"]
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["ports", "bank_direction_low", "bank_direction_high"]
+                }
+            }, {
+                "title": "DIO_SPI",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "dio_spi"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 1
+                        },
+                        "spi": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "object",
+                                "properties": {
+                                    "name": {
+                                        "type": "string",
+                                        "default": "dio_spi"
+                                    },
+                                    "clk": {
+                                        "type": "integer",
+                                        "minimum": 0,
+                                        "maximum": 7
+                                    },
+                                    "mosi": {
+                                        "type": "integer",
+                                        "minimum": 0,
+                                        "maximum": 7
+                                    },
+                                    "miso": {
+                                        "type": "integer",
+                                        "minimum": 0,
+                                        "maximum": 7
+                                    },
+                                    "cs": {
+                                        "type": "array",
+                                        "items": {
+                                            "type": "integer",
+                                            "minimum": 0,
+                                            "maximum": 7
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                },
+                                "required": ["clk"]
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1
+                        },
+                        "ttl": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "object",
+                                "properties": {
+                                    "name": {
+                                        "type": "string",
+                                        "default": "ttl"
+                                    },
+                                    "pin": {
+                                        "type": "integer",
+                                        "minimum": 0,
+                                        "maximum": 7
+                                    },
+                                    "direction": {
+                                        "type": "string",
+                                        "enum": ["input", "output"]
+                                    },
+                                    "edge_counter": {
+                                        "type": "boolean",
+                                        "default": false
+                                    }
+                                },
+                                "required": ["pin", "direction"]
+                            },
+                            "default": []
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["ports", "spi"]
+                }
+            }, {
+                "title": "Urukul",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "urukul"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 2
+                        },
+                        "synchronization": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "default": false
+                        },
+                        "refclk": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "minimum": 0
+                        },
+                        "clk_sel": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "minimum": 0,
+                            "maximum": 3
+                        },
+                        "clk_div": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "minimum": 0,
+                            "maximum": 3
+                        },
+                        "pll_n": {
+                            "type": "integer"
+                        },
+                        "pll_en": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "minimum": 0,
+                            "maximum": 1,
+                            "default": 1
+                        },
+                        "pll_vco": {
+                            "type": "integer"
+                        },
+                        "dds": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": ["ad9910", "ad9912"],
+                            "default": "ad9910"
+                        }
+                    },                    
+                    "required": ["ports"]
+                }
+            }, {
+                "title": "Novogorny",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "novogorny"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 1
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["ports"]
+                }
+            }, {
+                "title": "Sampler",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "sampler"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 2
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["ports"]
+                }
+            }, {
+                "title": "SUServo",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "suservo"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "sampler_ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 2,
+                            "maxItems": 2
+                        },
+                        "sampler_hw_rev": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "pattern": "^v[0-9]+\\.[0-9]+",
+                            "default": "v2.2"
+                        },
+                        "urukul0_ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 2,
+                            "maxItems": 2
+                        },
+                        "urukul1_ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 2,
+                            "maxItems": 2
+                        },
+                        "refclk": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "minimum": 0
+                        },
+                        "clk_sel": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "minimum": 0,
+                            "maximum": 3
+                        },
+                        "pll_n": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "default": 32
+                        },
+                        "pll_en": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "minimum": 0,
+                            "maximum": 1,
+                            "default": 1
+                        },
+                        "pll_vco": {
+                            "type": "integer"
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["sampler_ports", "urukul0_ports"]
+                }
+            }, {
+                "title": "Zotino",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "zotino"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 1
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["ports"]
+                }
+            }, {
+                "title": "Grabber",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "grabber"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 3
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["ports"]
+                }
+            }, {
+                "title": "Mirny",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "mirny"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 1
+                        },
+                        "refclk": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+                            "default": 100e6
+                        },
+                        "clk_sel": {
+                            "oneOf": [
+                                {
+                                    "type": "integer",
+                                    "minimum": 0,
+                                    "maximum": 3
+                                },
+                                {
+                                    "type": "string",
+                                    "enum": ["xo", "mmcx", "sma"]
+                                }
+                            ],
+                            "default": 0
+                        },
+                        "almazny": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "default": false
+                        },
+                        "almazny_hw_rev": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "pattern": "^v[0-9]+\\.[0-9]+",
+                            "default": "v1.2"
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["ports"]
+                }
+            }, {
+                "title": "Fastino",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "fastino"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 1
+                        },
+                        "log2_width": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "default": 0,
+                            "description": "Width of DAC channel group (logarithm base 2)"
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["ports"]
+                }
+            }, {
+                "title": "Phaser",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "phaser"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 1
+                        },
+                        "mode": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": ["base", "miqro"],
+                            "default": "base"
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["ports"]
+                }
+            }, {
+                "title": "HVAmp",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "hvamp"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 1
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["ports"]
+                }
+            },{
+                "title": "Shuttler",
+                "if": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                            "const": "shuttler"
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                "then": {
+                    "properties": {
+                        "ports": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {
+                                "type": "integer"
+                            },
+                            "minItems": 1,
+                            "maxItems": 2
+                        },
+                        "drtio_destination": {
+                            "type": "integer"
+                        },
+                        "hw_rev": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": ["v1.0", "v1.1"]
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": ["ports"]
+                }
+            }]
+        }
+    }
+}

artiq/coredevice/dac34h84.py

@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+class DAC34H84:
+    """DAC34H84 settings and register map.
+
+    For possible values, documentation, and explanation, see the DAC datasheet
+    at https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/slas751
+    """
+    qmc_corr_ena = 0  # msb ab
+    qmc_offset_ena = 0  # msb ab
+    invsinc_ena = 0  # msb ab
+    interpolation = 1  # 2x
+    fifo_ena = 1
+    alarm_out_ena = 1
+    alarm_out_pol = 1
+    clkdiv_sync_ena = 1
+
+    iotest_ena = 0
+    cnt64_ena = 0
+    oddeven_parity = 0  # even
+    single_parity_ena = 1
+    dual_parity_ena = 0
+    rev_interface = 0
+    dac_complement = 0b0000  # msb A
+    alarm_fifo = 0b111  # msb 2-away
+
+    dacclkgone_ena = 1
+    dataclkgone_ena = 1
+    collisiongone_ena = 1
+    sif4_ena = 1
+    mixer_ena = 0
+    mixer_gain = 1
+    nco_ena = 0
+    revbus = 0
+    twos = 1
+
+    coarse_dac = 9  # 18.75 mA, 0-15
+    sif_txenable = 0
+
+    mask_alarm_from_zerochk = 0
+    mask_alarm_fifo_collision = 0
+    mask_alarm_fifo_1away = 0
+    mask_alarm_fifo_2away = 0
+    mask_alarm_dacclk_gone = 0
+    mask_alarm_dataclk_gone = 0
+    mask_alarm_output_gone = 0
+    mask_alarm_from_iotest = 0
+    mask_alarm_from_pll = 0
+    mask_alarm_parity = 0b0000  # msb a
+
+    qmc_offseta = 0  # 12b
+    fifo_offset = 2  # 0-7
+    qmc_offsetb = 0  # 12b
+
+    qmc_offsetc = 0  # 12b
+
+    qmc_offsetd = 0  # 12b
+
+    qmc_gaina = 0  # 11b
+
+    cmix_fs8 = 0
+    cmix_fs4 = 0
+    cmix_fs2 = 0
+    cmix_nfs4 = 0
+    qmc_gainb = 0  # 11b
+
+    qmc_gainc = 0  # 11b
+
+    output_delayab = 0b00
+    output_delaycd = 0b00
+    qmc_gaind = 0  # 11b
+
+    qmc_phaseab = 0  # 12b
+
+    qmc_phasecd = 0  # 12b
+
+    phase_offsetab = 0  # 16b
+    phase_offsetcd = 0  # 16b
+    phase_addab_lsb = 0  # 16b
+    phase_addab_msb = 0  # 16b
+    phase_addcd_lsb = 0  # 16b
+    phase_addcd_msb = 0  # 16b
+
+    pll_reset = 0
+    pll_ndivsync_ena = 1
+    pll_ena = 1
+    pll_cp = 0b01  # single charge pump
+    pll_p = 0b100  # p=4
+
+    pll_m2 = 1  # x2
+    pll_m = 8  # m = 8
+    pll_n = 0b0001  # n = 2
+    pll_vcotune = 0b01
+
+    pll_vco = 0x3f  # 4 GHz
+    bias_sleep = 0
+    tsense_sleep = 0
+    pll_sleep = 0
+    clkrecv_sleep = 0
+    dac_sleep = 0b0000  # msb a
+
+    extref_ena = 0
+    fuse_sleep = 1
+    atest = 0b00000  # atest mode
+
+    syncsel_qmcoffsetab = 0b1001  # sif_sync and register write
+    syncsel_qmcoffsetcd = 0b1001  # sif_sync and register write
+    syncsel_qmccorrab = 0b1001  # sif_sync and register write
+    syncsel_qmccorrcd = 0b1001  # sif_sync and register write
+
+    syncsel_mixerab = 0b1001  # sif_sync and register write
+    syncsel_mixercd = 0b1001  # sif_sync and register write
+    syncsel_nco = 0b1000  # sif_sync
+    syncsel_fifo_input = 0b10  # external lvds istr
+    sif_sync = 0
+
+    syncsel_fifoin = 0b0010  # istr
+    syncsel_fifoout = 0b0100  # ostr
+    clkdiv_sync_sel = 0  # ostr
+
+    path_a_sel = 0
+    path_b_sel = 1
+    path_c_sel = 2
+    path_d_sel = 3
+    # swap dac pairs (CDAB) for layout
+    # swap I-Q dacs for spectral inversion
+    dac_a_sel = 3
+    dac_b_sel = 2
+    dac_c_sel = 1
+    dac_d_sel = 0
+
+    dac_sleep_en = 0b1111  # msb a
+    clkrecv_sleep_en = 1
+    pll_sleep_en = 1
+    lvds_data_sleep_en = 1
+    lvds_control_sleep_en = 1
+    temp_sense_sleep_en = 1
+    bias_sleep_en = 1
+
+    data_dly = 2
+    clk_dly = 0
+
+    ostrtodig_sel = 0
+    ramp_ena = 0
+    sifdac_ena = 0
+
+    grp_delaya = 0x00
+    grp_delayb = 0x00
+
+    grp_delayc = 0x00
+    grp_delayd = 0x00
+
+    sifdac = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, updates=None):
+        if updates is None:
+            return
+        for key, value in updates.items():
+            if not hasattr(self, key):
+                raise KeyError("invalid setting", key)
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+
+    def get_mmap(self):
+        mmap = []
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x00 << 16) |
+            (self.qmc_offset_ena << 14) | (self.qmc_corr_ena << 12) |
+            (self.interpolation << 8) | (self.fifo_ena << 7) |
+            (self.alarm_out_ena << 4) | (self.alarm_out_pol << 3) |
+            (self.clkdiv_sync_ena << 2) | (self.invsinc_ena << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x01 << 16) |
+            (self.iotest_ena << 15) | (self.cnt64_ena << 12) |
+            (self.oddeven_parity << 11) | (self.single_parity_ena << 10) |
+            (self.dual_parity_ena << 9) | (self.rev_interface << 8) |
+            (self.dac_complement << 4) | (self.alarm_fifo << 1))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x02 << 16) |
+            (self.dacclkgone_ena << 14) | (self.dataclkgone_ena << 13) |
+            (self.collisiongone_ena << 12) | (self.sif4_ena << 7) |
+            (self.mixer_ena << 6) | (self.mixer_gain << 5) |
+            (self.nco_ena << 4) | (self.revbus << 3) | (self.twos << 1))
+        mmap.append((0x03 << 16) | (self.coarse_dac << 12) |
+                    (self.sif_txenable << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x07 << 16) |
+            (self.mask_alarm_from_zerochk << 15) | (1 << 14) |
+            (self.mask_alarm_fifo_collision << 13) |
+            (self.mask_alarm_fifo_1away << 12) |
+            (self.mask_alarm_fifo_2away << 11) |
+            (self.mask_alarm_dacclk_gone << 10) |
+            (self.mask_alarm_dataclk_gone << 9) |
+            (self.mask_alarm_output_gone << 8) |
+            (self.mask_alarm_from_iotest << 7) | (1 << 6) |
+            (self.mask_alarm_from_pll << 5) | (self.mask_alarm_parity << 1))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x08 << 16) | (self.qmc_offseta << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x09 << 16) | (self.fifo_offset << 13) | (self.qmc_offsetb << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x0a << 16) | (self.qmc_offsetc << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x0b << 16) | (self.qmc_offsetd << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x0c << 16) | (self.qmc_gaina << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x0d << 16) |
+            (self.cmix_fs8 << 15) | (self.cmix_fs4 << 14) |
+            (self.cmix_fs2 << 13) | (self.cmix_nfs4 << 12) |
+            (self.qmc_gainb << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x0e << 16) | (self.qmc_gainc << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x0f << 16) |
+            (self.output_delayab << 14) | (self.output_delaycd << 12) |
+            (self.qmc_gaind << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x10 << 16) | (self.qmc_phaseab << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x11 << 16) | (self.qmc_phasecd << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x12 << 16) | (self.phase_offsetab << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x13 << 16) | (self.phase_offsetcd << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x14 << 16) | (self.phase_addab_lsb << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x15 << 16) | (self.phase_addab_msb << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x16 << 16) | (self.phase_addcd_lsb << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x17 << 16) | (self.phase_addcd_msb << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x18 << 16) |
+            (0b001 << 13) | (self.pll_reset << 12) |
+            (self.pll_ndivsync_ena << 11) | (self.pll_ena << 10) |
+            (self.pll_cp << 6) | (self.pll_p << 3))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x19 << 16) |
+            (self.pll_m2 << 15) | (self.pll_m << 8) | (self.pll_n << 4) |
+            (self.pll_vcotune << 2))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x1a << 16) |
+            (self.pll_vco << 10) | (self.bias_sleep << 7) |
+            (self.tsense_sleep << 6) |
+            (self.pll_sleep << 5) | (self.clkrecv_sleep << 4) |
+            (self.dac_sleep << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x1b << 16) |
+            (self.extref_ena << 15) | (self.fuse_sleep << 11) |
+            (self.atest << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x1e << 16) |
+            (self.syncsel_qmcoffsetab << 12) |
+            (self.syncsel_qmcoffsetcd << 8) |
+            (self.syncsel_qmccorrab << 4) |
+            (self.syncsel_qmccorrcd << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x1f << 16) |
+            (self.syncsel_mixerab << 12) | (self.syncsel_mixercd << 8) |
+            (self.syncsel_nco << 4) | (self.syncsel_fifo_input << 2) |
+            (self.sif_sync << 1))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x20 << 16) |
+            (self.syncsel_fifoin << 12) | (self.syncsel_fifoout << 8) |
+            (self.clkdiv_sync_sel << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x22 << 16) |
+            (self.path_a_sel << 14) | (self.path_b_sel << 12) |
+            (self.path_c_sel << 10) | (self.path_d_sel << 8) |
+            (self.dac_a_sel << 6) | (self.dac_b_sel << 4) |
+            (self.dac_c_sel << 2) | (self.dac_d_sel << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x23 << 16) |
+            (self.dac_sleep_en << 12) | (self.clkrecv_sleep_en << 11) |
+            (self.pll_sleep_en << 10) | (self.lvds_data_sleep_en << 9) |
+            (self.lvds_control_sleep_en << 8) |
+            (self.temp_sense_sleep_en << 7) | (1 << 6) |
+            (self.bias_sleep_en << 5) | (0x1f << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x24 << 16) | (self.data_dly << 13) | (self.clk_dly << 10))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x2d << 16) |
+            (self.ostrtodig_sel << 14) | (self.ramp_ena << 13) |
+            (0x002 << 1) | (self.sifdac_ena << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x2e << 16) | (self.grp_delaya << 8) | (self.grp_delayb << 0))
+        mmap.append(
+            (0x2f << 16) | (self.grp_delayc << 8) | (self.grp_delayd << 0))
+        mmap.append((0x30 << 16) | self.sifdac)
+        return mmap

artiq/coredevice/dds.py

@@ -1,239 +0,0 @@
-from artiq.language.core import *
-from artiq.language.types import *
-from artiq.language.units import *
-
-
-_PHASE_MODE_DEFAULT = -1
-# keep in sync with dds.h
-PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS = 0
-PHASE_MODE_ABSOLUTE = 1
-PHASE_MODE_TRACKING = 2
-
-
-@syscall(flags={"nowrite"})
-def dds_init(time_mu: TInt64, bus_channel: TInt32, channel: TInt32) -> TNone:
-    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
-
-@syscall(flags={"nowrite"})
-def dds_init_sync(time_mu: TInt64, bus_channel: TInt32,
-                  channel: TInt32, sync_delay: TInt32) -> TNone:
-    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
-
-@syscall(flags={"nowrite"})
-def dds_set(time_mu: TInt64, bus_channel: TInt32, channel: TInt32, ftw: TInt32,
-            pow: TInt32, phase_mode: TInt32, amplitude: TInt32) -> TNone:
-    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
-
-@syscall(flags={"nowrite"})
-def dds_batch_enter(time_mu: TInt64) -> TNone:
-    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
-
-@syscall(flags={"nowrite"})
-def dds_batch_exit() -> TNone:
-    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
-
-
-class _BatchContextManager:
-    kernel_invariants = {"core", "core_dds"}
-
-    def __init__(self, core_dds):
-        self.core_dds = core_dds
-        self.core = self.core_dds.core
-
-    @kernel
-    def __enter__(self):
-        self.core_dds.dds_batch_enter()
-
-    @kernel
-    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
-        self.core_dds.dds_batch_exit()
-
-
-class CoreDDS:
-    """Core device Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) driver.
-
-    Gives access to the DDS functionality of the core device.
-
-    :param sysclk: DDS system frequency. The DDS system clock must be a
-        phase-locked multiple of the RTIO clock.
-    """
-
-    kernel_invariants = {"core", "sysclk", "batch"}
-
-    def __init__(self, dmgr, sysclk, core_device="core"):
-        self.core = dmgr.get(core_device)
-        self.sysclk = sysclk
-        self.batch = _BatchContextManager(self)
-
-    @kernel
-    def dds_batch_enter(self):
-        """Starts a DDS command batch. All DDS commands are buffered
-        after this call, until ``batch_exit`` is called.
-
-        The time of execution of the DDS commands is the time cursor position
-        when the batch is entered."""
-        dds_batch_enter(now_mu())
-
-    @kernel
-    def dds_batch_exit(self):
-        """Ends a DDS command batch. All buffered DDS commands are issued
-        on the bus."""
-        dds_batch_exit()
-
-
-class _DDSGeneric:
-    """Core device Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) channel driver.
-
-    Controls one DDS channel managed directly by the core device's runtime.
-
-    This class should not be used directly, instead, use the chip-specific
-    drivers such as ``AD9858`` and ``AD9914``.
-
-    The time cursor is not modified by any function in this class.
-
-    :param bus: name of the DDS bus device that this DDS is connected to.
-    :param channel: channel number of the DDS device to control.
-    """
-
-    kernel_invariants = {
-        "core", "core_dds", "bus_channel", "channel", "pow_width"
-    }
-
-    def __init__(self, dmgr, bus_channel, channel, core_dds_device="core_dds"):
-        self.core_dds = dmgr.get(core_dds_device)
-        self.core = self.core_dds.core
-        self.bus_channel = bus_channel
-        self.channel = channel
-        self.phase_mode = PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS
-
-    @portable(flags=["fast-math"])
-    def frequency_to_ftw(self, frequency):
-        """Returns the frequency tuning word corresponding to the given
-        frequency.
-        """
-        return round(int(2, width=64)**32*frequency/self.core_dds.sysclk)
-
-    @portable(flags=["fast-math"])
-    def ftw_to_frequency(self, ftw):
-        """Returns the frequency corresponding to the given frequency tuning
-        word.
-        """
-        return ftw*self.core_dds.sysclk/int(2, width=64)**32
-
-    @portable(flags=["fast-math"])
-    def turns_to_pow(self, turns):
-        """Returns the phase offset word corresponding to the given phase
-        in turns."""
-        return round(turns*2**self.pow_width)
-
-    @portable(flags=["fast-math"])
-    def pow_to_turns(self, pow):
-        """Returns the phase in turns corresponding to the given phase offset
-        word."""
-        return pow/2**self.pow_width
-
-    @portable(flags=["fast-math"])
-    def amplitude_to_asf(self, amplitude):
-        """Returns amplitude scale factor corresponding to given amplitude."""
-        return round(amplitude*0x0fff)
-
-    @portable(flags=["fast-math"])
-    def asf_to_amplitude(self, asf):
-        """Returns the amplitude corresponding to the given amplitude scale
-           factor."""
-        return asf/0x0fff
-
-    @kernel
-    def init(self):
-        """Resets and initializes the DDS channel.
-
-        This needs to be done for each DDS channel before it can be used, and
-        it is recommended to use the startup kernel for this.
-
-        This function cannot be used in a batch; the correct way of
-        initializing multiple DDS channels is to call this function
-        sequentially with a delay between the calls. 2ms provides a good
-        timing margin."""
-        dds_init(now_mu(), self.bus_channel, self.channel)
-
-    @kernel
-    def set_phase_mode(self, phase_mode):
-        """Sets the phase mode of the DDS channel. Supported phase modes are:
-
-        * ``PHASE_MODE_CONTINUOUS``: the phase accumulator is unchanged when
-          switching frequencies. The DDS phase is the sum of the phase
-          accumulator and the phase offset. The only discrete jumps in the
-          DDS output phase come from changes to the phase offset.
-
-        * ``PHASE_MODE_ABSOLUTE``: the phase accumulator is reset when
-          switching frequencies. Thus, the phase of the DDS at the time of
-          the frequency change is equal to the phase offset.
-
-        * ``PHASE_MODE_TRACKING``: when switching frequencies, the phase
-          accumulator is set to the value it would have if the DDS had been
-          running at the specified frequency since the start of the
-          experiment.
-        """
-        self.phase_mode = phase_mode
-
-    @kernel
-    def set_mu(self, frequency, phase=0, phase_mode=_PHASE_MODE_DEFAULT,
-               amplitude=0x0fff):
-        """Sets the DDS channel to the specified frequency and phase.
-
-        This uses machine units (FTW and POW). The frequency tuning word width
-        is 32, whereas the phase offset word width depends on the type of DDS
-        chip and can be retrieved via the ``pow_width`` attribute. The amplitude
-        width is 12.
-
-        The "frequency update" pulse is sent to the DDS with a fixed latency
-        with respect to the current position of the time cursor.
-
-        :param frequency: frequency to generate.
-        :param phase: adds an offset, in turns, to the phase.
-        :param phase_mode: if specified, overrides the default phase mode set
-            by ``set_phase_mode`` for this call.
-        """
-        if phase_mode == _PHASE_MODE_DEFAULT:
-            phase_mode = self.phase_mode
-        dds_set(now_mu(), self.bus_channel, self.channel,
-                frequency, phase, phase_mode, amplitude)
-
-    @kernel
-    def set(self, frequency, phase=0.0, phase_mode=_PHASE_MODE_DEFAULT,
-            amplitude=1.0):
-        """Like ``set_mu``, but uses Hz and turns."""
-        self.set_mu(self.frequency_to_ftw(frequency),
-                    self.turns_to_pow(phase), phase_mode,
-                    self.amplitude_to_asf(amplitude))
-
-
-class AD9858(_DDSGeneric):
-    """Driver for AD9858 DDS chips. See ``_DDSGeneric`` for a description
-    of the functionality."""
-    pow_width = 14
-
-
-class AD9914(_DDSGeneric):
-    """Driver for AD9914 DDS chips. See ``_DDSGeneric`` for a description
-    of the functionality."""
-    pow_width = 16
-
-    @kernel
-    def init_sync(self, sync_delay=0):
-        """Resets and initializes the DDS channel as well as configures
-        the AD9914 DDS for synchronisation. The synchronisation procedure
-        follows the steps outlined in the AN-1254 application note.
-
-        This needs to be done for each DDS channel before it can be used, and
-        it is recommended to use the startup kernel for this.
-
-        This function cannot be used in a batch; the correct way of
-        initializing multiple DDS channels is to call this function
-        sequentially with a delay between the calls. 10ms provides a good
-        timing margin.
-
-        :param sync_delay: integer from 0 to 0x3f that sets the value of
-            SYNC_OUT (bits 3-5) and SYNC_IN (bits 0-2) delay ADJ bits.
-        """
-        dds_init_sync(now_mu(), self.bus_channel, self.channel, sync_delay)

artiq/coredevice/dma.py

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+"""Direct Memory Access (DMA) extension.
+
+This feature allows storing pre-defined sequences of output RTIO events into
+the core device's SDRAM, and playing them back at higher speeds than the CPU
+alone could achieve.
+"""
+
+from artiq.language.core import syscall, kernel
+from artiq.language.types import TInt32, TInt64, TStr, TNone, TTuple, TBool
+from artiq.coredevice.exceptions import DMAError
+
+from numpy import int64
+
+
+@syscall
+def dma_record_start(name: TStr) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+@syscall
+def dma_record_stop(duration: TInt64, enable_ddma: TBool) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+@syscall
+def dma_erase(name: TStr) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+@syscall
+def dma_retrieve(name: TStr) -> TTuple([TInt64, TInt32, TBool]):
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+@syscall
+def dma_playback(timestamp: TInt64, ptr: TInt32, enable_ddma: TBool) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+
+class DMARecordContextManager:
+    """Context manager returned by :meth:`CoreDMA.record()`.
+
+    Upon entering, starts recording a DMA trace. All RTIO operations are
+    redirected to a newly created DMA buffer after this call, and ``now``
+    is reset to zero.
+
+    Upon leaving, stops recording a DMA trace. All recorded RTIO operations
+    are stored in a newly created trace, and ``now`` is restored to the value
+    it had before the context manager was entered.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.name = ""
+        self.saved_now_mu = int64(0)
+        self.enable_ddma = False
+
+    @kernel
+    def __enter__(self):
+        dma_record_start(self.name) # this may raise, so do it before altering now
+        self.saved_now_mu = now_mu()
+        at_mu(0)
+
+    @kernel
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        dma_record_stop(now_mu(), self.enable_ddma) # see above
+        at_mu(self.saved_now_mu)
+
+
+class CoreDMA:
+    """Core device Direct Memory Access (DMA) driver.
+
+    Gives access to the DMA functionality of the core device.
+    """
+
+    kernel_invariants = {"core", "recorder"}
+
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, core_device="core"):
+        self.core     = dmgr.get(core_device)
+        self.recorder = DMARecordContextManager()
+        self.epoch    = 0
+
+    @kernel
+    def record(self, name, enable_ddma=False):
+        """Returns a context manager that will record a DMA trace called ``name``.
+        Any previously recorded trace with the same name is overwritten.
+        The trace will persist across kernel switches.
+
+        In DRTIO context, distributed DMA can be toggled with ``enable_ddma``.
+        Enabling it allows running DMA on satellites, rather than sending all
+        events from the master.
+
+        Keeping it disabled it may improve performance in some scenarios, 
+        e.g. when there are many small satellite buffers."""
+        self.epoch += 1
+        self.recorder.name = name
+        self.recorder.enable_ddma = enable_ddma
+        return self.recorder
+
+    @kernel
+    def erase(self, name):
+        """Removes the DMA trace with the given name from storage."""
+        self.epoch += 1
+        dma_erase(name)
+
+    @kernel
+    def playback(self, name):
+        """Replays a previously recorded DMA trace. This function blocks until
+        the entire trace is submitted to the RTIO FIFOs."""
+        (advance_mu, ptr, uses_ddma) = dma_retrieve(name)
+        dma_playback(now_mu(), ptr, uses_ddma)
+        delay_mu(advance_mu)
+
+    @kernel
+    def get_handle(self, name):
+        """Returns a handle to a previously recorded DMA trace. The returned handle
+        is only valid until the next call to :meth:`record` or :meth:`erase`."""
+        (advance_mu, ptr, uses_ddma) = dma_retrieve(name)
+        return (self.epoch, advance_mu, ptr, uses_ddma)
+
+    @kernel
+    def playback_handle(self, handle):
+        """Replays a handle obtained with :meth:`get_handle`. Using this function
+        is much faster than :meth:`playback` for replaying a set of traces repeatedly,
+        but incurs the overhead of managing the handles onto the programmer."""
+        (epoch, advance_mu, ptr, uses_ddma) = handle
+        if self.epoch != epoch:
+            raise DMAError("Invalid handle")
+        dma_playback(now_mu(), ptr, uses_ddma)
+        delay_mu(advance_mu)

artiq/coredevice/edge_counter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+"""Driver for RTIO-enabled TTL edge counter.
+
+Like for the TTL input PHYs, sensitivity can be configured over RTIO
+(``gate_rising()``, etc.). In contrast to the former, however, the count is
+accumulated in gateware, and only a single input event is generated at the end
+of each gate period::
+
+    with parallel:
+        doppler_cool()
+        self.pmt_counter.gate_rising(1 * ms)
+
+    with parallel:
+        readout()
+        self.pmt_counter.gate_rising(100 * us)
+
+    print("Doppler cooling counts:", self.pmt_counter.fetch_count())
+    print("Readout counts:", self.pmt_counter.fetch_count())
+
+For applications where the timestamps of the individual input events are not
+required, this has two advantages over ``TTLInOut.count()`` beyond raw
+throughput. First, it is easy to count events during multiple separate periods
+without blocking to read back counts in between, as illustrated in the above
+example. Secondly, as each count total only takes up a single input event, it
+is much easier to acquire counts on several channels in parallel without
+risking input FIFO overflows::
+
+    # Using the TTLInOut driver, pmt_1 input events are only processed
+    # after pmt_0 is done counting. To avoid RTIOOverflows, a round-robin
+    # scheme would have to be implemented manually.
+
+    with parallel:
+        self.pmt_0.gate_rising(10 * ms)
+        self.pmt_1.gate_rising(10 * ms)
+
+    counts_0 = self.pmt_0.count(now_mu()) # blocks
+    counts_1 = self.pmt_1.count(now_mu())
+
+    #
+
+    # Using gateware counters, only a single input event each is
+    # generated, greatly reducing the load on the input FIFOs:
+
+    with parallel:
+        self.pmt_0_counter.gate_rising(10 * ms)
+        self.pmt_1_counter.gate_rising(10 * ms)
+
+    counts_0 = self.pmt_0_counter.fetch_count() # blocks
+    counts_1 = self.pmt_1_counter.fetch_count()
+
+See :mod:`artiq.gateware.rtio.phy.edge_counter` and
+:meth:`artiq.gateware.eem.DIO.add_std` for the gateware components.
+"""
+
+from artiq.language.core import *
+from artiq.language.types import *
+from artiq.coredevice.rtio import (rtio_output, rtio_input_data,
+                                   rtio_input_timestamped_data)
+from numpy import int32, int64
+
+CONFIG_COUNT_RISING = 0b0001
+CONFIG_COUNT_FALLING = 0b0010
+CONFIG_SEND_COUNT_EVENT = 0b0100
+CONFIG_RESET_TO_ZERO = 0b1000
+
+
+class CounterOverflow(Exception):
+    """Raised when an edge counter value is read which indicates that the
+    counter might have overflowed."""
+    pass
+
+
+class EdgeCounter:
+    """RTIO TTL edge counter driver driver.
+
+    Like for regular TTL inputs, timeline periods where the counter is
+    sensitive to a chosen set of input transitions can be specified. Unlike the
+    former, however, the specified edges do not create individual input events;
+    rather, the total count can be requested as a single input event from the
+    core (typically at the end of the gate window).
+
+    :param channel: The RTIO channel of the gateware phy.
+    :param gateware_width: The width of the gateware counter register, in
+        bits. This is only used for overflow handling; to change the size,
+        the gateware needs to be rebuilt.
+    """
+
+    kernel_invariants = {"core", "channel", "counter_max"}
+
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, channel, gateware_width=31, core_device="core"):
+        self.core = dmgr.get(core_device)
+        self.channel = channel
+        self.counter_max = (1 << (gateware_width - 1)) - 1
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_rtio_channels(channel, **kwargs):
+        return [(channel, None)]
+
+    @kernel
+    def gate_rising(self, duration):
+        """Count rising edges for the given duration and request the total at
+        the end.
+
+        The counter is reset at the beginning of the gate period. Use
+        :meth:`set_config` directly for more detailed control.
+
+        :param duration: The duration for which the gate is to stay open.
+
+        :return: The timestamp at the end of the gate period, in machine units.
+        """
+        return self.gate_rising_mu(self.core.seconds_to_mu(duration))
+
+    @kernel
+    def gate_falling(self, duration):
+        """Count falling edges for the given duration and request the total at
+        the end.
+
+        The counter is reset at the beginning of the gate period. Use
+        :meth:`set_config` directly for more detailed control.
+
+        :param duration: The duration for which the gate is to stay open.
+
+        :return: The timestamp at the end of the gate period, in machine units.
+        """
+        return self.gate_falling_mu(self.core.seconds_to_mu(duration))
+
+    @kernel
+    def gate_both(self, duration):
+        """Count both rising and falling edges for the given duration, and
+        request the total at the end.
+
+        The counter is reset at the beginning of the gate period. Use
+        :meth:`set_config` directly for more detailed control.
+
+        :param duration: The duration for which the gate is to stay open.
+
+        :return: The timestamp at the end of the gate period, in machine units.
+        """
+        return self.gate_both_mu(self.core.seconds_to_mu(duration))
+
+    @kernel
+    def gate_rising_mu(self, duration_mu):
+        """See :meth:`gate_rising`."""
+        return self._gate_mu(
+            duration_mu, count_rising=True, count_falling=False)
+
+    @kernel
+    def gate_falling_mu(self, duration_mu):
+        """See :meth:`gate_falling`."""
+        return self._gate_mu(
+            duration_mu, count_rising=False, count_falling=True)
+
+    @kernel
+    def gate_both_mu(self, duration_mu):
+        """See :meth:`gate_both_mu`."""
+        return self._gate_mu(
+            duration_mu, count_rising=True, count_falling=True)
+
+    @kernel
+    def _gate_mu(self, duration_mu, count_rising, count_falling):
+        self.set_config(
+            count_rising=count_rising,
+            count_falling=count_falling,
+            send_count_event=False,
+            reset_to_zero=True)
+        delay_mu(duration_mu)
+        self.set_config(
+            count_rising=False,
+            count_falling=False,
+            send_count_event=True,
+            reset_to_zero=False)
+        return now_mu()
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_config(self, count_rising: TBool, count_falling: TBool,
+                   send_count_event: TBool, reset_to_zero: TBool):
+        """Emit an RTIO event at the current timeline position to set the
+        gateware configuration.
+
+        For most use cases, the `gate_*` wrappers will be more convenient.
+
+        :param count_rising: Whether to count rising signal edges.
+        :param count_falling: Whether to count falling signal edges.
+        :param send_count_event: If `True`, an input event with the current
+            counter value is generated on the next clock cycle (once).
+        :param reset_to_zero: If `True`, the counter value is reset to zero on
+            the next clock cycle (once).
+        """
+        config = int32(0)
+        if count_rising:
+            config |= CONFIG_COUNT_RISING
+        if count_falling:
+            config |= CONFIG_COUNT_FALLING
+        if send_count_event:
+            config |= CONFIG_SEND_COUNT_EVENT
+        if reset_to_zero:
+            config |= CONFIG_RESET_TO_ZERO
+        rtio_output(self.channel << 8, config)
+
+    @kernel
+    def fetch_count(self) -> TInt32:
+        """Wait for and return count total from previously requested input
+        event.
+
+        It is valid to trigger multiple gate periods without immediately
+        reading back the count total; the results will be returned in order on
+        subsequent fetch calls.
+
+        This function blocks until a result becomes available.
+        """
+        count = rtio_input_data(self.channel)
+        if count == self.counter_max:
+            raise CounterOverflow(
+                "Input edge counter overflow on RTIO channel {0}",
+                int64(self.channel))
+        return count
+
+    @kernel
+    def fetch_timestamped_count(
+            self, timeout_mu=int64(-1)) -> TTuple([TInt64, TInt32]):
+        """Wait for and return the timestamp and count total of a previously
+        requested input event.
+
+        It is valid to trigger multiple gate periods without immediately
+        reading back the count total; the results will be returned in order on
+        subsequent fetch calls.
+
+        This function blocks until a result becomes available or the given
+        timeout elapses.
+
+        :return: A tuple of timestamp (-1 if timeout elapsed) and counter
+            value. (The timestamp is that of the requested input event –
+            typically the gate closing time – and not that of any input edges.)
+        """
+        timestamp, count = rtio_input_timestamped_data(timeout_mu,
+                                                       self.channel)
+        if count == self.counter_max:
+            raise CounterOverflow(
+                "Input edge counter overflow on RTIO channel {0}",
+                int64(self.channel))
+        return timestamp, count

artiq/coredevice/exceptions.py

@@ -10,54 +10,100 @@ from artiq.coredevice.runtime import source_loader
 ZeroDivisionError = builtins.ZeroDivisionError
 ValueError = builtins.ValueError
 IndexError = builtins.IndexError
+RuntimeError = builtins.RuntimeError
+AssertionError = builtins.AssertionError
 
 
 class CoreException:
     """Information about an exception raised or passed through the core device."""
+    def __init__(self, exceptions, exception_info, traceback, stack_pointers):
+        self.exceptions = exceptions
+        self.exception_info = exception_info
+        self.traceback = list(traceback)
+        self.stack_pointers = stack_pointers
 
-    def __init__(self, name, message, params, traceback):
+        first_exception = exceptions[0]
+        name = first_exception[0]
         if ':' in name:
             exn_id, self.name = name.split(':', 2)
             self.id = int(exn_id)
         else:
             self.id, self.name = 0, name
-        self.message, self.params = message, params
-        self.traceback = list(traceback)
+        self.message = first_exception[1]
+        self.params = first_exception[2]
+
+    def append_backtrace(self, record, inlined=False):
+        filename, line, column, function, address = record
+        stub_globals = {"__name__": filename, "__loader__": source_loader}
+        source_line = linecache.getline(filename, line, stub_globals)
+        indentation = re.search(r"^\s*", source_line).end()
+
+        if address is None:
+            formatted_address = ""
+        elif inlined:
+            formatted_address = " (inlined)"
+        else:
+            formatted_address = " (RA=+0x{:x})".format(address)
+
+        filename = filename.replace(artiq_dir, "<artiq>")
+        lines = []
+        if column == -1:
+            lines.append("    {}".format(source_line.strip() if source_line else "<unknown>"))
+            lines.append("  File \"{file}\", line {line}, in {function}{address}".
+                         format(file=filename, line=line, function=function,
+                                address=formatted_address))
+        else:
+            lines.append("    {}^".format(" " * (column - indentation)))
+            lines.append("    {}".format(source_line.strip() if source_line else "<unknown>"))
+            lines.append("  File \"{file}\", line {line}, column {column},"
+                         " in {function}{address}".
+                         format(file=filename, line=line, column=column + 1,
+                                function=function, address=formatted_address))
+        return lines
+
+    def single_traceback(self, exception_index):
+        # note that we insert in reversed order
+        lines = []
+        last_sp = 0
+        start_backtrace_index = self.exception_info[exception_index][1]
+        zipped = list(zip(self.traceback[start_backtrace_index:],
+                          self.stack_pointers[start_backtrace_index:]))
+        exception = self.exceptions[exception_index]
+        name = exception[0]
+        message = exception[1]
+        params = exception[2]
+        if ':' in name:
+            exn_id, name = name.split(':', 2)
+            exn_id = int(exn_id)
+        else:
+            exn_id = 0
+        lines.append("{}({}): {}".format(name, exn_id, message.format(*params)))
+        zipped.append(((exception[3], exception[4], exception[5], exception[6],
+                       None, []), None))
+
+        for ((filename, line, column, function, address, inlined), sp) in zipped:
+            # backtrace of nested exceptions may be discontinuous
+            # but the stack pointer must increase monotonically
+            if sp is not None and sp <= last_sp:
+                continue
+            last_sp = sp
+
+            for record in reversed(inlined):
+                lines += self.append_backtrace(record, True)
+            lines += self.append_backtrace((filename, line, column, function,
+                                            address))
+
+        lines.append("Traceback (most recent call first):")
+
+        return "\n".join(reversed(lines))
 
     def __str__(self):
-        lines = []
-        lines.append("Core Device Traceback (most recent call last):")
-        last_address = 0
-        for (filename, line, column, function, address) in self.traceback:
-            stub_globals = {"__name__": filename, "__loader__": source_loader}
-            source_line = linecache.getline(filename, line, stub_globals)
-            indentation = re.search(r"^\s*", source_line).end()
-
-            if address is None:
-                formatted_address = ""
-            elif address == last_address:
-                formatted_address = " (inlined)"
-            else:
-                formatted_address = " (RA=+0x{:x})".format(address)
-            last_address = address
-
-            filename = filename.replace(artiq_dir, "<artiq>")
-            if column == -1:
-                lines.append("  File \"{file}\", line {line}, in {function}{address}".
-                             format(file=filename, line=line, function=function,
-                                    address=formatted_address))
-                lines.append("    {}".format(source_line.strip() if source_line else "<unknown>"))
-            else:
-                lines.append("  File \"{file}\", line {line}, column {column},"
-                             " in {function}{address}".
-                             format(file=filename, line=line, column=column + 1,
-                                    function=function, address=formatted_address))
-                lines.append("    {}".format(source_line.strip() if source_line else "<unknown>"))
-                lines.append("    {}^".format(" " * (column - indentation)))
-
-        lines.append("{}({}): {}".format(self.name, self.id,
-                                         self.message.format(*self.params)))
-        return "\n".join(lines)
+        tracebacks = [self.single_traceback(i) for i in range(len(self.exceptions))]
+        traceback_str = ('\n\nDuring handling of the above exception, ' +
+                        'another exception occurred:\n\n').join(tracebacks)
+        return 'Core Device Traceback:\n' +\
+                traceback_str +\
+                '\n\nEnd of Core Device Traceback\n'
 
 
 class InternalError(Exception):
@@ -71,44 +117,13 @@ class CacheError(Exception):
 
 
 class RTIOUnderflow(Exception):
-    """Raised when the CPU fails to submit a RTIO event early enough
-    (with respect to the event's timestamp).
+    """Raised when the CPU or DMA core fails to submit a RTIO event early
+    enough (with respect to the event's timestamp).
 
     The offending event is discarded and the RTIO core keeps operating.
     """
     artiq_builtin = True
 
-class RTIOSequenceError(Exception):
-    """Raised when an event is submitted on a given channel with a timestamp
-    not larger than the previous one.
-
-    The offending event is discarded and the RTIO core keeps operating.
-    """
-    artiq_builtin = True
-
-class RTIOCollision(Exception):
-    """Raised when an event is submitted on a given channel with the same
-    coarse timestamp as the previous one but with a different fine timestamp.
-
-    Coarse timestamps correspond to the RTIO system clock (typically around
-    125MHz) whereas fine timestamps correspond to the RTIO SERDES clock
-    (typically around 1GHz).
-
-    The offending event is discarded and the RTIO core keeps operating.
-    """
-    artiq_builtin = True
-
-class RTIOBusy(Exception):
-    """Raised when at least one output event could not be executed because
-    the given channel was already busy executing a previous event.
-
-    This exception is raised late: after the error condition occurred. More
-    specifically it is raised on submitting an event on the same channel after
-    the execution of the faulty event was attempted.
-
-    The offending event was discarded.
-    """
-    artiq_builtin = True
 
 class RTIOOverflow(Exception):
     """Raised when at least one event could not be registered into the RTIO
@@ -120,19 +135,35 @@ class RTIOOverflow(Exception):
     """
     artiq_builtin = True
 
-class DDSError(Exception):
-    """Raised when attempting to start a DDS batch while already in a batch,
-    when too many commands are batched, and when DDS channel settings are
-    incorrect.
+
+class RTIODestinationUnreachable(Exception):
+    """Raised with a RTIO operation could not be completed due to a DRTIO link
+    being down.
     """
     artiq_builtin = True
 
-class I2CError(Exception):
-    """Raised with a I2C transaction fails."""
+
+class DMAError(Exception):
+    """Raised when performing an invalid DMA operation."""
+    artiq_builtin = True
+
+
+class SubkernelError(Exception):
+    """Raised when an operation regarding a subkernel is invalid 
+    or cannot be completed.
+    """
     artiq_builtin = True
 
-class WatchdogExpired(Exception):
-    """Raised when a watchdog expires."""
 
 class ClockFailure(Exception):
     """Raised when RTIO PLL has lost lock."""
+
+
+class I2CError(Exception):
+    """Raised when a I2C transaction fails."""
+    pass
+
+
+class SPIError(Exception):
+    """Raised when a SPI transaction fails."""
+    pass

artiq/coredevice/fastino.py

@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+"""RTIO driver for the Fastino 32channel, 16 bit, 2.5 MS/s per channel,
+streaming DAC.
+"""
+from numpy import int32, int64
+
+from artiq.language.core import kernel, portable, delay, delay_mu
+from artiq.coredevice.rtio import (rtio_output, rtio_output_wide,
+                                   rtio_input_data)
+from artiq.language.units import ns
+from artiq.language.types import TInt32, TList
+
+
+class Fastino:
+    """Fastino 32-channel, 16-bit, 2.5 MS/s per channel streaming DAC
+
+    The RTIO PHY supports staging DAC data before transmitting them by writing
+    to the DAC RTIO addresses, if a channel is not "held" by setting its bit
+    using :meth:`set_hold`, the next frame will contain the update. For the
+    DACs held, the update is triggered explicitly by setting the corresponding
+    bit using :meth:`set_update`. Update is self-clearing. This enables atomic
+    DAC updates synchronized to a frame edge.
+
+    The `log2_width=0` RTIO layout uses one DAC channel per RTIO address and a
+    dense RTIO address space. The RTIO words are narrow (32 bit) and
+    few-channel updates are efficient. There is the least amount of DAC state
+    tracking in kernels, at the cost of more DMA and RTIO data.
+    The setting here and in the RTIO PHY (gateware) must match.
+
+    Other `log2_width` (up to `log2_width=5`) settings pack multiple
+    (in powers of two) DAC channels into one group and into one RTIO write.
+    The RTIO data width increases accordingly. The `log2_width`
+    LSBs of the RTIO address for a DAC channel write must be zero and the
+    address space is sparse. For `log2_width=5` the RTIO data is 512 bit wide.
+
+    If `log2_width` is zero, the :meth:`set_dac`/:meth:`set_dac_mu` interface
+    must be used. If non-zero, the :meth:`set_group`/:meth:`set_group_mu`
+    interface must be used.
+
+    :param channel: RTIO channel number
+    :param core_device: Core device name (default: "core")
+    :param log2_width: Width of DAC channel group (logarithm base 2).
+        Value must match the corresponding value in the RTIO PHY (gateware).
+    """
+    kernel_invariants = {"core", "channel", "width", "t_frame"}
+
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, channel, core_device="core", log2_width=0):
+        self.channel = channel << 8
+        self.core = dmgr.get(core_device)
+        self.width = 1 << log2_width
+        # frame duration in mu (14 words each 7 clock cycles each 4 ns)
+        # self.core.seconds_to_mu(14*7*4*ns)  # unfortunately this may round wrong
+        assert self.core.ref_period == 1*ns
+        self.t_frame = int64(14*7*4)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_rtio_channels(channel, **kwargs):
+        return [(channel, None)]
+
+    @kernel
+    def init(self):
+        """Initialize the device.
+
+            * disables RESET, DAC_CLR, enables AFE_PWR
+            * clears error counters, enables error counting
+            * turns LEDs off
+            * clears `hold` and `continuous` on all channels
+            * clear and resets interpolators to unit rate change on all
+              channels
+
+        It does not change set channel voltages and does not reset the PLLs or clock
+        domains.
+
+        Note: On Fastino gateware before v0.2 this may lead to 0 voltage being emitted
+        transiently.
+        """
+        self.set_cfg(reset=0, afe_power_down=0, dac_clr=0, clr_err=1)
+        delay_mu(self.t_frame)
+        self.set_cfg(reset=0, afe_power_down=0, dac_clr=0, clr_err=0)
+        delay_mu(self.t_frame)
+        self.set_continuous(0)
+        delay_mu(self.t_frame)
+        self.stage_cic(1)
+        delay_mu(self.t_frame)
+        self.apply_cic(0xffffffff)
+        delay_mu(self.t_frame)
+        self.set_leds(0)
+        delay_mu(self.t_frame)
+        self.set_hold(0)
+        delay_mu(self.t_frame)
+
+    @kernel
+    def write(self, addr, data):
+        """Write data to a Fastino register.
+
+        :param addr: Address to write to.
+        :param data: Data to write.
+        """
+        rtio_output(self.channel | addr, data)
+
+    @kernel
+    def read(self, addr):
+        """Read from Fastino register.
+
+        TODO: untested
+
+        :param addr: Address to read from.
+        :return: The data read.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+        # rtio_output(self.channel | addr | 0x80)
+        # return rtio_input_data(self.channel >> 8)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_dac_mu(self, dac, data):
+        """Write DAC data in machine units.
+
+        :param dac: DAC channel to write to (0-31).
+        :param data: DAC word to write, 16 bit unsigned integer, in machine
+            units.
+        """
+        self.write(dac, data)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_group_mu(self, dac: TInt32, data: TList(TInt32)):
+        """Write a group of DAC channels in machine units.
+
+        :param dac: First channel in DAC channel group (0-31). The `log2_width`
+            LSBs must be zero.
+        :param data: List of DAC data pairs (2x16 bit unsigned) to write,
+            in machine units. Data exceeding group size is ignored.
+            If the list length is less than group size, the remaining
+            DAC channels within the group are cleared to 0 (machine units).
+        """
+        if dac & (self.width - 1):
+            raise ValueError("Group index LSBs must be zero")
+        rtio_output_wide(self.channel | dac, data)
+
+    @portable
+    def voltage_to_mu(self, voltage):
+        """Convert SI Volts to DAC machine units.
+
+        :param voltage: Voltage in SI Volts.
+        :return: DAC data word in machine units, 16 bit integer.
+        """
+        data = int32(round((0x8000/10.)*voltage)) + int32(0x8000)
+        if data < 0 or data > 0xffff:
+            raise ValueError("DAC voltage out of bounds")
+        return data
+
+    @portable
+    def voltage_group_to_mu(self, voltage, data):
+        """Convert SI Volts to packed DAC channel group machine units.
+
+        :param voltage: List of SI Volt voltages.
+        :param data: List of DAC channel data pairs to write to.
+            Half the length of `voltage`.
+        """
+        for i in range(len(voltage)):
+            v = self.voltage_to_mu(voltage[i])
+            if i & 1:
+                v = data[i // 2] | (v << 16)
+            data[i // 2] = int32(v)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_dac(self, dac, voltage):
+        """Set DAC data to given voltage.
+
+        :param dac: DAC channel (0-31).
+        :param voltage: Desired output voltage.
+        """
+        self.write(dac, self.voltage_to_mu(voltage))
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_group(self, dac, voltage):
+        """Set DAC group data to given voltage.
+
+        :param dac: DAC channel (0-31).
+        :param voltage: Desired output voltage.
+        """
+        data = [int32(0)] * (len(voltage) // 2)
+        self.voltage_group_to_mu(voltage, data)
+        self.set_group_mu(dac, data)
+
+    @kernel
+    def update(self, update):
+        """Schedule channels for update.
+
+        :param update: Bit mask of channels to update (32 bit).
+        """
+        self.write(0x20, update)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_hold(self, hold):
+        """Set channels to manual update.
+
+        :param hold: Bit mask of channels to hold (32 bit).
+        """
+        self.write(0x21, hold)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_cfg(self, reset=0, afe_power_down=0, dac_clr=0, clr_err=0):
+        """Set configuration bits.
+
+        :param reset: Reset SPI PLL and SPI clock domain.
+        :param afe_power_down: Disable AFE power.
+        :param dac_clr: Assert all 32 DAC_CLR signals setting all DACs to
+            mid-scale (0 V).
+        :param clr_err: Clear error counters and PLL reset indicator.
+            This clears the sticky red error LED. Must be cleared to enable
+            error counting.
+        """
+        self.write(0x22, (reset << 0) | (afe_power_down << 1) |
+                   (dac_clr << 2) | (clr_err << 3))
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_leds(self, leds):
+        """Set the green user-defined LEDs
+
+        :param leds: LED status, 8 bit integer each bit corresponding to one
+            green LED.
+        """
+        self.write(0x23, leds)
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_continuous(self, channel_mask):
+        """Enable continuous DAC updates on channels regardless of new data
+        being submitted.
+        """
+        self.write(0x25, channel_mask)
+
+    @kernel
+    def stage_cic_mu(self, rate_mantissa, rate_exponent, gain_exponent):
+        """Stage machine unit CIC interpolator configuration.
+        """
+        if rate_mantissa < 0 or rate_mantissa >= 1 << 6:
+            raise ValueError("rate_mantissa out of bounds")
+        if rate_exponent < 0 or rate_exponent >= 1 << 4:
+            raise ValueError("rate_exponent out of bounds")
+        if gain_exponent < 0 or gain_exponent >= 1 << 6:
+            raise ValueError("gain_exponent out of bounds")
+        config = rate_mantissa | (rate_exponent << 6) | (gain_exponent << 10)
+        self.write(0x26, config)
+
+    @kernel
+    def stage_cic(self, rate) -> TInt32:
+        """Compute and stage interpolator configuration.
+
+        This method approximates the desired interpolation rate using a 10 bit
+        floating point representation (6 bit mantissa, 4 bit exponent) and
+        then determines an optimal interpolation gain compensation exponent
+        to avoid clipping. Gains for rates that are powers of two are accurately
+        compensated. Other rates lead to overall less than unity gain (but more
+        than 0.5 gain).
+
+        The overall gain including gain compensation is
+        `actual_rate**order/2**ceil(log2(actual_rate**order))`
+        where `order = 3`.
+
+        Returns the actual interpolation rate.
+        """
+        if rate <= 0 or rate > 1 << 16:
+            raise ValueError("rate out of bounds")
+        rate_mantissa = rate
+        rate_exponent = 0
+        while rate_mantissa > 1 << 6:
+            rate_exponent += 1
+            rate_mantissa >>= 1
+        order = 3
+        gain = 1
+        for i in range(order):
+            gain *= rate_mantissa
+        gain_exponent = 0
+        while gain > 1 << gain_exponent:
+            gain_exponent += 1
+        gain_exponent += order*rate_exponent
+        assert gain_exponent <= order*16
+        self.stage_cic_mu(rate_mantissa - 1, rate_exponent, gain_exponent)
+        return rate_mantissa << rate_exponent
+
+    @kernel
+    def apply_cic(self, channel_mask):
+        """Apply the staged interpolator configuration on the specified channels.
+
+        Each Fastino channel starting with gateware v0.2 includes a fourth order
+        (cubic) CIC interpolator with variable rate change and variable output
+        gain compensation (see :meth:`stage_cic`).
+
+        Fastino gateware before v0.2 does not include the interpolators and the
+        methods affecting the CICs should not be used.
+
+        Channels using non-unity interpolation rate should have
+        continous DAC updates enabled (see :meth:`set_continuous`) unless
+        their output is supposed to be constant.
+
+        This method resets and settles the affected interpolators. There will be
+        no output updates for the next `order = 3` input samples.
+        Affected channels will only accept one input sample per input sample
+        period. This method synchronizes the input sample period to the current
+        frame on the affected channels.
+
+        If application of new interpolator settings results in a change of the
+        overall gain, there will be a corresponding output step.
+        """
+        self.write(0x27, channel_mask)

artiq/coredevice/fmcdio_vhdci_eem.py

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Definitions for using the "FMC DIO 32ch LVDS a" card with the VHDCI-EEM breakout v1.1
+
+eem_fmc_connections = {
+    0: [0, 8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
+    1: [1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
+    2: [17, 16, 24, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23],
+    3: [18, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31],
+}
+
+
+def shiftreg_bits(eem, out_pins):
+    """
+    Returns the bits that have to be set in the FMC card direction
+    shift register for the given EEM.
+
+    Takes a set of pin numbers (0-7) at the EEM. Return values
+    of this function for different EEMs should be ORed together.
+    """
+    r = 0
+    for i in range(8):
+        if i not in out_pins:
+            lvds_line = eem_fmc_connections[eem][i]
+            # lines are swapped in pairs to ease PCB routing
+            # at the shift register
+            shift = lvds_line ^ 1
+            r |= 1 << shift
+    return r
+
+
+dio_bank0_out_pins = set(range(4))
+dio_bank1_out_pins = set(range(4, 8))
+urukul_out_pins = {
+    0,       # clk
+    1,       # mosi
+    3, 4, 5, # cs_n
+    6,       # io_update
+    7,       # dds_reset
+}
+urukul_aux_out_pins = {
+    4,       # sw0
+    5,       # sw1
+    6,       # sw2
+    7,       # sw3
+}
+zotino_out_pins = {
+    0,       # clk
+    1,       # mosi
+    3, 4,    # cs_n
+    5,       # ldac_n
+    7,       # clr_n
+}

artiq/coredevice/grabber.py

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+from numpy import int32, int64
+
+from artiq.language.core import *
+from artiq.language.types import *
+from artiq.coredevice.rtio import rtio_output, rtio_input_timestamped_data
+
+
+class OutOfSyncException(Exception):
+    """Raised when an incorrect number of ROI engine outputs has been
+    retrieved from the RTIO input FIFO."""
+    pass
+
+
+class GrabberTimeoutException(Exception):
+    """Raised when a timeout occurs while attempting to read Grabber RTIO input events."""
+    pass
+
+
+class Grabber:
+    """Driver for the Grabber camera interface."""
+    kernel_invariants = {"core", "channel_base", "sentinel"}
+
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, channel_base, res_width=12, count_shift=0,
+                 core_device="core"):
+        self.core = dmgr.get(core_device)
+        self.channel_base = channel_base
+
+        count_width = min(31, 2*res_width + 16 - count_shift)
+        # This value is inserted by the gateware to mark the start of a series of
+        # ROI engine outputs for one video frame.
+        self.sentinel = int32(int64(2**count_width))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_rtio_channels(channel_base, **kwargs):
+        return [(channel_base, "ROI coordinates"), (channel_base + 1, "ROI mask")]
+
+    @kernel
+    def setup_roi(self, n, x0, y0, x1, y1):
+        """
+        Defines the coordinates of a ROI.
+
+        The coordinates are set around the current position of the RTIO time
+        cursor.
+
+        The user must keep the ROI engine disabled for the duration of more 
+        than one video frame after calling this function, as the output
+        generated for that video frame is undefined.
+
+        Advances the timeline by 4 coarse RTIO cycles.
+        """
+        c = int64(self.core.ref_multiplier)
+        rtio_output((self.channel_base << 8) | (4*n+0), x0)
+        delay_mu(c)
+        rtio_output((self.channel_base << 8) | (4*n+1), y0)
+        delay_mu(c)
+        rtio_output((self.channel_base << 8) | (4*n+2), x1)
+        delay_mu(c)
+        rtio_output((self.channel_base << 8) | (4*n+3), y1)
+        delay_mu(c)
+
+    @kernel
+    def gate_roi(self, mask):
+        """
+        Defines which ROI engines produce input events.
+
+        At the end of each video frame, the output from each ROI engine that
+        has been enabled by the mask is enqueued into the RTIO input FIFO.
+
+        This function sets the mask at the current position of the RTIO time
+        cursor.
+
+        Setting the mask using this function is atomic; in other words,
+        if the system is in the middle of processing a frame and the mask
+        is changed, the processing will complete using the value of the mask
+        that it started with.
+
+        :param mask: bitmask enabling or disabling each ROI engine.  
+        """
+        rtio_output((self.channel_base + 1) << 8, mask)
+
+    @kernel
+    def gate_roi_pulse(self, mask, dt):
+        """Sets a temporary mask for the specified duration (in seconds), before
+        disabling all ROI engines."""
+        self.gate_roi(mask)
+        delay(dt)
+        self.gate_roi(0)
+
+    @kernel
+    def input_mu(self, data, timeout_mu=-1):
+        """
+        Retrieves the accumulated values for one frame from the ROI engines.
+        Blocks until values are available or timeout is reached.
+
+        The input list must be a list of integers of the same length as there
+        are enabled ROI engines. This method replaces the elements of the
+        input list with the outputs of the enabled ROI engines, sorted by
+        number.
+
+        If the number of elements in the list does not match the number of
+        ROI engines that produced output, an exception will be raised during
+        this call or the next.
+        
+        If the timeout is reached before data is available, the exception
+        GrabberTimeoutException is raised.
+
+        :param timeout_mu: Timestamp at which a timeout will occur. Set to -1
+                           (default) to disable timeout. 
+        """
+        channel = self.channel_base + 1
+
+        timestamp, sentinel = rtio_input_timestamped_data(timeout_mu, channel)
+        if timestamp == -1:
+            raise GrabberTimeoutException("Timeout before Grabber frame available")
+        if sentinel != self.sentinel:
+            raise OutOfSyncException
+
+        for i in range(len(data)):
+            timestamp, roi_output = rtio_input_timestamped_data(timeout_mu, channel)
+            if roi_output == self.sentinel:
+                raise OutOfSyncException
+            if timestamp == -1:
+                raise GrabberTimeoutException(
+                    "Timeout retrieving ROIs (attempting to read more ROIs than enabled?)")
+            data[i] = roi_output

artiq/coredevice/i2c.py

@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
+"""
+Non-realtime drivers for I2C chips on the core device.
+"""
+
+
 from artiq.language.core import syscall, kernel
 from artiq.language.types import TBool, TInt32, TNone
 from artiq.coredevice.exceptions import I2CError
 
 
-@syscall(flags={"nowrite"})
-def i2c_init(busno: TInt32) -> TNone:
+@syscall(flags={"nounwind", "nowrite"})
+def i2c_start(busno: TInt32) -> TNone:
     raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
 
 
 @syscall(flags={"nounwind", "nowrite"})
-def i2c_start(busno: TInt32) -> TNone:
+def i2c_restart(busno: TInt32) -> TNone:
     raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
 
 
@@ -28,8 +33,122 @@ def i2c_read(busno: TInt32, ack: TBool) -> TInt32:
     raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
 
 
-class PCA9548:
-    """Driver for the PCA9548 I2C bus switch.
+@syscall(flags={"nounwind", "nowrite"})
+def i2c_switch_select(busno: TInt32, address: TInt32, mask: TInt32) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+
+@kernel
+def i2c_poll(busno, busaddr):
+    """Poll I2C device at address.
+
+    :param busno: I2C bus number
+    :param busaddr: 8 bit I2C device address (LSB=0)
+    :returns: True if the poll was ACKed
+    """
+    i2c_start(busno)
+    ack = i2c_write(busno, busaddr)
+    i2c_stop(busno)
+    return ack
+
+
+@kernel
+def i2c_write_byte(busno, busaddr, data, ack=True):
+    """Write one byte to a device.
+
+    :param busno: I2C bus number
+    :param busaddr: 8 bit I2C device address (LSB=0)
+    :param data: Data byte to be written
+    :param nack: Allow NACK
+    """
+    i2c_start(busno)
+    try:
+        if not i2c_write(busno, busaddr):
+            raise I2CError("failed to ack bus address")
+        if not i2c_write(busno, data) and ack:
+            raise I2CError("failed to ack write data")
+    finally:
+        i2c_stop(busno)
+
+
+@kernel
+def i2c_read_byte(busno, busaddr):
+    """Read one byte from a device.
+
+    :param busno: I2C bus number
+    :param busaddr: 8 bit I2C device address (LSB=0)
+    :returns: Byte read
+    """
+    i2c_start(busno)
+    data = 0
+    try:
+        if not i2c_write(busno, busaddr | 1):
+            raise I2CError("failed to ack bus read address")
+        data = i2c_read(busno, ack=False)
+    finally:
+        i2c_stop(busno)
+    return data
+
+
+@kernel
+def i2c_write_many(busno, busaddr, addr, data, ack_last=True):
+    """Transfer multiple bytes to a device.
+
+    :param busno: I2c bus number
+    :param busaddr: 8 bit I2C device address (LSB=0)
+    :param addr: 8 bit data address
+    :param data: Data bytes to be written
+    :param ack_last: Expect I2C ACK of the last byte written. If `False`,
+        the last byte may be NACKed (e.g. EEPROM full page writes).
+    """
+    n = len(data)
+    i2c_start(busno)
+    try:
+        if not i2c_write(busno, busaddr):
+            raise I2CError("failed to ack bus address")
+        if not i2c_write(busno, addr):
+            raise I2CError("failed to ack data address")
+        for i in range(n):
+            if not i2c_write(busno, data[i]) and (
+                    i < n - 1 or ack_last):
+                raise I2CError("failed to ack write data")
+    finally:
+        i2c_stop(busno)
+
+
+@kernel
+def i2c_read_many(busno, busaddr, addr, data):
+    """Transfer multiple bytes from a device.
+
+    :param busno: I2c bus number
+    :param busaddr: 8 bit I2C device address (LSB=0)
+    :param addr: 8 bit data address
+    :param data: List of integers to be filled with the data read.
+        One entry ber byte.
+    """
+    m = len(data)
+    i2c_start(busno)
+    try:
+        if not i2c_write(busno, busaddr):
+            raise I2CError("failed to ack bus address")
+        if not i2c_write(busno, addr):
+            raise I2CError("failed to ack data address")
+        i2c_restart(busno)
+        if not i2c_write(busno, busaddr | 1):
+            raise I2CError("failed to ack bus read address")
+        for i in range(m):
+            data[i] = i2c_read(busno, ack=i < m - 1)
+    finally:
+        i2c_stop(busno)
+
+
+class I2CSwitch:
+    """Driver for the I2C bus switch.
+
+    PCA954X (or other) type detection is done by the CPU during I2C init.
+
+    I2C transactions not real-time, and are performed by the CPU without
+    involving RTIO.
 
     On the KC705, this chip is used for selecting the I2C buses on the two FMC
     connectors. HPC=1, LPC=2.
@@ -41,40 +160,25 @@ class PCA9548:
 
     @kernel
     def set(self, channel):
-        """Select one channel.
-
-        Selecting multiple channels at the same time is not supported by this
-        driver.
+        """Enable one channel.
 
         :param channel: channel number (0-7)
         """
-        i2c_init(self.busno)
-        i2c_start(self.busno)
-        try:
-            if not i2c_write(self.busno, self.address):
-                raise I2CError("PCA9548 failed to ack address")
-            if not i2c_write(self.busno, 1 << channel):
-                raise I2CError("PCA9548 failed to ack control word")
-        finally:
-            i2c_stop(self.busno)
+        i2c_switch_select(self.busno, self.address >> 1, 1 << channel)
 
     @kernel
-    def readback(self):
-        i2c_init(self.busno)
-        i2c_start(self.busno)
-        r = 0
-        try:
-            if not i2c_write(self.busno, self.address | 1):
-                raise I2CError("PCA9548 failed to ack address")
-            r = i2c_read(self.busno, False)
-        finally:
-            i2c_stop(self.busno)
-        return r
+    def unset(self):
+        """Disable output of the I2C switch.
+        """
+        i2c_switch_select(self.busno, self.address >> 1, 0)
 
 
 class TCA6424A:
     """Driver for the TCA6424A I2C I/O expander.
 
+    I2C transactions not real-time, and are performed by the CPU without
+    involving RTIO.
+
     On the NIST QC2 hardware, this chip is used for switching the directions
     of TTL buffers."""
     def __init__(self, dmgr, busno=0, address=0x44, core_device="core"):
@@ -83,20 +187,9 @@ class TCA6424A:
         self.address = address
 
     @kernel
-    def _write24(self, command, value):
-        i2c_init(self.busno)
-        i2c_start(self.busno)
-        try:
-            if not i2c_write(self.busno, self.address):
-                raise I2CError("TCA6424A failed to ack address")
-            if not i2c_write(self.busno, command):
-                raise I2CError("TCA6424A failed to ack command")
-            for i in range(3):
-                if not i2c_write(self.busno, value >> 16):
-                    raise I2CError("TCA6424A failed to ack data")
-                value <<= 8
-        finally:
-            i2c_stop(self.busno)
+    def _write24(self, addr, value):
+        i2c_write_many(self.busno, self.address, addr,
+                       [value >> 16, value >> 8, value])
 
     @kernel
     def set(self, outputs):
@@ -115,3 +208,46 @@ class TCA6424A:
 
         self._write24(0x8c, 0)  # set all directions to output
         self._write24(0x84, outputs_le)  # set levels
+
+class PCF8574A:
+    """Driver for the PCF8574 I2C remote 8-bit I/O expander.
+
+    I2C transactions not real-time, and are performed by the CPU without
+    involving RTIO.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, busno=0, address=0x7c, core_device="core"):
+        self.core = dmgr.get(core_device)
+        self.busno = busno
+        self.address = address
+
+    @kernel
+    def set(self, data):
+        """Drive data on the quasi-bidirectional pins.
+
+        :param data: Pin data. High bits are weakly driven high
+            (and thus inputs), low bits are strongly driven low.
+        """
+        i2c_start(self.busno)
+        try:
+            if not i2c_write(self.busno, self.address):
+                raise I2CError("PCF8574A failed to ack address")
+            if not i2c_write(self.busno, data):
+                raise I2CError("PCF8574A failed to ack data")
+        finally:
+            i2c_stop(self.busno)
+
+    @kernel
+    def get(self):
+        """Retrieve quasi-bidirectional pin input data.
+
+        :return: Pin data
+        """
+        i2c_start(self.busno)
+        ret = 0
+        try:
+            if not i2c_write(self.busno, self.address | 1):
+                raise I2CError("PCF8574A failed to ack address")
+            ret = i2c_read(self.busno, False)
+        finally:
+            i2c_stop(self.busno)
+        return ret

artiq/coredevice/jsondesc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from os import path
+import json
+from jsonschema import Draft7Validator, validators
+
+def extend_with_default(validator_class):
+    validate_properties = validator_class.VALIDATORS["properties"]
+
+    def set_defaults(validator, properties, instance, schema):
+        for property, subschema in properties.items():
+            if "default" in subschema:
+                instance.setdefault(property, subschema["default"])
+
+            for error in validate_properties(
+                validator, properties, instance, schema,
+            ):
+                yield error
+
+    return validators.extend(
+        validator_class, {"properties" : set_defaults},
+    )
+
+schema_path = path.join(path.dirname(__file__), "coredevice_generic.schema.json")
+with open(schema_path, "r") as f:
+    schema = json.load(f)
+
+validator = extend_with_default(Draft7Validator)(schema)
+
+def load(description_path):
+    with open(description_path, "r") as f:
+        result = json.load(f)
+
+    global validator
+    validator.validate(result)
+
+    if result["base"] != "use_drtio_role":
+        result["drtio_role"] = result["base"]
+
+    return result

artiq/coredevice/kasli_i2c.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from numpy import int32
+
+from artiq.experiment import *
+from artiq.coredevice.i2c import i2c_write_many, i2c_read_many, i2c_poll
+
+
+port_mapping = {
+    "EEM0": 7,
+    "EEM1": 5,
+    "EEM2": 4,
+    "EEM3": 3,
+    "EEM4": 2,
+    "EEM5": 1,
+    "EEM6": 0,
+    "EEM7": 6,
+    "EEM8": 12,
+    "EEM9": 13,
+    "EEM10": 15,
+    "EEM11": 14,
+    "SFP0": 8,
+    "SFP1": 9,
+    "SFP2": 10,
+    "LOC0": 11,
+}
+
+
+class KasliEEPROM:
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, port, address=0xa0, busno=0,
+            core_device="core", sw0_device="i2c_switch0", sw1_device="i2c_switch1"):
+        self.core = dmgr.get(core_device)
+        self.sw0 = dmgr.get(sw0_device)
+        self.sw1 = dmgr.get(sw1_device)
+        self.busno = busno
+        self.port = port_mapping[port]
+        self.address = address  # i2c 8 bit
+
+    @kernel
+    def select(self):
+        mask = 1 << self.port
+        if self.port < 8:
+            self.sw0.set(self.port)
+            self.sw1.unset()
+        else:
+            self.sw0.unset()
+            self.sw1.set(self.port - 8)
+
+    @kernel
+    def deselect(self):
+        self.sw0.unset()
+        self.sw1.unset()
+
+    @kernel
+    def write_i32(self, addr, value):
+        self.select()
+        try:
+            data = [0]*4
+            for i in range(4):
+                data[i] = (value >> 24) & 0xff
+                value <<= 8
+            i2c_write_many(self.busno, self.address, addr, data)
+            i2c_poll(self.busno, self.address)
+        finally:
+            self.deselect()
+
+    @kernel
+    def read_i32(self, addr):
+        self.select()
+        try:
+            data = [0]*4
+            i2c_read_many(self.busno, self.address, addr, data)
+            value = int32(0)
+            for i in range(4):
+                value <<= 8
+                value |= data[i]
+        finally:
+            self.deselect()
+        return value

artiq/coredevice/mirny.py

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+"""RTIO driver for Mirny (4 channel GHz PLLs)
+"""
+
+from artiq.language.core import kernel, delay, portable
+from artiq.language.units import us
+
+from numpy import int32
+
+from artiq.coredevice import spi2 as spi
+
+
+SPI_CONFIG = (
+    0 * spi.SPI_OFFLINE
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_END
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_INPUT
+    | 1 * spi.SPI_CS_POLARITY
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_CLK_POLARITY
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_CLK_PHASE
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_LSB_FIRST
+    | 0 * spi.SPI_HALF_DUPLEX
+)
+
+# SPI clock write and read dividers
+SPIT_WR = 4
+SPIT_RD = 16
+
+SPI_CS = 1
+
+WE = 1 << 24
+
+# supported CPLD code version
+PROTO_REV_MATCH = 0x0
+
+
+class Mirny:
+    """
+    Mirny PLL-based RF generator.
+
+    :param spi_device: SPI bus device
+    :param refclk: Reference clock (SMA, MMCX or on-board 100 MHz oscillator)
+        frequency in Hz
+    :param clk_sel: Reference clock selection.
+        Valid options are: "XO" - onboard crystal oscillator;
+        "SMA" - front-panel SMA connector; "MMCX" - internal MMCX connector.
+        Passing an integer writes it as ``clk_sel`` in the CPLD's register 1.
+        The effect depends on the hardware revision.
+    :param core_device: Core device name (default: "core")
+    """
+
+    kernel_invariants = {"bus", "core", "refclk", "clk_sel_hw_rev"}
+
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, spi_device, refclk=100e6, clk_sel="XO", core_device="core"):
+        self.core = dmgr.get(core_device)
+        self.bus = dmgr.get(spi_device)
+
+        # reference clock frequency
+        self.refclk = refclk
+        if not (10 <= self.refclk / 1e6 <= 600):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid refclk")
+
+        # reference clock selection
+        try:
+            self.clk_sel_hw_rev = {
+            # clk source: [reserved, reserved, v1.1, v1.0]
+                "xo": [-1, -1, 0, 0],
+                "mmcx": [-1, -1, 3, 2],
+                "sma": [-1, -1, 2, 3],
+            }[clk_sel.lower()]
+        except AttributeError:  # not a string, fallback to int
+            if clk_sel & 0x3 != clk_sel:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid clk_sel") from None
+            self.clk_sel_hw_rev = [clk_sel] * 4
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid clk_sel") from None
+
+        self.clk_sel = -1
+
+        # board hardware revision
+        self.hw_rev = 0  # v1.0: 3, v1.1: 2
+
+        # TODO: support clk_div on v1.0 boards
+
+    @kernel
+    def read_reg(self, addr):
+        """Read a register"""
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(
+            SPI_CONFIG | spi.SPI_INPUT | spi.SPI_END, 24, SPIT_RD, SPI_CS
+        )
+        self.bus.write((addr << 25))
+        return self.bus.read() & int32(0xFFFF)
+
+    @kernel
+    def write_reg(self, addr, data):
+        """Write a register"""
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_CONFIG | spi.SPI_END, 24, SPIT_WR, SPI_CS)
+        self.bus.write((addr << 25) | WE | ((data & 0xFFFF) << 8))
+
+    @kernel
+    def init(self, blind=False):
+        """
+        Initialize and detect Mirny.
+
+        Select the clock source based the board's hardware revision.
+        Raise ValueError if the board's hardware revision is not supported.
+
+        :param blind: Verify presence and protocol compatibility. Raise ValueError on failure.
+        """
+        reg0 = self.read_reg(0)
+        self.hw_rev = reg0 & 0x3
+
+        if not blind:
+            if (reg0 >> 2) & 0x3 != PROTO_REV_MATCH:
+                raise ValueError("Mirny PROTO_REV mismatch")
+            delay(100 * us)  # slack
+
+        # select clock source
+        self.clk_sel = self.clk_sel_hw_rev[self.hw_rev]
+
+        if self.clk_sel < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Hardware revision not supported")
+
+        self.write_reg(1, (self.clk_sel << 4))
+        delay(1000 * us)
+
+    @portable(flags={"fast-math"})
+    def att_to_mu(self, att):
+        """Convert an attenuation setting in dB to machine units.
+
+        :param att: Attenuation setting in dB.
+        :return: Digital attenuation setting.
+        """
+        code = int32(255) - int32(round(att * 8))
+        if code < 0 or code > 255:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid Mirny attenuation!")
+        return code
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_att_mu(self, channel, att):
+        """Set digital step attenuator in machine units.
+
+        :param att: Attenuation setting, 8 bit digital.
+        """
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_CONFIG | spi.SPI_END, 16, SPIT_WR, SPI_CS)
+        self.bus.write(((channel | 8) << 25) | (att << 16))
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_att(self, channel, att):
+        """Set digital step attenuator in SI units.
+
+        This method will write the attenuator settings of the selected channel.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`set_att_mu`
+
+        :param channel: Attenuator channel (0-3).
+        :param att: Attenuation setting in dB. Higher value is more
+            attenuation. Minimum attenuation is 0*dB, maximum attenuation is
+            31.5*dB.
+        """
+        self.set_att_mu(channel, self.att_to_mu(att))
+
+    @kernel
+    def write_ext(self, addr, length, data, ext_div=SPIT_WR):
+        """Perform SPI write to a prefixed address"""
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_CONFIG, 8, SPIT_WR, SPI_CS)
+        self.bus.write(addr << 25)
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_CONFIG | spi.SPI_END, length, ext_div, SPI_CS)
+        if length < 32:
+            data <<= 32 - length
+        self.bus.write(data)

artiq/coredevice/novogorny.py

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+from artiq.language.core import kernel, delay, portable
+from artiq.language.units import ns
+
+from artiq.coredevice import spi2 as spi
+
+
+SPI_CONFIG = (0*spi.SPI_OFFLINE | 0*spi.SPI_END |
+              0*spi.SPI_INPUT | 0*spi.SPI_CS_POLARITY |
+              0*spi.SPI_CLK_POLARITY | 0*spi.SPI_CLK_PHASE |
+              0*spi.SPI_LSB_FIRST | 0*spi.SPI_HALF_DUPLEX)
+
+
+SPI_CS_ADC = 1
+SPI_CS_SR = 2
+
+
+@portable
+def adc_ctrl(channel=1, softspan=0b111, valid=1):
+    """Build a LTC2335-16 control word"""
+    return (valid << 7) | (channel << 3) | softspan
+
+
+@portable
+def adc_softspan(data):
+    """Return the softspan configuration index from a result packet"""
+    return data & 0x7
+
+
+@portable
+def adc_channel(data):
+    """Return the channel index from a result packet"""
+    return (data >> 3) & 0x7
+
+
+@portable
+def adc_data(data):
+    """Return the ADC value from a result packet"""
+    return (data >> 8) & 0xffff
+
+
+@portable
+def adc_value(data, v_ref=5.):
+    """Convert a ADC result packet to SI units (Volt)"""
+    softspan = adc_softspan(data)
+    data = adc_data(data)
+    g = 625
+    if softspan & 4:
+        g *= 2
+    if softspan & 2:
+        h = 1 << 15
+    else:
+        h = 1 << 16
+    data = -(data & h) + (data & ~h)
+    if softspan & 1:
+        h *= 500
+    else:
+        h *= 512
+    v_per_lsb = v_ref*g/h
+    return data*v_per_lsb
+
+
+class Novogorny:
+    """Novogorny ADC.
+
+    Controls the LTC2335-16 8 channel ADC with SPI interface and
+    the switchable gain instrumentation amplifiers using a shift
+    register.
+
+    :param spi_device: SPI bus device name
+    :param cnv_device: CNV RTIO TTLOut channel name
+    :param div: SPI clock divider (default: 8)
+    :param gains: Initial value for PGIA gains shift register
+        (default: 0x0000). Knowledge of this state is not transferred
+        between experiments.
+    :param core_device: Core device name
+    """
+    kernel_invariants = {"bus", "core", "cnv", "div", "v_ref"}
+
+    def __init__(self, dmgr, spi_device, cnv_device, div=8, gains=0x0000,
+                 core_device="core"):
+        self.bus = dmgr.get(spi_device)
+        self.core = dmgr.get(core_device)
+        self.cnv = dmgr.get(cnv_device)
+        self.div = div
+        self.gains = gains
+        self.v_ref = 5.  # 5 Volt reference
+
+    @kernel
+    def set_gain_mu(self, channel, gain):
+        """Set instrumentation amplifier gain of a channel.
+
+        The four gain settings (0, 1, 2, 3) corresponds to gains of
+        (1, 10, 100, 1000) respectively.
+
+        :param channel: Channel index
+        :param gain: Gain setting
+        """
+        gains = self.gains
+        gains &= ~(0b11 << (channel*2))
+        gains |= gain << (channel*2)
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_CONFIG | spi.SPI_END,
+                               16, self.div, SPI_CS_SR)
+        self.bus.write(gains << 16)
+        self.gains = gains
+
+    @kernel
+    def configure(self, data):
+        """Set up the ADC sequencer.
+
+        :param data: List of 8 bit control words to write into the sequencer
+            table.
+        """
+        if len(data) > 1:
+            self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_CONFIG,
+                                   8, self.div, SPI_CS_ADC)
+            for i in range(len(data) - 1):
+                self.bus.write(data[i] << 24)
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_CONFIG | spi.SPI_END,
+                               8, self.div, SPI_CS_ADC)
+        self.bus.write(data[len(data) - 1] << 24)
+
+    @kernel
+    def sample_mu(self, next_ctrl=0):
+        """Acquire a sample:
+
+        Perform a conversion and transfer the sample.
+
+        :param next_ctrl: ADC control word for the next sample
+        :return: The ADC result packet (machine units)
+        """
+        self.cnv.pulse(40*ns)  # t_CNVH
+        delay(560*ns)  # t_CONV max
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_CONFIG | spi.SPI_INPUT | spi.SPI_END,
+                               24, self.div, SPI_CS_ADC)
+        self.bus.write(next_ctrl << 24)
+        return self.bus.read()
+
+    @kernel
+    def sample(self, next_ctrl=0):
+        """Acquire a sample
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`sample_mu`
+
+        :param next_ctrl: ADC control word for the next sample
+        :return: The ADC result packet (Volt)
+        """
+        return adc_value(self.sample_mu(), self.v_ref)
+
+    @kernel
+    def burst_mu(self, data, dt_mu, ctrl=0):
+        """Acquire a burst of samples.
+
+        If the burst is too long and the sample rate too high, there will be
+        RTIO input overflows.
+
+        High sample rates lead to gain errors since the impedance between the
+        instrumentation amplifier and the ADC is high.
+
+        :param data: List of data values to write result packets into.
+            In machine units.
+        :param dt: Sample interval in machine units.
+        :param ctrl: ADC control word to write during each result packet
+            transfer.
+        """
+        self.bus.set_config_mu(SPI_CONFIG | spi.SPI_INPUT | spi.SPI_END,
+                               24, self.div, SPI_CS_ADC)
+        for i in range(len(data)):
+            t0 = now_mu()
+            self.cnv.pulse(40*ns)  # t_CNVH
+            delay(560*ns)  # t_CONV max
+            self.bus.write(ctrl << 24)
+            at_mu(t0 + dt_mu)
+        for i in range(len(data)):
+            data[i] = self.bus.read()