[ast] Refactor lazy_static to LazyLock

It is available in Rust 1.80 and reduces a dependency.

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+BasedOnStyle: LLVM
+
+Language: Cpp
+Standard: Cpp11
+
+AccessModifierOffset: -1
+AlignEscapedNewlines: Left
+AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: Yes
+AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: false
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Inline
+BinPackParameters: false
+BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: NonAssignment
+BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true
+BreakConstructorInitializers: AfterColon
+BreakInheritanceList: AfterColon
+ColumnLimit: 120
+ConstructorInitializerAllOnOneLineOrOnePerLine: true
+ContinuationIndentWidth: 4
+DerivePointerAlignment: false
+IndentCaseLabels: true
+IndentPPDirectives: None
+IndentWidth: 4
+MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: 1
+PointerAlignment: Left
+ReflowComments: true
+SortIncludes: false
+SortUsingDeclarations: true
+SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: false
+SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 2
+TabWidth: 4
+UseTab: Never

.clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+doc-valid-idents = ["CPython", "NumPy", ".."]

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 __pycache__
 /target
+/nac3standalone/demo/linalg/target
+nix/windows/msys2

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# See https://pre-commit.com for more information
+# See https://pre-commit.com/hooks.html for more hooks
+
+default_stages: [commit]
+
+repos:
+  - repo: local
+    hooks:
+      - id: nac3-cargo-fmt
+        name: nac3 cargo format
+        entry: nix
+        language: system
+        types: [file, rust]
+        pass_filenames: false
+        description: Runs cargo fmt on the codebase.
+        args: [develop, -c, cargo, fmt, --all]
+      - id: nac3-cargo-clippy
+        name: nac3 cargo clippy
+        entry: nix
+        language: system
+        types: [file, rust]
+        pass_filenames: false
+        description: Runs cargo clippy on the codebase.
+        args: [develop, -c, cargo, clippy, --tests]

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 [workspace]
 members = [
+  "nac3ld",
   "nac3ast",
   "nac3parser",
   "nac3core",
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ members = [
   "nac3artiq",
   "runkernel",
 ]
+resolver = "2"
 
 [profile.release]
 debug = true

README.md

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
-# NAC3
+<div align="center">
 
+![icon](https://git.m-labs.hk/M-Labs/nac3/raw/branch/master/nac3.svg)
+
+</div>
+
+# NAC3
 NAC3 is a major, backward-incompatible rewrite of the compiler for the [ARTIQ](https://m-labs.hk/artiq) physics experiment control and data acquisition system. It features greatly improved compilation speeds, a much better type system, and more predictable and transparent operation.
 
 NAC3 has a modular design and its applicability reaches beyond ARTIQ. The ``nac3core`` module does not contain anything specific to ARTIQ, and can be used in any project that requires compiling Python to machine code.
@@ -8,7 +13,7 @@ NAC3 has a modular design and its applicability reaches beyond ARTIQ. The ``nac3
 
 ## Packaging
 
-NAC3 is packaged using the [Nix](https://nixos.org) Flakes system. Install Nix 2.4+ and enable flakes by adding ``experimental-features = nix-command flakes`` to ``nix.conf`` (e.g. ``~/.config/nix/nix.conf``).
+NAC3 is packaged using the [Nix](https://nixos.org) Flakes system. Install Nix 2.8+ and enable flakes by adding ``experimental-features = nix-command flakes`` to ``nix.conf`` (e.g. ``~/.config/nix/nix.conf``).
 
 ## Try NAC3
 
@@ -16,43 +21,21 @@ NAC3 is packaged using the [Nix](https://nixos.org) Flakes system. Install Nix 2
 
 After setting up Nix as above, use ``nix shell git+https://github.com/m-labs/artiq.git?ref=nac3`` to get a shell with the NAC3 version of ARTIQ. See the ``examples`` directory in ARTIQ (``nac3`` Git branch) for some samples of NAC3 kernel code.
 
-### Windows (work in progress)
+### Windows
 
-NAC3 ARTIQ packaging for MSYS2/Windows is not yet complete so installation involves many manual steps. It is also less tested and you may encounter problems.
-
-Install [MSYS2](https://www.msys2.org/) and run the following commands:
+Install [MSYS2](https://www.msys2.org/), and open "MSYS2 CLANG64". Edit ``/etc/pacman.conf`` to add:
 ```
-pacman -S mingw-w64-x86_64-python-h5py mingw-w64-x86_64-python-pyqt5 mingw-w64-x86_64-python-scipy mingw-w64-x86_64-python-prettytable mingw-w64-x86_64-python-pygit2
-pacman -S mingw-w64-x86_64-python-pip
-pip install qasync
-pip install pyqtgraph
-pacman -S patch git
-git clone https://github.com/m-labs/sipyco
-cd sipyco
-git show 20c946aad78872fe60b78d9b57a624d69f3eea47 | patch -p1 -R
-python setup.py install
-cd ..
-git clone -b nac3 https://github.com/m-labs/artiq
-cd artiq
-python setup.py install
+[artiq]
+SigLevel = Optional TrustAll
+Server = https://msys2.m-labs.hk/artiq-nac3
 ```
 
-Locate a recent build of ``nac3artiq-mingw`` from [Hydra](https://nixbld.m-labs.hk) and download ``nac3artiq.zip``. Then extract the contents in the appropriate location:
+Then run the following commands:
 ```
-pacman -S unzip
-wget https://nixbld.m-labs.hk/build/97899/download/1/nac3artiq.zip  # edit the build number
-unzip nac3artiq.zip -d C:/msys64/mingw64/lib/python3.9/site-packages
+pacman -Syu
+pacman -S mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-artiq
 ```
 
-Install additional NAC3 dependencies:
-```
-pacman -S mingw-w64-x86_64-lld
-wget https://nixbld.m-labs.hk/build/97899/download/1/mcfgthread-12.dll  # edit the build number
-cp mcfgthread-12.dll C:/msys64/mingw64/bin
-```
-
-And you should be good to go.
-
 ## For developers
 
 This repository contains:
@@ -60,6 +43,7 @@ This repository contains:
 - ``nac3parser``: Python parser (based on RustPython).
 - ``nac3core``: Core compiler library, containing type-checking and code generation.
 - ``nac3standalone``: Standalone compiler tool (core language only).
+- ``nac3ld``: Minimalist RISC-V and ARM linker.
 - ``nac3artiq``: Integration with ARTIQ and implementation of ARTIQ-specific extensions to the core language.
 - ``runkernel``: Simple program that runs compiled ARTIQ kernels on the host and displays RTIO operations. Useful for testing without hardware.
 
@@ -67,3 +51,12 @@ Use ``nix develop`` in this repository to enter a development shell.
 If you are using a different shell than bash you can use e.g. ``nix develop --command fish``.
 
 Build NAC3 with ``cargo build --release``. See the demonstrations in ``nac3artiq`` and ``nac3standalone``.
+
+### Pre-Commit Hooks
+
+You are strongly recommended to use the provided pre-commit hooks to automatically reformat files and check for non-optimal Rust practices using Clippy. Run `pre-commit install` to install the hook and `pre-commit` will automatically run `cargo fmt` and `cargo clippy` for you.
+
+Several things to note:
+
+- If `cargo fmt` or `cargo clippy` returns an error, the pre-commit hook will fail. You should fix all errors before trying to commit again.
+- If `cargo fmt` reformats some files, the pre-commit hook will also fail. You should review the changes and, if satisfied, try to commit again.

flake.lock

@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
   "nodes": {
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1647282937,
-        "narHash": "sha256-K8Oo6QyFCfiEWTRpQVfzcwI3YNMKlz6Tu8rr+o3rzRQ=",
+        "lastModified": 1727348695,
+        "narHash": "sha256-J+PeFKSDV+pHL7ukkfpVzCOO7mBSrrpJ3svwBFABbhI=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "64fc73bd74f04d3e10cb4e70e1c65b92337e76db",
+        "rev": "1925c603f17fc89f4c8f6bf6f631a802ad85d784",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
         "owner": "NixOS",
-        "ref": "nixos-21.11",
+        "ref": "nixos-unstable",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
         "type": "github"
       }

flake.nix

@@ -1,69 +1,57 @@
 {
   description = "The third-generation ARTIQ compiler";
 
-  inputs.nixpkgs.url = github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-21.11;
+  inputs.nixpkgs.url = github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable;
 
   outputs = { self, nixpkgs }:
     let
       pkgs = import nixpkgs { system = "x86_64-linux"; };
-      pkgs-mingw = import nixpkgs {
-        system = "x86_64-linux";
-        crossSystem = { config = "x86_64-w64-mingw32"; libc = "msvcrt"; };
-        # work around https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/149593
-        overlays = [
-          (self: super: {
-            openssh = super.openssh.overrideAttrs(oa: { doCheck = false; });
-          })
-        ];
-      };
-      msys2-python-tar = pkgs.fetchurl {
-        url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-python-3.9.7-4-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-        sha256 = "0iwlgbk4b457yn9djwqswid55xhyyi35qymz1lfh42xwdpxdm47c";
-      };
-      msys2-python = pkgs.stdenvNoCC.mkDerivation {
-        name = "msys2-python";
-        src = msys2-python-tar;
-        buildInputs = [ pkgs.gnutar pkgs.zstd ];
-        phases = [ "installPhase" ];
-        installPhase =
-          ''
-          mkdir $out
-          tar xf $src -C $out
-          '';
-      };
-      pyo3-mingw-config = pkgs.writeTextFile {
-        name = "pyo3-mingw-config";
-        text =
-          ''
-          implementation=CPython
-          version=3.9
-          shared=true
-          abi3=false
-          lib_name=python3.9
-          lib_dir=${msys2-python}/mingw64/lib
-          pointer_width=64
-          build_flags=WITH_THREAD
-          suppress_build_script_link_lines=false
-          '';
-      };
+      pkgs32 = import nixpkgs { system = "i686-linux"; };
     in rec {
       packages.x86_64-linux = rec {
-        llvm-nac3 = pkgs.callPackage "${self}/llvm" {};
+        llvm-nac3 = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/llvm {};
+        llvm-tools-irrt = pkgs.runCommandNoCC "llvm-tools-irrt" {}
+          ''
+          mkdir -p $out/bin
+          ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang-unwrapped}/bin/clang $out/bin/clang-irrt
+          ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out}/bin/llvm-as $out/bin/llvm-as-irrt
+          '';
+        demo-linalg-stub = pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
+          name = "demo-linalg-stub";
+          src = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg;
+          cargoLock = {
+            lockFile = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock;
+          };
+          doCheck = false;
+        };
+        demo-linalg-stub32 = pkgs32.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
+          name = "demo-linalg-stub32";
+          src = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg;
+          cargoLock = {
+            lockFile = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock;
+          };
+          doCheck = false;
+        };
         nac3artiq = pkgs.python3Packages.toPythonModule (
-          pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
+          pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage rec {
             name = "nac3artiq";
             outputs = [ "out" "runkernel" "standalone" ];
             src = self;
-            cargoLock = { lockFile = ./Cargo.lock; };
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 pkgs.llvmPackages_13.clang-unwrapped llvm-nac3 ];
+            cargoLock = {
+              lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
+            };
+            passthru.cargoLock = cargoLock;
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 (pkgs.wrapClangMulti pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang) llvm-tools-irrt pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out llvm-nac3 ];
             buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3 ];
-            checkInputs = [ (pkgs.python3.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ])) ];
+            checkInputs = [ (pkgs.python3.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ])) ];
             checkPhase =
               ''
               echo "Checking nac3standalone demos..."
               pushd nac3standalone/demo
               patchShebangs .
-              ./check_demos.sh
+              export DEMO_LINALG_STUB=${demo-linalg-stub}/lib/liblinalg.a
+              export DEMO_LINALG_STUB32=${demo-linalg-stub32}/lib/liblinalg.a
+              ./check_demos.sh -i686
               popd
               echo "Running Cargo tests..."
               cargoCheckHook
@@ -88,22 +76,22 @@
         };
 
         # LLVM PGO support
-        llvm-nac3-instrumented = pkgs.callPackage "${self}/llvm" {
-          stdenv = pkgs.llvmPackages_13.stdenv;
+        llvm-nac3-instrumented = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/llvm {
+          stdenv = pkgs.llvmPackages_14.stdenv;
           extraCmakeFlags = [ "-DLLVM_BUILD_INSTRUMENTED=IR" ];
         };
         nac3artiq-instrumented = pkgs.python3Packages.toPythonModule (
           pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
             name = "nac3artiq-instrumented";
             src = self;
-            cargoLock = { lockFile = ./Cargo.lock; };
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 pkgs.llvmPackages_13.clang-unwrapped llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
+            inherit (nac3artiq) cargoLock;
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
             buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
             cargoBuildFlags = [ "--package" "nac3artiq" "--features" "init-llvm-profile" ];
             doCheck = false;
             configurePhase =
               ''
-              export CARGO_TARGET_X86_64_UNKNOWN_LINUX_GNU_RUSTFLAGS="-C link-arg=-L${pkgs.llvmPackages_13.compiler-rt}/lib/linux -C link-arg=-lclang_rt.profile-x86_64"
+              export CARGO_TARGET_X86_64_UNKNOWN_LINUX_GNU_RUSTFLAGS="-C link-arg=-L${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.compiler-rt}/lib/linux -C link-arg=-lclang_rt.profile-x86_64"
               '';
             installPhase =
               ''
@@ -115,27 +103,51 @@
         );
         nac3artiq-profile = pkgs.stdenvNoCC.mkDerivation {
           name = "nac3artiq-profile";
-          src = self;
-          buildInputs = [ (python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy nac3artiq-instrumented ])) pkgs.lld_13 pkgs.llvmPackages_13.libllvm ];
+          srcs = [
+            (pkgs.fetchFromGitHub {
+              owner = "m-labs";
+              repo = "sipyco";
+              rev = "939f84f9b5eef7efbf7423c735d1834783b6140e";
+              sha256 = "sha256-15Nun4EY35j+6SPZkjzZtyH/ncxLS60KuGJjFh5kSTc=";
+            })
+            (pkgs.fetchFromGitHub {
+              owner = "m-labs";
+              repo = "artiq";
+              rev = "923ca3377d42c815f979983134ec549dc39d3ca0";
+              sha256 = "sha256-oJoEeNEeNFSUyh6jXG8Tzp6qHVikeHS0CzfE+mODPgw=";
+            })
+          ];
+          buildInputs = [
+            (python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ps.jsonschema ps.lmdb nac3artiq-instrumented ]))
+            pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out
+          ];
           phases = [ "buildPhase" "installPhase" ];
-          # TODO: get more representative code.
-          buildPhase = "python $src/nac3artiq/demo/demo.py";
+          buildPhase =
+            ''
+            srcs=($srcs)
+            sipyco=''${srcs[0]}
+            artiq=''${srcs[1]}
+            export PYTHONPATH=$sipyco:$artiq
+            python -m artiq.frontend.artiq_ddb_template $artiq/artiq/examples/nac3devices/nac3devices.json > device_db.py
+            cp $artiq/artiq/examples/nac3devices/nac3devices.py .
+            python -m artiq.frontend.artiq_compile nac3devices.py
+            '';
           installPhase =
             ''
             mkdir $out
             llvm-profdata merge -o $out/llvm.profdata /build/llvm/build/profiles/*
             '';
         };
-        llvm-nac3-pgo = pkgs.callPackage "${self}/llvm" {
-          stdenv = pkgs.llvmPackages_13.stdenv;
+        llvm-nac3-pgo = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/llvm {
+          stdenv = pkgs.llvmPackages_14.stdenv;
           extraCmakeFlags = [ "-DLLVM_PROFDATA_FILE=${nac3artiq-profile}/llvm.profdata" ];
         };
         nac3artiq-pgo = pkgs.python3Packages.toPythonModule (
           pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
             name = "nac3artiq-pgo";
             src = self;
-            cargoLock = { lockFile = ./Cargo.lock; };
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 pkgs.llvmPackages_13.clang-unwrapped llvm-nac3-pgo ];
+            inherit (nac3artiq) cargoLock;
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt llvm-nac3-pgo ];
             buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3-pgo ];
             cargoBuildFlags = [ "--package" "nac3artiq" ];
             cargoTestFlags = [ "--package" "nac3ast" "--package" "nac3parser" "--package" "nac3core" "--package" "nac3artiq" ];
@@ -149,91 +161,52 @@
         );
       };
 
-      packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32 = rec {
-        llvm-nac3 = pkgs-mingw.callPackage "${self}/llvm" { inherit (pkgs) llvmPackages_13; };
-        nac3artiq = pkgs-mingw.python3Packages.toPythonModule (
-          pkgs-mingw.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
-            name = "nac3artiq";
-            src = self;
-            cargoLock = { lockFile = ./Cargo.lock; };
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.llvmPackages_13.clang-unwrapped pkgs.llvmPackages_13.llvm pkgs.zip ];
-            buildInputs = [ pkgs-mingw.zlib ];
-            configurePhase =
-              ''
-              # Link libstdc++ statically. As usual with cargo, this is an adventure.
-              cp --no-preserve=mode,ownership -R $CARGO_HOME/cargo-vendor-dir/llvm-sys-130.0.3/ llvm-sys-130.0.3
-              substituteInPlace llvm-sys-130.0.3/build.rs --replace "cargo:rustc-link-lib=dylib=" "cargo:rustc-link-lib=static="
-              substituteInPlace llvm-sys-130.0.3/build.rs --replace "fn main() {" "fn main() { println!(\"cargo:rustc-link-search=native=${pkgs-mingw.stdenv.cc.cc}/x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib\");"
-              chmod 755 $CARGO_HOME/cargo-vendor-dir
-              rm $CARGO_HOME/cargo-vendor-dir/llvm-sys-130.0.3
-              mv llvm-sys-130.0.3 $CARGO_HOME/cargo-vendor-dir/llvm-sys-130.0.3
+      packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32 = import ./nix/windows { inherit pkgs; };
 
-              export PYO3_CONFIG_FILE=${pyo3-mingw-config}
-
-              mkdir llvm-cfg
-              cat << EOF > llvm-cfg/llvm-config
-              #!${pkgs.bash}/bin/bash
-              set -e
-              # Gross hack to work around llvm-config asking for the wrong system libraries.
-              exec ${llvm-nac3.dev}/bin/llvm-config-native \$@ | ${pkgs.gnused}/bin/sed s/-lrt\ -ldl\ -lpthread\ -lm//
-              EOF
-              chmod +x llvm-cfg/llvm-config
-              export PATH=`pwd`/llvm-cfg:$PATH
-
-              export CARGO_TARGET_X86_64_PC_WINDOWS_GNU_RUSTFLAGS="-C link-arg=-lz -C link-arg=-luuid -C link-arg=-lole32 -C link-arg=-lmcfgthread"
-              '';
-            cargoBuildFlags = [ "--package" "nac3artiq" ];
-            doCheck = false;
-            installPhase =
-              ''
-              mkdir -p $out $out/nix-support
-              ln -s target/x86_64-pc-windows-gnu/release/nac3artiq.dll nac3artiq.pyd
-              zip $out/nac3artiq.zip nac3artiq.pyd
-              echo file binary-dist $out/nac3artiq.zip >> $out/nix-support/hydra-build-products
-              '';
-            dontFixup = true;
-            meta.platforms = ["x86_64-windows"];
-          }
-        );
-      };
-
-      devShell.x86_64-linux = pkgs.mkShell {
+      devShells.x86_64-linux.default = pkgs.mkShell {
         name = "nac3-dev-shell";
         buildInputs = with pkgs; [
           # build dependencies
           packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-nac3
-          llvmPackages_13.clang-unwrapped  # IRRT
+          (pkgs.wrapClangMulti llvmPackages_14.clang) llvmPackages_14.llvm.out  # for running nac3standalone demos
+          packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt
           cargo
           rustc
           # runtime dependencies
-          lld_13
-          (packages.x86_64-linux.python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ]))
+          lld_14                           # for running kernels on the host
+          (packages.x86_64-linux.python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ]))
           # development tools
           cargo-insta
           clippy
+          pre-commit
           rustfmt
         ];
+        shellHook =
+          ''
+          export DEMO_LINALG_STUB=${packages.x86_64-linux.demo-linalg-stub}/lib/liblinalg.a
+          export DEMO_LINALG_STUB32=${packages.x86_64-linux.demo-linalg-stub32}/lib/liblinalg.a
+          '';
+      };
+      devShells.x86_64-linux.msys2 = pkgs.mkShell {
+        name = "nac3-dev-shell-msys2";
+        buildInputs = with pkgs; [
+          curl
+          pacman
+          fakeroot
+          packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.wine-msys2
+        ];
       };
 
       hydraJobs = {
-        inherit (packages.x86_64-linux) llvm-nac3 nac3artiq;
-        llvm-nac3-mingw = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.llvm-nac3;
-        nac3artiq-mingw = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.nac3artiq;
-        mcfgthreads = pkgs-mingw.stdenvNoCC.mkDerivation {
-          name = "mcfgthreads-hydra";
-          phases = [ "installPhase" ];
-          installPhase =
-            ''
-            mkdir -p $out $out/nix-support
-            ln -s ${pkgs-mingw.windows.mcfgthreads}/bin/mcfgthread-12.dll $out/
-            echo file binary-dist $out/mcfgthread-12.dll >> $out/nix-support/hydra-build-products
-            '';
-        };
+        inherit (packages.x86_64-linux) llvm-nac3 nac3artiq nac3artiq-pgo;
+        llvm-nac3-msys2 = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.llvm-nac3;
+        nac3artiq-msys2 = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.nac3artiq;
+        nac3artiq-msys2-pkg = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.nac3artiq-pkg;
       };
   };
 
   nixConfig = {
-    binaryCachePublicKeys = ["nixbld.m-labs.hk-1:5aSRVA5b320xbNvu30tqxVPXpld73bhtOeH6uAjRyHc="];
-    binaryCaches = ["https://nixbld.m-labs.hk" "https://cache.nixos.org"];
+    extra-trusted-public-keys = "nixbld.m-labs.hk-1:5aSRVA5b320xbNvu30tqxVPXpld73bhtOeH6uAjRyHc=";
+    extra-substituters = "https://nixbld.m-labs.hk";
   };
 }

llvm/gnu-install-dirs.patch

@@ -1,381 +0,0 @@
-diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
-index 135036f509d2..265c36f8211b 100644
---- a/CMakeLists.txt
-+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
-@@ -270,15 +270,21 @@ if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND
-   message(FATAL_ERROR "Invalid value for CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE: ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}")
- endif()
- 
-+include(GNUInstallDirs)
-+
- set(LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX "" CACHE STRING "Define suffix of library directory name (32/64)" )
- 
--set(LLVM_TOOLS_INSTALL_DIR "bin" CACHE STRING "Path for binary subdirectory (defaults to 'bin')")
-+set(LLVM_TOOLS_INSTALL_DIR "${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}" CACHE STRING
-+    "Path for binary subdirectory (defaults to 'bin')")
- mark_as_advanced(LLVM_TOOLS_INSTALL_DIR)
- 
- set(LLVM_UTILS_INSTALL_DIR "${LLVM_TOOLS_INSTALL_DIR}" CACHE STRING
-     "Path to install LLVM utilities (enabled by LLVM_INSTALL_UTILS=ON) (defaults to LLVM_TOOLS_INSTALL_DIR)")
- mark_as_advanced(LLVM_UTILS_INSTALL_DIR)
- 
-+set(LLVM_INSTALL_CMAKE_DIR "${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}/cmake/llvm" CACHE STRING
-+	"Path for CMake subdirectory (defaults to lib/cmake/llvm)" )
-+
- # They are used as destination of target generators.
- set(LLVM_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_INTDIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_CFG_INTDIR}/bin)
- set(LLVM_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_INTDIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_CFG_INTDIR}/lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX})
-@@ -581,9 +587,9 @@ option (LLVM_ENABLE_SPHINX "Use Sphinx to generate llvm documentation." OFF)
- option (LLVM_ENABLE_OCAMLDOC "Build OCaml bindings documentation." ON)
- option (LLVM_ENABLE_BINDINGS "Build bindings." ON)
- 
--set(LLVM_INSTALL_DOXYGEN_HTML_DIR "share/doc/llvm/doxygen-html"
-+set(LLVM_INSTALL_DOXYGEN_HTML_DIR "${CMAKE_INSTALL_DOCDIR}/${project}/doxygen-html"
-     CACHE STRING "Doxygen-generated HTML documentation install directory")
--set(LLVM_INSTALL_OCAMLDOC_HTML_DIR "share/doc/llvm/ocaml-html"
-+set(LLVM_INSTALL_OCAMLDOC_HTML_DIR "${CMAKE_INSTALL_DOCDIR}/${project}/ocaml-html"
-     CACHE STRING "OCamldoc-generated HTML documentation install directory")
- 
- option (LLVM_BUILD_EXTERNAL_COMPILER_RT
-@@ -1048,7 +1054,7 @@ endif()
- 
- if (NOT LLVM_INSTALL_TOOLCHAIN_ONLY)
-   install(DIRECTORY include/llvm include/llvm-c
--    DESTINATION include
-+    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}
-     COMPONENT llvm-headers
-     FILES_MATCHING
-     PATTERN "*.def"
-@@ -1059,7 +1065,7 @@ if (NOT LLVM_INSTALL_TOOLCHAIN_ONLY)
-     )
- 
-   install(DIRECTORY ${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR}/llvm ${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR}/llvm-c
--    DESTINATION include
-+    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}
-     COMPONENT llvm-headers
-     FILES_MATCHING
-     PATTERN "*.def"
-@@ -1073,13 +1079,13 @@ if (NOT LLVM_INSTALL_TOOLCHAIN_ONLY)
- 
-   if (LLVM_INSTALL_MODULEMAPS)
-     install(DIRECTORY include/llvm include/llvm-c
--            DESTINATION include
-+            DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}
-             COMPONENT llvm-headers
-             FILES_MATCHING
-             PATTERN "module.modulemap"
-             )
-     install(FILES include/llvm/module.install.modulemap
--            DESTINATION include/llvm
-+            DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/llvm
-             COMPONENT llvm-headers
-             RENAME "module.extern.modulemap"
-             )
-diff --git a/cmake/modules/AddLLVM.cmake b/cmake/modules/AddLLVM.cmake
-index 9c2b85374307..5531ceeb2eeb 100644
---- a/cmake/modules/AddLLVM.cmake
-+++ b/cmake/modules/AddLLVM.cmake
-@@ -818,9 +818,9 @@ macro(add_llvm_library name)
-       get_target_export_arg(${name} LLVM export_to_llvmexports ${umbrella})
-       install(TARGETS ${name}
-               ${export_to_llvmexports}
--              LIBRARY DESTINATION lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX} COMPONENT ${name}
--              ARCHIVE DESTINATION lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX} COMPONENT ${name}
--              RUNTIME DESTINATION bin COMPONENT ${name})
-+              LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX} COMPONENT ${name}
-+              ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX} COMPONENT ${name}
-+              RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR} COMPONENT ${name})
- 
-       if (NOT LLVM_ENABLE_IDE)
-         add_llvm_install_targets(install-${name}
-@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ function(process_llvm_pass_plugins)
-           "set(LLVM_STATIC_EXTENSIONS ${LLVM_STATIC_EXTENSIONS})")
-       install(FILES
-           ${llvm_cmake_builddir}/LLVMConfigExtensions.cmake
--          DESTINATION ${LLVM_INSTALL_PACKAGE_DIR}
-+          DESTINATION ${LLVM_INSTALL_CMAKE_DIR}
-           COMPONENT cmake-exports)
- 
-       set(ExtensionDef "${LLVM_BINARY_DIR}/include/llvm/Support/Extension.def")
-@@ -1250,7 +1250,7 @@ macro(add_llvm_example name)
-   endif()
-   add_llvm_executable(${name} ${ARGN})
-   if( LLVM_BUILD_EXAMPLES )
--    install(TARGETS ${name} RUNTIME DESTINATION examples)
-+    install(TARGETS ${name} RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_DOCDIR}/examples)
-   endif()
-   set_target_properties(${name} PROPERTIES FOLDER "Examples")
- endmacro(add_llvm_example name)
-@@ -1868,7 +1868,7 @@ function(llvm_install_library_symlink name dest type)
-   set(full_name ${CMAKE_${type}_LIBRARY_PREFIX}${name}${CMAKE_${type}_LIBRARY_SUFFIX})
-   set(full_dest ${CMAKE_${type}_LIBRARY_PREFIX}${dest}${CMAKE_${type}_LIBRARY_SUFFIX})
- 
--  set(output_dir lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX})
-+  set(output_dir ${CMAKE_INSTALL_FULL_LIBDIR}${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX})
-   if(WIN32 AND "${type}" STREQUAL "SHARED")
-     set(output_dir bin)
-   endif()
-@@ -1879,7 +1879,7 @@ function(llvm_install_library_symlink name dest type)
- 
- endfunction()
- 
--function(llvm_install_symlink name dest)
-+function(llvm_install_symlink name dest output_dir)
-   cmake_parse_arguments(ARG "ALWAYS_GENERATE" "COMPONENT" "" ${ARGN})
-   foreach(path ${CMAKE_MODULE_PATH})
-     if(EXISTS ${path}/LLVMInstallSymlink.cmake)
-@@ -1902,7 +1902,7 @@ function(llvm_install_symlink name dest)
-   set(full_dest ${dest}${CMAKE_EXECUTABLE_SUFFIX})
- 
-   install(SCRIPT ${INSTALL_SYMLINK}
--          CODE "install_symlink(${full_name} ${full_dest} ${LLVM_TOOLS_INSTALL_DIR})"
-+          CODE "install_symlink(${full_name} ${full_dest} ${output_dir})"
-           COMPONENT ${component})
- 
-   if (NOT LLVM_ENABLE_IDE AND NOT ARG_ALWAYS_GENERATE)
-@@ -1985,7 +1985,8 @@ function(add_llvm_tool_symlink link_name target)
-     endif()
- 
-     if ((TOOL_IS_TOOLCHAIN OR NOT LLVM_INSTALL_TOOLCHAIN_ONLY) AND LLVM_BUILD_TOOLS)
--      llvm_install_symlink(${link_name} ${target})
-+      GNUInstallDirs_get_absolute_install_dir(output_dir LLVM_TOOLS_INSTALL_DIR)
-+      llvm_install_symlink(${link_name} ${target} ${output_dir})
-     endif()
-   endif()
- endfunction()
-@@ -2114,9 +2115,9 @@ function(llvm_setup_rpath name)
-     # Since BUILD_SHARED_LIBS is only recommended for use by developers,
-     # hardcode the rpath to build/install lib dir first in this mode.
-     # FIXME: update this when there is better solution.
--    set(_install_rpath "${LLVM_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_INTDIR}" "${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}" ${extra_libdir})
-+    set(_install_rpath "${LLVM_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_INTDIR}" "${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}" ${extra_libdir})
-   elseif(UNIX)
--    set(_install_rpath "\$ORIGIN/../lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}" ${extra_libdir})
-+    set(_install_rpath "\$ORIGIN/../${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}" ${extra_libdir})
-     if(${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "(FreeBSD|DragonFly)")
-       set_property(TARGET ${name} APPEND_STRING PROPERTY
-                    LINK_FLAGS " -Wl,-z,origin ")
-diff --git a/cmake/modules/AddOCaml.cmake b/cmake/modules/AddOCaml.cmake
-index 554046b20edf..4d1ad980641e 100644
---- a/cmake/modules/AddOCaml.cmake
-+++ b/cmake/modules/AddOCaml.cmake
-@@ -144,9 +144,9 @@ function(add_ocaml_library name)
-   endforeach()
- 
-   if( APPLE )
--    set(ocaml_rpath "@executable_path/../../../lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}")
-+    set(ocaml_rpath "@executable_path/../../../${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}")
-   elseif( UNIX )
--    set(ocaml_rpath "\\$ORIGIN/../../../lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}")
-+    set(ocaml_rpath "\\$ORIGIN/../../../${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}")
-   endif()
-   list(APPEND ocaml_flags "-ldopt" "-Wl,-rpath,${ocaml_rpath}")
- 
-diff --git a/cmake/modules/AddSphinxTarget.cmake b/cmake/modules/AddSphinxTarget.cmake
-index e80c3b5c1cac..482f6d715ef5 100644
---- a/cmake/modules/AddSphinxTarget.cmake
-+++ b/cmake/modules/AddSphinxTarget.cmake
-@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ function (add_sphinx_target builder project)
-         endif()
-       elseif (builder STREQUAL html)
-         string(TOUPPER "${project}" project_upper)
--        set(${project_upper}_INSTALL_SPHINX_HTML_DIR "share/doc/${project}/html"
-+        set(${project_upper}_INSTALL_SPHINX_HTML_DIR "${CMAKE_INSTALL_DOCDIR}/${project}/html"
-             CACHE STRING "HTML documentation install directory for ${project}")
- 
-         # '/.' indicates: copy the contents of the directory directly into
-diff --git a/cmake/modules/CMakeLists.txt b/cmake/modules/CMakeLists.txt
-index 51b6a4fdc284..4adc2acfc074 100644
---- a/cmake/modules/CMakeLists.txt
-+++ b/cmake/modules/CMakeLists.txt
-@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
- include(LLVMDistributionSupport)
- 
--set(LLVM_INSTALL_PACKAGE_DIR lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}/cmake/llvm)
-+set(LLVM_INSTALL_PACKAGE_DIR ${LLVM_INSTALL_CMAKE_DIR} CACHE STRING "Path for CMake subdirectory (defaults to 'cmake/llvm')")
- set(llvm_cmake_builddir "${LLVM_BINARY_DIR}/${LLVM_INSTALL_PACKAGE_DIR}")
- 
- # First for users who use an installed LLVM, create the LLVMExports.cmake file.
-@@ -109,13 +109,13 @@ foreach(p ${_count})
-   set(LLVM_CONFIG_CODE "${LLVM_CONFIG_CODE}
- get_filename_component(LLVM_INSTALL_PREFIX \"\${LLVM_INSTALL_PREFIX}\" PATH)")
- endforeach(p)
--set(LLVM_CONFIG_INCLUDE_DIRS "\${LLVM_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include")
-+set(LLVM_CONFIG_INCLUDE_DIRS "\${LLVM_INSTALL_PREFIX}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}")
- set(LLVM_CONFIG_INCLUDE_DIR "${LLVM_CONFIG_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
- set(LLVM_CONFIG_MAIN_INCLUDE_DIR "${LLVM_CONFIG_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
--set(LLVM_CONFIG_LIBRARY_DIRS "\${LLVM_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib\${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}")
-+set(LLVM_CONFIG_LIBRARY_DIRS "\${LLVM_INSTALL_PREFIX}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}\${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}")
- set(LLVM_CONFIG_CMAKE_DIR "\${LLVM_INSTALL_PREFIX}/${LLVM_INSTALL_PACKAGE_DIR}")
- set(LLVM_CONFIG_BINARY_DIR "\${LLVM_INSTALL_PREFIX}")
--set(LLVM_CONFIG_TOOLS_BINARY_DIR "\${LLVM_INSTALL_PREFIX}/bin")
-+set(LLVM_CONFIG_TOOLS_BINARY_DIR "\${LLVM_INSTALL_PREFIX}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}")
- 
- # Generate a default location for lit
- if (LLVM_INSTALL_UTILS AND LLVM_BUILD_UTILS)
-diff --git a/cmake/modules/LLVMInstallSymlink.cmake b/cmake/modules/LLVMInstallSymlink.cmake
-index 3e6a2c9a2648..52e14d955c60 100644
---- a/cmake/modules/LLVMInstallSymlink.cmake
-+++ b/cmake/modules/LLVMInstallSymlink.cmake
-@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
- 
- function(install_symlink name target outdir)
-   set(DESTDIR $ENV{DESTDIR})
--  set(bindir "${DESTDIR}${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/${outdir}/")
-+  set(bindir "${DESTDIR}${outdir}/")
- 
-   message(STATUS "Creating ${name}")
- 
-diff --git a/docs/CMake.rst b/docs/CMake.rst
-index f1ac2c7d4934..c6e1469b5e13 100644
---- a/docs/CMake.rst
-+++ b/docs/CMake.rst
-@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ CMake manual, or execute ``cmake --help-variable VARIABLE_NAME``.
- **LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX**:STRING
-   Extra suffix to append to the directory where libraries are to be
-   installed. On a 64-bit architecture, one could use ``-DLLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX=64``
--  to install libraries to ``/usr/lib64``.
-+  to install libraries to ``/usr/lib64``. See also ``CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR``.
- 
- Rarely-used CMake variables
- ---------------------------
-@@ -551,8 +551,8 @@ LLVM-specific variables
- 
- **LLVM_INSTALL_DOXYGEN_HTML_DIR**:STRING
-   The path to install Doxygen-generated HTML documentation to. This path can
--  either be absolute or relative to the CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX. Defaults to
--  `share/doc/llvm/doxygen-html`.
-+  either be absolute or relative to the ``CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX``. Defaults to
-+  `${CMAKE_INSTALL_DOCDIR}/${project}/doxygen-html`.
- 
- **LLVM_LINK_LLVM_DYLIB**:BOOL
-   If enabled, tools will be linked with the libLLVM shared library. Defaults
-@@ -792,9 +792,11 @@ the ``cmake`` command or by setting it directly in ``ccmake`` or ``cmake-gui``).
- 
- This file is available in two different locations.
- 
--* ``<INSTALL_PREFIX>/lib/cmake/llvm/LLVMConfig.cmake`` where
--  ``<INSTALL_PREFIX>`` is the install prefix of an installed version of LLVM.
--  On Linux typically this is ``/usr/lib/cmake/llvm/LLVMConfig.cmake``.
-+* ``<LLVM_INSTALL_PACKAGE_DIR>LLVMConfig.cmake`` where
-+  ``<LLVM_INSTALL_PACKAGE_DIR>`` is the location where LLVM CMake modules are
-+  installed as part of an installed version of LLVM. This is typically
-+  ``cmake/llvm/`` within the lib directory. On Linux, this is typically
-+  ``/usr/lib/cmake/llvm/LLVMConfig.cmake``.
- 
- * ``<LLVM_BUILD_ROOT>/lib/cmake/llvm/LLVMConfig.cmake`` where
-   ``<LLVM_BUILD_ROOT>`` is the root of the LLVM build tree. **Note: this is only
-diff --git a/examples/Bye/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/Bye/CMakeLists.txt
-index bb96edb4b4bf..678c22fb43c8 100644
---- a/examples/Bye/CMakeLists.txt
-+++ b/examples/Bye/CMakeLists.txt
-@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ if (NOT WIN32)
-     BUILDTREE_ONLY
-    )
- 
--  install(TARGETS ${name} RUNTIME DESTINATION examples)
-+  install(TARGETS ${name} RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_DOCDIR}/examples)
-   set_target_properties(${name} PROPERTIES FOLDER "Examples")
- endif()
-diff --git a/include/llvm/CMakeLists.txt b/include/llvm/CMakeLists.txt
-index b46319f24fc8..2feabd1954e4 100644
---- a/include/llvm/CMakeLists.txt
-+++ b/include/llvm/CMakeLists.txt
-@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ add_subdirectory(Frontend)
- # If we're doing an out-of-tree build, copy a module map for generated
- # header files into the build area.
- if (NOT "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}" STREQUAL "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}")
--  configure_file(module.modulemap.build module.modulemap COPYONLY)
-+  configure_file(module.modulemap.build ${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIR}/module.modulemap COPYONLY)
- endif (NOT "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}" STREQUAL "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}")
-diff --git a/tools/llvm-config/BuildVariables.inc.in b/tools/llvm-config/BuildVariables.inc.in
-index ebe5b73a5c65..70c497be12f5 100644
---- a/tools/llvm-config/BuildVariables.inc.in
-+++ b/tools/llvm-config/BuildVariables.inc.in
-@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@
- #define LLVM_CXXFLAGS "@LLVM_CXXFLAGS@"
- #define LLVM_BUILDMODE "@LLVM_BUILDMODE@"
- #define LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX "@LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX@"
-+#define LLVM_INSTALL_BINDIR "@CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR@"
-+#define LLVM_INSTALL_LIBDIR "@CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR@"
-+#define LLVM_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR "@CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR@"
-+#define LLVM_INSTALL_CMAKEDIR "@LLVM_INSTALL_CMAKE_DIR@"
- #define LLVM_TARGETS_BUILT "@LLVM_TARGETS_BUILT@"
- #define LLVM_SYSTEM_LIBS "@LLVM_SYSTEM_LIBS@"
- #define LLVM_BUILD_SYSTEM "@LLVM_BUILD_SYSTEM@"
-diff --git a/tools/llvm-config/llvm-config.cpp b/tools/llvm-config/llvm-config.cpp
-index 1a2f04552d13..44fa7d3eec6b 100644
---- a/tools/llvm-config/llvm-config.cpp
-+++ b/tools/llvm-config/llvm-config.cpp
-@@ -357,12 +357,26 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
-         ("-I" + ActiveIncludeDir + " " + "-I" + ActiveObjRoot + "/include");
-   } else {
-     ActivePrefix = CurrentExecPrefix;
--    ActiveIncludeDir = ActivePrefix + "/include";
--    SmallString<256> path(StringRef(LLVM_TOOLS_INSTALL_DIR));
--    sys::fs::make_absolute(ActivePrefix, path);
--    ActiveBinDir = std::string(path.str());
--    ActiveLibDir = ActivePrefix + "/lib" + LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX;
--    ActiveCMakeDir = ActiveLibDir + "/cmake/llvm";
-+    {
-+      SmallString<256> path(StringRef(LLVM_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR));
-+      sys::fs::make_absolute(ActivePrefix, path);
-+      ActiveIncludeDir = std::string(path.str());
-+    }
-+    {
-+      SmallString<256> path(StringRef(LLVM_INSTALL_BINDIR));
-+      sys::fs::make_absolute(ActivePrefix, path);
-+      ActiveBinDir = std::string(path.str());
-+    }
-+    {
-+      SmallString<256> path(StringRef(LLVM_INSTALL_LIBDIR LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX));
-+      sys::fs::make_absolute(ActivePrefix, path);
-+      ActiveLibDir = std::string(path.str());
-+    }
-+    {
-+      SmallString<256> path(StringRef(LLVM_INSTALL_CMAKEDIR));
-+      sys::fs::make_absolute(ActivePrefix, path);
-+      ActiveCMakeDir = std::string(path.str());
-+    }
-     ActiveIncludeOption = "-I" + ActiveIncludeDir;
-   }
- 
-diff --git a/tools/lto/CMakeLists.txt b/tools/lto/CMakeLists.txt
-index 0af29ad762c5..37b99b83e35c 100644
---- a/tools/lto/CMakeLists.txt
-+++ b/tools/lto/CMakeLists.txt
-@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ add_llvm_library(${LTO_LIBRARY_NAME} ${LTO_LIBRARY_TYPE} INSTALL_WITH_TOOLCHAIN
-     ${SOURCES} DEPENDS intrinsics_gen)
- 
- install(FILES ${LLVM_MAIN_INCLUDE_DIR}/llvm-c/lto.h
--  DESTINATION include/llvm-c
-+  DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/llvm-c
-   COMPONENT LTO)
- 
- if (APPLE)
-diff --git a/tools/opt-viewer/CMakeLists.txt b/tools/opt-viewer/CMakeLists.txt
-index ead73ec13a8f..250362021f17 100644
---- a/tools/opt-viewer/CMakeLists.txt
-+++ b/tools/opt-viewer/CMakeLists.txt
-@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ set (files
- 
- foreach (file ${files})
-   install(PROGRAMS ${file}
--    DESTINATION share/opt-viewer
-+    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_DATADIR}/opt-viewer
-     COMPONENT opt-viewer)
- endforeach (file)
- 
-diff --git a/tools/remarks-shlib/CMakeLists.txt b/tools/remarks-shlib/CMakeLists.txt
-index 865436247270..ce1daa62f6ab 100644
---- a/tools/remarks-shlib/CMakeLists.txt
-+++ b/tools/remarks-shlib/CMakeLists.txt
-@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ if(LLVM_ENABLE_PIC)
-   endif()
-   
-   install(FILES ${LLVM_MAIN_INCLUDE_DIR}/llvm-c/Remarks.h
--    DESTINATION include/llvm-c
-+    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/llvm-c
-     COMPONENT Remarks)
- 
-   if (APPLE)

nac3.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<svg
+   id="a"
+   width="128"
+   height="128"
+   viewBox="0 0 95.99999 95.99999"
+   version="1.1"
+   sodipodi:docname="nac3.svg"
+   inkscape:version="1.1.1 (3bf5ae0d25, 2021-09-20)"
+   xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape"
+   xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd"
+   xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+  <defs
+     id="defs11" />
+  <sodipodi:namedview
+     id="namedview9"
+     pagecolor="#ffffff"
+     bordercolor="#666666"
+     borderopacity="1.0"
+     inkscape:pageshadow="2"
+     inkscape:pageopacity="0.0"
+     inkscape:pagecheckerboard="0"
+     inkscape:document-units="mm"
+     showgrid="false"
+     units="px"
+     width="128px"
+     inkscape:zoom="5.9448568"
+     inkscape:cx="60.472441"
+     inkscape:cy="60.556547"
+     inkscape:window-width="2560"
+     inkscape:window-height="1371"
+     inkscape:window-x="0"
+     inkscape:window-y="32"
+     inkscape:window-maximized="1"
+     inkscape:current-layer="a" />
+  <rect
+     x="40.072601"
+     y="-26.776209"
+     width="55.668747"
+     height="55.668747"
+     transform="matrix(0.71803815,0.69600374,-0.71803815,0.69600374,0,0)"
+     style="fill:#be211e;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:4.37375px;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round"
+     id="rect2" />
+  <line
+     x1="38.00692"
+     y1="63.457153"
+     x2="57.993061"
+     y2="63.457153"
+     style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:4.37269px;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round"
+     id="line4" />
+  <path
+     d="m 48.007301,57.843329 c -1.943097,0 -3.877522,-0.41727 -5.686157,-1.246007 -3.218257,-1.474616 -5.650382,-4.075418 -6.849639,-7.323671 -2.065624,-5.588921 -1.192751,-10.226647 2.575258,-13.827 0.611554,-0.584909 1.518048,-0.773041 2.323689,-0.488206 0.80673,0.286405 1.369495,0.998486 1.447563,1.827234 0.237469,2.549302 2.439719,5.917376 4.28414,6.55273 0.396859,0.13506 0.820953,-0.05859 1.097084,-0.35222 0.339254,-0.360754 0.451065,-0.961893 -1.013597,-3.191372 -2.089851,-3.181137 -4.638728,-8.754903 -0.262407,-15.069853 0.494457,-0.713491 1.384673,-1.068907 2.256469,-0.909156 0.871795,0.161332 1.583757,0.806404 1.752251,1.651189 0.716448,3.591862 2.962357,6.151755 5.199306,8.023138 1.935503,1.61861 4.344688,3.867387 5.435687,7.096643 2.283183,6.758017 -1.202511,14.114988 -8.060822,16.494025 -1.467083,0.509226 -2.98513,0.762536 -4.498836,0.762536 z M 39.358865,40.002192 c -0.304711,0.696206 -0.541636,2.080524 -0.56865,2.237454 -0.330316,1.918771 0.168305,3.803963 0.846157,5.539951 0.856828,2.19436 2.437543,3.942467 4.583411,4.925713 2.143691,0.981675 4.554131,1.097816 6.789992,0.322666 4.571485,-1.586549 6.977584,-6.532238 5.363036,-11.02597 v -5.27e-4 C 55.455481,39.447968 54.023463,38.162043 52.221335,36.65432 50.876945,35.529534 49.409662,33.987726 48.417983,32.135555 48.01343,31.37996 47.79547,30.34303 47.76669,29.413263 c -0.187481,0.669514 -0.212441,2.325923 -0.150396,2.93691 0.179209,1.764456 1.333476,3.644546 2.340611,5.171243 1.311568,1.988179 2.72058,6.037272 0.459681,8.367985 -1.54192,1.58953 -4.038511,2.052034 -5.839973,1.38492 -2.398314,-0.888147 -3.942744,-2.690627 -4.941118,-4.768029 -0.121194,-0.25217 -0.532464,-1.174187 -0.276619,-2.5041 z"
+     id="path6"
+     style="stroke-width:1.09317" />
+</svg>

nac3artiq/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,23 +2,20 @@
 name = "nac3artiq"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["M-Labs"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 
 [lib]
 name = "nac3artiq"
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
-pyo3 = { version = "0.14", features = ["extension-module"] }
-parking_lot = "0.11"
-tempfile = "3"
-nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
+itertools = "0.13"
+pyo3 = { version = "0.21", features = ["extension-module", "gil-refs"] }
+parking_lot = "0.12"
+tempfile = "3.13"
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }
-
-[dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.1.0-beta.4"
-default-features = false
-features = ["llvm13-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+nac3ld = { path = "../nac3ld" }
 
 [features]
 init-llvm-profile = []
+no-escape-analysis = ["nac3core/no-escape-analysis"]

nac3artiq/demo/demo.py

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
 from min_artiq import *
-from numpy import int32, int64
-
-
-@extern
-def output_int(x: int32):
-    ...
 
 
 @nac3

nac3artiq/demo/embedding_map.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ class EmbeddingMap:
         self.string_map = {}
         self.string_reverse_map = {}
         self.function_map = {}
+        self.attributes_writeback = []
 
         # preallocate exception names
         self.preallocate_runtime_exception_names(["RuntimeError",
@@ -16,7 +17,15 @@ class EmbeddingMap:
                                           "CacheError",
                                           "SPIError",
                                           "0:ZeroDivisionError",
-                                          "0:IndexError"])
+                                          "0:IndexError",
+                                          "0:ValueError",
+                                          "0:RuntimeError",
+                                          "0:AssertionError",
+                                          "0:KeyError",
+                                          "0:NotImplementedError",
+                                          "0:OverflowError",
+                                          "0:IOError",
+                                          "0:UnwrapNoneError"])
 
     def preallocate_runtime_exception_names(self, names):
         for i, name in enumerate(names):

nac3artiq/demo/list_cmp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class EmptyList:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+
+    @rpc
+    def get_empty(self) -> list[int32]:
+        return []
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        a: list[int32] = self.get_empty()
+        if a != []:
+            raise ValueError
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    EmptyList().run()

nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ from embedding_map import EmbeddingMap
 
 
 __all__ = [
-    "Kernel", "KernelInvariant", "virtual",
+    "Kernel", "KernelInvariant", "virtual", "ConstGeneric",
+    "Option", "Some", "none", "UnwrapNoneError",
     "round64", "floor64", "ceil64",
     "extern", "kernel", "portable", "nac3",
     "rpc", "ms", "us", "ns",
@@ -32,6 +33,45 @@ class KernelInvariant(Generic[T]):
 class virtual(Generic[T]):
     pass
 
+class Option(Generic[T]):
+    _nac3_option: T
+
+    def __init__(self, v: T):
+        self._nac3_option = v
+
+    def is_none(self):
+        return self._nac3_option is None
+    
+    def is_some(self):
+        return not self.is_none()
+    
+    def unwrap(self):
+        if self.is_none():
+            raise UnwrapNoneError()
+        return self._nac3_option
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self.is_none():
+            return "none"
+        else:
+            return "Some({})".format(repr(self._nac3_option))
+    
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.is_none():
+            return "none"
+        else:
+            return "Some({})".format(str(self._nac3_option))
+
+def Some(v: T) -> Option[T]:
+    return Option(v)
+
+none = Option(None)
+
+class _ConstGenericMarker:
+    pass
+
+def ConstGeneric(name, constraint):
+    return TypeVar(name, _ConstGenericMarker, constraint)
 
 def round64(x):
     return round(x)
@@ -46,7 +86,13 @@ def ceil64(x):
 import device_db
 core_arguments = device_db.device_db["core"]["arguments"]
 
-compiler = nac3artiq.NAC3(core_arguments["target"])
+artiq_builtins = {
+    "none": none,
+    "virtual": virtual,
+    "_ConstGenericMarker": _ConstGenericMarker,
+    "Option": Option,
+}
+compiler = nac3artiq.NAC3(core_arguments["target"], artiq_builtins)
 allow_registration = True
 # Delay NAC3 analysis until all referenced variables are supposed to exist on the CPython side.
 registered_functions = set()
@@ -66,10 +112,15 @@ def extern(function):
     register_function(function)
     return function
 
-def rpc(function):
-    """Decorates a function declaration defined by the core device runtime."""
-    register_function(function)
-    return function
+
+def rpc(arg=None, flags={}):
+    """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the host interpreter."""
+    if arg is None:
+        def inner_decorator(function):
+            return rpc(function, flags)
+        return inner_decorator
+    register_function(arg)
+    return arg
 
 def kernel(function_or_method):
     """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the core device."""
@@ -240,5 +291,10 @@ class KernelContextManager:
     def __exit__(self):
         pass
 
+@nac3
+class UnwrapNoneError(Exception):
+    """raised when unwrapping a none value"""
+    artiq_builtin = True
+
 parallel = KernelContextManager()
 sequential = KernelContextManager()

nac3artiq/demo/str_abi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import ndarray, zeros as np_zeros
+
+
+@nac3
+class StrFail:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+
+    @kernel
+    def hello(self, arg: str):
+        pass
+
+    @kernel
+    def consume_ndarray(self, arg: ndarray[str, 1]):
+        pass
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.hello("world")
+        self.consume_ndarray(np_zeros([10], dtype=str))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    StrFail().run()

nac3artiq/demo/string_attribute_issue337.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class Demo:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+    attr1: KernelInvariant[str]
+    attr2: KernelInvariant[int32]
+
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+        self.attr2 = 32
+        self.attr1 = "SAMPLE"
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        print_int32(self.attr2)
+        self.attr1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    Demo().run()

nac3artiq/demo/support_class_attr_issue102.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class Demo:
+    attr1: KernelInvariant[int32] = 2
+    attr2: int32 = 4
+    attr3: Kernel[int32]
+
+    @kernel
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.attr3 = 8
+
+
+@nac3
+class NAC3Devices:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+    attr4: KernelInvariant[int32] = 16
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        Demo.attr1  # Supported
+        # Demo.attr2  # Field not accessible on Kernel
+        # Demo.attr3  # Only attributes can be accessed in this way
+        # Demo.attr1 = 2  # Attributes are immutable
+
+        self.attr4  # Attributes can be accessed within class
+
+        obj = Demo()
+        obj.attr1  # Attributes can be accessed by class objects
+
+        NAC3Devices.attr4  # Attributes accessible for classes without __init__
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    NAC3Devices().run()

nac3artiq/src/timeline.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,23 @@
-use inkwell::{values::BasicValueEnum, AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering};
-use nac3core::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+use itertools::Either;
 
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::CodeGenContext,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue},
+        AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering,
+    },
+};
+
+/// Functions for manipulating the timeline.
 pub trait TimeFns {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
+    /// Emits LLVM IR for `now_mu`.
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Emits LLVM IR for `at_mu`.
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
+
+    /// Emits LLVM IR for `delay_mu`.
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
 }
 
 pub struct NowPinningTimeFns64 {}
@@ -12,141 +25,143 @@ pub struct NowPinningTimeFns64 {}
 // For FPGA design reasons, on VexRiscv with 64-bit data bus, the "now" CSR is split into two 32-bit
 // values that are each padded to 64-bits.
 impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_hiptr =
-            ctx.builder.build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic), "now_hiptr");
-        if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now_gep")
-            };
-            if let (BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_hi), BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_lo)) = (
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_hiptr, "now_hi"),
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_loptr, "now_lo"),
-            ) {
-                let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "now_zext_hi");
-                let shifted_hi = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(
-                    zext_hi,
-                    i64_type.const_int(32, false),
-                    "now_shifted_zext_hi",
-                );
-                let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "now_zext_lo");
-                ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now_or").into()
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
         }
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let now_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_hiptr, "now.hi")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+        let now_lo = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_loptr, "now.lo")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        let shifted_hi =
+            ctx.builder.build_left_shift(zext_hi, i64_type.const_int(32, false), "").unwrap();
+        let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now_mu").map(Into::into).unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
+
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
-        if let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(time) = t {
-            let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "now_lshr"),
+        let time = t.into_int_value();
+
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "time.hi").unwrap(),
                 i32_type,
-                "now_trunc",
-            );
-            let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
+                "",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-            let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
-                now,
-                i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic),
-                "now_bitcast",
-            );
-            if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                    ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now_gep")
-                };
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
+        }
+        .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        }
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_hiptr =
-            ctx.builder.build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic), "now_hiptr");
-        if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
-            let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now_loptr")
-            };
-            if let (
-                BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_hi),
-                BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_lo),
-                BasicValueEnum::IntValue(dt),
-            ) = (
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_hiptr, "now_hi"),
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_loptr, "now_lo"),
-                dt,
-            ) {
-                let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "now_zext_hi");
-                let shifted_hi = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(
-                    zext_hi,
-                    i64_type.const_int(32, false),
-                    "now_shifted_zext_hi",
-                );
-                let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "now_zext_lo");
-                let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now_or");
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
 
-                let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "now_add");
-                let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                    ctx.builder.build_right_shift(
-                        time,
-                        i64_type.const_int(32, false),
-                        false,
-                        "now_lshr",
-                    ),
+        let now_loptr = unsafe {
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
+        }
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let now_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_hiptr, "now.hi")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+        let now_lo = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_loptr, "now.lo")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+        let dt = dt.into_int_value();
+
+        let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        let shifted_hi =
+            ctx.builder.build_left_shift(zext_hi, i64_type.const_int(32, false), "").unwrap();
+        let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now").unwrap();
+
+        let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "time").unwrap();
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
+                ctx.builder
+                    .build_right_shift(time, i64_type.const_int(32, false), false, "")
+                    .unwrap(),
                 i32_type,
-                    "now_trunc",
-                );
-                let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
+                "time.hi",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
 
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        };
     }
 }
 
@@ -155,68 +170,67 @@ pub static NOW_PINNING_TIME_FNS_64: NowPinningTimeFns64 = NowPinningTimeFns64 {}
 pub struct NowPinningTimeFns {}
 
 impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_raw = ctx.builder.build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "now");
-        if let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_raw) = now_raw {
+        let now_raw = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "now")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
-            let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now_shl");
-            let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now_lshr");
-            ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_or").into()
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        }
+        let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now.lo").unwrap();
+        let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now.hi").unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_mu").map(Into::into).unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
-        if let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(time) = t {
-            let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "now_lshr"),
+
+        let time = t.into_int_value();
+
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "").unwrap(),
                 i32_type,
-                "now_trunc",
-            );
-            let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
+                "time.hi",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc").unwrap();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-            let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
-                now,
-                i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic),
-                "now_bitcast",
-            );
-            if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                    ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now_gep")
-                };
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now.lo.addr")
+        }
+        .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        }
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
@@ -224,41 +238,47 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_raw = ctx.builder.build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "now");
-        if let (BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_raw), BasicValueEnum::IntValue(dt)) = (now_raw, dt) {
-            let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now_shl");
-            let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now_lshr");
-            let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_or");
-            let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "now_add");
-            let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "now_lshr"),
+        let now_raw = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let dt = dt.into_int_value();
+
+        let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now.lo").unwrap();
+        let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now.hi").unwrap();
+        let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_val").unwrap();
+        let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "time").unwrap();
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "time.hi").unwrap(),
                 i32_type,
                 "now_trunc",
-            );
-            let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
-            let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
-                now,
-                i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic),
-                "now_bitcast",
-            );
-            if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                    ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now_gep")
-                };
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now.lo.addr")
+        }
+        .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -267,14 +287,18 @@ pub static NOW_PINNING_TIME_FNS: NowPinningTimeFns = NowPinningTimeFns {};
 pub struct ExternTimeFns {}
 
 impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
         let now_mu = ctx.module.get_function("now_mu").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             ctx.module.add_function("now_mu", ctx.ctx.i64_type().fn_type(&[], false), None)
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(now_mu, &[], "now_mu").try_as_basic_value().left().unwrap()
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(now_mu, &[], "now_mu")
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let at_mu = ctx.module.get_function("at_mu").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             ctx.module.add_function(
                 "at_mu",
@@ -282,14 +306,10 @@ impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
                 None,
             )
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(at_mu, &[t.into()], "at_mu");
+        ctx.builder.build_call(at_mu, &[t.into()], "at_mu").unwrap();
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let delay_mu = ctx.module.get_function("delay_mu").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             ctx.module.add_function(
                 "delay_mu",
@@ -297,7 +317,7 @@ impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
                 None,
             )
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(delay_mu, &[dt.into()], "delay_mu");
+        ctx.builder.build_call(delay_mu, &[dt.into()], "delay_mu").unwrap();
     }
 }
 

nac3ast/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 name = "nac3ast"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team", "M-Labs"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 
 [features]
 default = ["constant-optimization", "fold"]
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ constant-optimization = ["fold"]
 fold = []
 
 [dependencies]
-lazy_static = "1.4.0"
-parking_lot = "0.11.1"
-string-interner = "0.13.0"
-fxhash = "0.2.1"
+parking_lot = "0.12"
+string-interner = "0.17"
+fxhash = "0.2"

nac3ast/src/constant.rs

@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ impl From<bool> for Constant {
 }
 impl From<i32> for Constant {
     fn from(i: i32) -> Constant {
-        Self::Int(i as i128)
+        Self::Int(i128::from(i))
     }
 }
 impl From<i64> for Constant {
     fn from(i: i64) -> Constant {
-        Self::Int(i as i128)
+        Self::Int(i128::from(i))
     }
 }
 
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ pub enum ConversionFlag {
 }
 
 impl ConversionFlag {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn try_from_byte(b: u8) -> Option<Self> {
         match b {
             b's' => Some(Self::Str),
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ pub struct ConstantOptimizer {
 #[cfg(feature = "constant-optimization")]
 impl ConstantOptimizer {
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self { _priv: () }
     }
@@ -85,14 +87,10 @@ impl<U> crate::fold::Fold<U> for ConstantOptimizer {
     fn fold_expr(&mut self, node: crate::Expr<U>) -> Result<crate::Expr<U>, Self::Error> {
         match node.node {
             crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx } => {
-                let elts = elts
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|x| self.fold_expr(x))
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-                let expr = if elts
-                    .iter()
-                    .all(|e| matches!(e.node, crate::ExprKind::Constant { .. }))
-                {
+                let elts =
+                    elts.into_iter().map(|x| self.fold_expr(x)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                let expr =
+                    if elts.iter().all(|e| matches!(e.node, crate::ExprKind::Constant { .. })) {
                         let tuple = elts
                             .into_iter()
                             .map(|e| match e.node {
@@ -100,18 +98,11 @@ impl<U> crate::fold::Fold<U> for ConstantOptimizer {
                                 _ => unreachable!(),
                             })
                             .collect();
-                    crate::ExprKind::Constant {
-                        value: Constant::Tuple(tuple),
-                        kind: None,
-                    }
+                        crate::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Tuple(tuple), kind: None }
                     } else {
                         crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx }
                     };
-                Ok(crate::Expr {
-                    node: expr,
-                    custom: node.custom,
-                    location: node.location,
-                })
+                Ok(crate::Expr { node: expr, custom: node.custom, location: node.location })
             }
             _ => crate::fold::fold_expr(self, node),
         }
@@ -127,7 +118,7 @@ mod tests {
         use crate::fold::Fold;
         use crate::*;
 
-        let location = Location::new(0, 0, Default::default());
+        let location = Location::new(0, 0, FileName::default());
         let custom = ();
         let ast = Located {
             location,
@@ -138,18 +129,12 @@ mod tests {
                     Located {
                         location,
                         custom,
-                        node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                            value: 1.into(),
-                            kind: None,
-                        },
+                        node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 1.into(), kind: None },
                     },
                     Located {
                         location,
                         custom,
-                        node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                            value: 2.into(),
-                            kind: None,
-                        },
+                        node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 2.into(), kind: None },
                     },
                     Located {
                         location,
@@ -160,26 +145,17 @@ mod tests {
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                                        value: 3.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 3.into(), kind: None },
                                 },
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                                        value: 4.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 4.into(), kind: None },
                                 },
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                                        value: 5.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 5.into(), kind: None },
                                 },
                             ],
                         },
@@ -187,9 +163,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             },
         };
-        let new_ast = ConstantOptimizer::new()
-            .fold_expr(ast)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
+        let new_ast = ConstantOptimizer::new().fold_expr(ast).unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
         assert_eq!(
             new_ast,
             Located {
@@ -199,11 +173,7 @@ mod tests {
                     value: Constant::Tuple(vec![
                         1.into(),
                         2.into(),
-                        Constant::Tuple(vec![
-                            3.into(),
-                            4.into(),
-                            5.into(),
-                        ])
+                        Constant::Tuple(vec![3.into(), 4.into(), 5.into(),])
                     ]),
                     kind: None
                 },

nac3ast/src/fold_helpers.rs

@@ -64,11 +64,4 @@ macro_rules! simple_fold {
     };
 }
 
-simple_fold!(
-    usize,
-    String,
-    bool,
-    StrRef,
-    constant::Constant,
-    constant::ConversionFlag
-);
+simple_fold!(usize, String, bool, StrRef, constant::Constant, constant::ConversionFlag);

nac3ast/src/impls.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use crate::{Constant, ExprKind};
 
 impl<U> ExprKind<U> {
     /// Returns a short name for the node suitable for use in error messages.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
             ExprKind::BoolOp { .. } | ExprKind::BinOp { .. } | ExprKind::UnaryOp { .. } => {
@@ -34,10 +35,7 @@ impl<U> ExprKind<U> {
             ExprKind::Starred { .. } => "starred",
             ExprKind::Slice { .. } => "slice",
             ExprKind::JoinedStr { values } => {
-                if values
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|e| matches!(e.node, ExprKind::JoinedStr { .. }))
-                {
+                if values.iter().any(|e| matches!(e.node, ExprKind::JoinedStr { .. })) {
                     "f-string expression"
                 } else {
                     "literal"

nac3ast/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,18 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate lazy_static;
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
 
 mod ast_gen;
 mod constant;
@@ -9,6 +22,6 @@ mod impls;
 mod location;
 
 pub use ast_gen::*;
-pub use location::{Location, FileName};
+pub use location::{FileName, Location};
 
 pub type Suite<U = ()> = Vec<Stmt<U>>;

nac3ast/src/location.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 //! Datatypes to support source location information.
 use crate::ast_gen::StrRef;
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::fmt;
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct FileName(pub StrRef);
 impl Default for FileName {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -17,16 +18,38 @@ impl From<String> for FileName {
 }
 
 /// A location somewhere in the sourcecode.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Location {
     pub row: usize,
     pub column: usize,
-    pub file: FileName
+    pub file: FileName,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for Location {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}: line {} column {}", self.file.0, self.row, self.column)
+        write!(f, "{}:{}:{}", self.file.0, self.row, self.column)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Location {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        let file_cmp = self.file.0.to_string().cmp(&other.file.0.to_string());
+        if file_cmp != Ordering::Equal {
+            return file_cmp;
+        }
+
+        let row_cmp = self.row.cmp(&other.row);
+        if row_cmp != Ordering::Equal {
+            return row_cmp;
+        }
+
+        self.column.cmp(&other.column)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Location {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
     }
 }
 
@@ -53,23 +76,22 @@ impl Location {
                 )
             }
         }
-        Visualize {
-            loc: *self,
-            line,
-            desc,
-        }
+        Visualize { loc: *self, line, desc }
     }
 }
 
 impl Location {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(row: usize, column: usize, file: FileName) -> Self {
         Location { row, column, file }
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn row(&self) -> usize {
         self.row
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn column(&self) -> usize {
         self.column
     }

nac3core/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,24 +2,30 @@
 name = "nac3core"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["M-Labs"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[features]
+no-escape-analysis = []
 
 [dependencies]
-itertools = "0.10.1"
-crossbeam = "0.8.1"
-parking_lot = "0.11.1"
-rayon = "1.5.1"
+itertools = "0.13"
+crossbeam = "0.8"
+indexmap = "2.6"
+parking_lot = "0.12"
+rayon = "1.10"
 nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
+strum = "0.26"
+strum_macros = "0.26"
 
 [dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.1.0-beta.4"
+version = "0.5"
 default-features = false
-features = ["llvm13-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+features = ["llvm14-0-prefer-dynamic", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 test-case = "1.2.0"
-indoc = "1.0"
+indoc = "2.0"
 insta = "=1.11.0"
 
 [build-dependencies]
-regex = "1"
+regex = "1.10"

nac3core/build.rs

@@ -1,34 +1,60 @@
-use regex::Regex;
 use std::{
     env,
+    fs::File,
     io::Write,
     path::Path,
     process::{Command, Stdio},
 };
 
+use regex::Regex;
+
 fn main() {
-    const FILE: &str = "src/codegen/irrt/irrt.c";
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", FILE);
+    let out_dir = env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap();
+    let out_dir = Path::new(&out_dir);
+    let irrt_dir = Path::new("irrt");
+
+    let irrt_cpp_path = irrt_dir.join("irrt.cpp");
 
     /*
      * HACK: Sadly, clang doesn't let us emit generic LLVM bitcode.
      * Compiling for WASM32 and filtering the output with regex is the closest we can get.
      */
-
-    const FLAG: &[&str] = &[
+    let mut flags: Vec<&str> = vec![
         "--target=wasm32",
-        FILE,
-        "-O3",
+        "-x",
+        "c++",
+        "-std=c++20",
+        "-fno-discard-value-names",
+        "-fno-exceptions",
+        "-fno-rtti",
         "-emit-llvm",
         "-S",
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
-        "-Wno-implicit-function-declaration",
         "-o",
         "-",
+        "-I",
+        irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap(),
+        irrt_cpp_path.to_str().unwrap(),
     ];
-    let output = Command::new("clang")
-        .args(FLAG)
+
+    match env::var("PROFILE").as_deref() {
+        Ok("debug") => {
+            flags.push("-O0");
+            flags.push("-DIRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT");
+        }
+        Ok("release") => {
+            flags.push("-O3");
+        }
+        flavor => panic!("Unknown or missing build flavor {flavor:?}"),
+    }
+
+    // Tell Cargo to rerun if any file under `irrt_dir` (recursive) changes
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap());
+
+    // Compile IRRT and capture the LLVM IR output
+    let output = Command::new("clang-irrt")
+        .args(flags)
         .output()
         .map(|o| {
             assert!(o.status.success(), "{}", std::str::from_utf8(&o.stderr).unwrap());
@@ -36,12 +62,23 @@ fn main() {
         })
         .unwrap();
 
-    let output = std::str::from_utf8(&output.stdout).unwrap();
+    // https://github.com/rust-lang/regex/issues/244
+    let output = std::str::from_utf8(&output.stdout).unwrap().replace("\r\n", "\n");
     let mut filtered_output = String::with_capacity(output.len());
 
-    let regex_filter = regex::Regex::new(r"(?ms:^define.*?\}$)|(?m:^declare.*?$)").unwrap();
-    for f in regex_filter.captures_iter(output) {
-        assert!(f.len() == 1);
+    // Filter out irrelevant IR
+    //
+    // Regex:
+    // - `(?ms:^define.*?\}$)` captures LLVM `define` blocks
+    // - `(?m:^declare.*?$)` captures LLVM `declare` lines
+    // - `(?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$)` captures LLVM `type` declarations
+    // - `(?m:^@.+?=.+$)` captures global constants
+    let regex_filter = Regex::new(
+        r"(?ms:^define.*?\}$)|(?m:^declare.*?$)|(?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$)|(?m:^@.+?=.+$)",
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    for f in regex_filter.captures_iter(&output) {
+        assert_eq!(f.len(), 1);
         filtered_output.push_str(&f[0]);
         filtered_output.push('\n');
     }
@@ -50,12 +87,24 @@ fn main() {
         .unwrap()
         .replace_all(&filtered_output, "");
 
-    let mut llvm_as = Command::new("llvm-as")
+    // For debugging
+    // Doing `DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT=1 cargo build -p nac3core` dumps the LLVM IR generated
+    const DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT: &str = "DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT";
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed={DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT}");
+    if env::var(DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT).is_ok() {
+        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt.ll")).unwrap();
+        file.write_all(output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+
+        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt-filtered.ll")).unwrap();
+        file.write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    let mut llvm_as = Command::new("llvm-as-irrt")
         .stdin(Stdio::piped())
         .arg("-o")
-        .arg(Path::new(&env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap()).join("irrt.bc"))
+        .arg(out_dir.join("irrt.bc"))
         .spawn()
         .unwrap();
     llvm_as.stdin.as_mut().unwrap().write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-    assert!(llvm_as.wait().unwrap().success())
+    assert!(llvm_as.wait().unwrap().success());
 }

nac3core/irrt/irrt.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/list.hpp"
+#include "irrt/math.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray.hpp"
+#include "irrt/slice.hpp"

nac3core/irrt/irrt/cslice.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+struct CSlice {
+    uint8_t* base;
+    SizeT len;
+};

nac3core/irrt/irrt/debug.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Set in nac3core/build.rs
+#ifdef IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT
+#define IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL true
+#else
+#define IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL false
+#endif
+
+#define raise_debug_assert(SizeT, msg, param1, param2, param3) \
+    raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR, "IRRT debug assert failed: " msg, param1, param2, param3)
+
+#define debug_assert_eq(SizeT, lhs, rhs)                                           \
+    if constexpr (IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL) {                                        \
+        if ((lhs) != (rhs)) {                                                      \
+            raise_debug_assert(SizeT, "LHS = {0}. RHS = {1}", lhs, rhs, NO_PARAM); \
+        }                                                                          \
+    }
+
+#define debug_assert(SizeT, expr)                                                  \
+    if constexpr (IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL) {                                        \
+        if (!(expr)) {                                                             \
+            raise_debug_assert(SizeT, "Got false.", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM); \
+        }                                                                          \
+    }

nac3core/irrt/irrt/exception.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/cslice.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+/**
+ * @brief The int type of ARTIQ exception IDs.
+ */
+typedef int32_t ExceptionId;
+
+/*
+ * Set of exceptions C++ IRRT can use.
+ * Must be synchronized with `setup_irrt_exceptions` in `nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs`.
+ */
+extern "C" {
+ExceptionId EXN_INDEX_ERROR;
+ExceptionId EXN_VALUE_ERROR;
+ExceptionId EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR;
+ExceptionId EXN_TYPE_ERROR;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Extern function to `__nac3_raise`
+ *
+ * The parameter `err` could be `Exception<int32_t>` or `Exception<int64_t>`. The caller
+ * must make sure to pass `Exception`s with the correct `SizeT` depending on the `size_t` of the runtime.
+ */
+extern "C" void __nac3_raise(void* err);
+
+namespace {
+/**
+ * @brief NAC3's Exception struct
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+struct Exception {
+    ExceptionId id;
+    CSlice<SizeT> filename;
+    int32_t line;
+    int32_t column;
+    CSlice<SizeT> function;
+    CSlice<SizeT> msg;
+    int64_t params[3];
+};
+
+constexpr int64_t NO_PARAM = 0;
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+void _raise_exception_helper(ExceptionId id,
+                             const char* filename,
+                             int32_t line,
+                             const char* function,
+                             const char* msg,
+                             int64_t param0,
+                             int64_t param1,
+                             int64_t param2) {
+    Exception<SizeT> e = {
+        .id = id,
+        .filename = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(filename), .len = __builtin_strlen(filename)},
+        .line = line,
+        .column = 0,
+        .function = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(function), .len = __builtin_strlen(function)},
+        .msg = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(msg), .len = __builtin_strlen(msg)},
+    };
+    e.params[0] = param0;
+    e.params[1] = param1;
+    e.params[2] = param2;
+    __nac3_raise(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&e));
+    __builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Raise an exception with location details (location in the IRRT source files).
+ * @param SizeT The runtime `size_t` type.
+ * @param id The ID of the exception to raise.
+ * @param msg A global constant C-string of the error message.
+ *
+ * `param0` to `param2` are optional format arguments of `msg`. They should be set to
+ * `NO_PARAM` to indicate they are unused.
+ */
+#define raise_exception(SizeT, id, msg, param0, param1, param2) \
+    _raise_exception_helper<SizeT>(id, __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__, msg, param0, param1, param2)
+}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/int_types.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 202000
+using int8_t = _BitInt(8);
+using uint8_t = unsigned _BitInt(8);
+using int32_t = _BitInt(32);
+using uint32_t = unsigned _BitInt(32);
+using int64_t = _BitInt(64);
+using uint64_t = unsigned _BitInt(64);
+#else
+using int8_t = _ExtInt(8);
+using uint8_t = unsigned _ExtInt(8);
+using int32_t = _ExtInt(32);
+using uint32_t = unsigned _ExtInt(32);
+using int64_t = _ExtInt(64);
+using uint64_t = unsigned _ExtInt(64);
+#endif
+
+// NDArray indices are always `uint32_t`.
+using NDIndex = uint32_t;
+// The type of an index or a value describing the length of a range/slice is always `int32_t`.
+using SliceIndex = int32_t;

nac3core/irrt/irrt/list.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/math_util.hpp"
+
+extern "C" {
+// Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
+// both dest_step and src_step are +1.
+// - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
+// - The end index is *inclusive*,
+// - The length of src and dest slice size should already
+// be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
+SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
+                                             SliceIndex dest_end,
+                                             SliceIndex dest_step,
+                                             uint8_t* dest_arr,
+                                             SliceIndex dest_arr_len,
+                                             SliceIndex src_start,
+                                             SliceIndex src_end,
+                                             SliceIndex src_step,
+                                             uint8_t* src_arr,
+                                             SliceIndex src_arr_len,
+                                             const SliceIndex size) {
+    /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
+    if (dest_arr_len == 0)
+        return dest_arr_len;
+    /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
+    if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
+        const SliceIndex src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
+        const SliceIndex dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
+        if (src_len > 0) {
+            __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + dest_start * size, src_arr + src_start * size, src_len * size);
+        }
+        if (dest_len > 0) {
+            /* dropping */
+            __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size, dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                              (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
+        }
+        /* shrink size */
+        return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
+    }
+    /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
+    uint8_t need_alloca = (dest_arr == src_arr)
+                          && !(max(dest_start, dest_end) < min(src_start, src_end)
+                               || max(src_start, src_end) < min(dest_start, dest_end));
+    if (need_alloca) {
+        uint8_t* tmp = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(__builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size));
+        __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
+        src_arr = tmp;
+    }
+    SliceIndex src_ind = src_start;
+    SliceIndex dest_ind = dest_start;
+    for (; (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end); src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step) {
+        /* for constant optimization */
+        if (size == 1) {
+            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
+        } else if (size == 4) {
+            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
+        } else if (size == 8) {
+            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
+        } else {
+            /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
+            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
+        }
+    }
+    /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
+    /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
+    if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
+        __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                          (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
+        return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
+    }
+    return dest_arr_len;
+}
+}  // extern "C"

nac3core/irrt/irrt/math.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#pragma once
+
+namespace {
+// adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
+// need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
+template<typename T>
+T __nac3_int_exp_impl(T base, T exp) {
+    T res = 1;
+    /* repeated squaring method */
+    do {
+        if (exp & 1) {
+            res *= base; /* for n odd */
+        }
+        exp >>= 1;
+        base *= base;
+    } while (exp);
+    return res;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+#define DEF_nac3_int_exp_(T)                   \
+    T __nac3_int_exp_##T(T base, T exp) {      \
+        return __nac3_int_exp_impl(base, exp); \
+    }
+
+extern "C" {
+
+// Putting semicolons here to make clang-format not reformat this into
+// a stair shape.
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int32_t);
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int64_t);
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint32_t);
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint64_t);
+
+int32_t __nac3_isinf(double x) {
+    return __builtin_isinf(x);
+}
+
+int32_t __nac3_isnan(double x) {
+    return __builtin_isnan(x);
+}
+
+double tgamma(double arg);
+
+double __nac3_gamma(double z) {
+    // Handling for denormals
+    //     | x                 | Python gamma(x) | C tgamma(x) |
+    // --- | ----------------- | --------------- | ----------- |
+    // (1) | nan               | nan             | nan         |
+    // (2) | -inf              | -inf            | inf         |
+    // (3) | inf               | inf             | inf         |
+    // (4) | 0.0               | inf             | inf         |
+    // (5) | {-1.0, -2.0, ...} | inf             | nan         |
+
+    // (1)-(3)
+    if (__builtin_isinf(z) || __builtin_isnan(z)) {
+        return z;
+    }
+
+    double v = tgamma(z);
+
+    // (4)-(5)
+    return __builtin_isinf(v) || __builtin_isnan(v) ? __builtin_inf() : v;
+}
+
+double lgamma(double arg);
+
+double __nac3_gammaln(double x) {
+    // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+    // - scipy: gammaln(-inf) -> -inf
+    // - libm : lgamma(-inf) -> inf
+
+    if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+        return x;
+    }
+
+    return lgamma(x);
+}
+
+double j0(double x);
+
+double __nac3_j0(double x) {
+    // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+    // - scipy: j0(inf) -> nan
+    // - libm : j0(inf) -> 0.0
+
+    if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+        return __builtin_nan("");
+    }
+
+    return j0(x);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/math_util.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#pragma once
+
+namespace {
+template<typename T>
+const T& max(const T& a, const T& b) {
+    return a > b ? a : b;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+const T& min(const T& a, const T& b) {
+    return a > b ? b : a;
+}
+}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+template<typename SizeT>
+SizeT __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(const SizeT* list_data, SizeT list_len, SizeT begin_idx, SizeT end_idx) {
+    __builtin_assume(end_idx <= list_len);
+
+    SizeT num_elems = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = begin_idx; i < end_idx; ++i) {
+        SizeT val = list_data[i];
+        __builtin_assume(val > 0);
+        num_elems *= val;
+    }
+    return num_elems;
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(SizeT index, const SizeT* dims, SizeT num_dims, NDIndex* idxs) {
+    SizeT stride = 1;
+    for (SizeT dim = 0; dim < num_dims; dim++) {
+        SizeT i = num_dims - dim - 1;
+        __builtin_assume(dims[i] > 0);
+        idxs[i] = (index / stride) % dims[i];
+        stride *= dims[i];
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+SizeT __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(const SizeT* dims, SizeT num_dims, const NDIndex* indices, SizeT num_indices) {
+    SizeT idx = 0;
+    SizeT stride = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_dims; ++i) {
+        SizeT ri = num_dims - i - 1;
+        if (ri < num_indices) {
+            idx += stride * indices[ri];
+        }
+
+        __builtin_assume(dims[i] > 0);
+        stride *= dims[ri];
+    }
+    return idx;
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(const SizeT* lhs_dims,
+                                        SizeT lhs_ndims,
+                                        const SizeT* rhs_dims,
+                                        SizeT rhs_ndims,
+                                        SizeT* out_dims) {
+    SizeT max_ndims = lhs_ndims > rhs_ndims ? lhs_ndims : rhs_ndims;
+
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < max_ndims; ++i) {
+        const SizeT* lhs_dim_sz = i < lhs_ndims ? &lhs_dims[lhs_ndims - i - 1] : nullptr;
+        const SizeT* rhs_dim_sz = i < rhs_ndims ? &rhs_dims[rhs_ndims - i - 1] : nullptr;
+        SizeT* out_dim = &out_dims[max_ndims - i - 1];
+
+        if (lhs_dim_sz == nullptr) {
+            *out_dim = *rhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (rhs_dim_sz == nullptr) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*lhs_dim_sz == 1) {
+            *out_dim = *rhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*rhs_dim_sz == 1) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*lhs_dim_sz == *rhs_dim_sz) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else {
+            __builtin_unreachable();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(const SizeT* src_dims,
+                                            SizeT src_ndims,
+                                            const NDIndex* in_idx,
+                                            NDIndex* out_idx) {
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < src_ndims; ++i) {
+        SizeT src_i = src_ndims - i - 1;
+        out_idx[src_i] = src_dims[src_i] == 1 ? 0 : in_idx[src_i];
+    }
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_calc_size(const uint32_t* list_data, uint32_t list_len, uint32_t begin_idx, uint32_t end_idx) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(list_data, list_len, begin_idx, end_idx);
+}
+
+uint64_t
+__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64(const uint64_t* list_data, uint64_t list_len, uint64_t begin_idx, uint64_t end_idx) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(list_data, list_len, begin_idx, end_idx);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices(uint32_t index, const uint32_t* dims, uint32_t num_dims, NDIndex* idxs) {
+    __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(index, dims, num_dims, idxs);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64(uint64_t index, const uint64_t* dims, uint64_t num_dims, NDIndex* idxs) {
+    __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(index, dims, num_dims, idxs);
+}
+
+uint32_t
+__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index(const uint32_t* dims, uint32_t num_dims, const NDIndex* indices, uint32_t num_indices) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(dims, num_dims, indices, num_indices);
+}
+
+uint64_t
+__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64(const uint64_t* dims, uint64_t num_dims, const NDIndex* indices, uint64_t num_indices) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(dims, num_dims, indices, num_indices);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast(const uint32_t* lhs_dims,
+                                   uint32_t lhs_ndims,
+                                   const uint32_t* rhs_dims,
+                                   uint32_t rhs_ndims,
+                                   uint32_t* out_dims) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(lhs_dims, lhs_ndims, rhs_dims, rhs_ndims, out_dims);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64(const uint64_t* lhs_dims,
+                                     uint64_t lhs_ndims,
+                                     const uint64_t* rhs_dims,
+                                     uint64_t rhs_ndims,
+                                     uint64_t* out_dims) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(lhs_dims, lhs_ndims, rhs_dims, rhs_ndims, out_dims);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx(const uint32_t* src_dims,
+                                       uint32_t src_ndims,
+                                       const NDIndex* in_idx,
+                                       NDIndex* out_idx) {
+    __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64(const uint64_t* src_dims,
+                                         uint64_t src_ndims,
+                                         const NDIndex* in_idx,
+                                         NDIndex* out_idx) {
+    __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/slice.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+extern "C" {
+SliceIndex __nac3_slice_index_bound(SliceIndex i, const SliceIndex len) {
+    if (i < 0) {
+        i = len + i;
+    }
+    if (i < 0) {
+        return 0;
+    } else if (i > len) {
+        return len;
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+SliceIndex __nac3_range_slice_len(const SliceIndex start, const SliceIndex end, const SliceIndex step) {
+    SliceIndex diff = end - start;
+    if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
+        return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
+    } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
+        return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
+    } else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/concrete_type.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
+
 use crate::{
     symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
     toplevel::DefinitionId,
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+        typedef::{
+            into_var_map, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVar, TypeVarId, Unifier,
+        },
     },
 };
 
-use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
 pub struct ConcreteTypeStore {
     store: Vec<ConcreteTypeEnum>,
 }
@@ -22,6 +27,7 @@ pub struct ConcreteFuncArg {
     pub name: StrRef,
     pub ty: ConcreteType,
     pub default_value: Option<SymbolValue>,
+    pub is_vararg: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@@ -43,14 +49,12 @@ pub enum ConcreteTypeEnum {
     TPrimitive(Primitive),
     TTuple {
         ty: Vec<ConcreteType>,
-    },
-    TList {
-        ty: ConcreteType,
+        is_vararg_ctx: bool,
     },
     TObj {
         obj_id: DefinitionId,
         fields: HashMap<StrRef, (ConcreteType, bool)>,
-        params: HashMap<u32, ConcreteType>,
+        params: IndexMap<TypeVarId, ConcreteType>,
     },
     TVirtual {
         ty: ConcreteType,
@@ -58,11 +62,15 @@ pub enum ConcreteTypeEnum {
     TFunc {
         args: Vec<ConcreteFuncArg>,
         ret: ConcreteType,
-        vars: HashMap<u32, ConcreteType>,
+        vars: HashMap<TypeVarId, ConcreteType>,
+    },
+    TLiteral {
+        values: Vec<SymbolValue>,
     },
 }
 
 impl ConcreteTypeStore {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> ConcreteTypeStore {
         ConcreteTypeStore {
             store: vec![
@@ -80,6 +88,7 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
         }
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn get(&self, cty: ConcreteType) -> &ConcreteTypeEnum {
         &self.store[cty.0]
     }
@@ -97,8 +106,16 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                 .iter()
                 .map(|arg| ConcreteFuncArg {
                     name: arg.name,
-                    ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache),
+                    ty: if arg.is_vararg {
+                        let tuple_ty = unifier
+                            .add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![arg.ty], is_vararg_ctx: true });
+
+                        self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, tuple_ty, cache)
+                    } else {
+                        self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache)
+                    },
                     default_value: arg.default_value.clone(),
+                    is_vararg: arg.is_vararg,
                 })
                 .collect(),
             ret: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, signature.ret, cache),
@@ -153,14 +170,12 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
             cache.insert(ty, None);
             let ty_enum = unifier.get_ty(ty);
             let result = match &*ty_enum {
-                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple {
+                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple {
                     ty: ty
                         .iter()
                         .map(|t| self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *t, cache))
                         .collect(),
-                },
-                TypeEnum::TList { ty } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TList {
-                    ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache),
+                    is_vararg_ctx: *is_vararg_ctx,
                 },
                 TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TObj {
                     obj_id: *obj_id,
@@ -194,9 +209,12 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                     ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache),
                 },
                 TypeEnum::TFunc(signature) => {
-                    self.from_signature(unifier, primitives, &*signature, cache)
+                    self.from_signature(unifier, primitives, signature, cache)
                 }
-                _ => unreachable!(),
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                    ConcreteTypeEnum::TLiteral { values: values.clone() }
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!("{:?}", ty_enum.get_type_name()),
             };
             let index = if let Some(ConcreteType(index)) = cache.get(&ty).unwrap() {
                 self.store[*index] = result;
@@ -221,7 +239,7 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
             return if let Some(ty) = ty {
                 *ty
             } else {
-                *ty = Some(unifier.get_dummy_var().0);
+                *ty = Some(unifier.get_dummy_var().ty);
                 ty.unwrap()
             };
         }
@@ -243,15 +261,13 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                 *cache.get_mut(&cty).unwrap() = Some(ty);
                 return ty;
             }
-            ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => TypeEnum::TTuple {
+            ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => TypeEnum::TTuple {
                 ty: ty
                     .iter()
                     .map(|cty| self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache))
                     .collect(),
+                is_vararg_ctx: *is_vararg_ctx,
             },
-            ConcreteTypeEnum::TList { ty } => {
-                TypeEnum::TList { ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache) }
-            }
             ConcreteTypeEnum::TVirtual { ty } => {
                 TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache) }
             }
@@ -263,10 +279,10 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                         (*name, (self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, cty.0, cache), cty.1))
                     })
                     .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-                params: params
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|(id, cty)| (*id, self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache)))
-                    .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                params: into_var_map(params.iter().map(|(&id, cty)| {
+                    let ty = self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache);
+                    TypeVar { id, ty }
+                })),
             },
             ConcreteTypeEnum::TFunc { args, ret, vars } => TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: args
@@ -275,14 +291,18 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                         name: arg.name,
                         ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache),
                         default_value: arg.default_value.clone(),
+                        is_vararg: false,
                     })
                     .collect(),
                 ret: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ret, cache),
-                vars: vars
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|(id, cty)| (*id, self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache)))
-                    .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                vars: into_var_map(vars.iter().map(|(&id, cty)| {
+                    let ty = self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache);
+                    TypeVar { id, ty }
+                })),
             }),
+            ConcreteTypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values: values.clone(), loc: None }
+            }
         };
         let result = unifier.add_ty(result);
         if let Some(ty) = cache.get(&cty).unwrap() {

nac3core/src/codegen/extern_fns.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use super::CodeGenContext;
+
+/// Macro to generate extern function
+/// Both function return type and function parameter type are `FloatValue`
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `unary/binary`: Whether the extern function requires one (unary) or two (binary) operands
+/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
+/// * `$extern_fn:literal`: Name of underlying extern function
+///
+/// Optional Arguments:
+/// * `$(,$attributes:literal)*)`: Attributes linked with the extern function.
+///   The default attributes are "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", and "writeonly".
+///   These will be used unless other attributes are specified
+/// * `$(,$args:ident)*`: Operands of the extern function
+///   The data type of these operands will be set to `FloatValue`
+///  
+macro_rules! generate_extern_fn {
+    ("unary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg, "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly");
+    };
+    ("unary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg $(,$attributes)*);
+    };
+    ("binary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg1, arg2, "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly");
+    };
+    ("binary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg1, arg2 $(,$attributes)*);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$args:ident)* $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($extern_fn), "`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/math/", stringify!($llvm_name), ") function." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx>(
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>
+            $(,$args: FloatValue<'ctx>)*,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            const FN_NAME: &str = $extern_fn;
+
+            let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+            $(debug_assert_eq!($args.get_type(), llvm_f64);)*
+
+            let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[$($args.get_type().into()),*], false);
+                let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+                for attr in [$($attributes),*] {
+                    func.add_attribute(
+                        AttributeLoc::Function,
+                        ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+                    );
+                }
+                func
+            });
+
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_call(extern_fn, &[$($args.into()),*], name.unwrap_or_default())
+                .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+                .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+                .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_tan, "tan");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_asin, "asin");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_acos, "acos");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_atan, "atan");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_sinh, "sinh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_cosh, "cosh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_tanh, "tanh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_asinh, "asinh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_acosh, "acosh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_atanh, "atanh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_expm1, "expm1");
+generate_extern_fn!(
+    "unary",
+    call_cbrt,
+    "cbrt",
+    "mustprogress",
+    "nofree",
+    "nosync",
+    "nounwind",
+    "readonly",
+    "willreturn"
+);
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_erf, "erf", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_erfc, "erfc", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_j1, "j1", "nounwind");
+
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_atan2, "atan2");
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_hypot, "hypot", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_nextafter, "nextafter", "nounwind");
+
+/// Invokes the [`ldexp`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/math/ldexp) function.
+pub fn call_ldexp<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    arg: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+    exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "ldexp";
+
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    debug_assert_eq!(arg.get_type(), llvm_f64);
+    debug_assert_eq!(exp.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+
+    let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into(), llvm_i32.into()], false);
+        let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+        for attr in ["mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn"] {
+            func.add_attribute(
+                AttributeLoc::Function,
+                ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+            );
+        }
+
+        func
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(extern_fn, &[arg.into(), exp.into()], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Macro to generate `np_linalg` and `sp_linalg` functions
+/// The function takes as input `NDArray` and returns ()
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
+/// * `$extern_fn:literal`: Name of underlying extern function
+/// * (2/3/4): Number of `NDArray` that function takes as input
+///
+/// Note:
+/// The operands and resulting `NDArray` are both passed as input to the funcion
+/// It is the responsibility of caller to ensure that output `NDArray` is properly allocated on stack
+/// The function changes the content of the output `NDArray` in-place
+macro_rules! generate_linalg_extern_fn {
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 2) => {
+        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 3) => {
+        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2, mat3);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 4) => {
+        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2, mat3, mat4);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$input_matrix:ident)*) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the linalg `", stringify!($extern_fn), " function." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx>(
+            ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>
+            $(,$input_matrix: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>)*,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ){
+            const FN_NAME: &str = $extern_fn;
+            let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let fn_type = ctx.ctx.void_type().fn_type(&[$($input_matrix.get_type().into()),*], false);
+
+                let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+                for attr in ["mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly"] {
+                    func.add_attribute(
+                        AttributeLoc::Function,
+                        ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+                    );
+                }
+                func
+            });
+
+            ctx.builder.build_call(extern_fn, &[$($input_matrix.into(),)*], name.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap();
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_cholesky, "np_linalg_cholesky", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_qr, "np_linalg_qr", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_svd, "np_linalg_svd", 4);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_inv, "np_linalg_inv", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_pinv, "np_linalg_pinv", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_matrix_power, "np_linalg_matrix_power", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_det, "np_linalg_det", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_lu, "sp_linalg_lu", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_schur, "sp_linalg_schur", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_hessenberg, "sp_linalg_hessenberg", 3);

nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+};
+
+use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Stmt, StrRef};
+
+use super::{bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, classes::ArraySliceValue, expr::*, stmt::*, CodeGenContext};
 use crate::{
-    codegen::{expr::*, stmt::*, CodeGenContext},
     symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
     toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
     typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},
 };
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, PointerValue},
-};
-use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Stmt, StrRef};
 
 pub trait CodeGenerator {
     /// Return the module name for the code generator.
@@ -22,9 +24,9 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     /// - fun: Function signature and definition ID.
     /// - params: Function parameters. Note that this does not include the object even if the
     ///   function is a class method.
-    fn gen_call<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_call<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
         fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
         params: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
@@ -36,12 +38,12 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     }
 
     /// Generate object constructor and returns the constructed object.
-    /// - signature: Function signature of the contructor.
+    /// - signature: Function signature of the constructor.
     /// - def: Class definition for the constructor class.
     /// - params: Function parameters.
-    fn gen_constructor<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_constructor<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         signature: &FunSignature,
         def: &TopLevelDef,
         params: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
@@ -57,22 +59,23 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     /// - fun: Function signature, definition ID and the substitution key.
     /// - params: Function parameters. Note that this does not include the object even if the
     ///   function is a class method.
+    ///
     /// Note that this function should check if the function is generated in another thread (due to
     /// possible race condition), see the default implementation for an example.
-    fn gen_func_instance<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_func_instance<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
         fun: (&FunSignature, &mut TopLevelDef, String),
         id: usize,
     ) -> Result<String, String> {
-        gen_func_instance(ctx, obj, fun, id)
+        gen_func_instance(ctx, &obj, fun, id)
     }
 
     /// Generate the code for an expression.
-    fn gen_expr<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_expr<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>, String>
     where
@@ -83,44 +86,92 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
 
     /// Allocate memory for a variable and return a pointer pointing to it.
     /// The default implementation places the allocations at the start of the function.
-    fn gen_var_alloc<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_var_alloc<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String> {
-        gen_var(ctx, ty)
+        gen_var(ctx, ty, name)
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate memory for a variable and return a pointer pointing to it.
+    /// The default implementation places the allocations at the start of the function.
+    fn gen_array_var_alloc<'ctx>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Result<ArraySliceValue<'ctx>, String> {
+        gen_array_var(ctx, ty, size, name)
     }
 
     /// Return a pointer pointing to the target of the expression.
-    fn gen_store_target<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_store_target<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         pattern: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-    ) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String>
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<PointerValue<'ctx>>, String>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        gen_store_target(self, ctx, pattern)
+        gen_store_target(self, ctx, pattern, name)
     }
 
     /// Generate code for an assignment expression.
-    fn gen_assign<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_assign<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         target: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
         value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        value_ty: Type,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        gen_assign(self, ctx, target, value)
+        gen_assign(self, ctx, target, value, value_ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Generate code for an assignment expression where LHS is a `"target_list"`.
+    ///
+    /// See <https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements>.
+    fn gen_assign_target_list<'ctx>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        targets: &Vec<Expr<Option<Type>>>,
+        value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        value_ty: Type,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        gen_assign_target_list(self, ctx, targets, value, value_ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Generate code for an item assignment.
+    ///
+    /// i.e., `target[key] = value`
+    fn gen_setitem<'ctx>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        target: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
+        key: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
+        value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        value_ty: Type,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        gen_setitem(self, ctx, target, key, value, value_ty)
     }
 
     /// Generate code for a while expression.
     /// Return true if the while loop must early return
-    fn gen_while<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_while(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -129,11 +180,11 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
         gen_while(self, ctx, stmt)
     }
 
-    /// Generate code for a while expression.
-    /// Return true if the while loop must early return
-    fn gen_for<'ctx, 'a>(
+    /// Generate code for a for expression.
+    /// Return true if the for loop must early return
+    fn gen_for(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -144,9 +195,9 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
 
     /// Generate code for an if expression.
     /// Return true if the statement must early return
-    fn gen_if<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_if(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -155,9 +206,9 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
         gen_if(self, ctx, stmt)
     }
 
-    fn gen_with<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_with(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -167,10 +218,11 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     }
 
     /// Generate code for a statement
+    ///
     /// Return true if the statement must early return
-    fn gen_stmt<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_stmt(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -178,6 +230,36 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     {
         gen_stmt(self, ctx, stmt)
     }
+
+    /// Generates code for a block statement.
+    fn gen_block<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a Stmt<Option<Type>>>>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
+        stmts: I,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        gen_block(self, ctx, stmts)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`bool_to_i1`].
+    fn bool_to_i1<'ctx>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        bool_to_i1(&ctx.builder, bool_value)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`bool_to_i8`].
+    fn bool_to_i8<'ctx>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        bool_to_i8(&ctx.builder, ctx.ctx, bool_value)
+    }
 }
 
 pub struct DefaultCodeGenerator {
@@ -186,17 +268,20 @@ pub struct DefaultCodeGenerator {
 }
 
 impl DefaultCodeGenerator {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(name: String, size_t: u32) -> DefaultCodeGenerator {
-        assert!(size_t == 32 || size_t == 64);
+        assert!(matches!(size_t, 32 | 64));
         DefaultCodeGenerator { name, size_t }
     }
 }
 
 impl CodeGenerator for DefaultCodeGenerator {
+    /// Returns the name for this [`CodeGenerator`].
     fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
     }
 
+    /// Returns an LLVM integer type representing `size_t`.
     fn get_size_type<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx> {
         // it should be unsigned, but we don't really need unsigned and this could save us from
         // having to do a bit cast...

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/irrt.c

@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-typedef _ExtInt(8) int8_t;
-typedef unsigned _ExtInt(8) uint8_t;
-typedef _ExtInt(32) int32_t;
-typedef unsigned _ExtInt(32) uint32_t;
-typedef _ExtInt(64) int64_t;
-typedef unsigned _ExtInt(64) uint64_t;
-
-# define MAX(a, b) (a > b ? a : b)
-# define MIN(a, b) (a > b ? b : a)
-
-// adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
-// need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
-#define DEF_INT_EXP(T) T __nac3_int_exp_##T( \
-    T base, \
-    T exp \
-) { \
-    T res = (T)1; \
-    /* repeated squaring method */ \
-    do { \
-       if (exp & 1) res *= base;  /* for n odd */ \
-       exp >>= 1; \
-       base *= base; \
-    } while (exp); \
-    return res; \
-} \
-
-DEF_INT_EXP(int32_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(int64_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(uint32_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(uint64_t)
-
-
-int32_t __nac3_slice_index_bound(int32_t i, const int32_t len) {
-    if (i < 0) {
-        i = len + i;
-    }
-    if (i < 0) {
-        return 0;
-    } else if (i > len) {
-        return len;
-    }
-    return i;
-}
-
-int32_t __nac3_range_slice_len(const int32_t start, const int32_t end, const int32_t step) {
-    int32_t diff = end - start;
-    if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
-        return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
-    } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
-        return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
-    } else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-// Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
-// both dest_step and src_step are +1.
-// - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
-// - The end index is *inclusive*,
-// - The length of src and dest slice size should already
-// be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
-int32_t __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(
-    int32_t dest_start,
-    int32_t dest_end,
-    int32_t dest_step,
-    uint8_t *dest_arr,
-    int32_t dest_arr_len,
-    int32_t src_start,
-    int32_t src_end,
-    int32_t src_step,
-    uint8_t *src_arr,
-    int32_t src_arr_len,
-    const int32_t size
-) {
-    /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
-    if (dest_arr_len == 0) return dest_arr_len;
-    /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
-    if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
-        const int32_t src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
-        const int32_t dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
-        if (src_len > 0) {
-            __builtin_memmove(
-                dest_arr + dest_start * size,
-                src_arr + src_start * size,
-                src_len * size
-            );
-        }
-        if (dest_len > 0) {
-            /* dropping */
-            __builtin_memmove(
-                dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size,
-                dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
-                (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
-            );
-        }
-        /* shrink size */
-        return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
-    }
-    /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
-    uint8_t need_alloca =
-        (dest_arr == src_arr)
-        && !(
-            MAX(dest_start, dest_end) < MIN(src_start, src_end)
-            || MAX(src_start, src_end) < MIN(dest_start, dest_end)
-        );
-    if (need_alloca) {
-        uint8_t *tmp = alloca(src_arr_len * size);
-        __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
-        src_arr = tmp;
-    }
-    int32_t src_ind = src_start;
-    int32_t dest_ind = dest_start;
-    for (;
-        (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end);
-        src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step
-    ) {
-        /* for constant optimization */
-        if (size == 1) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
-        } else if (size == 4) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
-        } else if (size == 8) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
-        } else {
-            /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
-        }
-    }
-    /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
-    /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
-    if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
-        __builtin_memmove(
-            dest_arr + dest_ind * size,
-            dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
-            (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
-        );
-        return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
-    }
-    return dest_arr_len;
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::Type;
-
-use super::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
 use inkwell::{
     attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
     context::Context,
     memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
     module::Module,
     types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
     AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
 };
+use itertools::Either;
+
 use nac3parser::ast::Expr;
 
-pub fn load_irrt(ctx: &Context) -> Module {
+use super::{
+    classes::{
+        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayValue,
+        TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeAdapter, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+    },
+    llvm_intrinsics,
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+use crate::{symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver, typecheck::typedef::Type};
+
+#[must_use]
+pub fn load_irrt<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, symbol_resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver) -> Module<'ctx> {
     let bitcode_buf = MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(
         include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/irrt.bc")),
         "irrt_bitcode_buffer",
@@ -28,13 +40,33 @@ pub fn load_irrt(ctx: &Context) -> Module {
         let function = irrt_mod.get_function(symbol).unwrap();
         function.add_attribute(AttributeLoc::Function, ctx.create_enum_attribute(inline_attr, 0));
     }
+
+    // Initialize all global `EXN_*` exception IDs in IRRT with the [`SymbolResolver`].
+    let exn_id_type = ctx.i32_type();
+    let errors = &[
+        ("EXN_INDEX_ERROR", "0:IndexError"),
+        ("EXN_VALUE_ERROR", "0:ValueError"),
+        ("EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR", "0:AssertionError"),
+        ("EXN_TYPE_ERROR", "0:TypeError"),
+    ];
+    for (irrt_name, symbol_name) in errors {
+        let exn_id = symbol_resolver.get_string_id(symbol_name);
+        let exn_id = exn_id_type.const_int(exn_id as u64, false).as_basic_value_enum();
+
+        let global = irrt_mod.get_global(irrt_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!("Exception symbol name '{irrt_name}' should exist in the IRRT LLVM module")
+        });
+        global.set_initializer(&exn_id);
+    }
+
     irrt_mod
 }
 
 // repeated squaring method adapted from GNU Scientific Library:
 // https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
-pub fn integer_power<'ctx, 'a>(
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+pub fn integer_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     base: IntValue<'ctx>,
     exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
     signed: bool,
@@ -44,23 +76,42 @@ pub fn integer_power<'ctx, 'a>(
         (64, 64, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int64_t",
         (32, 32, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint32_t",
         (64, 64, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint64_t",
-        _ => unreachable!(),
+        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
     };
     let base_type = base.get_type();
     let pow_fun = ctx.module.get_function(symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
         let fn_type = base_type.fn_type(&[base_type.into(), base_type.into()], false);
         ctx.module.add_function(symbol, fn_type, None)
     });
-    // TODO: throw exception when exp < 0
+    // throw exception when exp < 0
+    let ge_zero = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(
+            IntPredicate::SGE,
+            exp,
+            exp.get_type().const_zero(),
+            "assert_int_pow_ge_0",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        ge_zero,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "integer power must be positive or zero",
+        [None, None, None],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
     ctx.builder
         .build_call(pow_fun, &[base.into(), exp.into()], "call_int_pow")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
-        .unwrap_left()
-        .into_int_value()
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
 }
 
-pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, 'a>(
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     start: IntValue<'ctx>,
     end: IntValue<'ctx>,
     step: IntValue<'ctx>,
@@ -72,13 +123,25 @@ pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, 'a>(
         ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
     });
 
-    // TODO: assert step != 0, throw exception if not
+    // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
+    let not_zero = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, step, step.get_type().const_zero(), "range_step_ne")
+        .unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        not_zero,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "step must not be zero",
+        [None, None, None],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
     ctx.builder
         .build_call(len_func, &[start.into(), end.into(), step.into()], "calc_len")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
-        .left()
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
         .unwrap()
-        .into_int_value()
 }
 
 /// NOTE: the output value of the end index of this function should be compared ***inclusively***,
@@ -121,95 +184,140 @@ pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, 'a>(
 ///             ,step
 ///         )
 /// ```
-pub fn handle_slice_indices<'a, 'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
+pub fn handle_slice_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
     start: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
     end: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
     step: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     generator: &mut G,
-    list: PointerValue<'ctx>,
-) -> Result<(IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>), String> {
-    // TODO: throw exception when step is 0
+    length: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> Result<Option<(IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>)>, String> {
     let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
     let zero = int32.const_zero();
     let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
-    let length = ctx.build_gep_and_load(list, &[zero, one]).into_int_value();
-    let length = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(length, int32, "leni32");
-    Ok(match (start, end, step) {
+    let length = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(length, int32, "leni32").unwrap();
+    Ok(Some(match (start, end, step) {
         (s, e, None) => (
-            s.as_ref().map_or_else(
-                || Ok(int32.const_zero()),
-                |s| handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length),
-            )?,
+            if let Some(s) = s.as_ref() {
+                match handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)? {
+                    Some(v) => v,
+                    None => return Ok(None),
+                }
+            } else {
+                int32.const_zero()
+            },
             {
-                let e = e.as_ref().map_or_else(
-                    || Ok(length),
-                    |e| handle_slice_index_bound(e, ctx, generator, length),
-                )?;
-                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "final_end")
+                let e = if let Some(s) = e.as_ref() {
+                    match handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)? {
+                        Some(v) => v,
+                        None => return Ok(None),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    length
+                };
+                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "final_end").unwrap()
             },
             one,
         ),
         (s, e, Some(step)) => {
-            let step = generator
-                .gen_expr(ctx, step)?
-                .unwrap()
-                .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?
-                .into_int_value();
-            let len_id = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(length, one, "lenmin1");
-            let neg = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, step, zero, "step_is_neg");
+            let step = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, step)? {
+                v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ctx.primitives.int32)?.into_int_value()
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            };
+            // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
+            let not_zero = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(
+                    IntPredicate::NE,
+                    step,
+                    step.get_type().const_zero(),
+                    "range_step_ne",
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+            ctx.make_assert(
+                generator,
+                not_zero,
+                "0:ValueError",
+                "slice step cannot be zero",
+                [None, None, None],
+                ctx.current_loc,
+            );
+            let len_id = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(length, one, "lenmin1").unwrap();
+            let neg = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, step, zero, "step_is_neg")
+                .unwrap();
             (
                 match s {
                     Some(s) => {
-                        let s = handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)?;
+                        let Some(s) = handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)? else {
+                            return Ok(None);
+                        };
                         ctx.builder
                             .build_select(
-                                ctx.builder.build_and(
-                                    ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+                                ctx.builder
+                                    .build_and(
+                                        ctx.builder
+                                            .build_int_compare(
                                                 IntPredicate::EQ,
                                                 s,
                                                 length,
                                                 "s_eq_len",
-                                    ),
+                                            )
+                                            .unwrap(),
                                         neg,
                                         "should_minus_one",
-                                ),
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(s, one, "s_min"),
+                                    )
+                                    .unwrap(),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(s, one, "s_min").unwrap(),
                                 s,
                                 "final_start",
                             )
-                            .into_int_value()
+                            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                            .unwrap()
                     }
-                    None => ctx.builder.build_select(neg, len_id, zero, "stt").into_int_value(),
+                    None => ctx
+                        .builder
+                        .build_select(neg, len_id, zero, "stt")
+                        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                        .unwrap(),
                 },
                 match e {
                     Some(e) => {
-                        let e = handle_slice_index_bound(e, ctx, generator, length)?;
+                        let Some(e) = handle_slice_index_bound(e, ctx, generator, length)? else {
+                            return Ok(None);
+                        };
                         ctx.builder
                             .build_select(
                                 neg,
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_add(e, one, "end_add_one"),
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "end_sub_one"),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_add(e, one, "end_add_one").unwrap(),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "end_sub_one").unwrap(),
                                 "final_end",
                             )
-                            .into_int_value()
+                            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                            .unwrap()
                     }
-                    None => ctx.builder.build_select(neg, zero, len_id, "end").into_int_value(),
+                    None => ctx
+                        .builder
+                        .build_select(neg, zero, len_id, "end")
+                        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                        .unwrap(),
                 },
                 step,
             )
         }
-    })
+    }))
 }
 
 /// this function allows index out of range, since python
 /// allows index out of range in slice (`a = [1,2,3]; a[1:10] == [2,3]`).
-pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'a, 'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
+pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
     i: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     generator: &mut G,
     length: IntValue<'ctx>,
-) -> Result<IntValue<'ctx>, String> {
+) -> Result<Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, String> {
     const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_slice_index_bound";
     let func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
         let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
@@ -217,29 +325,35 @@ pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'a, 'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
         ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
     });
 
-    let i = generator.gen_expr(ctx, i)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?;
-    Ok(ctx
-        .builder
+    let i = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, i)? {
+        v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, i.custom.unwrap())?
+    } else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    Ok(Some(
+        ctx.builder
             .build_call(func, &[i.into(), length.into()], "bounded_ind")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
-        .left()
-        .unwrap()
-        .into_int_value())
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap(),
+    ))
 }
 
 /// This function handles 'end' **inclusively**.
-/// Order of tuples assign_idx and value_idx is ('start', 'end', 'step').
+/// Order of tuples `assign_idx` and `value_idx` is ('start', 'end', 'step').
 /// Negative index should be handled before entering this function
-pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, 'a>(
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-    size_ty: IntType<'ctx>,
+pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
-    dest_arr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    dest_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
     dest_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
-    src_arr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
     src_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
 ) {
-    let int8_ptr = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic);
+    let size_ty = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let int8_ptr = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
     let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
     let (fun_symbol, elem_ptr_type) = ("__nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size", int8_ptr);
     let slice_assign_fun = {
@@ -264,26 +378,72 @@ pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, 'a>(
 
     let zero = int32.const_zero();
     let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
-    let dest_arr_ptr = ctx.build_gep_and_load(dest_arr, &[zero, zero]);
-    let dest_arr_ptr = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(
-        dest_arr_ptr.into_pointer_value(),
-        elem_ptr_type,
-        "dest_arr_ptr_cast",
-    );
-    let dest_len = ctx.build_gep_and_load(dest_arr, &[zero, one]).into_int_value();
-    let dest_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(dest_len, int32, "srclen32");
-    let src_arr_ptr = ctx.build_gep_and_load(src_arr, &[zero, zero]);
-    let src_arr_ptr = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(
-        src_arr_ptr.into_pointer_value(),
-        elem_ptr_type,
-        "src_arr_ptr_cast",
-    );
-    let src_len = ctx.build_gep_and_load(src_arr, &[zero, one]).into_int_value();
-    let src_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(src_len, int32, "srclen32");
+    let dest_arr_ptr = dest_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let dest_arr_ptr =
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(dest_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "dest_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
+    let dest_len = dest_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("dest.len"));
+    let dest_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(dest_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
+    let src_arr_ptr = src_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let src_arr_ptr =
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(src_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "src_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
+    let src_len = src_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("src.len"));
+    let src_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(src_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
 
     // index in bound and positive should be done
-    // TODO: assert if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest), and
+    // assert if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest), and
     // throw exception if not satisfied
+    let src_end = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_select(
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(src_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(src_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
+            "final_e",
+        )
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
+    let dest_end = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_select(
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, dest_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(dest_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(dest_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
+            "final_e",
+        )
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
+    let src_slice_len =
+        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, src_idx.0, src_end, src_idx.2);
+    let dest_slice_len =
+        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, dest_idx.0, dest_end, dest_idx.2);
+    let src_eq_dest = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_eq_dest")
+        .unwrap();
+    let src_slt_dest = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_slt_dest")
+        .unwrap();
+    let dest_step_eq_one = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(
+            IntPredicate::EQ,
+            dest_idx.2,
+            dest_idx.2.get_type().const_int(1, false),
+            "slice_dest_step_eq_one",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    let cond_1 = ctx.builder.build_and(dest_step_eq_one, src_slt_dest, "slice_cond_1").unwrap();
+    let cond = ctx.builder.build_or(src_eq_dest, cond_1, "slice_cond").unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        cond,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "attempt to assign sequence of size {0} to slice of size {1} with step size {2}",
+        [Some(src_slice_len), Some(dest_slice_len), Some(dest_idx.2)],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
+
     let new_len = {
         let args = vec![
             dest_idx.0.into(),   // dest start idx
@@ -302,29 +462,491 @@ pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, 'a>(
                     BasicTypeEnum::IntType(t) => t.size_of(),
                     BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(t) => t.size_of(),
                     BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => t.size_of().unwrap(),
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
                 };
-                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size")
+                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size").unwrap()
             }
             .into(),
         ];
         ctx.builder
             .build_call(slice_assign_fun, args.as_slice(), "slice_assign")
-            .try_as_basic_value()
-            .unwrap_left()
-            .into_int_value()
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap()
     };
     // update length
     let need_update =
-        ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, new_len, dest_len, "need_update");
+        ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, new_len, dest_len, "need_update").unwrap();
     let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();
     let update_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "update");
     let cont_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "cont");
-    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(need_update, update_bb, cont_bb);
+    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(need_update, update_bb, cont_bb).unwrap();
     ctx.builder.position_at_end(update_bb);
-    let dest_len_ptr = unsafe { ctx.builder.build_gep(dest_arr, &[zero, one], "dest_len_ptr") };
-    let new_len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, size_ty, "new_len");
-    ctx.builder.build_store(dest_len_ptr, new_len);
-    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb);
+    let new_len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, size_ty, "new_len").unwrap();
+    dest_arr.store_size(ctx, generator, new_len);
+    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
     ctx.builder.position_at_end(cont_bb);
 }
+
+/// Generates a call to `isinf` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
+pub fn call_isinf<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isinf").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type().fn_type(&[ctx.ctx.f64_type().into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isinf", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isinf")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `isnan` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
+pub fn call_isnan<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isnan").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type().fn_type(&[ctx.ctx.f64_type().into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isnan", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isnan")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `gamma` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_gamma<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gamma").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gamma", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gamma")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `gammaln` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_gammaln<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gammaln").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gammaln", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gammaln")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `j0` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_j0<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_j0").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_j0", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "j0")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_size`. Returns an [`IntValue`] representing the
+/// calculated total size.
+///
+/// * `dims` - An [`ArrayLikeIndexer`] containing the size of each dimension.
+/// * `range` - The dimension index to begin and end (exclusively) calculating the dimensions for,
+///   or [`None`] if starting from the first dimension and ending at the last dimension
+///   respectively.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_size<'ctx, G, Dims>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dims: &Dims,
+    (begin, end): (Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, Option<IntValue<'ctx>>),
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Dims: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_t = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+        &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+        false,
+    );
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name, ndarray_calc_size_fn_t, None)
+        });
+
+    let begin = begin.unwrap_or_else(|| llvm_usize.const_zero());
+    let end = end.unwrap_or_else(|| dims.size(ctx, generator));
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_size_fn,
+            &[
+                dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                dims.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+                begin.into(),
+                end.into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices`. Returns a [`TypeArrayLikeAdpater`]
+/// containing `i32` indices of the flattened index.
+///
+/// * `index` - The index to compute the multidimensional index for.
+/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+///   `NDArray`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_nd_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    index: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
+
+    let indices = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, ndarray_num_dims, "").unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn,
+            &[
+                index.into(),
+                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+                indices.into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(indices, ndarray_num_dims, None),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}
+
+fn call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl<'ctx, G, Indices>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &Indices,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Indices: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        IntType::try_from(indices.element_type(ctx, generator))
+            .map(IntType::get_bit_width)
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        llvm_i32.get_bit_width(),
+        "Expected i32 value for argument `indices` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+    );
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        indices.size(ctx, generator).get_type().get_bit_width(),
+        llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
+        "Expected usize integer value for argument `indices_size` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+    );
+
+    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
+
+    let index = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_flatten_index_fn,
+            &[
+                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+                indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                indices.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    index
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index`. Returns the flattened index for the
+/// multidimensional index.
+///
+/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+///   `NDArray`.
+/// * `indices` - The multidimensional index to compute the flattened index for.
+pub fn call_ndarray_flatten_index<'ctx, G, Index>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &Index,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Index: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(generator, ctx, ndarray, indices)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast`. Returns a tuple containing the number of
+/// dimension and size of each dimension of the resultant `ndarray`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    lhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    rhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                    llvm_usize.into(),
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                    llvm_usize.into(),
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let min_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umin(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+
+    gen_for_callback_incrementing(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        None,
+        llvm_usize.const_zero(),
+        (min_ndims, false),
+        |generator, ctx, _, idx| {
+            let idx = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(min_ndims, idx, "").unwrap();
+            let (lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz) = unsafe {
+                (
+                    lhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+                    rhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+                )
+            };
+
+            let llvm_usize_const_one = llvm_usize.const_int(1, false);
+            let lhs_eqz = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+                .unwrap();
+            let rhs_eqz = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, rhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+                .unwrap();
+            let lhs_or_rhs_eqz = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_eqz, rhs_eqz, "").unwrap();
+
+            let lhs_eq_rhs = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz, "")
+                .unwrap();
+
+            let is_compatible = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_or_rhs_eqz, lhs_eq_rhs, "").unwrap();
+
+            ctx.make_assert(
+                generator,
+                is_compatible,
+                "0:ValueError",
+                "operands could not be broadcast together",
+                [None, None, None],
+                ctx.current_loc,
+            );
+
+            Ok(())
+        },
+        llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let max_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umax(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+    let lhs_dims = lhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let rhs_dims = rhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let out_dims = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_usize, max_ndims, "").unwrap();
+    let out_dims = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_dims, max_ndims, None);
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+            &[
+                lhs_dims.into(),
+                lhs_ndims.into(),
+                rhs_dims.into(),
+                rhs_ndims.into(),
+                out_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        out_dims,
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx`. Returns an [`ArrayAllocaValue`]
+/// containing the indices used for accessing `array` corresponding to the index of the broadcasted
+/// array `broadcast_idx`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index<
+    'ctx,
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    BroadcastIdx: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>,
+>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    array: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    broadcast_idx: &BroadcastIdx,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let broadcast_size = broadcast_idx.size(ctx, generator);
+    let out_idx = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, broadcast_size, "").unwrap();
+
+    let array_dims = array.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let array_ndims = array.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let broadcast_idx_ptr = unsafe {
+        broadcast_idx.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+    };
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+            &[array_dims.into(), array_ndims.into(), broadcast_idx_ptr.into(), out_idx.into()],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_idx, broadcast_size, None),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/llvm_intrinsics.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    intrinsics::Intrinsic,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum::IntType, FloatType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use super::CodeGenContext;
+
+/// Returns the string representation for the floating-point type `ft` when used in intrinsic
+/// functions.
+fn get_float_intrinsic_repr(ctx: &Context, ft: FloatType) -> &'static str {
+    // Standard LLVM floating-point types
+    if ft == ctx.f16_type() {
+        return "f16";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.f32_type() {
+        return "f32";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.f64_type() {
+        return "f64";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.f128_type() {
+        return "f128";
+    }
+
+    // Non-standard floating-point types
+    if ft == ctx.x86_f80_type() {
+        return "f80";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.ppc_f128_type() {
+        return "ppcf128";
+    }
+
+    unreachable!()
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.va_start`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-va-start-intrinsic)
+/// intrinsic.
+pub fn call_va_start<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, arglist: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.va_start";
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
+
+        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[arglist.into()], "").unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.va_start`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-va-start-intrinsic)
+/// intrinsic.
+pub fn call_va_end<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, arglist: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.va_end";
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
+
+        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[arglist.into()], "").unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.stacksave`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-stacksave-intrinsic)
+/// intrinsic.
+pub fn call_stacksave<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.stacksave";
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[]))
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Invokes the
+/// [`llvm.stackrestore`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-stackrestore-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// - `ptr`: The pointer storing the address to restore the stack to.
+pub fn call_stackrestore<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.stackrestore";
+
+    /*
+        SEE https://github.com/TheDan64/inkwell/issues/496
+
+        We want `llvm.stackrestore`, but the following would generate `llvm.stackrestore.p0i8`.
+        ```ignore
+        let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+            .and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[llvm_p0i8.into()]))
+            .unwrap();
+        ```
+
+        Temp workaround by manually declaring the intrinsic with the correct function name instead.
+    */
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
+
+        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[ptr.into()], "").unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.memcpy`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-memcpy-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// * `dest` - The pointer to the destination. Must be a pointer to an integer type.
+/// * `src` - The pointer to the source. Must be a pointer to an integer type.
+/// * `len` - The number of bytes to copy.
+/// * `is_volatile` - Whether the `memcpy` operation should be `volatile`.
+pub fn call_memcpy<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dest: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_volatile: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.memcpy";
+
+    debug_assert!(dest.get_type().get_element_type().is_int_type());
+    debug_assert!(src.get_type().get_element_type().is_int_type());
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        dest.get_type().get_element_type().into_int_type().get_bit_width(),
+        src.get_type().get_element_type().into_int_type().get_bit_width(),
+    );
+    debug_assert!(matches!(len.get_type().get_bit_width(), 32 | 64));
+    debug_assert_eq!(is_volatile.get_type().get_bit_width(), 1);
+
+    let llvm_dest_t = dest.get_type();
+    let llvm_src_t = src.get_type();
+    let llvm_len_t = len.get_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| {
+            intrinsic.get_declaration(
+                &ctx.module,
+                &[llvm_dest_t.into(), llvm_src_t.into(), llvm_len_t.into()],
+            )
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[dest.into(), src.into(), len.into(), is_volatile.into()], "")
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the `llvm.memcpy` intrinsic.
+///
+/// Unlike [`call_memcpy`], this function accepts any type of pointer value. If `dest` or `src` is
+/// not a pointer to an integer, the pointer(s) will be cast to `i8*` before invoking `memcpy`.
+pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dest: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_volatile: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let dest_elem_t = dest.get_type().get_element_type();
+    let src_elem_t = src.get_type().get_element_type();
+
+    let dest = if matches!(dest_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        dest
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bit_cast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    let src = if matches!(src_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        src
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bit_cast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+
+    call_memcpy(ctx, dest, src, len, is_volatile);
+}
+
+/// Macro to find and generate build call for llvm intrinsic (body of llvm intrinsic function)
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `$ctx:ident`: Reference to the current Code Generation Context
+/// * `$name:ident`: Optional name to be assigned to the llvm build call (Option<&str>)
+/// * `$llvm_name:literal`: Name of underlying llvm intrinsic function
+/// * `$map_fn:ident`: Mapping function to be applied on `BasicValue` (`BasicValue` -> Function Return Type).
+///   Use `BasicValueEnum::into_int_value` for Integer return type and
+///   `BasicValueEnum::into_float_value` for Float return type
+/// * `$llvm_ty:ident`: Type of first operand
+/// * `,($val:ident)*`: Comma separated list of operands
+macro_rules! generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body {
+    ($ctx:ident, $name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $map_fn:expr, $llvm_ty:ident $(,$val:ident)*) => {{
+        const FN_NAME: &str = concat!("llvm.", $llvm_name);
+        let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME).and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&$ctx.module, &[$llvm_ty.into()])).unwrap();
+        $ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[$($val.into()),*],  $name.unwrap_or_default()).map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value).map(|v| v.map_left($map_fn)).map(Either::unwrap_left).unwrap()
+    }};
+}
+
+/// Macro to generate the llvm intrinsic function using [`generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body`].
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `float/int`: Indicates the return and argument type of the function
+/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
+/// * `$llvm_name:literal`: Name of underlying llvm intrinsic function.
+///   Omit "llvm." prefix from the function name i.e. use "ceil" instead of "llvm.ceil"
+/// * `$val:ident`: The operand for unary operations
+/// * `$val1:ident`, `$val2:ident`: The operands for binary operations
+macro_rules! generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn {
+    ("float", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            let llvm_ty = $val.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_float_value, llvm_ty, $val)
+        }
+    };
+    ("float", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val1:ident, $val2:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val1: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            $val2: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            debug_assert_eq!($val1.get_type(), $val2.get_type());
+            let llvm_ty = $val1.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_float_value, llvm_ty, $val1, $val2)
+        }
+    };
+    ("int", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val1:ident, $val2:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val1: IntValue<'ctx>,
+            $val2: IntValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+            debug_assert_eq!($val1.get_type().get_bit_width(), $val2.get_type().get_bit_width());
+            let llvm_ty = $val1.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_int_value, llvm_ty, $val1, $val2)
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.abs`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-abs-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// * `src` - The value for which the absolute value is to be returned.
+/// * `is_int_min_poison` - Whether `poison` is to be returned if `src` is `INT_MIN`.
+pub fn call_int_abs<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    src: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_int_min_poison: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    debug_assert_eq!(is_int_min_poison.get_type().get_bit_width(), 1);
+    debug_assert!(is_int_min_poison.is_const());
+
+    let src_type = src.get_type();
+    generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(
+        ctx,
+        name,
+        "abs",
+        BasicValueEnum::into_int_value,
+        src_type,
+        src,
+        is_int_min_poison
+    )
+}
+
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_smax, "smax", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_smin, "smin", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_umax, "umax", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_umin, "umin", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_expect, "expect", val, expected_val);
+
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_sqrt, "sqrt", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_sin, "sin", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_cos, "cos", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_pow, "pow", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_exp, "exp", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_exp2, "exp2", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log, "log", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log10, "log10", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log2, "log2", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_fabs, "fabs", src);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_minnum, "minnum", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_maxnum, "maxnum", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_copysign, "copysign", mag, sgn);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_floor, "floor", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_ceil, "ceil", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_round, "round", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_rint, "rint", val);
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.powi`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-powi-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+pub fn call_float_powi<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    val: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+    power: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.powi";
+
+    let llvm_val_t = val.get_type();
+    let llvm_power_t = power.get_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| {
+            intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[llvm_val_t.into(), llvm_power_t.into()])
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[val.into(), power.into()], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs

@@ -1,25 +1,37 @@
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, CodeGenContext, CodeGenTask, DefaultCodeGenerator,
-        WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
-    },
-    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
-    toplevel::{
-        composer::TopLevelComposer, DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
-    },
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
-    },
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    sync::Arc,
 };
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use indoc::indoc;
+use inkwell::{
+    targets::{InitializationConfig, Target},
+    OptimizationLevel,
+};
 use nac3parser::{
-    ast::{fold::Fold, StrRef},
+    ast::{fold::Fold, FileName, StrRef},
     parser::parse_program,
 };
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::{
+    classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
+    concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, CodeGenerator,
+    DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+};
+use crate::{
+    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
+    toplevel::{
+        composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
+        DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
+    },
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, IdentifierInfo, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
+        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
+    },
+};
 
 struct Resolver {
     id_to_type: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
@@ -48,30 +60,31 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         _: &PrimitiveStore,
         str: StrRef,
     ) -> Result<Type, String> {
-        self.id_to_type.get(&str).cloned().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", str))
+        self.id_to_type.get(&str).copied().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{str}`"))
     }
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         _: StrRef,
-        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
         self.id_to_def
             .read()
             .get(&id)
-            .cloned()
-            .ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", id))
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from([format!("cannot find symbol `{id}`")]))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_exception_id(&self, tyid: usize) -> usize {
+    fn get_exception_id(&self, _tyid: usize) -> usize {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }
@@ -83,9 +96,9 @@ fn test_primitives() {
         d = a if c == 1 else 0
         return d
         "};
-    let statements = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
-    let composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
     let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
     let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
     let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
@@ -94,17 +107,27 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver {
         id_to_type: HashMap::new(),
         id_to_def: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        class_names: HashMap::default(),
     }) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     let threads = vec![DefaultCodeGenerator::new("test".into(), 32).into()];
     let signature = FunSignature {
         args: vec![
-            FuncArg { name: "a".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None },
-            FuncArg { name: "b".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None },
+            FuncArg {
+                name: "a".into(),
+                ty: primitives.int32,
+                default_value: None,
+                is_vararg: false,
+            },
+            FuncArg {
+                name: "b".into(),
+                ty: primitives.int32,
+                default_value: None,
+                is_vararg: false,
+            },
         ],
         ret: primitives.int32,
-        vars: HashMap::new(),
+        vars: VarMap::new(),
     };
 
     let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
@@ -119,12 +142,13 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     };
     let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
     let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "b".into()].iter().cloned().collect();
+    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        ["a".into(), "b".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
     let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
         top_level: &top_level,
         function_data: &mut function_data,
         unifier: &mut unifier,
-        variable_mapping: Default::default(),
+        variable_mapping: HashMap::default(),
         primitives: &primitives,
         virtual_checks: &mut virtual_checks,
         calls: &mut calls,
@@ -148,7 +172,7 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     });
 
     let task = CodeGenTask {
-        subst: Default::default(),
+        subst: Vec::default(),
         symbol_name: "testing".into(),
         body: Arc::new(statements),
         unifier_index: 0,
@@ -180,19 +204,48 @@ fn test_primitives() {
         let expected = indoc! {"
             ; ModuleID = 'test'
             source_filename = \"test\"
+            target datalayout = \"e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128\"
+            target triple = \"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\"
 
-            define i32 @testing(i32 %0, i32 %1) {
+            ; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn
+            define i32 @testing(i32 %0, i32 %1) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !4 {
             init:
-              %add = add i32 %0, %1
-              %cmp = icmp eq i32 %add, 1
-              %ifexpr = select i1 %cmp, i32 %0, i32 0
-              ret i32 %ifexpr
+              %add = add i32 %1, %0, !dbg !9
+              %cmp = icmp eq i32 %add, 1, !dbg !10
+              %. = select i1 %cmp, i32 %0, i32 0, !dbg !11
+              ret i32 %., !dbg !12
             }
+
+            attributes #0 = { mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn }
+
+            !llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1}
+            !llvm.dbg.cu = !{!2}
+
+            !0 = !{i32 2, !\"Debug Info Version\", i32 3}
+            !1 = !{i32 2, !\"Dwarf Version\", i32 4}
+            !2 = distinct !DICompileUnit(language: DW_LANG_Python, file: !3, producer: \"NAC3\", isOptimized: true, runtimeVersion: 0, emissionKind: FullDebug)
+            !3 = !DIFile(filename: \"unknown\", directory: \"\")
+            !4 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: \"testing\", linkageName: \"testing\", scope: null, file: !3, line: 1, type: !5, scopeLine: 1, flags: DIFlagPublic, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition | DISPFlagOptimized, unit: !2, retainedNodes: !8)
+            !5 = !DISubroutineType(flags: DIFlagPublic, types: !6)
+            !6 = !{!7}
+            !7 = !DIBasicType(name: \"_\", flags: DIFlagPublic)
+            !8 = !{}
+            !9 = !DILocation(line: 1, column: 9, scope: !4)
+            !10 = !DILocation(line: 2, column: 15, scope: !4)
+            !11 = !DILocation(line: 0, scope: !4)
+            !12 = !DILocation(line: 3, column: 8, scope: !4)
         "}
         .trim();
         assert_eq!(expected, module.print_to_string().to_str().unwrap().trim());
     })));
-    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, f);
+
+    Target::initialize_all(&InitializationConfig::default());
+
+    let llvm_options = CodeGenLLVMOptions {
+        opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
+        target: CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host_triple(),
+    };
+    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
     registry.add_task(task);
     registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 }
@@ -203,23 +256,28 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         a = foo(a)
         return a * 2
         "};
-    let statements_1 = parse_program(source_1, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements_1 = parse_program(source_1, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
     let source_2 = indoc! { "
         return a + 1
         "};
-    let statements_2 = parse_program(source_2, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements_2 = parse_program(source_2, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
-    let composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
     let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
     let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
     let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
     unifier.top_level = Some(top_level.clone());
 
     let signature = FunSignature {
-        args: vec![FuncArg { name: "a".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None }],
+        args: vec![FuncArg {
+            name: "a".into(),
+            ty: primitives.int32,
+            default_value: None,
+            is_vararg: false,
+        }],
         ret: primitives.int32,
-        vars: HashMap::new(),
+        vars: VarMap::new(),
     };
     let fun_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(signature.clone()));
     let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
@@ -243,7 +301,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     let resolver = Resolver {
         id_to_type: HashMap::new(),
         id_to_def: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        class_names: HashMap::default(),
     };
     resolver.add_id_def("foo".into(), DefinitionId(foo_id));
     let resolver = Arc::new(resolver) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
@@ -264,12 +322,13 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     };
     let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
     let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "foo".into()].iter().cloned().collect();
+    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        ["a".into(), "foo".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
     let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
         top_level: &top_level,
         function_data: &mut function_data,
         unifier: &mut unifier,
-        variable_mapping: Default::default(),
+        variable_mapping: HashMap::default(),
         primitives: &primitives,
         virtual_checks: &mut virtual_checks,
         calls: &mut calls,
@@ -298,11 +357,11 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         &mut *top_level.definitions.read()[foo_id].write()
     {
         instance_to_stmt.insert(
-            "".to_string(),
+            String::new(),
             FunInstance {
                 body: Arc::new(statements_2),
                 calls: Arc::new(inferencer.calls.clone()),
-                subst: Default::default(),
+                subst: IndexMap::default(),
                 unifier_id: 0,
             },
         );
@@ -318,7 +377,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     });
 
     let task = CodeGenTask {
-        subst: Default::default(),
+        subst: Vec::default(),
         symbol_name: "testing".to_string(),
         body: Arc::new(statements_1),
         calls: Arc::new(calls1),
@@ -332,24 +391,86 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         let expected = indoc! {"
             ; ModuleID = 'test'
             source_filename = \"test\"
+            target datalayout = \"e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128\"
+            target triple = \"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\"
 
-            define i32 @testing(i32 %0) {
+            ; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn
+            define i32 @testing(i32 %0) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !5 {
             init:
-              %call = call i32 @foo.0(i32 %0)
-              %mul = mul i32 %call, 2
-              ret i32 %mul
+              %add.i = shl i32 %0, 1, !dbg !10
+              %mul = add i32 %add.i, 2, !dbg !10
+              ret i32 %mul, !dbg !10
             }
 
-            define i32 @foo.0(i32 %0) {
+            ; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn
+            define i32 @foo.0(i32 %0) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !11 {
             init:
-              %add = add i32 %0, 1
-              ret i32 %add
+              %add = add i32 %0, 1, !dbg !12
+              ret i32 %add, !dbg !12
             }
+
+            attributes #0 = { mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn }
+
+            !llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1}
+            !llvm.dbg.cu = !{!2, !4}
+
+            !0 = !{i32 2, !\"Debug Info Version\", i32 3}
+            !1 = !{i32 2, !\"Dwarf Version\", i32 4}
+            !2 = distinct !DICompileUnit(language: DW_LANG_Python, file: !3, producer: \"NAC3\", isOptimized: true, runtimeVersion: 0, emissionKind: FullDebug)
+            !3 = !DIFile(filename: \"unknown\", directory: \"\")
+            !4 = distinct !DICompileUnit(language: DW_LANG_Python, file: !3, producer: \"NAC3\", isOptimized: true, runtimeVersion: 0, emissionKind: FullDebug)
+            !5 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: \"testing\", linkageName: \"testing\", scope: null, file: !3, line: 1, type: !6, scopeLine: 1, flags: DIFlagPublic, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition | DISPFlagOptimized, unit: !2, retainedNodes: !9)
+            !6 = !DISubroutineType(flags: DIFlagPublic, types: !7)
+            !7 = !{!8}
+            !8 = !DIBasicType(name: \"_\", flags: DIFlagPublic)
+            !9 = !{}
+            !10 = !DILocation(line: 2, column: 12, scope: !5)
+            !11 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: \"foo.0\", linkageName: \"foo.0\", scope: null, file: !3, line: 1, type: !6, scopeLine: 1, flags: DIFlagPublic, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition | DISPFlagOptimized, unit: !4, retainedNodes: !9)
+            !12 = !DILocation(line: 1, column: 12, scope: !11)
         "}
         .trim();
         assert_eq!(expected, module.print_to_string().to_str().unwrap().trim());
     })));
-    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, f);
+
+    Target::initialize_all(&InitializationConfig::default());
+
+    let llvm_options = CodeGenLLVMOptions {
+        opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
+        target: CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host_triple(),
+    };
+    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
     registry.add_task(task);
     registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_list_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), 64);
+
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
+
+    let llvm_list = ListType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
+    assert!(ListType::is_type(llvm_list.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_range_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+
+    let llvm_range = RangeType::new(&ctx);
+    assert!(RangeType::is_type(llvm_range.as_base_type()).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_ndarray_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), 64);
+
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
+
+    let llvm_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
+    assert!(NDArrayType::is_type(llvm_ndarray.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+}

nac3core/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,27 @@
-#![warn(clippy::all)]
-#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    dead_code,
+    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+    clippy::cast_sign_loss,
+    clippy::enum_glob_use,
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::similar_names,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
+
+// users of nac3core need to use the same version of these dependencies, so expose them as nac3core::*
+pub use inkwell;
+pub use nac3parser;
 
 pub mod codegen;
 pub mod symbol_resolver;

nac3core/src/symbol_resolver.rs

@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
-use std::fmt::Debug;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Display};
-
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum;
-use crate::{
-    codegen::CodeGenContext,
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    fmt::{Debug, Display},
+    rc::Rc,
+    sync::Arc,
 };
+
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue};
+use itertools::{chain, izip, Itertools};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Expr, Location, StrRef};
+
 use crate::{
-    codegen::CodeGenerator,
+    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    toplevel::{type_annotation::TypeAnnotation, DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{Type, Unifier},
+        typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
     },
 };
-use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue};
-use itertools::{chain, izip};
-use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Location, StrRef};
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub enum SymbolValue {
@@ -29,17 +30,196 @@ pub enum SymbolValue {
     Double(f64),
     Bool(bool),
     Tuple(Vec<SymbolValue>),
+    OptionSome(Box<SymbolValue>),
+    OptionNone,
+}
+
+impl SymbolValue {
+    /// Creates a [`SymbolValue`] from a [`Constant`].
+    ///
+    /// * `constant` - The constant to create the value from.
+    /// * `expected_ty` - The expected type of the [`SymbolValue`].
+    pub fn from_constant(
+        constant: &Constant,
+        expected_ty: Type,
+        primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+        unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    ) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        match constant {
+            Constant::None => {
+                if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.option) {
+                    Ok(SymbolValue::OptionNone)
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty:?}, but got Option"))
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Bool(b) => {
+                if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.bool) {
+                    Ok(SymbolValue::Bool(*b))
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty:?}, but got bool"))
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Str(s) => {
+                if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.str) {
+                    Ok(SymbolValue::Str(s.to_string()))
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty:?}, but got str"))
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Int(i) => {
+                if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.int32) {
+                    i32::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::I32).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                } else if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.int64) {
+                    i64::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::I64).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                } else if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.uint32) {
+                    u32::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::U32).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                } else if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.uint64) {
+                    u64::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::U64).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected {}, but got int", unifier.stringify(expected_ty)))
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Tuple(t) => {
+                let expected_ty = unifier.get_ty(expected_ty);
+                let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } = expected_ty.as_ref() else {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "Expected {:?}, but got Tuple",
+                        expected_ty.get_type_name()
+                    ));
+                };
+
+                assert!(*is_vararg_ctx || ty.len() == t.len());
+
+                let elems = t
+                    .iter()
+                    .zip(ty)
+                    .map(|(constant, ty)| Self::from_constant(constant, *ty, primitives, unifier))
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<SymbolValue>, _>>()?;
+                Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(elems))
+            }
+            Constant::Float(f) => {
+                if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.float) {
+                    Ok(SymbolValue::Double(*f))
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty:?}, but got float"))
+                }
+            }
+            _ => Err(format!("Unsupported value type {constant:?}")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a [`SymbolValue`] from a [`Constant`], with its type being inferred from the constant value.
+    ///
+    /// * `constant` - The constant to create the value from.
+    pub fn from_constant_inferred(constant: &Constant) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        match constant {
+            Constant::None => Ok(SymbolValue::OptionNone),
+            Constant::Bool(b) => Ok(SymbolValue::Bool(*b)),
+            Constant::Str(s) => Ok(SymbolValue::Str(s.to_string())),
+            Constant::Int(i) => {
+                let i = *i;
+                if i >= 0 {
+                    i32::try_from(i)
+                        .map(SymbolValue::I32)
+                        .or_else(|_| i64::try_from(i).map(SymbolValue::I64))
+                        .map_err(|_| {
+                            format!("Literal cannot be expressed as any integral type: {i}")
+                        })
+                } else {
+                    u32::try_from(i)
+                        .map(SymbolValue::U32)
+                        .or_else(|_| u64::try_from(i).map(SymbolValue::U64))
+                        .map_err(|_| {
+                            format!("Literal cannot be expressed as any integral type: {i}")
+                        })
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Tuple(t) => {
+                let elems = t
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(Self::from_constant_inferred)
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<SymbolValue>, _>>()?;
+                Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(elems))
+            }
+            Constant::Float(f) => Ok(SymbolValue::Double(*f)),
+            _ => Err(format!("Unsupported value type {constant:?}")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`Type`] representing the data type of this value.
+    pub fn get_type(&self, primitives: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifier) -> Type {
+        match self {
+            SymbolValue::I32(_) => primitives.int32,
+            SymbolValue::I64(_) => primitives.int64,
+            SymbolValue::U32(_) => primitives.uint32,
+            SymbolValue::U64(_) => primitives.uint64,
+            SymbolValue::Str(_) => primitives.str,
+            SymbolValue::Double(_) => primitives.float,
+            SymbolValue::Bool(_) => primitives.bool,
+            SymbolValue::Tuple(vs) => {
+                let vs_tys = vs.iter().map(|v| v.get_type(primitives, unifier)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vs_tys, is_vararg_ctx: false })
+            }
+            SymbolValue::OptionSome(_) | SymbolValue::OptionNone => primitives.option,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`TypeAnnotation`] representing the data type of this value.
+    pub fn get_type_annotation(
+        &self,
+        primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+        unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    ) -> TypeAnnotation {
+        match self {
+            SymbolValue::Bool(..)
+            | SymbolValue::Double(..)
+            | SymbolValue::I32(..)
+            | SymbolValue::I64(..)
+            | SymbolValue::U32(..)
+            | SymbolValue::U64(..)
+            | SymbolValue::Str(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(self.get_type(primitives, unifier)),
+            SymbolValue::Tuple(vs) => {
+                let vs_tys = vs
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|v| v.get_type_annotation(primitives, unifier))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                TypeAnnotation::Tuple(vs_tys)
+            }
+            SymbolValue::OptionNone => TypeAnnotation::CustomClass {
+                id: primitives.option.obj_id(unifier).unwrap(),
+                params: Vec::default(),
+            },
+            SymbolValue::OptionSome(v) => {
+                let ty = v.get_type_annotation(primitives, unifier);
+                TypeAnnotation::CustomClass {
+                    id: primitives.option.obj_id(unifier).unwrap(),
+                    params: vec![ty],
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`TypeEnum`] representing the data type of this value.
+    pub fn get_type_enum(
+        &self,
+        primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+        unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    ) -> Rc<TypeEnum> {
+        let ty = self.get_type(primitives, unifier);
+        unifier.get_ty(ty)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Display for SymbolValue {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            SymbolValue::I32(i) => write!(f, "{}", i),
-            SymbolValue::I64(i) => write!(f, "int64({})", i),
-            SymbolValue::U32(i) => write!(f, "uint32({})", i),
-            SymbolValue::U64(i) => write!(f, "uint64({})", i),
-            SymbolValue::Str(s) => write!(f, "\"{}\"", s),
-            SymbolValue::Double(d) => write!(f, "{}", d),
+            SymbolValue::I32(i) => write!(f, "{i}"),
+            SymbolValue::I64(i) => write!(f, "int64({i})"),
+            SymbolValue::U32(i) => write!(f, "uint32({i})"),
+            SymbolValue::U64(i) => write!(f, "uint64({i})"),
+            SymbolValue::Str(s) => write!(f, "\"{s}\""),
+            SymbolValue::Double(d) => write!(f, "{d}"),
             SymbolValue::Bool(b) => {
                 if *b {
                     write!(f, "True")
@@ -48,37 +228,82 @@ impl Display for SymbolValue {
                 }
             }
             SymbolValue::Tuple(t) => {
-                write!(f, "({})", t.iter().map(|v| format!("{}", v)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", "))
+                write!(f, "({})", t.iter().map(|v| format!("{v}")).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", "))
             }
+            SymbolValue::OptionSome(v) => write!(f, "Some({v})"),
+            SymbolValue::OptionNone => write!(f, "none"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<SymbolValue> for u64 {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    /// Tries to convert a [`SymbolValue`] into a [`u64`], returning [`Err`] if the value is not
+    /// numeric or if the value cannot be converted into a `u64` without overflow.
+    fn try_from(value: SymbolValue) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match value {
+            SymbolValue::I32(v) => u64::try_from(v).map_err(|_| ()),
+            SymbolValue::I64(v) => u64::try_from(v).map_err(|_| ()),
+            SymbolValue::U32(v) => Ok(u64::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::U64(v) => Ok(v),
+            _ => Err(()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<SymbolValue> for i128 {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    /// Tries to convert a [`SymbolValue`] into a [`i128`], returning [`Err`] if the value is not
+    /// numeric.
+    fn try_from(value: SymbolValue) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match value {
+            SymbolValue::I32(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::I64(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::U32(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::U64(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            _ => Err(()),
         }
     }
 }
 
 pub trait StaticValue {
+    /// Returns a unique identifier for this value.
     fn get_unique_identifier(&self) -> u64;
 
-    fn get_const_obj<'ctx, 'a>(
+    /// Returns the constant object represented by this unique identifier.
+    fn get_const_obj<'ctx>(
         &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
 
-    fn to_basic_value_enum<'ctx, 'a>(
+    /// Converts this value to a LLVM [`BasicValueEnum`].
+    fn to_basic_value_enum<'ctx>(
         &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+        expected_ty: Type,
     ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String>;
 
-    fn get_field<'ctx, 'a>(
+    /// Returns a field within this value.
+    fn get_field<'ctx>(
         &self,
         name: StrRef,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>;
+
+    /// Returns a single element of this tuple.
+    fn get_tuple_element<'ctx>(&self, index: u32) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>;
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum ValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    /// [`ValueEnum`] representing a static value.
     Static(Arc<dyn StaticValue + Send + Sync>),
+
+    /// [`ValueEnum`] representing a dynamic value.
     Dynamic(BasicValueEnum<'ctx>),
 }
 
@@ -106,21 +331,29 @@ impl<'ctx> From<FloatValue<'ctx>> for ValueEnum<'ctx> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'ctx> From<StructValue<'ctx>> for ValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    fn from(v: StructValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        ValueEnum::Dynamic(v.into())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'ctx> ValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    /// Converts this [`ValueEnum`] to a [`BasicValueEnum`].
     pub fn to_basic_value_enum<'a>(
         self,
         ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
         generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+        expected_ty: Type,
     ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String> {
         match self {
-            ValueEnum::Static(v) => v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator),
+            ValueEnum::Static(v) => v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, expected_ty),
             ValueEnum::Dynamic(v) => Ok(v),
         }
     }
 }
 
 pub trait SymbolResolver {
-    // get type of type variable identifier or top-level function type
+    /// Get type of type variable identifier or top-level function type,
     fn get_symbol_type(
         &self,
         unifier: &mut Unifier,
@@ -129,60 +362,67 @@ pub trait SymbolResolver {
         str: StrRef,
     ) -> Result<Type, String>;
 
-    // get the top-level definition of identifiers
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, str: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String>;
+    /// Get the top-level definition of identifiers.
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, str: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>>;
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         str: StrRef,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>;
 
-    fn get_default_param_value(&self, expr: &nac3parser::ast::Expr) -> Option<SymbolValue>;
+    fn get_default_param_value(&self, expr: &Expr) -> Option<SymbolValue>;
     fn get_string_id(&self, s: &str) -> i32;
     fn get_exception_id(&self, tyid: usize) -> usize;
-    // handle function call etc.
+
+    fn handle_deferred_eval(
+        &self,
+        _unifier: &mut Unifier,
+        _top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
+        _primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 thread_local! {
-    static IDENTIFIER_ID: [StrRef; 12] = [
+    static IDENTIFIER_ID: [StrRef; 11] = [
         "int32".into(),
         "int64".into(),
         "float".into(),
         "bool".into(),
-        "None".into(),
         "virtual".into(),
-        "list".into(),
         "tuple".into(),
         "str".into(),
         "Exception".into(),
         "uint32".into(),
         "uint64".into(),
+        "Literal".into(),
     ];
 }
 
-// convert type annotation into type
+/// Converts a type annotation into a [Type].
 pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
     resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver,
     top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     expr: &Expr<T>,
-) -> Result<Type, String> {
+) -> Result<Type, HashSet<String>> {
     use nac3parser::ast::ExprKind::*;
     let ids = IDENTIFIER_ID.with(|ids| *ids);
     let int32_id = ids[0];
     let int64_id = ids[1];
     let float_id = ids[2];
     let bool_id = ids[3];
-    let none_id = ids[4];
-    let virtual_id = ids[5];
-    let list_id = ids[6];
-    let tuple_id = ids[7];
-    let str_id = ids[8];
-    let exn_id = ids[9];
-    let uint32_id = ids[10];
-    let uint64_id = ids[11];
+    let virtual_id = ids[4];
+    let tuple_id = ids[5];
+    let str_id = ids[6];
+    let exn_id = ids[7];
+    let uint32_id = ids[8];
+    let uint64_id = ids[9];
+    let literal_id = ids[10];
 
     let name_handling = |id: &StrRef, loc: Location, unifier: &mut Unifier| {
         if *id == int32_id {
@@ -197,47 +437,39 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
             Ok(primitives.float)
         } else if *id == bool_id {
             Ok(primitives.bool)
-        } else if *id == none_id {
-            Ok(primitives.none)
         } else if *id == str_id {
             Ok(primitives.str)
         } else if *id == exn_id {
             Ok(primitives.exception)
         } else {
             let obj_id = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id);
-            match obj_id {
-                Ok(obj_id) => {
+            if let Ok(obj_id) = obj_id {
                 let def = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].read();
                 if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = &*def {
                     if !type_vars.is_empty() {
-                            return Err(format!(
+                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                             "Unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got 0",
                             type_vars.len()
-                            ));
+                        )]));
                     }
                     let fields = chain(
                         fields.iter().map(|(k, v, m)| (*k, (*v, *m))),
                         methods.iter().map(|(k, v, _)| (*k, (*v, false))),
                     )
                     .collect();
-                        Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-                            obj_id,
-                            fields,
-                            params: Default::default(),
-                        }))
+                    Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params: VarMap::default() }))
                 } else {
-                        Err(format!("Cannot use function name as type at {}", loc))
+                    Err(HashSet::from([format!("Cannot use function name as type at {loc}")]))
                 }
-                }
-                Err(_) => {
-                    let ty = resolver
-                        .get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, *id)
-                        .map_err(|e| format!("Unknown type annotation at {}: {}", loc, e))?;
+            } else {
+                let ty =
+                    resolver.get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, *id).map_err(
+                        |e| HashSet::from([format!("Unknown type annotation at {loc}: {e}")]),
+                    )?;
                 if let TypeEnum::TVar { .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(ty) {
                     Ok(ty)
                 } else {
-                        Err(format!("Unknown type annotation {} at {}", id, loc))
-                    }
+                    Err(HashSet::from([format!("Unknown type annotation {id} at {loc}")]))
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -247,9 +479,6 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
         if *id == virtual_id {
             let ty = parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, slice)?;
             Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty }))
-        } else if *id == list_id {
-            let ty = parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, slice)?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }))
         } else if *id == tuple_id {
             if let Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
                 let ty = elts
@@ -258,10 +487,33 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
                         parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, elt)
                     })
                     .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-                Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty }))
+                Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx: false }))
             } else {
-                Err("Expected multiple elements for tuple".into())
+                Err(HashSet::from(["Expected multiple elements for tuple".into()]))
             }
+        } else if *id == literal_id {
+            let mut parse_literal = |elt: &Expr<T>| {
+                let ty = parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, elt)?;
+                let ty_enum = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty);
+                match ty_enum {
+                    TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => Ok(values.clone()),
+                    _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                        "Expected literal in type argument for Literal at {}",
+                        elt.location
+                    )])),
+                }
+            };
+
+            let values = if let Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
+                elts.iter().map(&mut parse_literal).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
+            } else {
+                vec![parse_literal(slice)?]
+            }
+            .into_iter()
+            .flatten()
+            .collect_vec();
+
+            Ok(unifier.get_fresh_literal(values, Some(slice.location)))
         } else {
             let types = if let Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
                 elts.iter()
@@ -277,13 +529,13 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
             let def = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].read();
             if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = &*def {
                 if types.len() != type_vars.len() {
-                    return Err(format!(
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                         "Unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got {}",
                         type_vars.len(),
                         types.len()
-                    ));
+                    )]));
                 }
-                let mut subst = HashMap::new();
+                let mut subst = VarMap::new();
                 for (var, ty) in izip!(type_vars.iter(), types.iter()) {
                     let id = if let TypeEnum::TVar { id, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(*var) {
                         *id
@@ -305,7 +557,7 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
                 }));
                 Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params: subst }))
             } else {
-                Err("Cannot use function name as type".into())
+                Err(HashSet::from(["Cannot use function name as type".into()]))
             }
         }
     };
@@ -316,10 +568,13 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
             if let Name { id, .. } = &value.node {
                 subscript_name_handle(id, slice, unifier)
             } else {
-                Err(format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location))
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location)]))
             }
         }
-        _ => Err(format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location)),
+        Constant { value, .. } => SymbolValue::from_constant_inferred(value)
+            .map(|v| unifier.get_fresh_literal(vec![v], Some(expr.location)))
+            .map_err(|err| HashSet::from([err])),
+        _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location)])),
     }
 }
 
@@ -330,7 +585,7 @@ impl dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync {
         unifier: &mut Unifier,
         primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
         expr: &Expr<T>,
-    ) -> Result<Type, String> {
+    ) -> Result<Type, HashSet<String>> {
         parse_type_annotation(self, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, expr)
     }
 
@@ -343,13 +598,13 @@ impl dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync {
         unifier.internal_stringify(
             ty,
             &mut |id| {
-                if let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } = &*top_level_defs[id].read() {
-                    name.to_string()
-                } else {
+                let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } = &*top_level_defs[id].read() else {
                     unreachable!("expected class definition")
-                }
+                };
+
+                name.to_string()
             },
-            &mut |id| format!("var{}", id),
+            &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
             &mut None,
         )
     }

nac3core/src/toplevel/mod.rs

@@ -3,37 +3,41 @@ use std::{
     collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
     fmt::Debug,
     iter::FromIterator,
-    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
     sync::Arc,
 };
 
-use super::codegen::CodeGenContext;
-use super::typecheck::type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore;
-use super::typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, SharedUnifier, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier};
-use crate::{
-    codegen::CodeGenerator,
-    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
-    typecheck::{type_inferencer::CodeLocation, typedef::CallId},
-};
 use inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum;
-use itertools::{izip, Itertools};
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, Location, Stmt, StrRef};
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash, Debug)]
-pub struct DefinitionId(pub usize);
+use nac3parser::ast::{self, Expr, Location, Stmt, StrRef};
+
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::{CodeLocation, PrimitiveStore},
+        typedef::{
+            CallId, FunSignature, FuncArg, SharedUnifier, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier,
+            VarMap,
+        },
+    },
+};
+use composer::*;
+use type_annotation::*;
 
 pub mod builtins;
 pub mod composer;
 pub mod helper;
-pub mod type_annotation;
-use composer::*;
-use type_annotation::*;
+pub mod numpy;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
+pub mod type_annotation;
 
-type GenCallCallback = Box<
-    dyn for<'ctx, 'a> Fn(
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct DefinitionId(pub usize);
+
+type GenCallCallback = dyn for<'ctx, 'a> Fn(
         &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
         Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
         (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
@@ -41,21 +45,28 @@ type GenCallCallback = Box<
         &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Result<Option<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>, String>
     + Send
-        + Sync,
->;
+    + Sync;
 
 pub struct GenCall {
-    fp: GenCallCallback,
+    fp: Box<GenCallCallback>,
 }
 
 impl GenCall {
-    pub fn new(fp: GenCallCallback) -> GenCall {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(fp: Box<GenCallCallback>) -> GenCall {
         GenCall { fp }
     }
 
-    pub fn run<'ctx, 'a>(
+    /// Creates a dummy instance of [`GenCall`], which invokes [`unreachable!()`] with the given
+    /// `reason`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn create_dummy(reason: String) -> GenCall {
+        Self::new(Box::new(move |_, _, _, _, _| unreachable!("{reason}")))
+    }
+
+    pub fn run<'ctx>(
         &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
         fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
         args: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
@@ -75,58 +86,85 @@ impl Debug for GenCall {
 pub struct FunInstance {
     pub body: Arc<Vec<Stmt<Option<Type>>>>,
     pub calls: Arc<HashMap<CodeLocation, CallId>>,
-    pub subst: HashMap<u32, Type>,
+    pub subst: VarMap,
     pub unifier_id: usize,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum TopLevelDef {
     Class {
-        // name for error messages and symbols
+        /// Name for error messages and symbols.
         name: StrRef,
-        // object ID used for TypeEnum
+        /// Object ID used for [`TypeEnum`].
         object_id: DefinitionId,
         /// type variables bounded to the class.
         type_vars: Vec<Type>,
-        // class fields
-        // name, type, is mutable
+        /// Class fields.
+        ///
+        /// Name and type is mutable.
         fields: Vec<(StrRef, Type, bool)>,
-        // class methods, pointing to the corresponding function definition.
+        /// Class Attributes.
+        ///
+        /// Name, type, value.
+        attributes: Vec<(StrRef, Type, ast::Constant)>,
+        /// Class methods, pointing to the corresponding function definition.
         methods: Vec<(StrRef, Type, DefinitionId)>,
-        // ancestor classes, including itself.
+        /// Ancestor classes, including itself.
         ancestors: Vec<TypeAnnotation>,
-        // symbol resolver of the module defined the class, none if it is built-in type
+        /// Symbol resolver of the module defined the class; [None] if it is built-in type.
         resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
-        // constructor type
+        /// Constructor type.
         constructor: Option<Type>,
-        // definition location
+        /// Definition location.
         loc: Option<Location>,
     },
     Function {
-        // prefix for symbol, should be unique globally
+        /// Prefix for symbol, should be unique globally.
         name: String,
-        // simple name, the same as in method/function definition
+        /// Simple name, the same as in method/function definition.
         simple_name: StrRef,
-        // function signature.
+        /// Function signature.
         signature: Type,
-        // instantiated type variable IDs
-        var_id: Vec<u32>,
+        /// Instantiated type variable IDs.
+        var_id: Vec<TypeVarId>,
         /// Function instance to symbol mapping
-        /// Key: string representation of type variable values, sorted by variable ID in ascending
+        ///
+        /// * Key: String representation of type variable values, sorted by variable ID in ascending
         ///   order, including type variables associated with the class.
-        /// Value: function symbol name.
+        /// * Value: Function symbol name.
         instance_to_symbol: HashMap<String, String>,
         /// Function instances to annotated AST mapping
-        /// Key: string representation of type variable values, sorted by variable ID in ascending
+        ///
+        /// * Key: String representation of type variable values, sorted by variable ID in ascending
         ///   order, including type variables associated with the class. Excluding rigid type
         ///   variables.
-        /// rigid type variables that would be substituted when the function is instantiated.
+        ///
+        /// Rigid type variables that would be substituted when the function is instantiated.
         instance_to_stmt: HashMap<String, FunInstance>,
-        // symbol resolver of the module defined the class
+        /// Symbol resolver of the module defined the class.
         resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
-        // custom codegen callback
+        /// Custom code generation callback.
         codegen_callback: Option<Arc<GenCall>>,
-        // definition location
+        /// Definition location.
+        loc: Option<Location>,
+    },
+    Variable {
+        /// Qualified name of the global variable, should be unique globally.
+        name: String,
+
+        /// Simple name, the same as in method/function definition.
+        simple_name: StrRef,
+
+        /// Type of the global variable.
+        ty: Type,
+
+        /// The declared type of the global variable, or [`None`] if no type annotation is provided.
+        ty_decl: Option<Expr>,
+
+        /// Symbol resolver of the module defined the class.
+        resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
+
+        /// Definition location.
         loc: Option<Location>,
     },
 }

nac3core/src/toplevel/numpy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use super::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::typecheck::{
+    type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
+    typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier, VarMap},
+};
+
+/// Creates a `ndarray` [`Type`] with the given type arguments.
+///
+/// * `dtype` - The element type of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+///   specialized.
+/// * `ndims` - The number of dimensions of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+///   specialized.
+pub fn make_ndarray_ty(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    dtype: Option<Type>,
+    ndims: Option<Type>,
+) -> Type {
+    subst_ndarray_tvars(unifier, primitives.ndarray, dtype, ndims)
+}
+
+/// Substitutes type variables in `ndarray`.
+///
+/// * `dtype` - The element type of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+///   specialized.
+/// * `ndims` - The number of dimensions of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+///   specialized.
+pub fn subst_ndarray_tvars(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    ndarray: Type,
+    dtype: Option<Type>,
+    ndims: Option<Type>,
+) -> Type {
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndarray) else {
+        panic!("Expected `ndarray` to be TObj, but got {}", unifier.stringify(ndarray))
+    };
+    debug_assert_eq!(*obj_id, PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    if dtype.is_none() && ndims.is_none() {
+        return ndarray;
+    }
+
+    let tvar_ids = params.iter().map(|(obj_id, _)| *obj_id).collect_vec();
+    debug_assert_eq!(tvar_ids.len(), 2);
+
+    let mut tvar_subst = VarMap::new();
+    if let Some(dtype) = dtype {
+        tvar_subst.insert(tvar_ids[0], dtype);
+    }
+    if let Some(ndims) = ndims {
+        tvar_subst.insert(tvar_ids[1], ndims);
+    }
+
+    unifier.subst(ndarray, &tvar_subst).unwrap_or(ndarray)
+}
+
+fn unpack_ndarray_tvars(unifier: &mut Unifier, ndarray: Type) -> Vec<(TypeVarId, Type)> {
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndarray) else {
+        panic!("Expected `ndarray` to be TObj, but got {}", unifier.stringify(ndarray))
+    };
+    debug_assert_eq!(*obj_id, PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    debug_assert_eq!(params.len(), 2);
+
+    params
+        .iter()
+        .sorted_by_key(|(obj_id, _)| *obj_id)
+        .map(|(var_id, ty)| (*var_id, *ty))
+        .collect_vec()
+}
+
+/// Unpacks the type variable IDs of `ndarray` into a tuple. The elements of the tuple corresponds
+/// to `dtype` (the element type) and `ndims` (the number of dimensions) of the `ndarray`
+/// respectively.
+pub fn unpack_ndarray_var_ids(unifier: &mut Unifier, ndarray: Type) -> (TypeVarId, TypeVarId) {
+    unpack_ndarray_tvars(unifier, ndarray).into_iter().map(|v| v.0).collect_tuple().unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Unpacks the type variables of `ndarray` into a tuple. The elements of the tuple corresponds to
+/// `dtype` (the element type) and `ndims` (the number of dimensions) of the `ndarray` respectively.
+pub fn unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier: &mut Unifier, ndarray: Type) -> (Type, Type) {
+    unpack_ndarray_tvars(unifier, ndarray).into_iter().map(|v| v.1).collect_tuple().unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__generic_class.snap

@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 540
 expression: res_vec
-
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"Generic_A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: Generic_A, params: [\\\"V\\\"]}\", \"{class: B, params: []}\"],\nfields: [\"aa\", \"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"V\"]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: [6]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [6, 17]\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"{class: B, params: []}\"],\nfields: [\"aa\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"Generic_A\",\nancestors: [\"Generic_A[V]\", \"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\", \"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"V\"]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(241)]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__inheritance_override.snap

@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 540
 expression: res_vec
-
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: A, params: [\\\"T\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[t:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[t:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\"]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[t:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[c:C], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"{class: B, params: [\\\"var6\\\"]}\", \"{class: A, params: [\\\"float\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"var6\"]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: [6]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"B.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: [6]\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"{class: C, params: []}\", \"{class: B, params: [\\\"bool\\\"]}\", \"{class: A, params: [\\\"float\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\", \"e\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B[typevar230]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar230\"]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"B.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"B[bool]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\", \"e\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__list_tuple_generic.snap

@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 540
 expression: res_vec
-
 ---
 [
     "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:list[int32], b:tuple[T, float]], A[B, bool]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: A, params: [\\\"T\\\", \\\"V\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[v:V], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:T], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\", \"V\"]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[v:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [18, 19]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [19, 24]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"gfun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[float]]], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"{class: B, params: []}\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T, V]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[v:V], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:T], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\", \"V\"]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[v:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(243)]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(248)]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"gfun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[list[float], int32]], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__self1.snap

@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 540
 expression: res_vec
-
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: A, params: [\\\"var5\\\", \\\"var6\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"var5\", \"var6\"]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[bool, float], b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: [6]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\",\nvar_id: [6]\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"{class: B, params: []}\", \"{class: A, params: [\\\"int64\\\", \\\"bool\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:B], B]\"), (\"bar\", \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[B]]], tuple[A[bool, virtual[A[B, int32]]], B]]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[typevar229, typevar230]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar229\", \"typevar230\"]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"A[int64, bool]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:B], B]\"), (\"bar\", \"fn[[a:A[list[B], int32]], tuple[A[virtual[A[B, int32]], bool], B]]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], B]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"B.bar\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[B]]], tuple[A[bool, virtual[A[B, int32]]], B]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"B.bar\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[list[B], int32]], tuple[A[virtual[A[B, int32]], bool], B]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__simple_class_compose.snap

@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 540
 expression: res_vec
-
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: A, params: []}\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [25]\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"{class: B, params: []}\", \"{class: C, params: []}\", \"{class: A, params: []}\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(249)]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"{class: C, params: []}\", \"{class: A, params: []}\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"ff\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [33]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"ff\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(257)]\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__simple_pass_in_class.snap

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 541
+assertion_line: 549
 expression: res_vec
 
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: A, params: []}\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs

@@ -1,19 +1,23 @@
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
+
+use indoc::indoc;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use test_case::test_case;
+
+use nac3parser::{
+    ast::{fold::Fold, FileName},
+    parser::parse_program,
+};
+
+use super::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId, *};
 use crate::{
     codegen::CodeGenContext,
     symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
-    toplevel::DefinitionId,
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{Type, Unifier},
+        typedef::{into_var_map, Type, Unifier},
     },
 };
-use indoc::indoc;
-use nac3parser::{ast::fold::Fold, parser::parse_program};
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
-use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
-use test_case::test_case;
-
-use super::*;
 
 struct ResolverInternal {
     id_to_type: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ struct Resolver(Arc<ResolverInternal>);
 impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
     fn get_default_param_value(
         &self,
-        _: &nac3parser::ast::Expr,
+        _: &ast::Expr,
     ) -> Option<crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
@@ -52,27 +56,33 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
             .id_to_type
             .lock()
             .get(&str)
-            .cloned()
-            .ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", str))
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{str}`"))
     }
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         _: StrRef,
-        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
-        self.0.id_to_def.lock().get(&id).cloned().ok_or("Unknown identifier".to_string())
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
+        self.0
+            .id_to_def
+            .lock()
+            .get(&id)
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from(["Unknown identifier".to_string()]))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_exception_id(&self, tyid: usize) -> usize {
+    fn get_exception_id(&self, _tyid: usize) -> usize {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }
@@ -105,23 +115,41 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
                 def __init__(self):
                     self.c: int32 = 4
                     self.a: bool = True
-        "}
+        "},
     ];
     "register"
 )]
 fn test_simple_register(source: Vec<&str>) {
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let mut composer =
+        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
-        composer.register_top_level(ast, None, "".into()).unwrap();
+        composer.register_top_level(ast, None, "", false).unwrap();
     }
 }
 
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    indoc! {"
+        class A:
+            def foo(self):
+                pass
+        a = A()
+    "};
+    "register"
+)]
+fn test_simple_register_without_constructor(source: &str) {
+    let mut composer =
+        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
+    let ast = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
+    let ast = ast[0].clone();
+    composer.register_top_level(ast, None, "", true).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test_case(
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             def fun(a: int32) -> int32:
                 return a
@@ -135,35 +163,36 @@ fn test_simple_register(source: Vec<&str>) {
                 return 3
         "},
     ],
-    vec![
+    &[
         "fn[[a:0], 0]",
         "fn[[a:2], 4]",
         "fn[[b:1], 0]",
     ],
-    vec![
+    &[
         "fun",
         "foo",
         "f"
     ];
     "function compose"
 )]
-fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&str>) {
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
+    let mut composer =
+        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     let internal_resolver = Arc::new(ResolverInternal {
-        id_to_def: Default::default(),
-        id_to_type: Default::default(),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        id_to_def: Mutex::default(),
+        id_to_type: Mutex::default(),
+        class_names: Mutex::default(),
     });
     let resolver =
         Arc::new(Resolver(internal_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
         let (id, def_id, ty) =
-            composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "".into()).unwrap();
+            composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "", false).unwrap();
         internal_resolver.add_id_def(id, def_id);
         if let Some(ty) = ty {
             internal_resolver.add_id_type(id, ty);
@@ -189,7 +218,7 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
 }
 
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A():
                 a: int32
@@ -222,11 +251,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                 pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "simple class compose"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class Generic_A(Generic[V], B):
                 a: int64
@@ -244,11 +273,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "generic class"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             def foo(a: list[int32], b: tuple[T, float]) -> A[B, bool]:
                 pass
@@ -273,11 +302,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "list tuple generic"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T, V]):
                 a: A[float, bool]
@@ -298,11 +327,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "self1"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 a: int32
@@ -332,11 +361,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "inheritance_override"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -345,11 +374,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["application of type vars to generic class is not currently supported (at unknown: line 4 column 24)"];
+    &["application of type vars to generic class is not currently supported (at unknown:4:24)"];
     "err no type var in generic app"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(B):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -361,11 +390,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["cyclic inheritance detected"];
+    &["cyclic inheritance detected"];
     "cyclic1"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(B[bool, int64]):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -382,30 +411,30 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "},
     ],
-    vec!["cyclic inheritance detected"];
+    &["cyclic inheritance detected"];
     "cyclic2"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A:
                 pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["5: Class {\nname: \"A\",\ndef_id: DefinitionId(5),\nancestors: [CustomClassKind { id: DefinitionId(5), params: [] }],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}"];
+    &["5: Class {\nname: \"A\",\ndef_id: DefinitionId(5),\nancestors: [CustomClassKind { id: DefinitionId(5), params: [] }],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}"];
     "simple pass in class"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![indoc! {"
+    &[indoc! {"
         class A:
             def __init__():
                 pass
     "}],
-    vec!["__init__ method must have a `self` parameter (at unknown: line 2 column 5)"];
+    &["__init__ method must have a `self` parameter (at unknown:2:5)"];
     "err no self_1"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(B, Generic[T], C):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -423,11 +452,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
         "}
 
     ],
-    vec!["a class definition can only have at most one base class declaration and one generic declaration (at unknown: line 1 column 24)"];
+    &["a class definition can only have at most one base class declaration and one generic declaration (at unknown:1:24)"];
     "err multiple inheritance"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 a: int32
@@ -448,11 +477,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["method fun has same name as ancestors' method, but incompatible type"];
+    &["method fun has same name as ancestors' method, but incompatible type"];
     "err_incompatible_inheritance_method"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 a: int32
@@ -474,11 +503,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["field `a` has already declared in the ancestor classes"];
+    &["field `a` has already declared in the ancestor classes"];
     "err_incompatible_inheritance_field"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A:
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -491,12 +520,13 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["duplicate definition of class `A` (at unknown: line 1 column 1)"];
+    &["duplicate definition of class `A` (at unknown:1:1)"];
     "class same name"
 )]
-fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
+fn test_analyze(source: &[&str], res: &[&str]) {
     let print = false;
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let mut composer =
+        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     let internal_resolver = make_internal_resolver_with_tvar(
         vec![
@@ -511,15 +541,15 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
         Arc::new(Resolver(internal_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
         let (id, def_id, ty) = {
-            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "".into()) {
+            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "", false) {
                 Ok(x) => x,
                 Err(msg) => {
                     if print {
-                        println!("{}", msg);
+                        println!("{msg}");
                     } else {
                         assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
                     }
@@ -535,9 +565,9 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
 
     if let Err(msg) = composer.start_analysis(false) {
         if print {
-            println!("{}", msg);
+            println!("{}", msg.iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n"));
         } else {
-            assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
+            assert_eq!(res[0], msg.iter().next().unwrap());
         }
     } else {
         // skip 5 to skip primitives
@@ -565,7 +595,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                 return fib(n - 1)
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "simple function"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -598,7 +628,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                 return a.fun() + 2
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "simple class body"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -623,7 +653,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                 return [a, b]
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "type var fun"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -644,7 +674,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                     return ret if self.b else self.fun(self.a)
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "type var class"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -668,12 +698,13 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                         self.b = True
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "no_init_inst_check"
 )]
-fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
+fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: &[&str]) {
     let print = true;
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let mut composer =
+        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     let internal_resolver = make_internal_resolver_with_tvar(
         vec![
@@ -695,15 +726,15 @@ fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
         Arc::new(Resolver(internal_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
         let (id, def_id, ty) = {
-            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "".into()) {
+            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "", false) {
                 Ok(x) => x,
                 Err(msg) => {
                     if print {
-                        println!("{}", msg);
+                        println!("{msg}");
                     } else {
                         assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
                     }
@@ -719,16 +750,14 @@ fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
 
     if let Err(msg) = composer.start_analysis(true) {
         if print {
-            println!("{}", msg);
+            println!("{}", msg.iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n"));
         } else {
-            assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
+            assert_eq!(res[0], msg.iter().next().unwrap());
         }
     } else {
         // skip 5 to skip primitives
         let mut stringify_folder = TypeToStringFolder { unifier: &mut composer.unifier };
-        for (_i, (def, _)) in
-            composer.definition_ast_list.iter().skip(composer.builtin_num).enumerate()
-        {
+        for (def, _) in composer.definition_ast_list.iter().skip(composer.builtin_num) {
             let def = &*def.read();
 
             if let TopLevelDef::Function { instance_to_stmt, name, .. } = def {
@@ -737,7 +766,7 @@ fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                     name,
                     instance_to_stmt.len()
                 );
-                for inst in instance_to_stmt.iter() {
+                for inst in instance_to_stmt {
                     let ast = &inst.1.body;
                     for b in ast.iter() {
                         println!("{:?}", stringify_folder.fold_stmt(b.clone()).unwrap());
@@ -755,22 +784,29 @@ fn make_internal_resolver_with_tvar(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     print: bool,
 ) -> Arc<ResolverInternal> {
+    let list_elem_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+    let list = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+        fields: HashMap::new(),
+        params: into_var_map([list_elem_tvar]),
+    });
+
     let res: Arc<ResolverInternal> = ResolverInternal {
-        id_to_def: Default::default(),
+        id_to_def: Mutex::new(HashMap::from([("list".into(), PrimDef::List.id())])),
         id_to_type: tvars
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(name, range)| {
                 (name, {
-                    let (ty, id) = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(range.as_slice(), None, None);
+                    let tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(range.as_slice(), None, None);
                     if print {
-                        println!("{}: {:?}, tvar{}", name, ty, id);
+                        println!("{}: {:?}, typevar{}", name, tvar.ty, tvar.id);
                     }
-                    ty
+                    tvar.ty
                 })
             })
             .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>()
             .into(),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        class_names: Mutex::new(HashMap::from([("list".into(), list)])),
     }
     .into();
     if print {
@@ -790,8 +826,8 @@ impl<'a> Fold<Option<Type>> for TypeToStringFolder<'a> {
         Ok(if let Some(ty) = user {
             self.unifier.internal_stringify(
                 ty,
-                &mut |id| format!("class{}", id.to_string()),
-                &mut |id| format!("tvar{}", id.to_string()),
+                &mut |id| format!("class{id}"),
+                &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
                 &mut None,
             )
         } else {

nac3core/src/toplevel/type_annotation.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
-use super::*;
+use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::Constant;
+
+use super::{
+    helper::{PrimDef, PrimDefDetails},
+    *,
+};
+use crate::{symbol_resolver::SymbolValue, typecheck::typedef::VarMap};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum TypeAnnotation {
@@ -12,7 +20,8 @@ pub enum TypeAnnotation {
     // can only be CustomClassKind
     Virtual(Box<TypeAnnotation>),
     TypeVar(Type),
-    List(Box<TypeAnnotation>),
+    /// A `Literal` allowing a subset of literals.
+    Literal(Vec<Constant>),
     Tuple(Vec<TypeAnnotation>),
 }
 
@@ -22,44 +31,57 @@ impl TypeAnnotation {
         match self {
             Primitive(ty) | TypeVar(ty) => unifier.stringify(*ty),
             CustomClass { id, params } => {
-                let class_name = match unifier.top_level {
-                    Some(ref top) => {
-                        if let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } =
-                            &*top.definitions.read()[id.0].read()
-                        {
+                let class_name = if let Some(ref top) = unifier.top_level {
+                    if let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } = &*top.definitions.read()[id.0].read() {
                         (*name).into()
                     } else {
-                            format!("def_{}", id.0)
+                        unreachable!()
                     }
-                    }
-                    None => format!("def_{}", id.0),
+                } else {
+                    format!("class_def_{}", id.0)
                 };
-                format!(
-                    "{{class: {}, params: {:?}}}",
-                    class_name,
-                    params.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec()
-                )
+                format!("{}{}", class_name, {
+                    let param_list =
+                        params.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", ");
+                    if param_list.is_empty() {
+                        String::new()
+                    } else {
+                        format!("[{param_list}]")
                     }
-            Virtual(ty) | List(ty) => ty.stringify(unifier),
+                })
+            }
+            Literal(values) => {
+                format!("Literal({})", values.iter().map(|v| format!("{v:?}")).join(", "))
+            }
+            Virtual(ty) => format!("virtual[{}]", ty.stringify(unifier)),
             Tuple(types) => {
-                format!("({:?})", types.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec())
+                format!(
+                    "tuple[{}]",
+                    types.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", ")
+                )
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
+/// Parses an AST expression `expr` into a [`TypeAnnotation`].
+///
+/// * `locked` - A [`HashMap`] containing the IDs of known definitions, mapped to a [`Vec`] of all
+///   generic variables associated with the definition.
+/// * `type_var` - The type variable associated with the type argument currently being parsed. Pass
+///   [`None`] when this function is invoked externally.
+pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T, S: std::hash::BuildHasher + Clone>(
     resolver: &(dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync),
     top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     expr: &ast::Expr<T>,
     // the key stores the type_var of this topleveldef::class, we only need this field here
-    locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>,
-) -> Result<TypeAnnotation, String> {
+    locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>, S>,
+) -> Result<TypeAnnotation, HashSet<String>> {
     let name_handle = |id: &StrRef,
                        unifier: &mut Unifier,
-                       locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>| {
+                       locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>, S>| {
         if id == &"int32".into() {
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.int32))
         } else if id == &"int64".into() {
@@ -72,12 +94,10 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.float))
         } else if id == &"bool".into() {
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.bool))
-        } else if id == &"None".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.none))
         } else if id == &"str".into() {
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.str))
         } else if id == &"Exception".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: DefinitionId(7), params: Default::default() })
+            Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: PrimDef::Exception.id(), params: Vec::default() })
         } else if let Ok(obj_id) = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id) {
             let type_vars = {
                 let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].try_read();
@@ -85,10 +105,10 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                     if let TopLevelDef::Class { type_vars, .. } = &*def_read {
                         type_vars.clone()
                     } else {
-                        return Err(format!(
+                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                             "function cannot be used as a type (at {})",
                             expr.location
-                        ));
+                        )]));
                     }
                 } else {
                     locked.get(&obj_id).unwrap().clone()
@@ -96,23 +116,29 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
             };
             // check param number here
             if !type_vars.is_empty() {
-                return Err(format!(
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                     "expect {} type variable parameter but got 0 (at {})",
                     type_vars.len(),
                     expr.location,
-                ));
+                )]));
             }
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params: vec![] })
         } else if let Ok(ty) = resolver.get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, *id) {
             if let TypeEnum::TVar { .. } = unifier.get_ty(ty).as_ref() {
-                let var = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some(*id), Some(expr.location)).0;
+                let var = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some(*id), Some(expr.location)).ty;
                 unifier.unify(var, ty).unwrap();
                 Ok(TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(ty))
             } else {
-                Err(format!("`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})", id, expr.location))
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                    "`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})",
+                    id, expr.location
+                )]))
             }
         } else {
-            Err(format!("`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})", id, expr.location))
+            Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                "`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})",
+                id, expr.location
+            )]))
         }
     };
 
@@ -120,20 +146,22 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
         |id: &StrRef,
          slice: &ast::Expr<T>,
          unifier: &mut Unifier,
-         mut locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>| {
-            if vec!["virtual".into(), "Generic".into(), "list".into(), "tuple".into()].contains(id)
-            {
-                return Err(format!("keywords cannot be class name (at {})", expr.location));
+         mut locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>, S>| {
+            if ["virtual".into(), "Generic".into(), "tuple".into(), "Option".into()].contains(id) {
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                    "keywords cannot be class name (at {})",
+                    expr.location
+                )]));
             }
             let obj_id = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id)?;
             let type_vars = {
                 let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].try_read();
                 if let Some(def_read) = def_read {
-                    if let TopLevelDef::Class { type_vars, .. } = &*def_read {
-                        type_vars.clone()
-                    } else {
+                    let TopLevelDef::Class { type_vars, .. } = &*def_read else {
                         unreachable!("must be class here")
-                    }
+                    };
+
+                    type_vars.clone()
                 } else {
                     locked.get(&obj_id).unwrap().clone()
                 }
@@ -146,12 +174,12 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                     vec![slice]
                 };
                 if type_vars.len() != params_ast.len() {
-                    return Err(format!(
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                         "expect {} type parameters but got {} (at {})",
                         type_vars.len(),
                         params_ast.len(),
                         params_ast[0].location,
-                    ));
+                    )]));
                 }
                 let result = params_ast
                     .iter()
@@ -175,15 +203,17 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                 if no_type_var {
                     result
                 } else {
-                    return Err(format!(
-                        "application of type vars to generic class \
-                    is not currently supported (at {})",
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([
+                        format!(
+                            "application of type vars to generic class is not currently supported (at {})",
                             params_ast[0].location
-                    ));
+                        ),
+                    ]));
                 }
             };
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params: param_type_infos })
         };
+
     match &expr.node {
         ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => name_handle(id, unifier, locked),
         // virtual
@@ -206,10 +236,10 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Virtual(def.into()))
         }
 
-        // list
+        // option
         ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. }
             if {
-                matches!(&value.node, ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"list".into())
+                matches!(&value.node, ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"Option".into())
             } =>
         {
             let def_ann = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
@@ -220,7 +250,13 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                 slice.as_ref(),
                 locked,
             )?;
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::List(def_ann.into()))
+            let id =
+                if let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } = unifier.get_ty(primitives.option).as_ref() {
+                    *obj_id
+                } else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                };
+            Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id, params: vec![def_ann] })
         }
 
         // tuple
@@ -252,16 +288,70 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Tuple(type_annotations))
         }
 
+        // Literal
+        ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. }
+            if {
+                matches!(&value.node, ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"Literal".into())
+            } =>
+        {
+            let tup_elts = {
+                if let ast::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
+                    elts.as_slice()
+                } else {
+                    std::slice::from_ref(slice.as_ref())
+                }
+            };
+            let type_annotations = tup_elts
+                .iter()
+                .map(|e| match &e.node {
+                    ast::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => {
+                        Ok(TypeAnnotation::Literal(vec![value.clone()]))
+                    }
+                    _ => parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
+                        resolver,
+                        top_level_defs,
+                        unifier,
+                        primitives,
+                        e,
+                        locked.clone(),
+                    ),
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
+                .into_iter()
+                .flat_map(|type_ann| match type_ann {
+                    TypeAnnotation::Literal(values) => values,
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                })
+                .collect_vec();
+
+            if type_annotations.len() == 1 {
+                Ok(TypeAnnotation::Literal(type_annotations))
+            } else {
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                    "multiple literal bounds are currently unsupported (at {})",
+                    value.location
+                )]))
+            }
+        }
+
         // custom class
         ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. } => {
             if let ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = &value.node {
                 class_name_handle(id, slice, unifier, locked)
             } else {
-                Err(format!("unsupported expression type for class name (at {})", value.location))
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                    "unsupported expression type for class name (at {})",
+                    value.location
+                )]))
             }
         }
 
-        _ => Err(format!("unsupported expression for type annotation (at {})", expr.location)),
+        ast::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => Ok(TypeAnnotation::Literal(vec![value.clone()])),
+
+        _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+            "unsupported expression for type annotation (at {})",
+            expr.location
+        )])),
     }
 }
 
@@ -273,19 +363,24 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     ann: &TypeAnnotation,
-) -> Result<Type, String> {
+    subst_list: &mut Option<Vec<Type>>,
+) -> Result<Type, HashSet<String>> {
     match ann {
         TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params } => {
             let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].read();
-            let class_def: &TopLevelDef = def_read.deref();
-            if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = class_def {
+            let class_def: &TopLevelDef = &def_read;
+            let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = class_def else {
+                unreachable!("should be class def here")
+            };
+
             if type_vars.len() != params.len() {
-                    Err(format!(
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                     "unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got {}",
                     type_vars.len(),
                     params.len()
-                    ))
-                } else {
+                )]));
+            }
+
             let param_ty = params
                 .iter()
                 .map(|x| {
@@ -294,18 +389,52 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                         unifier,
                         primitives,
                         x,
+                        subst_list,
                     )
                 })
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
 
+            let ty = if let Some(prim_def) = PrimDef::iter().find(|prim| prim.id() == *obj_id) {
+                // Primitive TopLevelDefs do not contain all fields that are present in their Type
+                // counterparts, so directly perform subst on the Type instead.
+
+                let PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { get_ty_fn, .. } = prim_def.details() else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                };
+
+                let base_ty = get_ty_fn(primitives);
+                let params =
+                    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(base_ty) {
+                        params.clone()
+                    } else {
+                        unreachable!()
+                    };
+
+                unifier
+                    .subst(
+                        get_ty_fn(primitives),
+                        &params
+                            .iter()
+                            .zip(param_ty)
+                            .map(|(obj_tv, param)| (*obj_tv.0, param))
+                            .collect(),
+                    )
+                    .unwrap_or(base_ty)
+            } else {
                 let subst = {
                     // check for compatible range
                     // TODO: if allow type var to be applied(now this disallowed in the parse_to_type_annotation), need more check
-                        let mut result: HashMap<u32, Type> = HashMap::new();
+                    let mut result = VarMap::new();
                     for (tvar, p) in type_vars.iter().zip(param_ty) {
-                            if let TypeEnum::TVar { id, range, fields: None, name, loc } =
-                                unifier.get_ty(*tvar).as_ref()
-                            {
+                        match unifier.get_ty(*tvar).as_ref() {
+                            TypeEnum::TVar {
+                                id,
+                                range,
+                                fields: None,
+                                name,
+                                loc,
+                                is_const_generic: false,
+                            } => {
                                 let ok: bool = {
                                     // create a temp type var and unify to check compatibility
                                     p == *tvar || {
@@ -314,29 +443,54 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                                             *name,
                                             *loc,
                                         );
-                                        unifier.unify(temp.0, p).is_ok()
+                                        unifier.unify(temp.ty, p).is_ok()
                                     }
                                 };
                                 if ok {
                                     result.insert(*id, p);
                                 } else {
-                                    return Err(format!(
+                                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                                         "cannot apply type {} to type variable with id {:?}",
                                         unifier.internal_stringify(
                                             p,
-                                            &mut |id| format!("class{}", id),
-                                            &mut |id| format!("tvar{}", id),
+                                            &mut |id| format!("class{id}"),
+                                            &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
                                             &mut None
                                         ),
                                         *id
-                                    ));
+                                    )]));
                                 }
+                            }
+
+                            TypeEnum::TVar {
+                                id, range, name, loc, is_const_generic: true, ..
+                            } => {
+                                let ty = range[0];
+                                let ok: bool = {
+                                    // create a temp type var and unify to check compatibility
+                                    p == *tvar || {
+                                        let temp =
+                                            unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(ty, *name, *loc);
+                                        unifier.unify(temp.ty, p).is_ok()
+                                    }
+                                };
+                                if ok {
+                                    result.insert(*id, p);
                                 } else {
-                                unreachable!("must be generic type var")
+                                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                                        "cannot apply type {} to type variable {}",
+                                        unifier.stringify(p),
+                                        name.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("typevar{id}").into()),
+                                    )]));
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            _ => unreachable!("must be generic type var"),
                         }
                     }
                     result
                 };
+                // Class Attributes keep a copy with Class Definition and are not added to objects
                 let mut tobj_fields = methods
                     .iter()
                     .map(|(name, ty, _)| {
@@ -349,44 +503,59 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                     let subst_ty = unifier.subst(*ty, &subst).unwrap_or(*ty);
                     (*name, (subst_ty, *mutability))
                 }));
-
-                    Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+                let need_subst = !subst.is_empty();
+                let ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                     obj_id: *obj_id,
                     fields: tobj_fields,
                     params: subst,
-                    }))
+                });
+
+                if need_subst {
+                    if let Some(wl) = subst_list.as_mut() {
+                        wl.push(ty);
                     }
-            } else {
-                unreachable!("should be class def here")
                 }
+
+                ty
+            };
+
+            Ok(ty)
         }
         TypeAnnotation::Primitive(ty) | TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(ty) => Ok(*ty),
+        TypeAnnotation::Literal(values) => {
+            let values = values
+                .iter()
+                .map(SymbolValue::from_constant_inferred)
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+                .map_err(|err| HashSet::from([err]))?;
+
+            let var = unifier.get_fresh_literal(values, None);
+            Ok(var)
+        }
         TypeAnnotation::Virtual(ty) => {
             let ty = get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                 top_level_defs,
                 unifier,
                 primitives,
                 ty.as_ref(),
+                subst_list,
             )?;
             Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty }))
         }
-        TypeAnnotation::List(ty) => {
-            let ty = get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
-                top_level_defs,
-                unifier,
-                primitives,
-                ty.as_ref(),
-            )?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }))
-        }
         TypeAnnotation::Tuple(tys) => {
             let tys = tys
                 .iter()
                 .map(|x| {
-                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, x)
+                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
+                        top_level_defs,
+                        unifier,
+                        primitives,
+                        x,
+                        subst_list,
+                    )
                 })
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tys }))
+            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tys, is_vararg_ctx: false }))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -399,10 +568,11 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
 /// the type of `self` should be similar to `A[T, V]`, where `T`, `V`
 /// considered to be type variables associated with the class \
 /// \
-/// But note that here we do not make a duplication of `T`, `V`, we direclty
-/// use them as they are in the TopLevelDef::Class since those in the
-/// TopLevelDef::Class.type_vars will be substitute later when seeing applications/instantiations
+/// But note that here we do not make a duplication of `T`, `V`, we directly
+/// use them as they are in the [`TopLevelDef::Class`] since those in the
+/// `TopLevelDef::Class.type_vars` will be substitute later when seeing applications/instantiations
 /// the Type of their fields and methods will also be subst when application/instantiation
+#[must_use]
 pub fn make_self_type_annotation(type_vars: &[Type], object_id: DefinitionId) -> TypeAnnotation {
     TypeAnnotation::CustomClass {
         id: object_id,
@@ -413,27 +583,25 @@ pub fn make_self_type_annotation(type_vars: &[Type], object_id: DefinitionId) ->
 /// get all the occurences of type vars contained in a type annotation
 /// e.g. `A[int, B[T], V, virtual[C[G]]]` => [T, V, G]
 /// this function will not make a duplicate of type var
+#[must_use]
 pub fn get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(ann: &TypeAnnotation) -> Vec<TypeAnnotation> {
     let mut result: Vec<TypeAnnotation> = Vec::new();
     match ann {
         TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(..) => result.push(ann.clone()),
         TypeAnnotation::Virtual(ann) => {
-            result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(ann.as_ref()))
+            result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(ann.as_ref()));
         }
         TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { params, .. } => {
             for p in params {
                 result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(p));
             }
         }
-        TypeAnnotation::List(ann) => {
-            result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(ann.as_ref()))
-        }
         TypeAnnotation::Tuple(anns) => {
             for a in anns {
                 result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(a));
             }
         }
-        TypeAnnotation::Primitive(..) => {}
+        TypeAnnotation::Primitive(..) | TypeAnnotation::Literal { .. } => {}
     }
     result
 }
@@ -448,21 +616,20 @@ pub fn check_overload_type_annotation_compatible(
         (TypeAnnotation::Primitive(a), TypeAnnotation::Primitive(b)) => a == b,
         (TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(a), TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(b)) => {
             let a = unifier.get_ty(*a);
-            let a = a.deref();
+            let a = &*a;
             let b = unifier.get_ty(*b);
-            let b = b.deref();
-            if let (
+            let b = &*b;
+            let (
                 TypeEnum::TVar { id: a, fields: None, .. },
                 TypeEnum::TVar { id: b, fields: None, .. },
             ) = (a, b)
-            {
-                a == b
-            } else {
+            else {
                 unreachable!("must be type var")
+            };
+
+            a == b
         }
-        }
-        (TypeAnnotation::Virtual(a), TypeAnnotation::Virtual(b))
-        | (TypeAnnotation::List(a), TypeAnnotation::List(b)) => {
+        (TypeAnnotation::Virtual(a), TypeAnnotation::Virtual(b)) => {
             check_overload_type_annotation_compatible(a.as_ref(), b.as_ref(), unifier)
         }
 

nac3core/src/typecheck/function_check.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum;
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    iter::once,
+};
 
-use super::type_inferencer::Inferencer;
-use super::typedef::Type;
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, Expr, ExprKind, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef};
-use std::{collections::HashSet, iter::once};
+use nac3parser::ast::{
+    self, Constant, Expr, ExprKind,
+    Operator::{LShift, RShift},
+    Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef,
+};
+
+use super::{
+    type_inferencer::{DeclarationSource, IdentifierInfo, Inferencer},
+    typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
+};
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
 
 impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
-    fn should_have_value(&mut self, expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fn should_have_value(&mut self, expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
         if matches!(expr.custom, Some(ty) if self.unifier.unioned(ty, self.primitives.none)) {
-            Err(format!("Error at {}: cannot have value none", expr.location))
+            Err(HashSet::from([format!("Error at {}: cannot have value none", expr.location)]))
         } else {
             Ok(())
         }
@@ -17,35 +27,61 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
     fn check_pattern(
         &mut self,
         pattern: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+    ) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
         match &pattern.node {
+            ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() => {
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!("cannot assign to a `none` (at {})", pattern.location)]))
+            }
             ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
-                if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
-                    defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
+                // If `id` refers to a declared symbol, reject this assignment if it is used in the
+                // context of an (implicit) global variable
+                if let Some(id_info) = defined_identifiers.get(id) {
+                    if matches!(
+                        id_info.source,
+                        DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(false) }
+                    ) {
+                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                            "cannot access local variable '{id}' before it is declared (at {})",
+                            pattern.location
+                        )]));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(id) {
+                    defined_identifiers.insert(*id, IdentifierInfo::default());
                 }
                 self.should_have_value(pattern)?;
                 Ok(())
             }
-            ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
-                for elt in elts.iter() {
+            ExprKind::List { elts, .. } | ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
+                for elt in elts {
                     self.check_pattern(elt, defined_identifiers)?;
                     self.should_have_value(elt)?;
                 }
                 Ok(())
             }
+            ExprKind::Starred { value, .. } => {
+                self.check_pattern(value, defined_identifiers)?;
+                self.should_have_value(value)?;
+                Ok(())
+            }
             ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. } => {
                 self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.should_have_value(value)?;
                 self.check_expr(slice, defined_identifiers)?;
                 if let TypeEnum::TTuple { .. } = &*self.unifier.get_ty(value.custom.unwrap()) {
-                    return Err(format!(
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                         "Error at {}: cannot assign to tuple element",
                         value.location
-                    ));
+                    )]));
                 }
                 Ok(())
             }
+            ExprKind::Constant { .. } => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                "cannot assign to a constant (at {})",
+                pattern.location
+            )])),
             _ => self.check_expr(pattern, defined_identifiers),
         }
     }
@@ -53,22 +89,28 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
     fn check_expr(
         &mut self,
         expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+    ) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
         // there are some cases where the custom field is None
         if let Some(ty) = &expr.custom {
-            if !self.unifier.is_concrete(*ty, &self.function_data.bound_variables) {
-                return Err(format!(
+            if !matches!(&expr.node, ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Ellipsis, .. })
+                && !ty.obj_id(self.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id())
+                && !self.unifier.is_concrete(*ty, &self.function_data.bound_variables)
+            {
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                     "expected concrete type at {} but got {}",
                     expr.location,
                     self.unifier.get_ty(*ty).get_type_name()
-                ));
+                )]));
             }
         }
         match &expr.node {
             ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
+                if id == &"none".into() {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
                 self.should_have_value(expr)?;
-                if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
+                if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(id) {
                     match self.function_data.resolver.get_symbol_type(
                         self.unifier,
                         &self.top_level.definitions.read(),
@@ -76,13 +118,28 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                         *id,
                     ) {
                         Ok(_) => {
-                            self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
+                            let is_global = self.is_id_global(*id);
+
+                            defined_identifiers.insert(
+                                *id,
+                                IdentifierInfo {
+                                    source: match is_global {
+                                        Some(true) => {
+                                            DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(false) }
+                                        }
+                                        Some(false) => {
+                                            DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: None }
+                                        }
+                                        None => DeclarationSource::Local,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            );
                         }
                         Err(e) => {
-                            return Err(format!(
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                                 "type error at identifier `{}` ({}) at {}",
                                 id, e, expr.location
-                            ));
+                            )]))
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -90,7 +147,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
             ExprKind::List { elts, .. }
             | ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. }
             | ExprKind::BoolOp { values: elts, .. } => {
-                for elt in elts.iter() {
+                for elt in elts {
                     self.check_expr(elt, defined_identifiers)?;
                     self.should_have_value(elt)?;
                 }
@@ -99,11 +156,25 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.should_have_value(value)?;
             }
-            ExprKind::BinOp { left, right, .. } => {
+            ExprKind::BinOp { left, op, right } => {
                 self.check_expr(left, defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.check_expr(right, defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.should_have_value(left)?;
                 self.should_have_value(right)?;
+
+                // Check whether a bitwise shift has a negative RHS constant value
+                if *op == LShift || *op == RShift {
+                    if let ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } = &right.node {
+                        let Constant::Int(rhs_val) = value else { unreachable!() };
+
+                        if *rhs_val < 0 {
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                                "shift count is negative at {}",
+                                right.location
+                            )]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
             }
             ExprKind::UnaryOp { operand, .. } => {
                 self.check_expr(operand, defined_identifiers)?;
@@ -133,11 +204,9 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
             }
             ExprKind::Lambda { args, body } => {
                 let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-                for arg in args.args.iter() {
+                for arg in &args.args {
                     // TODO: should we check the types here?
-                    if !defined_identifiers.contains(&arg.node.arg) {
-                        defined_identifiers.insert(arg.node.arg);
-                    }
+                    defined_identifiers.entry(arg.node.arg).or_default();
                 }
                 self.check_expr(body, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
             }
@@ -171,24 +240,49 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Check that the return value is a non-`alloca` type, effectively only allowing primitive types.
+    ///
+    /// This is a workaround preventing the caller from using a variable `alloca`-ed in the body, which
+    /// is freed when the function returns.
+    fn check_return_value_ty(&mut self, ret_ty: Type) -> bool {
+        if cfg!(feature = "no-escape-analysis") {
+            true
+        } else {
+            match &*self.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ret_ty) {
+                TypeEnum::TObj { .. } => [
+                    self.primitives.int32,
+                    self.primitives.int64,
+                    self.primitives.uint32,
+                    self.primitives.uint64,
+                    self.primitives.float,
+                    self.primitives.bool,
+                ]
+                .iter()
+                .any(|allowed_ty| self.unifier.unioned(ret_ty, *allowed_ty)),
+                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, .. } => ty.iter().all(|t| self.check_return_value_ty(*t)),
+                _ => false,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     // check statements for proper identifier def-use and return on all paths
     fn check_stmt(
         &mut self,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<bool, String> {
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, HashSet<String>> {
         match &stmt.node {
             StmtKind::For { target, iter, body, orelse, .. } => {
                 self.check_expr(iter, defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.should_have_value(iter)?;
                 let mut local_defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-                for stmt in orelse.iter() {
+                for stmt in orelse {
                     self.check_stmt(stmt, &mut local_defined_identifiers)?;
                 }
                 let mut local_defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                 self.check_pattern(target, &mut local_defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.should_have_value(target)?;
-                for stmt in body.iter() {
+                for stmt in body {
                     self.check_stmt(stmt, &mut local_defined_identifiers)?;
                 }
                 Ok(false)
@@ -201,9 +295,11 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 let body_returned = self.check_block(body, &mut body_identifiers)?;
                 let orelse_returned = self.check_block(orelse, &mut orelse_identifiers)?;
 
-                for ident in body_identifiers.iter() {
-                    if !defined_identifiers.contains(ident) && orelse_identifiers.contains(ident) {
-                        defined_identifiers.insert(*ident);
+                for ident in body_identifiers.keys() {
+                    if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(ident)
+                        && orelse_identifiers.contains_key(ident)
+                    {
+                        defined_identifiers.insert(*ident, IdentifierInfo::default());
                     }
                 }
                 Ok(body_returned && orelse_returned)
@@ -218,7 +314,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
             }
             StmtKind::With { items, body, .. } => {
                 let mut new_defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-                for item in items.iter() {
+                for item in items {
                     self.check_expr(&item.context_expr, defined_identifiers)?;
                     if let Some(var) = item.optional_vars.as_ref() {
                         self.check_pattern(var, &mut new_defined_identifiers)?;
@@ -230,11 +326,11 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
             StmtKind::Try { body, handlers, orelse, finalbody, .. } => {
                 self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers.clone())?;
                 self.check_block(orelse, &mut defined_identifiers.clone())?;
-                for handler in handlers.iter() {
+                for handler in handlers {
                     let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                     let ast::ExcepthandlerKind::ExceptHandler { name, body, .. } = &handler.node;
                     if let Some(name) = name {
-                        defined_identifiers.insert(*name);
+                        defined_identifiers.insert(*name, IdentifierInfo::default());
                     }
                     self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
                 }
@@ -265,6 +361,30 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 if let Some(value) = value {
                     self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
                     self.should_have_value(value)?;
+
+                    // Check that the return value is a non-`alloca` type, effectively only allowing primitive types.
+                    // This is a workaround preventing the caller from using a variable `alloca`-ed in the body, which
+                    // is freed when the function returns.
+                    if let Some(ret_ty) = value.custom {
+                        // Explicitly allow ellipsis as a return value, as the type of the ellipsis is contextually
+                        // inferred and just generates an unconditional assertion
+                        if matches!(
+                            value.node,
+                            ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Ellipsis, .. }
+                        ) {
+                            return Ok(true);
+                        }
+
+                        if !self.check_return_value_ty(ret_ty) {
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([
+                                format!(
+                                    "return value of type {} must be a primitive or a tuple of primitives at {}",
+                                    self.unifier.stringify(ret_ty),
+                                    value.location,
+                                ),
+                            ]));
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 Ok(true)
             }
@@ -274,6 +394,44 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 }
                 Ok(true)
             }
+            StmtKind::Global { names, .. } => {
+                for id in names {
+                    if let Some(id_info) = defined_identifiers.get(id) {
+                        if id_info.source == DeclarationSource::Local {
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                                "name '{id}' is referenced prior to global declaration at {}",
+                                stmt.location,
+                            )]));
+                        }
+
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    match self.function_data.resolver.get_symbol_type(
+                        self.unifier,
+                        &self.top_level.definitions.read(),
+                        self.primitives,
+                        *id,
+                    ) {
+                        Ok(_) => {
+                            defined_identifiers.insert(
+                                *id,
+                                IdentifierInfo {
+                                    source: DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(true) },
+                                },
+                            );
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                                "type error at identifier `{}` ({}) at {}",
+                                id, e, stmt.location
+                            )]))
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Ok(false)
+            }
             // break, raise, etc.
             _ => Ok(false),
         }
@@ -282,12 +440,12 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
     pub fn check_block(
         &mut self,
         block: &[Stmt<Option<Type>>],
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<bool, String> {
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, HashSet<String>> {
         let mut ret = false;
         for stmt in block {
             if ret {
-                return Err(format!("dead code at {:?}", stmt.location));
+                eprintln!("warning: dead code at {}\n", stmt.location);
             }
             if self.check_stmt(stmt, defined_identifiers)? {
                 ret = true;

nac3core/src/typecheck/magic_methods.rs

@@ -1,69 +1,154 @@
-use crate::typecheck::{
+use std::{cmp::max, collections::HashMap, rc::Rc};
+
+use itertools::{iproduct, Itertools};
+use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Operator, StrRef, Unaryop};
+
+use super::{
     type_inferencer::*,
-    typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+    typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
+};
+use crate::{
+    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
+    toplevel::{
+        helper::PrimDef,
+        numpy::{make_ndarray_ty, unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
+    },
 };
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef};
-use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Operator, Unaryop};
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
-pub fn binop_name(op: &Operator) -> &'static str {
-    match op {
-        Operator::Add => "__add__",
-        Operator::Sub => "__sub__",
-        Operator::Div => "__truediv__",
-        Operator::Mod => "__mod__",
-        Operator::Mult => "__mul__",
-        Operator::Pow => "__pow__",
-        Operator::BitOr => "__or__",
-        Operator::BitXor => "__xor__",
-        Operator::BitAnd => "__and__",
-        Operator::LShift => "__lshift__",
-        Operator::RShift => "__rshift__",
-        Operator::FloorDiv => "__floordiv__",
-        Operator::MatMult => "__matmul__",
+/// The variant of a binary operator.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BinopVariant {
+    /// The normal variant.
+    /// For addition, it would be `+`.
+    Normal,
+    /// The "Augmented Assigning Operator" variant.
+    /// For addition, it would be `+=`.
+    AugAssign,
+}
+
+/// A binary operator with its variant.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Binop {
+    /// The base [`Operator`] of this binary operator.
+    pub base: Operator,
+    /// The variant of this binary operator.
+    pub variant: BinopVariant,
+}
+
+impl Binop {
+    /// Make a [`Binop`] of the normal variant from an [`Operator`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn normal(base: Operator) -> Self {
+        Binop { base, variant: BinopVariant::Normal }
+    }
+
+    /// Make a [`Binop`] of the aug assign variant from an [`Operator`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn aug_assign(base: Operator) -> Self {
+        Binop { base, variant: BinopVariant::AugAssign }
     }
 }
 
-pub fn binop_assign_name(op: &Operator) -> &'static str {
-    match op {
-        Operator::Add => "__iadd__",
-        Operator::Sub => "__isub__",
-        Operator::Div => "__itruediv__",
-        Operator::Mod => "__imod__",
-        Operator::Mult => "__imul__",
-        Operator::Pow => "__ipow__",
-        Operator::BitOr => "__ior__",
-        Operator::BitXor => "__ixor__",
-        Operator::BitAnd => "__iand__",
-        Operator::LShift => "__ilshift__",
-        Operator::RShift => "__irshift__",
-        Operator::FloorDiv => "__ifloordiv__",
-        Operator::MatMult => "__imatmul__",
-    }
+/// Details about an operator (unary, binary, etc...) in Python
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct OpInfo {
+    /// The method name of the binary operator.
+    /// For addition, this would be `__add__`, and `__iadd__` if
+    /// it is the augmented assigning variant.
+    pub method_name: &'static str,
+    /// The symbol of the binary operator.
+    /// For addition, this would be `+`, and `+=` if
+    /// it is the augmented assigning variant.
+    pub symbol: &'static str,
 }
 
-pub fn unaryop_name(op: &Unaryop) -> &'static str {
-    match op {
-        Unaryop::UAdd => "__pos__",
-        Unaryop::USub => "__neg__",
-        Unaryop::Not => "__not__",
-        Unaryop::Invert => "__inv__",
-    }
+/// Helper macro to conveniently build an [`OpInfo`].
+///
+/// Example usage: `make_info("add", "+")` generates `OpInfo { name: "__add__", symbol: "+" }`
+macro_rules! make_op_info {
+    ($name:expr, $symbol:expr) => {
+        OpInfo { method_name: concat!("__", $name, "__"), symbol: $symbol }
+    };
 }
 
-pub fn comparison_name(op: &Cmpop) -> Option<&'static str> {
+pub trait HasOpInfo {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo;
+}
+
+fn try_get_cmpop_info(op: Cmpop) -> Option<OpInfo> {
     match op {
-        Cmpop::Lt => Some("__lt__"),
-        Cmpop::LtE => Some("__le__"),
-        Cmpop::Gt => Some("__gt__"),
-        Cmpop::GtE => Some("__ge__"),
-        Cmpop::Eq => Some("__eq__"),
-        Cmpop::NotEq => Some("__ne__"),
+        Cmpop::Lt => Some(make_op_info!("lt", "<")),
+        Cmpop::LtE => Some(make_op_info!("le", "<=")),
+        Cmpop::Gt => Some(make_op_info!("gt", ">")),
+        Cmpop::GtE => Some(make_op_info!("ge", ">=")),
+        Cmpop::Eq => Some(make_op_info!("eq", "==")),
+        Cmpop::NotEq => Some(make_op_info!("ne", "!=")),
         _ => None,
     }
 }
 
+impl OpInfo {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn supports_cmpop(op: Cmpop) -> bool {
+        try_get_cmpop_info(op).is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasOpInfo for Cmpop {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo {
+        try_get_cmpop_info(*self).expect("{self:?} is not supported")
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasOpInfo for Binop {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo {
+        // Helper macro to generate both the normal variant [`OpInfo`] and the
+        // augmented assigning variant [`OpInfo`] for a binary operator conveniently.
+        macro_rules! info {
+            ($name:literal, $symbol:literal) => {
+                (
+                    make_op_info!($name, $symbol),
+                    make_op_info!(concat!("i", $name), concat!($symbol, "=")),
+                )
+            };
+        }
+
+        let (normal_variant, aug_assign_variant) = match self.base {
+            Operator::Add => info!("add", "+"),
+            Operator::Sub => info!("sub", "-"),
+            Operator::Div => info!("truediv", "/"),
+            Operator::Mod => info!("mod", "%"),
+            Operator::Mult => info!("mul", "*"),
+            Operator::Pow => info!("pow", "**"),
+            Operator::BitOr => info!("or", "|"),
+            Operator::BitXor => info!("xor", "^"),
+            Operator::BitAnd => info!("and", "&"),
+            Operator::LShift => info!("lshift", "<<"),
+            Operator::RShift => info!("rshift", ">>"),
+            Operator::FloorDiv => info!("floordiv", "//"),
+            Operator::MatMult => info!("matmul", "@"),
+        };
+
+        match self.variant {
+            BinopVariant::Normal => normal_variant,
+            BinopVariant::AugAssign => aug_assign_variant,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasOpInfo for Unaryop {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo {
+        match self {
+            Unaryop::UAdd => make_op_info!("pos", "+"),
+            Unaryop::USub => make_op_info!("neg", "-"),
+            Unaryop::Not => make_op_info!("not", "not"), // i.e., `not False`, so the symbol is just `not`.
+            Unaryop::Invert => make_op_info!("inv", "~"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub(super) fn with_fields<F>(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, f: F)
 where
     F: FnOnce(&mut Unifier, &mut HashMap<StrRef, (Type, bool)>),
@@ -83,26 +168,31 @@ where
 
 pub fn impl_binop(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
-    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    _store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
-    ops: &[ast::Operator],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+    ops: &[Operator],
 ) {
     with_fields(unifier, ty, |unifier, fields| {
         let (other_ty, other_var_id) = if other_ty.len() == 1 {
             (other_ty[0], None)
         } else {
-            let (ty, var_id) = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(other_ty, Some("N".into()), None);
-            (ty, Some(var_id))
+            let tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(other_ty, Some("N".into()), None);
+            (tvar.ty, Some(tvar.id))
         };
+
         let function_vars = if let Some(var_id) = other_var_id {
-            vec![(var_id, other_ty)].into_iter().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>()
+            vec![(var_id, other_ty)].into_iter().collect::<VarMap>()
         } else {
-            HashMap::new()
+            VarMap::new()
         };
-        for op in ops {
-            fields.insert(binop_name(op).into(), {
+
+        let ret_ty = ret_ty.unwrap_or_else(|| unifier.get_fresh_var(None, None).ty);
+
+        for (base_op, variant) in iproduct!(ops, [BinopVariant::Normal, BinopVariant::AugAssign]) {
+            let op = Binop { base: *base_op, variant };
+            fields.insert(op.op_info().method_name.into(), {
                 (
                     unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                         ret: ret_ty,
@@ -111,21 +201,7 @@ pub fn impl_binop(
                             ty: other_ty,
                             default_value: None,
                             name: "other".into(),
-                        }],
-                    })),
-                    false,
-                )
-            });
-
-            fields.insert(binop_assign_name(op).into(), {
-                (
-                    unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                        ret: store.none,
-                        vars: function_vars.clone(),
-                        args: vec![FuncArg {
-                            ty: other_ty,
-                            default_value: None,
-                            name: "other".into(),
+                            is_vararg: false,
                         }],
                     })),
                     false,
@@ -135,15 +211,17 @@ pub fn impl_binop(
     });
 }
 
-pub fn impl_unaryop(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, ret_ty: Type, ops: &[ast::Unaryop]) {
+pub fn impl_unaryop(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>, ops: &[Unaryop]) {
     with_fields(unifier, ty, |unifier, fields| {
+        let ret_ty = ret_ty.unwrap_or_else(|| unifier.get_fresh_var(None, None).ty);
+
         for op in ops {
             fields.insert(
-                unaryop_name(op).into(),
+                op.op_info().method_name.into(),
                 (
                     unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                         ret: ret_ty,
-                        vars: HashMap::new(),
+                        vars: VarMap::new(),
                         args: vec![],
                     })),
                     false,
@@ -155,23 +233,40 @@ pub fn impl_unaryop(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, ret_ty: Type, ops: &[ast::U
 
 pub fn impl_cmpop(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
-    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    _store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
-    other_ty: Type,
-    ops: &[ast::Cmpop],
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ops: &[Cmpop],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
     with_fields(unifier, ty, |unifier, fields| {
+        let (other_ty, other_var_id) = if other_ty.len() == 1 {
+            (other_ty[0], None)
+        } else {
+            let tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(other_ty, Some("N".into()), None);
+            (tvar.ty, Some(tvar.id))
+        };
+
+        let function_vars = if let Some(var_id) = other_var_id {
+            vec![(var_id, other_ty)].into_iter().collect::<VarMap>()
+        } else {
+            VarMap::new()
+        };
+
+        let ret_ty = ret_ty.unwrap_or_else(|| unifier.get_fresh_var(None, None).ty);
+
         for op in ops {
             fields.insert(
-                comparison_name(op).unwrap().into(),
+                op.op_info().method_name.into(),
                 (
                     unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                        ret: store.bool,
-                        vars: HashMap::new(),
+                        ret: ret_ty,
+                        vars: function_vars.clone(),
                         args: vec![FuncArg {
                             ty: other_ty,
                             default_value: None,
                             name: "other".into(),
+                            is_vararg: false,
                         }],
                     })),
                     false,
@@ -181,13 +276,13 @@ pub fn impl_cmpop(
     });
 }
 
-/// Add, Sub, Mult
+/// `Add`, `Sub`, `Mult`
 pub fn impl_basic_arithmetic(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
     impl_binop(
         unifier,
@@ -195,94 +290,407 @@ pub fn impl_basic_arithmetic(
         ty,
         other_ty,
         ret_ty,
-        &[ast::Operator::Add, ast::Operator::Sub, ast::Operator::Mult],
-    )
+        &[Operator::Add, Operator::Sub, Operator::Mult],
+    );
 }
 
-/// Pow
+/// `Pow`
 pub fn impl_pow(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[ast::Operator::Pow])
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::Pow]);
 }
 
-/// BitOr, BitXor, BitAnd
+/// `BitOr`, `BitXor`, `BitAnd`
 pub fn impl_bitwise_arithmetic(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
     impl_binop(
         unifier,
         store,
         ty,
         &[ty],
-        ty,
-        &[ast::Operator::BitAnd, ast::Operator::BitOr, ast::Operator::BitXor],
-    )
+        Some(ty),
+        &[Operator::BitAnd, Operator::BitOr, Operator::BitXor],
+    );
 }
 
-/// LShift, RShift
+/// `LShift`, `RShift`
 pub fn impl_bitwise_shift(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, &[ty], ty, &[ast::Operator::LShift, ast::Operator::RShift])
+    impl_binop(
+        unifier,
+        store,
+        ty,
+        &[store.int32, store.uint32],
+        Some(ty),
+        &[Operator::LShift, Operator::RShift],
+    );
 }
 
-/// Div
-pub fn impl_div(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, other_ty: &[Type]) {
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, store.float, &[ast::Operator::Div])
+/// `Div`
+pub fn impl_div(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::Div]);
 }
 
-/// FloorDiv
+/// `FloorDiv`
 pub fn impl_floordiv(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[ast::Operator::FloorDiv])
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::FloorDiv]);
 }
 
-/// Mod
+/// `Mod`
 pub fn impl_mod(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[ast::Operator::Mod])
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::Mod]);
 }
 
-/// UAdd, USub
-pub fn impl_sign(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
-    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ty, &[ast::Unaryop::UAdd, ast::Unaryop::USub])
+/// [`Operator::MatMult`]
+pub fn impl_matmul(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::MatMult]);
 }
 
-/// Invert
-pub fn impl_invert(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
-    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ty, &[ast::Unaryop::Invert])
+/// `UAdd`, `USub`
+pub fn impl_sign(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>) {
+    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ret_ty, &[Unaryop::UAdd, Unaryop::USub]);
 }
 
-/// Not
-pub fn impl_not(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
-    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, store.bool, &[ast::Unaryop::Not])
+/// `Invert`
+pub fn impl_invert(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>) {
+    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ret_ty, &[Unaryop::Invert]);
 }
 
-/// Lt, LtE, Gt, GtE
-pub fn impl_comparison(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, other_ty: Type) {
+/// `Not`
+pub fn impl_not(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>) {
+    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ret_ty, &[Unaryop::Not]);
+}
+
+/// `Lt`, `LtE`, `Gt`, `GtE`
+pub fn impl_comparison(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
     impl_cmpop(
         unifier,
         store,
         ty,
         other_ty,
-        &[ast::Cmpop::Lt, ast::Cmpop::Gt, ast::Cmpop::LtE, ast::Cmpop::GtE],
-    )
+        &[Cmpop::Lt, Cmpop::Gt, Cmpop::LtE, Cmpop::GtE],
+        ret_ty,
+    );
 }
 
-/// Eq, NotEq
-pub fn impl_eq(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
-    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, ty, ty, &[ast::Cmpop::Eq, ast::Cmpop::NotEq])
+/// `Eq`, `NotEq`
+pub fn impl_eq(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
+    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, &[Cmpop::Eq, Cmpop::NotEq], ret_ty);
+}
+
+/// Returns the expected return type of binary operations with at least one `ndarray` operand.
+pub fn typeof_ndarray_broadcast(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    left: Type,
+    right: Type,
+) -> Result<Type, String> {
+    let is_left_ndarray = left.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    let is_right_ndarray = right.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    assert!(is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray);
+
+    if is_left_ndarray && is_right_ndarray {
+        // Perform broadcasting on two ndarray operands.
+
+        let (left_ty_dtype, left_ty_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, left);
+        let (right_ty_dtype, right_ty_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, right);
+
+        assert!(unifier.unioned(left_ty_dtype, right_ty_dtype));
+
+        let left_ty_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(left_ty_ndims) {
+            TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => values.clone(),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        let right_ty_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(right_ty_ndims) {
+            TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => values.clone(),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+
+        let res_ndims = left_ty_ndims
+            .into_iter()
+            .cartesian_product(right_ty_ndims)
+            .map(|(left, right)| {
+                let left_val = u64::try_from(left).unwrap();
+                let right_val = u64::try_from(right).unwrap();
+
+                max(left_val, right_val)
+            })
+            .unique()
+            .map(SymbolValue::U64)
+            .collect_vec();
+        let res_ndims = unifier.get_fresh_literal(res_ndims, None);
+
+        Ok(make_ndarray_ty(unifier, primitives, Some(left_ty_dtype), Some(res_ndims)))
+    } else {
+        let (ndarray_ty, scalar_ty) = if is_left_ndarray { (left, right) } else { (right, left) };
+
+        let (ndarray_ty_dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ndarray_ty);
+
+        if unifier.unioned(ndarray_ty_dtype, scalar_ty) {
+            Ok(ndarray_ty)
+        } else {
+            let (expected_ty, actual_ty) = if is_left_ndarray {
+                (ndarray_ty_dtype, scalar_ty)
+            } else {
+                (scalar_ty, ndarray_ty_dtype)
+            };
+
+            Err(format!(
+                "Expected right-hand side operand to be {}, got {}",
+                unifier.stringify(expected_ty),
+                unifier.stringify(actual_ty),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the return type given a binary operator and its primitive operands.
+pub fn typeof_binop(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    op: Operator,
+    lhs: Type,
+    rhs: Type,
+) -> Result<Option<Type>, String> {
+    let op = Binop { base: op, variant: BinopVariant::Normal };
+
+    let is_left_list = lhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id());
+    let is_right_list = rhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id());
+    let is_left_ndarray = lhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    let is_right_ndarray = rhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    Ok(Some(match op.base {
+        Operator::Add | Operator::Sub | Operator::Mult | Operator::Mod | Operator::FloorDiv => {
+            if is_left_list || is_right_list {
+                if ![Operator::Add, Operator::Mult].contains(&op.base) {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "Binary operator {} not supported for list",
+                        op.op_info().symbol
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                if is_left_list {
+                    lhs
+                } else {
+                    rhs
+                }
+            } else if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+                typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?
+            } else if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+                lhs
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::MatMult => {
+            // NOTE: NumPy matmul's LHS and RHS must both be ndarrays. Scalars are not allowed.
+            match (&*unifier.get_ty(lhs), &*unifier.get_ty(rhs)) {
+                (
+                    TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: lhs_obj_id, .. },
+                    TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: rhs_obj_id, .. },
+                ) if *lhs_obj_id == primitives.ndarray.obj_id(unifier).unwrap()
+                    && *rhs_obj_id == primitives.ndarray.obj_id(unifier).unwrap() =>
+                {
+                    // LHS and RHS have valid types
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    let lhs_str = unifier.stringify(lhs);
+                    let rhs_str = unifier.stringify(rhs);
+                    return Err(format!("ndarray.__matmul__ only accepts ndarray operands, but left operand has type {lhs_str}, and right operand has type {rhs_str}"));
+                }
+            }
+
+            let (_, lhs_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, lhs);
+            let lhs_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(lhs_ndims) {
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                    assert_eq!(values.len(), 1);
+                    u64::try_from(values[0].clone()).unwrap()
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+            let (_, rhs_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, rhs);
+            let rhs_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(rhs_ndims) {
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                    assert_eq!(values.len(), 1);
+                    u64::try_from(values[0].clone()).unwrap()
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+
+            match (lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims) {
+                (2, 2) => typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?,
+                (lhs, rhs) if lhs == 0 || rhs == 0 => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                    "Input operand {} does not have enough dimensions (has {lhs}, requires {rhs})",
+                    u8::from(rhs == 0)
+                ))
+                }
+                (lhs, rhs) => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "ndarray.__matmul__ on {lhs}D and {rhs}D operands not supported"
+                    ))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::Div => {
+            if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+                typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?
+            } else if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+                primitives.float
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::Pow => {
+            if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+                typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?
+            } else if [
+                primitives.int32,
+                primitives.int64,
+                primitives.uint32,
+                primitives.uint64,
+                primitives.float,
+            ]
+            .into_iter()
+            .any(|ty| unifier.unioned(lhs, ty))
+            {
+                lhs
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::LShift | Operator::RShift => lhs,
+        Operator::BitOr | Operator::BitXor | Operator::BitAnd => {
+            if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+                lhs
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+    }))
+}
+
+pub fn typeof_unaryop(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    op: Unaryop,
+    operand: Type,
+) -> Result<Option<Type>, String> {
+    let operand_obj_id = operand.obj_id(unifier);
+
+    if op == Unaryop::Not
+        && operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == primitives.ndarray.obj_id(unifier).unwrap())
+    {
+        return Err(
+            "The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous".to_string()
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(match op {
+        Unaryop::Not => match operand_obj_id {
+            Some(v) if v == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => Some(operand),
+            Some(_) => Some(primitives.bool),
+            _ => None,
+        },
+
+        Unaryop::Invert => {
+            if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::Bool.id()) {
+                Some(primitives.int32)
+            } else if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| PrimDef::iter().any(|prim| id == prim.id())) {
+                Some(operand)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+
+        Unaryop::UAdd | Unaryop::USub => {
+            if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) {
+                let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, operand);
+                if dtype.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::Bool.id()) {
+                    return Err(if op == Unaryop::UAdd {
+                        "The ufunc 'positive' cannot be applied to ndarray[bool, N]".to_string()
+                    } else {
+                        "The numpy boolean negative, the `-` operator, is not supported, use the `~` operator function instead.".to_string()
+                    });
+                }
+
+                Some(operand)
+            } else if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::Bool.id()) {
+                Some(primitives.int32)
+            } else if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| PrimDef::iter().any(|prim| id == prim.id())) {
+                Some(operand)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// Returns the return type given a comparison operator and its primitive operands.
+pub fn typeof_cmpop(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    _op: Cmpop,
+    lhs: Type,
+    rhs: Type,
+) -> Result<Option<Type>, String> {
+    let is_left_ndarray = lhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    let is_right_ndarray = rhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    Ok(Some(if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+        let brd = typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?;
+        let (_, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, brd);
+
+        make_ndarray_ty(unifier, primitives, Some(primitives.bool), Some(ndims))
+    } else if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+        primitives.bool
+    } else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }))
 }
 
 pub fn set_primitives_magic_methods(store: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifier) {
@@ -293,38 +701,81 @@ pub fn set_primitives_magic_methods(store: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifie
         bool: bool_t,
         uint32: uint32_t,
         uint64: uint64_t,
+        str: str_t,
+        list: list_t,
+        ndarray: ndarray_t,
         ..
     } = *store;
+    let size_t = store.usize();
+
     /* int ======== */
     for t in [int32_t, int64_t, uint32_t, uint64_t] {
-        impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
-        impl_pow(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
+        let ndarray_int_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(t), None);
+        impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
+        impl_pow(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
         impl_bitwise_arithmetic(unifier, store, t);
         impl_bitwise_shift(unifier, store, t);
-        impl_div(unifier, store, t, &[t]);
-        impl_floordiv(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
-        impl_mod(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
-        impl_invert(unifier, store, t);
-        impl_not(unifier, store, t);
-        impl_comparison(unifier, store, t, t);
-        impl_eq(unifier, store, t);
+        impl_div(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
+        impl_floordiv(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
+        impl_mod(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
+        impl_invert(unifier, store, t, Some(t));
+        impl_not(unifier, store, t, Some(bool_t));
+        impl_comparison(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
+        impl_eq(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
     }
     for t in [int32_t, int64_t] {
-        impl_sign(unifier, store, t);
+        impl_sign(unifier, store, t, Some(t));
     }
 
     /* float ======== */
-    impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t], float_t);
-    impl_pow(unifier, store, float_t, &[int32_t, float_t], float_t);
-    impl_div(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t]);
-    impl_floordiv(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t], float_t);
-    impl_mod(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t], float_t);
-    impl_sign(unifier, store, float_t);
-    impl_not(unifier, store, float_t);
-    impl_comparison(unifier, store, float_t, float_t);
-    impl_eq(unifier, store, float_t);
+    let ndarray_float_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(float_t), None);
+    let ndarray_int32_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(int32_t), None);
+    impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_pow(unifier, store, float_t, &[int32_t, float_t, ndarray_int32_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_div(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_floordiv(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_mod(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_sign(unifier, store, float_t, Some(float_t));
+    impl_not(unifier, store, float_t, Some(bool_t));
+    impl_comparison(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_eq(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
 
     /* bool ======== */
-    impl_not(unifier, store, bool_t);
-    impl_eq(unifier, store, bool_t);
+    let ndarray_bool_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(bool_t), None);
+    impl_invert(unifier, store, bool_t, Some(int32_t));
+    impl_not(unifier, store, bool_t, Some(bool_t));
+    impl_sign(unifier, store, bool_t, Some(int32_t));
+    impl_eq(unifier, store, bool_t, &[bool_t, ndarray_bool_t], None);
+
+    /* str ========= */
+    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, str_t, &[str_t], &[Cmpop::Eq, Cmpop::NotEq], Some(bool_t));
+
+    /* list ======== */
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, list_t, &[list_t], Some(list_t), &[Operator::Add]);
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, list_t, &[int32_t, int64_t], Some(list_t), &[Operator::Mult]);
+    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, list_t, &[list_t], &[Cmpop::Eq, Cmpop::NotEq], Some(bool_t));
+
+    /* ndarray ===== */
+    let ndarray_usized_ndims_tvar =
+        unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(size_t, Some("ndarray_ndims".into()), None);
+    let ndarray_unsized_t =
+        make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, None, Some(ndarray_usized_ndims_tvar.ty));
+    let (ndarray_dtype_t, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ndarray_t);
+    let (ndarray_unsized_dtype_t, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ndarray_unsized_t);
+    impl_basic_arithmetic(
+        unifier,
+        store,
+        ndarray_t,
+        &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t],
+        None,
+    );
+    impl_pow(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_div(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_t, ndarray_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_floordiv(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_mod(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_matmul(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_t], Some(ndarray_t));
+    impl_sign(unifier, store, ndarray_t, Some(ndarray_t));
+    impl_invert(unifier, store, ndarray_t, Some(ndarray_t));
+    impl_eq(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_comparison(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
 }

nac3core/src/typecheck/type_error.rs

@@ -1,24 +1,45 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Display};
 
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum;
+use itertools::Itertools;
 
-use super::typedef::{RecordKey, Type, Unifier};
-use nac3parser::ast::{Location, StrRef};
+use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Location, StrRef};
+
+use super::{
+    magic_methods::{Binop, HasOpInfo},
+    typedef::{RecordKey, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum TypeErrorKind {
-    TooManyArguments {
-        expected: usize,
-        got: usize,
+    GotMultipleValues {
+        name: StrRef,
+    },
+    TooManyArguments {
+        expected_min_count: usize,
+        expected_max_count: usize,
+        got_count: usize,
+    },
+    MissingArgs {
+        missing_arg_names: Vec<StrRef>,
     },
-    MissingArgs(String),
     UnknownArgName(StrRef),
     IncorrectArgType {
         name: StrRef,
         expected: Type,
         got: Type,
     },
+    UnsupportedBinaryOpTypes {
+        operator: Binop,
+        lhs_type: Type,
+        rhs_type: Type,
+        expected_rhs_type: Type,
+    },
+    UnsupportedComparsionOpTypes {
+        operator: Cmpop,
+        lhs_type: Type,
+        rhs_type: Type,
+        expected_rhs_type: Type,
+    },
     FieldUnificationError {
         field: RecordKey,
         types: (Type, Type),
@@ -34,6 +55,7 @@ pub enum TypeErrorKind {
     },
     RequiresTypeAnn,
     PolymorphicFunctionPointer,
+    NoSuchAttribute(RecordKey, Type),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -43,15 +65,18 @@ pub struct TypeError {
 }
 
 impl TypeError {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(kind: TypeErrorKind, loc: Option<Location>) -> TypeError {
         TypeError { kind, loc }
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn at(mut self, loc: Option<Location>) -> TypeError {
         self.loc = self.loc.or(loc);
         self
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn to_display(self, unifier: &Unifier) -> DisplayTypeError {
         DisplayTypeError { err: self, unifier }
     }
@@ -64,8 +89,8 @@ pub struct DisplayTypeError<'a> {
 
 fn loc_to_str(loc: Option<Location>) -> String {
     match loc {
-        Some(loc) => format!("(in {})", loc),
-        None => "".to_string(),
+        Some(loc) => format!("(in {loc})"),
+        None => String::new(),
     }
 }
 
@@ -74,23 +99,49 @@ impl<'a> Display for DisplayTypeError<'a> {
         use TypeErrorKind::*;
         let mut notes = Some(HashMap::new());
         match &self.err.kind {
-            TooManyArguments { expected, got } => {
-                write!(f, "Too many arguments. Expected {} but got {}", expected, got)
+            GotMultipleValues { name } => {
+                write!(f, "For multiple values for parameter {name}")
             }
-            MissingArgs(args) => {
-                write!(f, "Missing arguments: {}", args)
+            TooManyArguments { expected_min_count, expected_max_count, got_count } => {
+                debug_assert!(expected_min_count <= expected_max_count);
+                if expected_min_count == expected_max_count {
+                    let expected_count = expected_min_count; // or expected_max_count
+                    write!(f, "Too many arguments. Expected {expected_count} but got {got_count}")
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "Too many arguments. Expected {expected_min_count} to {expected_max_count} arguments but got {got_count}")
+                }
+            }
+            MissingArgs { missing_arg_names } => {
+                let args = missing_arg_names.iter().join(", ");
+                write!(f, "Missing arguments: {args}")
+            }
+            UnsupportedBinaryOpTypes { operator, lhs_type, rhs_type, expected_rhs_type } => {
+                let op_symbol = operator.op_info().symbol;
+
+                let lhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*lhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let rhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*rhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let expected_rhs_type_str =
+                    self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*expected_rhs_type, &mut notes);
+
+                write!(f, "Unsupported operand type(s) for {op_symbol}: '{lhs_type_str}' and '{rhs_type_str}' (right operand should have type {expected_rhs_type_str})")
+            }
+            UnsupportedComparsionOpTypes { operator, lhs_type, rhs_type, expected_rhs_type } => {
+                let op_symbol = operator.op_info().symbol;
+
+                let lhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*lhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let rhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*rhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let expected_rhs_type_str =
+                    self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*expected_rhs_type, &mut notes);
+
+                write!(f, "'{op_symbol}' not supported between instances of '{lhs_type_str}' and '{rhs_type_str}' (right operand should have type {expected_rhs_type_str})")
             }
             UnknownArgName(name) => {
-                write!(f, "Unknown argument name: {}", name)
+                write!(f, "Unknown argument name: {name}")
             }
             IncorrectArgType { name, expected, got } => {
                 let expected = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*expected, &mut notes);
                 let got = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*got, &mut notes);
-                write!(
-                    f,
-                    "Incorrect argument type for {}. Expected {}, but got {}",
-                    name, expected, got
-                )
+                write!(f, "Incorrect argument type for parameter {name}. Expected {expected}, but got {got}")
             }
             FieldUnificationError { field, types, loc } => {
                 let lhs = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(types.0, &mut notes);
@@ -126,22 +177,23 @@ impl<'a> Display for DisplayTypeError<'a> {
                         );
                         if let Some(loc) = loc {
                             result?;
-                            write!(f, " (in {})", loc)?;
+                            write!(f, " (in {loc})")?;
                             return Ok(());
                         }
                         result
                     }
-                    (TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2 })
-                        if ty1.len() != ty2.len() =>
-                    {
+                    (
+                        TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1, is_vararg_ctx: is_vararg1 },
+                        TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2, is_vararg_ctx: is_vararg2 },
+                    ) if !is_vararg1 && !is_vararg2 && ty1.len() != ty2.len() => {
                         let t1 = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t1, &mut notes);
                         let t2 = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t2, &mut notes);
-                        write!(f, "Tuple length mismatch: got {} and {}", t1, t2)
+                        write!(f, "Tuple length mismatch: got {t1} and {t2}")
                     }
                     _ => {
                         let t1 = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t1, &mut notes);
                         let t2 = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t2, &mut notes);
-                        write!(f, "Incompatible types: {} and {}", t1, t2)
+                        write!(f, "Incompatible types: {t1} and {t2}")
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -150,18 +202,21 @@ impl<'a> Display for DisplayTypeError<'a> {
                     write!(f, "Cannot assign to an element of a tuple")
                 } else {
                     let t = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t, &mut notes);
-                    write!(f, "Cannot assign to field {} of {}, which is immutable", name, t)
+                    write!(f, "Cannot assign to field {name} of {t}, which is immutable")
                 }
             }
             NoSuchField(name, t) => {
                 let t = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t, &mut notes);
-                write!(f, "`{}::{}` field/method does not exist", t, name)
+                write!(f, "`{t}::{name}` field/method does not exist")
+            }
+            NoSuchAttribute(name, t) => {
+                let t = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t, &mut notes);
+                write!(f, "`{t}::{name}` is not a class attribute")
             }
             TupleIndexOutOfBounds { index, len } => {
                 write!(
                     f,
-                    "Tuple index out of bounds. Got {} but tuple has only {} elements",
-                    index, len
+                    "Tuple index out of bounds. Got {index} but tuple has only {len} elements"
                 )
             }
             RequiresTypeAnn => {
@@ -172,13 +227,13 @@ impl<'a> Display for DisplayTypeError<'a> {
             }
         }?;
         if let Some(loc) = self.err.loc {
-            write!(f, " at {}", loc)?;
+            write!(f, " at {loc}")?;
         }
         let notes = notes.unwrap();
         if !notes.is_empty() {
             write!(f, "\n\nNotes:")?;
             for line in notes.values() {
-                write!(f, "\n    {}", line)?;
+                write!(f, "\n    {line}")?;
             }
         }
         Ok(())

nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/test.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
-use super::super::{magic_methods::with_fields, typedef::*};
-use super::*;
-use crate::{
-    codegen::CodeGenContext,
-    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
-};
+use std::iter::zip;
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use indoc::indoc;
-use itertools::zip;
-use nac3parser::parser::parse_program;
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use test_case::test_case;
 
+use nac3parser::{ast::FileName, parser::parse_program};
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
+    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
+    typecheck::{magic_methods::with_fields, typedef::*},
+};
+
 struct Resolver {
     id_to_type: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
     id_to_def: HashMap<StrRef, DefinitionId>,
@@ -20,7 +24,7 @@ struct Resolver {
 impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
     fn get_default_param_value(
         &self,
-        _: &nac3parser::ast::Expr,
+        _: &ast::Expr,
     ) -> Option<crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
@@ -32,26 +36,30 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         _: &PrimitiveStore,
         str: StrRef,
     ) -> Result<Type, String> {
-        self.id_to_type.get(&str).cloned().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", str))
+        self.id_to_type.get(&str).copied().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{str}`"))
     }
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         _: StrRef,
-        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
-        self.id_to_def.get(&id).cloned().ok_or("Unknown identifier".to_string())
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
+        self.id_to_def
+            .get(&id)
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from(["Unknown identifier".to_string()]))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_exception_id(&self, tyid: usize) -> usize {
+    fn get_exception_id(&self, _tyid: usize) -> usize {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }
@@ -62,7 +70,7 @@ struct TestEnvironment {
     pub primitives: PrimitiveStore,
     pub id_to_name: HashMap<usize, StrRef>,
     pub identifier_mapping: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
-    pub virtual_checks: Vec<(Type, Type, nac3parser::ast::Location)>,
+    pub virtual_checks: Vec<(Type, Type, Location)>,
     pub calls: HashMap<CodeLocation, CallId>,
     pub top_level: TopLevelContext,
 }
@@ -72,67 +80,107 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         let mut unifier = Unifier::new();
 
         let int32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(0),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         with_fields(&mut unifier, int32, |unifier, fields| {
             let add_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                args: vec![FuncArg { name: "other".into(), ty: int32, default_value: None }],
+                args: vec![FuncArg {
+                    name: "other".into(),
+                    ty: int32,
+                    default_value: None,
+                    is_vararg: false,
+                }],
                 ret: int32,
-                vars: HashMap::new(),
+                vars: VarMap::new(),
             }));
             fields.insert("__add__".into(), (add_ty, false));
         });
         let int64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(1),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let float = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(2),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Float.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let bool = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(3),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Bool.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let none = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(4),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::None.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let range = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(5),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Range.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let str = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(6),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Str.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let exception = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(7),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Exception.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(8),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(9),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
-        let primitives = PrimitiveStore { int32, int64, float, bool, none, range, str, exception, uint32, uint64 };
+        let option = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Option.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
+        });
+        let list_elem_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+        let list = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: into_var_map([list_elem_tvar]),
+        });
+        let ndarray_dtype_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("ndarray_dtype".into()), None);
+        let ndarray_ndims_tvar =
+            unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(uint64, Some("ndarray_ndims".into()), None);
+        let ndarray = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::NDArray.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: into_var_map([ndarray_dtype_tvar, ndarray_ndims_tvar]),
+        });
+        let primitives = PrimitiveStore {
+            int32,
+            int64,
+            float,
+            bool,
+            none,
+            range,
+            str,
+            exception,
+            uint32,
+            uint64,
+            option,
+            list,
+            ndarray,
+            size_t: 64,
+        };
+        unifier.put_primitive_store(&primitives);
         set_primitives_magic_methods(&primitives, &mut unifier);
 
-        let id_to_name = [
+        let id_to_name: HashMap<_, _> = [
             (0, "int32".into()),
             (1, "int64".into()),
             (2, "float".into()),
@@ -142,23 +190,21 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             (6, "str".into()),
             (7, "exception".into()),
         ]
-        .iter()
-        .cloned()
-        .collect();
+        .into();
 
         let mut identifier_mapping = HashMap::new();
         identifier_mapping.insert("None".into(), none);
 
         let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver {
             id_to_type: identifier_mapping.clone(),
-            id_to_def: Default::default(),
-            class_names: Default::default(),
+            id_to_def: HashMap::default(),
+            class_names: HashMap::default(),
         }) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
         TestEnvironment {
             top_level: TopLevelContext {
-                definitions: Default::default(),
-                unifiers: Default::default(),
+                definitions: Arc::default(),
+                unifiers: Arc::default(),
                 personality_symbol: None,
             },
             unifier,
@@ -180,65 +226,100 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         let mut identifier_mapping = HashMap::new();
         let mut top_level_defs: Vec<Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>> = Vec::new();
         let int32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(0),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         with_fields(&mut unifier, int32, |unifier, fields| {
             let add_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                args: vec![FuncArg { name: "other".into(), ty: int32, default_value: None }],
+                args: vec![FuncArg {
+                    name: "other".into(),
+                    ty: int32,
+                    default_value: None,
+                    is_vararg: false,
+                }],
                 ret: int32,
-                vars: HashMap::new(),
+                vars: VarMap::new(),
             }));
             fields.insert("__add__".into(), (add_ty, false));
         });
         let int64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(1),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let float = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(2),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Float.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let bool = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(3),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Bool.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let none = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(4),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::None.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let range = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(5),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Range.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let str = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(6),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Str.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let exception = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(7),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Exception.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(8),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(9),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
+        });
+        let option = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Option.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
+        });
+        let list_elem_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+        let list = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: into_var_map([list_elem_tvar]),
+        });
+        let ndarray = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::NDArray.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         identifier_mapping.insert("None".into(), none);
-        for (i, name) in ["int32", "int64", "float", "bool", "none", "range", "str", "Exception"]
+        for (i, name) in [
+            "int32",
+            "int64",
+            "float",
+            "bool",
+            "none",
+            "range",
+            "str",
+            "Exception",
+            "uint32",
+            "uint64",
+            "Option",
+            "list",
+            "ndarray",
+        ]
         .iter()
         .enumerate()
         {
@@ -246,10 +327,11 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                 RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                     name: (*name).into(),
                     object_id: DefinitionId(i),
-                    type_vars: Default::default(),
-                    fields: Default::default(),
-                    methods: Default::default(),
-                    ancestors: Default::default(),
+                    type_vars: Vec::default(),
+                    fields: Vec::default(),
+                    attributes: Vec::default(),
+                    methods: Vec::default(),
+                    ancestors: Vec::default(),
                     resolver: None,
                     constructor: None,
                     loc: None,
@@ -257,25 +339,43 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                 .into(),
             );
         }
-        let defs = 7;
+        let defs = 12;
 
-        let primitives = PrimitiveStore { int32, int64, float, bool, none, range, str, exception, uint32, uint64 };
+        let primitives = PrimitiveStore {
+            int32,
+            int64,
+            float,
+            bool,
+            none,
+            range,
+            str,
+            exception,
+            uint32,
+            uint64,
+            option,
+            list,
+            ndarray,
+            size_t: 64,
+        };
 
-        let (v0, id) = unifier.get_dummy_var();
+        unifier.put_primitive_store(&primitives);
+
+        let tvar = unifier.get_dummy_var();
 
         let foo_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
             obj_id: DefinitionId(defs + 1),
-            fields: [("a".into(), (v0, true))].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-            params: [(id, v0)].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+            fields: [("a".into(), (tvar.ty, true))].into(),
+            params: into_var_map([tvar]),
         });
         top_level_defs.push(
             RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                 name: "Foo".into(),
                 object_id: DefinitionId(defs + 1),
-                type_vars: vec![v0],
-                fields: [("a".into(), v0, true)].into(),
-                methods: Default::default(),
-                ancestors: Default::default(),
+                type_vars: vec![tvar.ty],
+                fields: [("a".into(), tvar.ty, true)].into(),
+                attributes: Vec::default(),
+                methods: Vec::default(),
+                ancestors: Vec::default(),
                 resolver: None,
                 constructor: None,
                 loc: None,
@@ -288,31 +388,29 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: vec![],
                 ret: foo_ty,
-                vars: [(id, v0)].iter().cloned().collect(),
+                vars: into_var_map([tvar]),
             })),
         );
 
         let fun = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
             args: vec![],
             ret: int32,
-            vars: Default::default(),
+            vars: IndexMap::default(),
         }));
         let bar = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
             obj_id: DefinitionId(defs + 2),
-            fields: [("a".into(), (int32, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, true))]
-                .iter()
-                .cloned()
-                .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-            params: Default::default(),
+            fields: [("a".into(), (int32, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, true))].into(),
+            params: IndexMap::default(),
         });
         top_level_defs.push(
             RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                 name: "Bar".into(),
                 object_id: DefinitionId(defs + 2),
-                type_vars: Default::default(),
+                type_vars: Vec::default(),
                 fields: [("a".into(), int32, true), ("b".into(), fun, true)].into(),
-                methods: Default::default(),
-                ancestors: Default::default(),
+                attributes: Vec::default(),
+                methods: Vec::default(),
+                ancestors: Vec::default(),
                 resolver: None,
                 constructor: None,
                 loc: None,
@@ -324,26 +422,24 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: vec![],
                 ret: bar,
-                vars: Default::default(),
+                vars: IndexMap::default(),
             })),
         );
 
         let bar2 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
             obj_id: DefinitionId(defs + 3),
-            fields: [("a".into(), (bool, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, false))]
-                .iter()
-                .cloned()
-                .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-            params: Default::default(),
+            fields: [("a".into(), (bool, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, false))].into(),
+            params: IndexMap::default(),
         });
         top_level_defs.push(
             RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                 name: "Bar2".into(),
                 object_id: DefinitionId(defs + 3),
-                type_vars: Default::default(),
+                type_vars: Vec::default(),
                 fields: [("a".into(), bool, true), ("b".into(), fun, false)].into(),
-                methods: Default::default(),
-                ancestors: Default::default(),
+                attributes: Vec::default(),
+                methods: Vec::default(),
+                ancestors: Vec::default(),
                 resolver: None,
                 constructor: None,
                 loc: None,
@@ -355,10 +451,10 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: vec![],
                 ret: bar2,
-                vars: Default::default(),
+                vars: IndexMap::default(),
             })),
         );
-        let class_names = [("Bar".into(), bar), ("Bar2".into(), bar2)].iter().cloned().collect();
+        let class_names: HashMap<_, _> = [("Bar".into(), bar), ("Bar2".into(), bar2)].into();
 
         let id_to_name = [
             "int32".into(),
@@ -369,18 +465,22 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             "range".into(),
             "str".into(),
             "exception".into(),
+            "uint32".into(),
+            "uint64".into(),
+            "option".into(),
+            "list".into(),
+            "ndarray".into(),
             "Foo".into(),
             "Bar".into(),
             "Bar2".into(),
         ]
-        .iter()
+        .into_iter()
         .enumerate()
-        .map(|(a, b)| (a, *b))
         .collect();
 
         let top_level = TopLevelContext {
             definitions: Arc::new(top_level_defs.into()),
-            unifiers: Default::default(),
+            unifiers: Arc::default(),
             personality_symbol: None,
         };
 
@@ -391,9 +491,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                 ("Bar".into(), DefinitionId(defs + 2)),
                 ("Bar2".into(), DefinitionId(defs + 3)),
             ]
-            .iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect(),
+            .into(),
             class_names,
         }) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
@@ -418,11 +516,11 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             top_level: &self.top_level,
             function_data: &mut self.function_data,
             unifier: &mut self.unifier,
-            variable_mapping: Default::default(),
+            variable_mapping: HashMap::default(),
             primitives: &mut self.primitives,
             virtual_checks: &mut self.virtual_checks,
             calls: &mut self.calls,
-            defined_identifiers: Default::default(),
+            defined_identifiers: HashMap::default(),
             in_handler: false,
         }
     }
@@ -434,7 +532,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         c = 1.234
         d = True
     "},
-    [("a", "int32"), ("b", "int64"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "bool")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "int32"), ("b", "int64"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "bool")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "primitives test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -443,7 +541,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         c = 1.234
         d = b(c)
     "},
-    [("a", "fn[[x:float, y:float], float]"), ("b", "fn[[x:float], float]"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "float")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "fn[[x:float, y:float], float]"), ("b", "fn[[x:float], float]"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "float")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "lambda test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -452,7 +550,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         a = b
         c = b(1)
     "},
-    [("a", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "int32")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "int32")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "lambda test 2")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -468,15 +566,15 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         b(123)
 
     "},
-    [("a", "fn[[x:bool], bool]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "bool"),
-     ("d", "int32"), ("foo1", "Foo[bool]"), ("foo2", "Foo[int32]")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "fn[[x:bool], bool]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "bool"),
+     ("d", "int32"), ("foo1", "Foo[bool]"), ("foo2", "Foo[int32]")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "obj test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
         a = [1, 2, 3]
         b = [x + x for x in a]
     "},
-    [("a", "list[int32]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "list[int32]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "listcomp test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -484,25 +582,26 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         b = a.b()
         a = virtual(Bar2())
     "},
-    [("a", "virtual[Bar]"), ("b", "int32")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "virtual[Bar]"), ("b", "int32")].into(),
     &[("Bar", "Bar"), ("Bar2", "Bar")]
     ; "virtual test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
         a = [virtual(Bar(), Bar), virtual(Bar2())]
         b = [x.b() for x in a]
     "},
-    [("a", "list[virtual[Bar]]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "list[virtual[Bar]]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].into(),
     &[("Bar", "Bar"), ("Bar2", "Bar")]
     ; "virtual list test")]
-fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &str)]) {
-    println!("source:\n{}", source);
+fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: &HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &str)]) {
+    println!("source:\n{source}");
     let mut env = TestEnvironment::new();
     let id_to_name = std::mem::take(&mut env.id_to_name);
-    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().cloned().collect();
-    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into());
+    let mut defined_identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).collect();
+    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into(), IdentifierInfo::default());
     let mut inferencer = env.get_inferencer();
-    inferencer.defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-    let statements = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    inferencer.defined_identifiers.clone_from(&defined_identifiers);
+    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
     let statements = statements
         .into_iter()
         .map(|v| inferencer.fold_stmt(v))
@@ -511,37 +610,37 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
 
     inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut defined_identifiers).unwrap();
 
-    for (k, v) in inferencer.variable_mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in &inferencer.variable_mapping {
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *v,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        println!("{}: {}", k, name);
+        println!("{k}: {name}");
     }
-    for (k, v) in mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in mapping {
         let ty = inferencer.variable_mapping.get(&(*k).into()).unwrap();
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *ty,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        assert_eq!(format!("{}: {}", k, v), format!("{}: {}", k, name));
+        assert_eq!(format!("{k}: {v}"), format!("{k}: {name}"));
     }
     assert_eq!(inferencer.virtual_checks.len(), virtuals.len());
     for ((a, b, _), (x, y)) in zip(inferencer.virtual_checks.iter(), virtuals) {
         let a = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *a,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
         let b = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *b,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
 
@@ -560,14 +659,14 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         g = a // b
         h = a % b
     "},
-    [("a", "int32"),
+    &[("a", "int32"),
     ("b", "int32"),
     ("c", "int32"),
     ("d", "int32"),
     ("e", "int32"),
     ("f", "float"),
     ("g", "int32"),
-    ("h", "int32")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("h", "int32")].into()
     ; "int32")]
 #[test_case(
     indoc! {"
@@ -583,7 +682,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         ii = 3
         j = a ** b
     "},
-    [("a", "float"),
+    &[("a", "float"),
     ("b", "float"),
     ("c", "float"),
     ("d", "float"),
@@ -593,7 +692,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
     ("h", "float"),
     ("i", "float"),
     ("ii", "int32"),
-    ("j", "float")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("j", "float")].into()
     ; "float"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -611,7 +710,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         k = a < b
         l = a != b
     "},
-    [("a", "int64"),
+    &[("a", "int64"),
     ("b", "int64"),
     ("c", "int64"),
     ("d", "int64"),
@@ -622,7 +721,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
     ("i", "bool"),
     ("j", "bool"),
     ("k", "bool"),
-    ("l", "bool")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("l", "bool")].into()
     ; "int64"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -633,22 +732,23 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         d = not a
         e = a != b
     "},
-    [("a", "bool"),
+    &[("a", "bool"),
     ("b", "bool"),
     ("c", "bool"),
     ("d", "bool"),
-    ("e", "bool")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("e", "bool")].into()
     ; "boolean"
 )]
-fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>) {
-    println!("source:\n{}", source);
+fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: &HashMap<&str, &str>) {
+    println!("source:\n{source}");
     let mut env = TestEnvironment::basic_test_env();
     let id_to_name = std::mem::take(&mut env.id_to_name);
-    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().cloned().collect();
-    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into());
+    let mut defined_identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).collect();
+    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into(), IdentifierInfo::default());
     let mut inferencer = env.get_inferencer();
-    inferencer.defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-    let statements = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    inferencer.defined_identifiers.clone_from(&defined_identifiers);
+    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
     let statements = statements
         .into_iter()
         .map(|v| inferencer.fold_stmt(v))
@@ -657,23 +757,23 @@ fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>) {
 
     inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut defined_identifiers).unwrap();
 
-    for (k, v) in inferencer.variable_mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in &inferencer.variable_mapping {
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *v,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        println!("{}: {}", k, name);
+        println!("{k}: {name}");
     }
-    for (k, v) in mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in mapping {
         let ty = inferencer.variable_mapping.get(&(*k).into()).unwrap();
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *ty,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        assert_eq!(format!("{}: {}", k, v), format!("{}: {}", k, name));
+        assert_eq!(format!("{k}: {v}"), format!("{k}: {name}"));
     }
 }

nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/test.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-use super::super::magic_methods::with_fields;
-use super::*;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
 use indoc::indoc;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use test_case::test_case;
 
+use super::*;
+use crate::typecheck::magic_methods::with_fields;
+
 impl Unifier {
     /// Check whether two types are equal.
     fn eq(&mut self, a: Type, b: Type) -> bool {
@@ -28,32 +30,32 @@ impl Unifier {
                 TypeEnum::TVar { fields: Some(map1), .. },
                 TypeEnum::TVar { fields: Some(map2), .. },
             ) => self.map_eq2(map1, map2),
-            (TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2 }) => {
+            (
+                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1, is_vararg_ctx: false },
+                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2, is_vararg_ctx: false },
+            ) => {
                 ty1.len() == ty2.len()
                     && ty1.iter().zip(ty2.iter()).all(|(t1, t2)| self.eq(*t1, *t2))
             }
-            (TypeEnum::TList { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TList { ty: ty2 })
-            | (TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty2 }) => {
-                self.eq(*ty1, *ty2)
-            }
+            (TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty2 }) => self.eq(*ty1, *ty2),
             (
                 TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: id1, params: params1, .. },
                 TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: id2, params: params2, .. },
             ) => id1 == id2 && self.map_eq(params1, params2),
-            // TCall and TFunc are not yet implemented
+            // TLiteral, TCall and TFunc are not yet implemented
             _ => false,
         }
     }
 
-    fn map_eq<K>(&mut self, map1: &Mapping<K>, map2: &Mapping<K>) -> bool
+    fn map_eq<K>(&mut self, map1: &IndexMapping<K>, map2: &IndexMapping<K>) -> bool
     where
-        K: std::hash::Hash + std::cmp::Eq + std::clone::Clone,
+        K: std::hash::Hash + Eq + Clone,
     {
         if map1.len() != map2.len() {
             return false;
         }
-        for (k, v) in map1.iter() {
-            if !map2.get(k).map(|v1| self.eq(*v, *v1)).unwrap_or(false) {
+        for (k, v) in map1 {
+            if !map2.get(k).is_some_and(|v1| self.eq(*v, *v1)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -62,13 +64,13 @@ impl Unifier {
 
     fn map_eq2<K>(&mut self, map1: &Mapping<K, RecordField>, map2: &Mapping<K, RecordField>) -> bool
     where
-        K: std::hash::Hash + std::cmp::Eq + std::clone::Clone,
+        K: std::hash::Hash + Eq + Clone,
     {
         if map1.len() != map2.len() {
             return false;
         }
-        for (k, v) in map1.iter() {
-            if !map2.get(k).map(|v1| self.eq(v.ty, v1.ty)).unwrap_or(false) {
+        for (k, v) in map1 {
+            if !map2.get(k).is_some_and(|v1| self.eq(v.ty, v1.ty)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(0),
                 fields: HashMap::new(),
-                params: HashMap::new(),
+                params: VarMap::new(),
             }),
         );
         type_mapping.insert(
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(1),
                 fields: HashMap::new(),
-                params: HashMap::new(),
+                params: VarMap::new(),
             }),
         );
         type_mapping.insert(
@@ -107,16 +109,25 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(2),
                 fields: HashMap::new(),
-                params: HashMap::new(),
+                params: VarMap::new(),
             }),
         );
-        let (v0, id) = unifier.get_dummy_var();
+        let tvar = unifier.get_dummy_var();
         type_mapping.insert(
             "Foo".into(),
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(3),
-                fields: [("a".into(), (v0, true))].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-                params: [(id, v0)].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                fields: [("a".into(), (tvar.ty, true))].into(),
+                params: into_var_map([tvar]),
+            }),
+        );
+        let tvar = unifier.get_dummy_var();
+        type_mapping.insert(
+            "list".into(),
+            unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+                obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+                fields: HashMap::new(),
+                params: into_var_map([tvar]),
             }),
         );
 
@@ -129,34 +140,54 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         result.0
     }
 
-    fn internal_parse<'a, 'b>(
-        &'a mut self,
-        typ: &'b str,
-        mapping: &Mapping<String>,
-    ) -> (Type, &'b str) {
+    fn internal_parse<'b>(&mut self, typ: &'b str, mapping: &Mapping<String>) -> (Type, &'b str) {
         // for testing only, so we can just panic when the input is malformed
-        let end = typ.find(|c| ['[', ',', ']', '='].contains(&c)).unwrap_or_else(|| typ.len());
+        let end = typ.find(|c| ['[', ',', ']', '='].contains(&c)).unwrap_or(typ.len());
         match &typ[..end] {
-            "tuple" => {
+            "list" => {
                 let mut s = &typ[end..];
-                assert!(&s[0..1] == "[");
+                assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
                 let mut ty = Vec::new();
                 while &s[0..1] != "]" {
                     let result = self.internal_parse(&s[1..], mapping);
                     ty.push(result.0);
                     s = result.1;
                 }
-                (self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty }), &s[1..])
+
+                assert_eq!(ty.len(), 1);
+
+                let list_elem_tvar = if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } =
+                    &*self.unifier.get_ty_immutable(self.type_mapping["list"])
+                {
+                    iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap()
+                } else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                };
+
+                (
+                    self.unifier
+                        .subst(
+                            self.type_mapping["list"],
+                            &into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: ty[0] }]),
+                        )
+                        .unwrap(),
+                    &s[1..],
+                )
             }
-            "list" => {
-                assert!(&typ[end..end + 1] == "[");
-                let (ty, s) = self.internal_parse(&typ[end + 1..], mapping);
-                assert!(&s[0..1] == "]");
-                (self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }), &s[1..])
+            "tuple" => {
+                let mut s = &typ[end..];
+                assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
+                let mut ty = Vec::new();
+                while &s[0..1] != "]" {
+                    let result = self.internal_parse(&s[1..], mapping);
+                    ty.push(result.0);
+                    s = result.1;
+                }
+                (self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx: false }), &s[1..])
             }
             "Record" => {
                 let mut s = &typ[end..];
-                assert!(&s[0..1] == "[");
+                assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
                 let mut fields = HashMap::new();
                 while &s[0..1] != "]" {
                     let eq = s.find('=').unwrap();
@@ -169,14 +200,14 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             }
             x => {
                 let mut s = &typ[end..];
-                let ty = mapping.get(x).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let ty = mapping.get(x).copied().unwrap_or_else(|| {
                     // mapping should be type variables, type_mapping should be concrete types
                     // we should not resolve the type of type variables.
                     let mut ty = *self.type_mapping.get(x).unwrap();
                     let te = self.unifier.get_ty(ty);
-                    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*te.as_ref() {
+                    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*te {
                         if !params.is_empty() {
-                            assert!(&s[0..1] == "[");
+                            assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
                             let mut p = Vec::new();
                             while &s[0..1] != "]" {
                                 let result = self.internal_parse(&s[1..], mapping);
@@ -186,7 +217,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                             s = &s[1..];
                             ty = self
                                 .unifier
-                                .subst(ty, &params.keys().cloned().zip(p.into_iter()).collect())
+                                .subst(ty, &params.keys().copied().zip(p).collect())
                                 .unwrap_or(ty);
                         }
                     }
@@ -250,12 +281,12 @@ fn test_unify(
         let mut mapping = HashMap::new();
         for i in 1..=variable_count {
             let v = env.unifier.get_dummy_var();
-            mapping.insert(format!("v{}", i), v.0);
+            mapping.insert(format!("v{i}"), v.ty);
         }
         // unification may have side effect when we do type resolution, so freeze the types
         // before doing unification.
         let mut pairs = Vec::new();
-        for (a, b) in perm.iter() {
+        for (a, b) in &perm {
             let t1 = env.parse(a, &mapping);
             let t2 = env.parse(b, &mapping);
             pairs.push((t1, t2));
@@ -263,8 +294,8 @@ fn test_unify(
         for (t1, t2) in pairs {
             env.unifier.unify(t1, t2).unwrap();
         }
-        for (a, b) in verify_pairs.iter() {
-            println!("{} = {}", a, b);
+        for (a, b) in verify_pairs {
+            println!("{a} = {b}");
             let t1 = env.parse(a, &mapping);
             let t2 = env.parse(b, &mapping);
             println!("a = {}, b = {}", env.unifier.stringify(t1), env.unifier.stringify(t2));
@@ -278,7 +309,7 @@ fn test_unify(
         ("v1", "tuple[int]"),
         ("v2", "list[int]"),
     ],
-    (("v1", "v2"), "Incompatible types: list[0] and tuple[0]")
+    (("v1", "v2"), "Incompatible types: 11[0] and tuple[0]")
     ; "type mismatch"
 )]
 #[test_case(2,
@@ -286,7 +317,7 @@ fn test_unify(
         ("v1", "tuple[int]"),
         ("v2", "tuple[float]"),
     ],
-    (("v1", "v2"), "Incompatible types: 0 and 1")
+    (("v1", "v2"), "Incompatible types: tuple[0] and tuple[1]")
     ; "tuple parameter mismatch"
 )]
 #[test_case(2,
@@ -302,35 +333,35 @@ fn test_unify(
         ("v1", "Record[a=float,b=int]"),
         ("v2", "Foo[v3]"),
     ],
-    (("v1", "v2"), "`3[var4]::b` field/method does not exist")
+    (("v1", "v2"), "`3[typevar5]::b` field/method does not exist")
     ; "record obj merge"
 )]
 /// Test cases for invalid unifications.
 fn test_invalid_unification(
     variable_count: u32,
     unify_pairs: &[(&'static str, &'static str)],
-    errornous_pair: ((&'static str, &'static str), &'static str),
+    erroneous_pair: ((&'static str, &'static str), &'static str),
 ) {
     let mut env = TestEnvironment::new();
     let mut mapping = HashMap::new();
     for i in 1..=variable_count {
         let v = env.unifier.get_dummy_var();
-        mapping.insert(format!("v{}", i), v.0);
+        mapping.insert(format!("v{i}"), v.ty);
     }
     // unification may have side effect when we do type resolution, so freeze the types
     // before doing unification.
     let mut pairs = Vec::new();
-    for (a, b) in unify_pairs.iter() {
+    for (a, b) in unify_pairs {
         let t1 = env.parse(a, &mapping);
         let t2 = env.parse(b, &mapping);
         pairs.push((t1, t2));
     }
     let (t1, t2) =
-        (env.parse(errornous_pair.0 .0, &mapping), env.parse(errornous_pair.0 .1, &mapping));
+        (env.parse(erroneous_pair.0 .0, &mapping), env.parse(erroneous_pair.0 .1, &mapping));
     for (a, b) in pairs {
         env.unifier.unify(a, b).unwrap();
     }
-    assert_eq!(env.unify(t1, t2), Err(errornous_pair.1.to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(env.unify(t1, t2), Err(erroneous_pair.1.to_string()));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -339,23 +370,17 @@ fn test_recursive_subst() {
     let int = *env.type_mapping.get("int").unwrap();
     let foo_id = *env.type_mapping.get("Foo").unwrap();
     let foo_ty = env.unifier.get_ty(foo_id);
-    let mapping: HashMap<_, _>;
     with_fields(&mut env.unifier, foo_id, |_unifier, fields| {
         fields.insert("rec".into(), (foo_id, true));
     });
-    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*foo_ty {
-        mapping = params.iter().map(|(id, _)| (*id, int)).collect();
-    } else {
-        unreachable!()
-    }
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*foo_ty else { unreachable!() };
+    let mapping = params.iter().map(|(id, _)| (*id, int)).collect();
     let instantiated = env.unifier.subst(foo_id, &mapping).unwrap();
     let instantiated_ty = env.unifier.get_ty(instantiated);
-    if let TypeEnum::TObj { fields, .. } = &*instantiated_ty {
+
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { fields, .. } = &*instantiated_ty else { unreachable!() };
     assert!(env.unifier.unioned(fields.get(&"a".into()).unwrap().0, int));
     assert!(env.unifier.unioned(fields.get(&"rec".into()).unwrap().0, instantiated));
-    } else {
-        unreachable!()
-    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -365,36 +390,27 @@ fn test_virtual() {
     let fun = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
         args: vec![],
         ret: int,
-        vars: HashMap::new(),
+        vars: VarMap::new(),
     }));
     let bar = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
         obj_id: DefinitionId(5),
-        fields: [("f".into(), (fun, false)), ("a".into(), (int, false))]
-            .iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<HashMap<StrRef, _>>(),
-        params: HashMap::new(),
+        fields: [("f".into(), (fun, false)), ("a".into(), (int, false))].into(),
+        params: VarMap::new(),
     });
-    let v0 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
-    let v1 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
+    let v0 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
+    let v1 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
 
     let a = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: bar });
     let b = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: v0 });
-    let c = env
-        .unifier
-        .add_record([("f".into(), RecordField::new(v1, false, None))].iter().cloned().collect());
+    let c = env.unifier.add_record([("f".into(), RecordField::new(v1, false, None))].into());
     env.unifier.unify(a, b).unwrap();
     env.unifier.unify(b, c).unwrap();
     assert!(env.unifier.eq(v1, fun));
 
-    let d = env
-        .unifier
-        .add_record([("a".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].iter().cloned().collect());
+    let d = env.unifier.add_record([("a".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].into());
     assert_eq!(env.unify(b, d), Err("`virtual[5]::a` field/method does not exist".to_string()));
 
-    let d = env
-        .unifier
-        .add_record([("b".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].iter().cloned().collect());
+    let d = env.unifier.add_record([("b".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].into());
     assert_eq!(env.unify(b, d), Err("`virtual[5]::b` field/method does not exist".to_string()));
 }
 
@@ -407,85 +423,132 @@ fn test_typevar_range() {
     let int_list = env.parse("list[int]", &HashMap::new());
     let float_list = env.parse("list[float]", &HashMap::new());
 
+    let list_elem_tvar = if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } =
+        &*env.unifier.get_ty_immutable(env.type_mapping["list"])
+    {
+        iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap()
+    } else {
+        unreachable!()
+    };
+
     // unification between v and int
     // where v in (int, bool)
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(int, v).unwrap();
 
     // unification between v and list[int]
     // where v in (int, bool)
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(int_list, v),
-        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 2, but got list[0]".to_string())
+        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 2, but got 11[0]".to_string())
     );
 
     // unification between v and float
     // where v in (int, bool)
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(float, v),
         Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 2, but got 1".to_string())
     );
 
-    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
-    let v1_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: v1 });
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).0;
+    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
+    let v1_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: v1 }]),
+    });
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).ty;
     // unification between v and int
     // where v in (int, list[v1]), v1 in (int, bool)
     env.unifier.unify(int, v).unwrap();
 
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).ty;
     // unification between v and list[int]
     // where v in (int, list[v1]), v1 in (int, bool)
     env.unifier.unify(int_list, v).unwrap();
 
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).ty;
     // unification between v and list[float]
     // where v in (int, list[v1]), v1 in (int, bool)
+    println!("float_list: {}, v: {}", env.unifier.stringify(float_list), env.unifier.stringify(v));
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(float_list, v),
-        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, list[var5], but got list[1]\n\nNotes:\n    var5 ∈ {0, 2}".to_string())
+        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 11[typevar6], but got 11[1]\n\nNotes:\n    typevar6 ∈ {0, 2}".to_string())
     );
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(a, b).unwrap();
     env.unifier.unify(a, float).unwrap();
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(a, b).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(env.unify(a, int), Err("Expected any one of these types: 1, but got 0".into()));
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
-    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
-    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).0;
-    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: b });
-    let b_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[b_list], None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
+    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).ty;
+    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: b }]),
+    });
+    let b_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[b_list], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, b_list).unwrap();
-    let float_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: float });
+    let float_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: float }]),
+    });
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, float_list).unwrap();
     // previous unifications should not affect a and b
     env.unifier.unify(a, int).unwrap();
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
-    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
-    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: b });
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
+    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: b }]),
+    });
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, b_list).unwrap();
-    let int_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: int });
+    let int_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: int }]),
+    });
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(a_list, int_list),
-        Err("Expected any one of these types: 1, but got 0".into())
+        Err("Incompatible types: 11[typevar23] and 11[0]\
+            \n\nNotes:\n    typevar23 ∈ {1}"
+            .into())
     );
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
-    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
-    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).0;
-    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: b });
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
+    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).ty;
+    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: b }]),
+    });
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, b_list).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(b, boolean),
@@ -496,17 +559,29 @@ fn test_typevar_range() {
 #[test]
 fn test_rigid_var() {
     let mut env = TestEnvironment::new();
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).0;
-    let x = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
-    let list_a = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
-    let list_x = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: x });
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).ty;
+    let x = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
+    let list_elem_tvar = env.unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+    let list_a = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let list_x = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: x }]),
+    });
     let int = env.parse("int", &HashMap::new());
     let list_int = env.parse("list[int]", &HashMap::new());
 
-    assert_eq!(env.unify(a, b), Err("Incompatible types: var3 and var2".to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(env.unify(a, b), Err("Incompatible types: typevar4 and typevar3".to_string()));
     env.unifier.unify(list_a, list_x).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(env.unify(list_x, list_int), Err("Incompatible types: 0 and var2".to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(
+        env.unify(list_x, list_int),
+        Err("Incompatible types: 11[typevar3] and 11[0]".to_string())
+    );
 
     env.unifier.replace_rigid_var(a, int);
     env.unifier.unify(list_x, list_int).unwrap();
@@ -520,16 +595,26 @@ fn test_instantiation() {
     let float = env.parse("float", &HashMap::new());
     let list_int = env.parse("list[int]", &HashMap::new());
 
-    let obj_map: HashMap<_, _> =
-        [(0usize, "int"), (1, "float"), (2, "bool")].iter().cloned().collect();
+    let list_elem_tvar = if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } =
+        &*env.unifier.get_ty_immutable(env.type_mapping["list"])
+    {
+        iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap()
+    } else {
+        unreachable!()
+    };
 
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
-    let list_v = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: v });
-    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_v, int], None, None).0;
-    let v2 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_int, float], None, None).0;
-    let t = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
-    let tuple = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![v, v1, v2] });
-    let v3 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[tuple, t], None, None).0;
+    let obj_map: HashMap<_, _> = [(0usize, "int"), (1, "float"), (2, "bool"), (11, "list")].into();
+
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
+    let list_v = env
+        .unifier
+        .subst(env.type_mapping["list"], &into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: v }]))
+        .unwrap();
+    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_v, int], None, None).ty;
+    let v2 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let t = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
+    let tuple = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![v, v1, v2], is_vararg_ctx: false });
+    let v3 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[tuple, t], None, None).ty;
     // t = TypeVar('t')
     // v = TypeVar('v', int, bool)
     // v1 = TypeVar('v1', 'list[v]', int)
@@ -551,7 +636,7 @@ fn test_instantiation() {
         tuple[int, list[bool], list[int]]
         tuple[int, list[int], float]
         tuple[int, list[int], list[int]]
-        v5"
+        v6"
     }
     .split('\n')
     .collect_vec();
@@ -560,8 +645,8 @@ fn test_instantiation() {
         .map(|ty| {
             env.unifier.internal_stringify(
                 *ty,
-                &mut |i| obj_map.get(&i).unwrap().to_string(),
-                &mut |i| format!("v{}", i),
+                &mut |i| (*obj_map.get(&i).unwrap()).to_string(),
+                &mut |i| format!("v{i}"),
                 &mut None,
             )
         })

nac3core/src/typecheck/unification_table.rs

@@ -16,21 +16,10 @@ pub struct UnificationTable<V> {
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 enum Action<V> {
-    Parent {
-        key: usize,
-        original_parent: usize,
-    },
-    Value {
-        key: usize,
-        original_value: Option<V>,
-    },
-    Rank {
-        key: usize,
-        original_rank: u32,
-    },
-    Marker {
-        generation: u32,
-    }
+    Parent { key: usize, original_parent: usize },
+    Value { key: usize, original_value: Option<V> },
+    Rank { key: usize, original_rank: u32 },
+    Marker { generation: u32 },
 }
 
 impl<V> Default for UnificationTable<V> {
@@ -41,7 +30,13 @@ impl<V> Default for UnificationTable<V> {
 
 impl<V> UnificationTable<V> {
     pub fn new() -> UnificationTable<V> {
-        UnificationTable { parents: Vec::new(), ranks: Vec::new(), values: Vec::new(), log: Vec::new(), generation: 0 }
+        UnificationTable {
+            parents: Vec::new(),
+            ranks: Vec::new(),
+            values: Vec::new(),
+            log: Vec::new(),
+            generation: 0,
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn new_key(&mut self, v: V) -> UnificationKey {
@@ -61,7 +56,7 @@ impl<V> UnificationTable<V> {
         if self.ranks[a] < self.ranks[b] {
             std::mem::swap(&mut a, &mut b);
         }
-        self.log.push(Action::Parent { key: b, original_parent: a });
+        self.log.push(Action::Parent { key: b, original_parent: self.parents[b] });
         self.parents[b] = a;
         if self.ranks[a] == self.ranks[b] {
             self.log.push(Action::Rank { key: a, original_rank: self.ranks[a] });
@@ -106,7 +101,7 @@ impl<V> UnificationTable<V> {
             // a = parent.parent
             let a = self.parents[parent];
             // root.parent = parent.parent
-            self.log.push(Action::Parent { key: root, original_parent: a });
+            self.log.push(Action::Parent { key: root, original_parent: self.parents[root] });
             self.parents[root] = a;
             root = parent;
             // parent = root.parent
@@ -125,7 +120,10 @@ impl<V> UnificationTable<V> {
     pub fn restore_snapshot(&mut self, snapshot: (usize, u32)) {
         let (log_len, generation) = snapshot;
         assert!(self.log.len() >= log_len, "snapshot restoration error");
-        assert!(matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if gen == generation), "snapshot restoration error");
+        assert!(
+            matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if gen == generation),
+            "snapshot restoration error"
+        );
         for action in self.log.drain(log_len - 1..).rev() {
             match action {
                 Action::Parent { key, original_parent } => {
@@ -145,8 +143,11 @@ impl<V> UnificationTable<V> {
     pub fn discard_snapshot(&mut self, snapshot: (usize, u32)) {
         let (log_len, generation) = snapshot;
         assert!(self.log.len() >= log_len, "snapshot discard error");
-        assert!(matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if generation == gen), "snapshot discard error");
-        self.log.truncate(log_len - 1);
+        assert!(
+            matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if gen == generation),
+            "snapshot discard error"
+        );
+        self.log.clear();
     }
 }
 
@@ -159,11 +160,23 @@ where
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(i, (v, p))| if *p == i { v.as_ref().map(|v| v.as_ref().clone()) } else { None })
             .collect();
-        UnificationTable { parents: self.parents.clone(), ranks: self.ranks.clone(), values, log: Vec::new(), generation: 0 }
+        UnificationTable {
+            parents: self.parents.clone(),
+            ranks: self.ranks.clone(),
+            values,
+            log: Vec::new(),
+            generation: 0,
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn from_send(table: &UnificationTable<V>) -> UnificationTable<Rc<V>> {
         let values = table.values.iter().cloned().map(|v| v.map(Rc::new)).collect();
-        UnificationTable { parents: table.parents.clone(), ranks: table.ranks.clone(), values, log: Vec::new(), generation: 0 }
+        UnificationTable {
+            parents: table.parents.clone(),
+            ranks: table.ranks.clone(),
+            values,
+            log: Vec::new(),
+            generation: 0,
+        }
     }
 }

nac3ld/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "nac3ld"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["M-Labs"]
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+byteorder = { version = "1.5", default-features = false }

nac3ld/src/dwarf.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+#![allow(non_camel_case_types, non_upper_case_globals)]
+
+use std::mem;
+
+use byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian};
+
+pub const DW_EH_PE_omit: u8 = 0xFF;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_absptr: u8 = 0x00;
+
+pub const DW_EH_PE_uleb128: u8 = 0x01;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_udata2: u8 = 0x02;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_udata4: u8 = 0x03;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_udata8: u8 = 0x04;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_sleb128: u8 = 0x09;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_sdata2: u8 = 0x0A;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_sdata4: u8 = 0x0B;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_sdata8: u8 = 0x0C;
+
+pub const DW_EH_PE_pcrel: u8 = 0x10;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_textrel: u8 = 0x20;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_datarel: u8 = 0x30;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_funcrel: u8 = 0x40;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_aligned: u8 = 0x50;
+
+pub const DW_EH_PE_indirect: u8 = 0x80;
+
+pub struct DwarfReader<'a> {
+    pub slice: &'a [u8],
+    pub virt_addr: u32,
+    base_slice: &'a [u8],
+    base_virt_addr: u32,
+}
+
+impl<'a> DwarfReader<'a> {
+    pub fn new(slice: &[u8], virt_addr: u32) -> DwarfReader {
+        DwarfReader { slice, virt_addr, base_slice: slice, base_virt_addr: virt_addr }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new instance from another instance of [DwarfReader], optionally removing any
+    /// offsets previously applied to the other instance.
+    pub fn from_reader(other: &DwarfReader<'a>, reset_offset: bool) -> DwarfReader<'a> {
+        if reset_offset {
+            DwarfReader::new(other.base_slice, other.base_virt_addr)
+        } else {
+            DwarfReader::new(other.slice, other.virt_addr)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn offset(&mut self, offset: u32) {
+        self.slice = &self.slice[offset as usize..];
+        self.virt_addr = self.virt_addr.wrapping_add(offset);
+    }
+
+    /// ULEB128 and SLEB128 encodings are defined in Section 7.6 - "Variable Length Data" of the
+    /// [DWARF-4 Manual](https://dwarfstd.org/doc/DWARF4.pdf).
+    pub fn read_uleb128(&mut self) -> u64 {
+        let mut shift: usize = 0;
+        let mut result: u64 = 0;
+        let mut byte: u8;
+        loop {
+            byte = self.read_u8();
+            result |= u64::from(byte & 0x7F) << shift;
+            shift += 7;
+            if byte & 0x80 == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_sleb128(&mut self) -> i64 {
+        let mut shift: u32 = 0;
+        let mut result: u64 = 0;
+        let mut byte: u8;
+        loop {
+            byte = self.read_u8();
+            result |= u64::from(byte & 0x7F) << shift;
+            shift += 7;
+            if byte & 0x80 == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        // sign-extend
+        if shift < u64::BITS && (byte & 0x40) != 0 {
+            result |= (!0u64) << shift;
+        }
+        result as i64
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_u8(&mut self) -> u8 {
+        let val = self.slice[0];
+        self.slice = &self.slice[1..];
+        val
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_read_fn {
+    ( $($type: ty, $byteorder_fn: ident);* ) => {
+        impl<'a> DwarfReader<'a> {
+            $(
+                pub fn $byteorder_fn(&mut self) -> $type {
+                    let val = LittleEndian::$byteorder_fn(self.slice);
+                    self.slice = &self.slice[mem::size_of::<$type>()..];
+                    val
+                }
+            )*
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl_read_fn!(
+    u16,    read_u16;
+    u32,    read_u32;
+    u64,    read_u64;
+    i16,    read_i16;
+    i32,    read_i32;
+    i64,    read_i64
+);
+
+pub struct DwarfWriter<'a> {
+    pub slice: &'a mut [u8],
+    pub offset: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> DwarfWriter<'a> {
+    pub fn new(slice: &mut [u8]) -> DwarfWriter {
+        DwarfWriter { slice, offset: 0 }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_u8(&mut self, data: u8) {
+        self.slice[self.offset] = data;
+        self.offset += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_u32(&mut self, data: u32) {
+        LittleEndian::write_u32(&mut self.slice[self.offset..], data);
+        self.offset += 4;
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_encoded_pointer(reader: &mut DwarfReader, encoding: u8) -> Result<usize, ()> {
+    if encoding == DW_EH_PE_omit {
+        return Err(());
+    }
+
+    // DW_EH_PE_aligned implies it's an absolute pointer value
+    // However, we are linking library for 32-bits architecture
+    // The size of variable should be 4 bytes instead
+    if encoding == DW_EH_PE_aligned {
+        let shifted_virt_addr = round_up(reader.virt_addr as usize, mem::size_of::<u32>())?;
+        let addr_inc = shifted_virt_addr - reader.virt_addr as usize;
+
+        reader.slice = &reader.slice[addr_inc..];
+        reader.virt_addr = shifted_virt_addr as u32;
+        return Ok(reader.read_u32() as usize);
+    }
+
+    match encoding & 0x0F {
+        DW_EH_PE_absptr | DW_EH_PE_udata4 => Ok(reader.read_u32() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_uleb128 => Ok(reader.read_uleb128() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_udata2 => Ok(reader.read_u16() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_udata8 => Ok(reader.read_u64() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_sleb128 => Ok(reader.read_sleb128() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_sdata2 => Ok(reader.read_i16() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_sdata4 => Ok(reader.read_i32() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_sdata8 => Ok(reader.read_i64() as usize),
+        _ => Err(()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_encoded_pointer_with_pc(reader: &mut DwarfReader, encoding: u8) -> Result<usize, ()> {
+    let entry_virt_addr = reader.virt_addr;
+    let mut result = read_encoded_pointer(reader, encoding)?;
+
+    // DW_EH_PE_aligned implies it's an absolute pointer value
+    if encoding == DW_EH_PE_aligned {
+        return Ok(result);
+    }
+
+    result = match encoding & 0x70 {
+        DW_EH_PE_pcrel => result.wrapping_add(entry_virt_addr as usize),
+
+        // .eh_frame normally would not have these kinds of relocations
+        // These would not be supported by a dedicated linker relocation schemes for RISC-V
+        DW_EH_PE_textrel | DW_EH_PE_datarel | DW_EH_PE_funcrel | DW_EH_PE_aligned => {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+
+        // Other values should be impossible
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    };
+
+    if encoding & DW_EH_PE_indirect != 0 {
+        // There should not be a need for indirect addressing, as assembly code from
+        // the dynamic library should not be freely moved relative to the EH frame.
+        unreachable!()
+    }
+
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn round_up(unrounded: usize, align: usize) -> Result<usize, ()> {
+    if align.is_power_of_two() {
+        Ok((unrounded + align - 1) & !(align - 1))
+    } else {
+        Err(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Minimalistic structure to store everything needed for parsing FDEs to synthesize `.eh_frame_hdr`
+/// section.
+///
+/// Refer to [The Linux Standard Base Core Specification, Generic Part](https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/ehframechpt.html)
+/// for more information.
+pub struct EH_Frame<'a> {
+    reader: DwarfReader<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> EH_Frame<'a> {
+    /// Creates an [EH_Frame] using the bytes in the `.eh_frame` section and its address in the ELF
+    /// file.
+    pub fn new(eh_frame_slice: &[u8], eh_frame_addr: u32) -> EH_Frame {
+        EH_Frame { reader: DwarfReader::new(eh_frame_slice, eh_frame_addr) }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an [Iterator] over all Call Frame Information (CFI) records.
+    pub fn cfi_records(&self) -> CFI_Records<'a> {
+        let reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(&self.reader, true);
+        let len = reader.slice.len();
+
+        CFI_Records { reader, available: len }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A single Call Frame Information (CFI) record.
+///
+/// From the [specification](https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/ehframechpt.html):
+///
+/// > Each CFI record contains a Common Information Entry (CIE) record followed by 1 or more Frame
+/// > Description Entry (FDE) records.
+pub struct CFI_Record<'a> {
+    // It refers to the augmentation data that corresponds to 'R' in the augmentation string
+    fde_pointer_encoding: u8,
+    fde_reader: DwarfReader<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> CFI_Record<'a> {
+    pub fn from_reader(cie_reader: &mut DwarfReader<'a>) -> Result<CFI_Record<'a>, ()> {
+        let length = cie_reader.read_u32();
+        let fde_reader = match length {
+            // eh_frame with 0 lengths means the CIE is terminated
+            0 => panic!("Cannot create an EH_Frame from a termination CIE"),
+
+            // length == u32::MAX means that the length is only representable with 64 bits,
+            // which does not make sense in a system with 32-bit address.
+            0xFFFF_FFFF => unimplemented!(),
+
+            _ => {
+                let mut fde_reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(cie_reader, false);
+                fde_reader.offset(length);
+                fde_reader
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Routine check on the .eh_frame well-formness, in terms of CIE ID & Version args.
+        let cie_ptr = cie_reader.read_u32();
+        assert_eq!(cie_ptr, 0);
+        assert_eq!(cie_reader.read_u8(), 1);
+
+        // Parse augmentation string
+        // The first character must be 'z', there is no way to proceed otherwise
+        assert_eq!(cie_reader.read_u8(), b'z');
+
+        // Establish a pointer that skips ahead of the string
+        // Skip code/data alignment factors & return address register along the way as well
+        // We only tackle the case where 'z' and 'R' are part of the augmentation string, otherwise
+        // we cannot get the addresses to make .eh_frame_hdr
+        let mut aug_data_reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(cie_reader, false);
+        let mut aug_str_len = 0;
+        loop {
+            if aug_data_reader.read_u8() == b'\0' {
+                break;
+            }
+            aug_str_len += 1;
+        }
+        if aug_str_len == 0 {
+            unimplemented!();
+        }
+        aug_data_reader.read_uleb128(); // Code alignment factor
+        aug_data_reader.read_sleb128(); // Data alignment factor
+        aug_data_reader.read_uleb128(); // Return address register
+        aug_data_reader.read_uleb128(); // Augmentation data length
+        let mut fde_pointer_encoding = DW_EH_PE_omit;
+        for _ in 0..aug_str_len {
+            match cie_reader.read_u8() {
+                b'L' => {
+                    aug_data_reader.read_u8();
+                }
+
+                b'P' => {
+                    let encoding = aug_data_reader.read_u8();
+                    read_encoded_pointer(&mut aug_data_reader, encoding)?;
+                }
+
+                b'R' => {
+                    fde_pointer_encoding = aug_data_reader.read_u8();
+                }
+
+                // Other characters are not supported
+                _ => unimplemented!(),
+            }
+        }
+        assert_ne!(fde_pointer_encoding, DW_EH_PE_omit);
+
+        Ok(CFI_Record { fde_pointer_encoding, fde_reader })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a [DwarfReader] initialized to the first Frame Description Entry (FDE) of this CFI
+    /// record.
+    pub fn get_fde_reader(&self) -> DwarfReader<'a> {
+        DwarfReader::from_reader(&self.fde_reader, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an [Iterator] over all Frame Description Entries (FDEs).
+    pub fn fde_records(&self) -> FDE_Records<'a> {
+        let reader = self.get_fde_reader();
+        let len = reader.slice.len();
+
+        FDE_Records { pointer_encoding: self.fde_pointer_encoding, reader, available: len }
+    }
+}
+
+/// [Iterator] over Call Frame Information (CFI) records in an
+/// [Exception Handling (EH) frame][EH_Frame].
+pub struct CFI_Records<'a> {
+    reader: DwarfReader<'a>,
+    available: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for CFI_Records<'a> {
+    type Item = CFI_Record<'a>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        loop {
+            if self.available == 0 {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let mut this_reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(&self.reader, false);
+
+            // Remove the length of the header and the content from the counter
+            let length = self.reader.read_u32();
+            let length = match length {
+                // eh_frame with 0-length means the CIE is terminated
+                0 => return None,
+                0xFFFF_FFFF => unimplemented!("CIE entries larger than 4 bytes not supported"),
+                other => other,
+            } as usize;
+
+            // Remove the length of the header and the content from the counter
+            self.available -= length + mem::size_of::<u32>();
+            let mut next_reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(&self.reader, false);
+            next_reader.offset(length as u32);
+
+            let cie_ptr = self.reader.read_u32();
+
+            self.reader = next_reader;
+
+            // Skip this record if it is a FDE
+            if cie_ptr == 0 {
+                // Rewind back to the start of the CFI Record
+                return Some(CFI_Record::from_reader(&mut this_reader).ok().unwrap());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// [Iterator] over Frame Description Entries (FDEs) in an
+/// [Exception Handling (EH) frame][EH_Frame].
+pub struct FDE_Records<'a> {
+    pointer_encoding: u8,
+    reader: DwarfReader<'a>,
+    available: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for FDE_Records<'a> {
+    type Item = (u32, u32);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        // Parse each FDE to obtain the starting address that the FDE applies to
+        // Send the FDE offset and the mentioned address to a callback that write up the
+        // .eh_frame_hdr section
+
+        if self.available == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // Remove the length of the header and the content from the counter
+        let length = match self.reader.read_u32() {
+            // eh_frame with 0-length means the CIE is terminated
+            0 => return None,
+            0xFFFF_FFFF => unimplemented!("CIE entries larger than 4 bytes not supported"),
+            other => other,
+        } as usize;
+
+        // Remove the length of the header and the content from the counter
+        self.available -= length + mem::size_of::<u32>();
+        let mut next_fde_reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(&self.reader, false);
+        next_fde_reader.offset(length as u32);
+
+        let cie_ptr = self.reader.read_u32();
+        let next_val = if cie_ptr != 0 {
+            let pc_begin = read_encoded_pointer_with_pc(&mut self.reader, self.pointer_encoding)
+                .expect("Failed to read PC Begin");
+            Some((pc_begin as u32, self.reader.virt_addr))
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        self.reader = next_fde_reader;
+
+        next_val
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct EH_Frame_Hdr<'a> {
+    fde_writer: DwarfWriter<'a>,
+    eh_frame_hdr_addr: u32,
+    fdes: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> EH_Frame_Hdr<'a> {
+    /// Create a [EH_Frame_Hdr] object, and write out the fixed fields of `.eh_frame_hdr` to memory.
+    ///
+    /// Load address is not known at this point.
+    pub fn new(
+        eh_frame_hdr_slice: &mut [u8],
+        eh_frame_hdr_addr: u32,
+        eh_frame_addr: u32,
+    ) -> EH_Frame_Hdr {
+        let mut writer = DwarfWriter::new(eh_frame_hdr_slice);
+
+        writer.write_u8(1); // version
+        writer.write_u8(0x1B); // eh_frame_ptr_enc - PC-relative 4-byte signed value
+        writer.write_u8(0x03); // fde_count_enc - 4-byte unsigned value
+        writer.write_u8(0x3B); // table_enc - .eh_frame_hdr section-relative 4-byte signed value
+
+        let eh_frame_offset = eh_frame_addr.wrapping_sub(
+            eh_frame_hdr_addr + writer.offset as u32 + ((mem::size_of::<u8>() as u32) * 4),
+        );
+        writer.write_u32(eh_frame_offset); // eh_frame_ptr
+        writer.write_u32(0); // `fde_count`, will be written in finalize_fde
+
+        EH_Frame_Hdr { fde_writer: writer, eh_frame_hdr_addr, fdes: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// The offset of the `fde_count` value relative to the start of the `.eh_frame_hdr` section in
+    /// bytes.
+    fn fde_count_offset() -> usize {
+        8
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_fde(&mut self, init_loc: u32, addr: u32) {
+        self.fdes.push((
+            init_loc.wrapping_sub(self.eh_frame_hdr_addr),
+            addr.wrapping_sub(self.eh_frame_hdr_addr),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    pub fn finalize_fde(mut self) {
+        self.fdes
+            .sort_by(|(left_init_loc, _), (right_init_loc, _)| left_init_loc.cmp(right_init_loc));
+        for (init_loc, addr) in &self.fdes {
+            self.fde_writer.write_u32(*init_loc);
+            self.fde_writer.write_u32(*addr);
+        }
+        LittleEndian::write_u32(
+            &mut self.fde_writer.slice[Self::fde_count_offset()..],
+            self.fdes.len() as u32,
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub fn size_from_eh_frame(eh_frame: &[u8]) -> usize {
+        // The virtual address of the EH frame does not matter in this case
+        // Calculation of size does not involve modifying any headers
+        let mut reader = DwarfReader::new(eh_frame, 0);
+        let mut fde_count = 0;
+        while !reader.slice.is_empty() {
+            // The original length field should be able to hold the entire value.
+            // The device memory space is limited to 32-bits addresses anyway.
+            let entry_length = reader.read_u32();
+            if entry_length == 0 || entry_length == 0xFFFF_FFFF {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+
+            // This slot stores the CIE ID (for CIE)/CIE Pointer (for FDE).
+            // This value must be non-zero for FDEs.
+            let cie_ptr = reader.read_u32();
+            if cie_ptr != 0 {
+                fde_count += 1;
+            }
+
+            reader.offset(entry_length - mem::size_of::<u32>() as u32);
+        }
+
+        12 + fde_count * 8
+    }
+}

nac3parser/Cargo.toml

@@ -5,20 +5,20 @@ description = "Parser for python code."
 authors = [ "RustPython Team", "M-Labs" ]
 build = "build.rs"
 license = "MIT"
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 
 [build-dependencies]
-lalrpop = "0.19.6"
+lalrpop = "0.22"
 
 [dependencies]
 nac3ast = { path = "../nac3ast" }
-lalrpop-util = "0.19.6"
-log = "0.4.1"
+lalrpop-util = "0.22"
+log = "0.4"
 unic-emoji-char = "0.9"
 unic-ucd-ident  = "0.9"
-unicode_names2 = "0.4"
-phf = { version = "0.9", features = ["macros"] }
-ahash = "0.7.2"
+unicode_names2 = "1.3"
+phf = { version = "0.11", features = ["macros"] }
+ahash = "0.8"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 insta = "=1.11.0"

nac3parser/src/config_comment_helper.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
+use crate::{
+    ast::{Ident, Location},
+    error::*,
+    token::Tok,
+};
 use lalrpop_util::ParseError;
+
 use nac3ast::*;
-use crate::ast::Ident;
-use crate::ast::Location;
-use crate::token::Tok;
-use crate::error::*;
 
 pub fn make_config_comment(
     com_loc: Location,
     stmt_loc: Location,
     nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, Tok)>,
-    nac3com_end: Option<Ident>
+    nac3com_end: Option<Ident>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<Ident>, ParseError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> {
     if com_loc.column() != stmt_loc.column() && !nac3com_above.is_empty() {
         return Err(ParseError::User {
@@ -17,24 +19,25 @@ pub fn make_config_comment(
                 location: com_loc,
                 error: LexicalErrorType::OtherError(
                     format!(
-                        "config comment at top must have the same indentation with what it applies (comment at {}, statement at {})",
-                        com_loc,
-                        stmt_loc,
+                        "config comment at top must have the same indentation with what it applies (comment at {com_loc}, statement at {stmt_loc})",
                     )
                 )
             }
-        })
+        });
     };
-    Ok(
-        nac3com_above
+    Ok(nac3com_above
         .into_iter()
         .map(|(com, _)| com)
         .chain(nac3com_end.map_or_else(|| vec![].into_iter(), |com| vec![com].into_iter()))
-            .collect()
-    )
+        .collect())
 }
 
-pub fn handle_small_stmt<U>(stmts: &mut [Stmt<U>], nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, Tok)>, nac3com_end: Option<Ident>, com_above_loc: Location) -> Result<(), ParseError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> {
+pub fn handle_small_stmt<U>(
+    stmts: &mut [Stmt<U>],
+    nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, Tok)>,
+    nac3com_end: Option<Ident>,
+    com_above_loc: Location,
+) -> Result<(), ParseError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> {
     if com_above_loc.column() != stmts[0].location.column() && !nac3com_above.is_empty() {
         return Err(ParseError::User {
             error: LexicalError {
@@ -47,17 +50,12 @@ pub fn handle_small_stmt<U>(stmts: &mut [Stmt<U>], nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, To
                     )
                 )
             }
-        })
+        });
     }
-    apply_config_comments(
-        &mut stmts[0],
-        nac3com_above
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(com, _)| com).collect()
-    );
+    apply_config_comments(&mut stmts[0], nac3com_above.into_iter().map(|(com, _)| com).collect());
     apply_config_comments(
         stmts.last_mut().unwrap(),
-        nac3com_end.map_or_else(Vec::new, |com| vec![com])
+        nac3com_end.map_or_else(Vec::new, |com| vec![com]),
     );
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -80,6 +78,8 @@ fn apply_config_comments<U>(stmt: &mut Stmt<U>, comments: Vec<Ident>) {
         | StmtKind::Nonlocal { config_comment, .. }
         | StmtKind::Assert { config_comment, .. } => config_comment.extend(comments),
 
-        _ => { unreachable!("only small statements should call this function") }
+        _ => {
+            unreachable!("only small statements should call this function")
+        }
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/error.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 //! Define internal parse error types
 //! The goal is to provide a matching and a safe error API, maksing errors from LALR
-use lalrpop_util::ParseError as LalrpopError;
-
-use crate::ast::Location;
-use crate::token::Tok;
-
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt;
 
+use lalrpop_util::ParseError as LalrpopError;
+
+use crate::{ast::Location, token::Tok};
+
 /// Represents an error during lexical scanning.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct LexicalError {
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for LexicalErrorType {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
             LexicalErrorType::StringError => write!(f, "Got unexpected string"),
-            LexicalErrorType::FStringError(error) => write!(f, "Got error in f-string: {}", error),
+            LexicalErrorType::FStringError(error) => write!(f, "Got error in f-string: {error}"),
             LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError => write!(f, "Got unexpected unicode"),
             LexicalErrorType::NestingError => write!(f, "Got unexpected nesting"),
             LexicalErrorType::IndentationError => {
@@ -59,13 +58,13 @@ impl fmt::Display for LexicalErrorType {
                 write!(f, "positional argument follows keyword argument")
             }
             LexicalErrorType::UnrecognizedToken { tok } => {
-                write!(f, "Got unexpected token {}", tok)
+                write!(f, "Got unexpected token {tok}")
             }
             LexicalErrorType::LineContinuationError => {
                 write!(f, "unexpected character after line continuation character")
             }
             LexicalErrorType::Eof => write!(f, "unexpected EOF while parsing"),
-            LexicalErrorType::OtherError(msg) => write!(f, "{}", msg),
+            LexicalErrorType::OtherError(msg) => write!(f, "{msg}"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for FStringErrorType {
             FStringErrorType::UnopenedRbrace => write!(f, "Unopened '}}'"),
             FStringErrorType::ExpectedRbrace => write!(f, "Expected '}}' after conversion flag."),
             FStringErrorType::InvalidExpression(error) => {
-                write!(f, "Invalid expression: {}", error)
+                write!(f, "Invalid expression: {error}")
             }
             FStringErrorType::InvalidConversionFlag => write!(f, "Invalid conversion flag"),
             FStringErrorType::EmptyExpression => write!(f, "Empty expression"),
@@ -144,36 +143,27 @@ pub enum ParseErrorType {
 impl From<LalrpopError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> for ParseError {
     fn from(err: LalrpopError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>) -> Self {
         match err {
-            // TODO: Are there cases where this isn't an EOF?
-            LalrpopError::InvalidToken { location } => ParseError {
-                error: ParseErrorType::Eof,
-                location,
-            },
-            LalrpopError::ExtraToken { token } => ParseError {
-                error: ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(token.1),
-                location: token.0,
-            },
-            LalrpopError::User { error } => ParseError {
-                error: ParseErrorType::Lexical(error.error),
-                location: error.location,
-            },
+            LalrpopError::ExtraToken { token } => {
+                ParseError { error: ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(token.1), location: token.0 }
+            }
+            LalrpopError::User { error } => {
+                ParseError { error: ParseErrorType::Lexical(error.error), location: error.location }
+            }
             LalrpopError::UnrecognizedToken { token, expected } => {
                 // Hacky, but it's how CPython does it. See PyParser_AddToken,
                 // in particular "Only one possible expected token" comment.
-                let expected = if expected.len() == 1 {
-                    Some(expected[0].clone())
-                } else {
-                    None
-                };
+                let expected = if expected.len() == 1 { Some(expected[0].clone()) } else { None };
                 ParseError {
                     error: ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(token.1, expected),
                     location: token.0,
                 }
             }
-            LalrpopError::UnrecognizedEOF { location, .. } => ParseError {
-                error: ParseErrorType::Eof,
-                location,
-            },
+
+            LalrpopError::UnrecognizedEof { location, .. }
+            // TODO: Are there cases where this isn't an EOF?
+            | LalrpopError::InvalidToken { location } => {
+                ParseError { error: ParseErrorType::Eof, location }
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -188,7 +178,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ParseErrorType {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             ParseErrorType::Eof => write!(f, "Got unexpected EOF"),
-            ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(ref tok) => write!(f, "Got extraneous token: {:?}", tok),
+            ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(ref tok) => write!(f, "Got extraneous token: {tok:?}"),
             ParseErrorType::InvalidToken => write!(f, "Got invalid token"),
             ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(ref tok, ref expected) => {
                 if *tok == Tok::Indent {
@@ -196,10 +186,10 @@ impl fmt::Display for ParseErrorType {
                 } else if expected.as_deref() == Some("Indent") {
                     write!(f, "expected an indented block")
                 } else {
-                    write!(f, "Got unexpected token {}", tok)
+                    write!(f, "Got unexpected token {tok}")
                 }
             }
-            ParseErrorType::Lexical(ref error) => write!(f, "{}", error),
+            ParseErrorType::Lexical(ref error) => write!(f, "{error}"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -207,6 +197,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ParseErrorType {
 impl Error for ParseErrorType {}
 
 impl ParseErrorType {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn is_indentation_error(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::IndentationError) => true,
@@ -216,11 +207,11 @@ impl ParseErrorType {
             _ => false,
         }
     }
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn is_tab_error(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(
             self,
-            ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::TabError)
-                | ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::TabsAfterSpaces)
+            ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::TabError | LexicalErrorType::TabsAfterSpaces)
         )
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/fstring.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-use std::iter;
-use std::mem;
-use std::str;
-
-use crate::ast::{Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr, ExprKind, Location};
-use crate::error::{FStringError, FStringErrorType, ParseError};
-use crate::parser::parse_expression;
+use std::{iter, mem, str};
 
 use self::FStringErrorType::*;
+use crate::{
+    ast::{Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr, ExprKind, Location},
+    error::{FStringError, FStringErrorType, ParseError},
+    parser::parse_expression,
+};
 
 struct FStringParser<'a> {
     chars: iter::Peekable<str::Chars<'a>>,
@@ -15,10 +14,7 @@ struct FStringParser<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
     fn new(source: &'a str, str_location: Location) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            chars: source.chars().peekable(),
-            str_location,
-        }
+        Self { chars: source.chars().peekable(), str_location }
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -133,10 +129,10 @@ impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
                         )
                     } else {
                         Box::new(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
-                            value: spec_expression.to_owned().into(),
+                            value: spec_expression.clone().into(),
                             kind: None,
                         }))
-                    })
+                    });
                 }
                 '(' | '{' | '[' => {
                     expression.push(ch);
@@ -251,17 +247,11 @@ impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
         }
 
         if !content.is_empty() {
-            values.push(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
-                value: content.into(),
-                kind: None,
-            }))
+            values.push(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant { value: content.into(), kind: None }));
         }
 
         let s = match values.len() {
-            0 => self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
-                value: String::new().into(),
-                kind: None,
-            }),
+            0 => self.expr(ExprKind::Constant { value: String::new().into(), kind: None }),
             1 => values.into_iter().next().unwrap(),
             _ => self.expr(ExprKind::JoinedStr { values }),
         };
@@ -270,16 +260,14 @@ impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
 }
 
 fn parse_fstring_expr(source: &str) -> Result<Expr, ParseError> {
-    let fstring_body = format!("({})", source);
+    let fstring_body = format!("({source})");
     parse_expression(&fstring_body)
 }
 
 /// Parse an fstring from a string, located at a certain position in the sourcecode.
 /// In case of errors, we will get the location and the error returned.
 pub fn parse_located_fstring(source: &str, location: Location) -> Result<Expr, FStringError> {
-    FStringParser::new(source, location)
-        .parse()
-        .map_err(|error| FStringError { error, location })
+    FStringParser::new(source, location).parse().map_err(|error| FStringError { error, location })
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -293,7 +281,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring() {
         let source = "{a}{ b }{{foo}}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -301,7 +289,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_nested_spec() {
         let source = "{foo:{spec}}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -309,7 +297,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_not_nested_spec() {
         let source = "{foo:spec}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -322,7 +310,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_base() {
         let src = "{user=}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&src).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -330,7 +318,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_base_more() {
         let src = "mix {user=} with text and {second=}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&src).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -338,7 +326,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_format() {
         let src = "{user=:>10}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&src).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -371,35 +359,35 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_not_equals() {
         let source = "{1 != 2}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_equals() {
         let source = "{42 == 42}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_selfdoc_prec_space() {
         let source = "{x   =}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_selfdoc_trailing_space() {
         let source = "{x=   }";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_yield_expr() {
         let source = "{yield}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/function.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
-use ahash::RandomState;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
-use crate::ast;
-use crate::error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};
+use ahash::RandomState;
+
+use crate::{
+    ast,
+    error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType},
+};
 
 pub struct ArgumentList {
     pub args: Vec<ast::Expr>,
@@ -54,8 +57,7 @@ pub fn parse_args(func_args: Vec<FunctionArgument>) -> Result<ArgumentList, Lexi
 
     let mut keyword_names = HashSet::with_capacity_and_hasher(func_args.len(), RandomState::new());
     for (name, value) in func_args {
-        match name {
-            Some((location, name)) => {
+        if let Some((location, name)) = name {
             if let Some(keyword_name) = &name {
                 if keyword_names.contains(keyword_name) {
                     return Err(LexicalError {
@@ -69,13 +71,9 @@ pub fn parse_args(func_args: Vec<FunctionArgument>) -> Result<ArgumentList, Lexi
 
             keywords.push(ast::Keyword::new(
                 location,
-                    ast::KeywordData {
-                        arg: name.map(|name| name.into()),
-                        value: Box::new(value),
-                    },
+                ast::KeywordData { arg: name.map(String::into), value: Box::new(value) },
             ));
-            }
-            None => {
+        } else {
             // Allow starred args after keyword arguments.
             if !keywords.is_empty() && !is_starred(&value) {
                 return Err(LexicalError {
@@ -87,7 +85,6 @@ pub fn parse_args(func_args: Vec<FunctionArgument>) -> Result<ArgumentList, Lexi
             args.push(value);
         }
     }
-    }
     Ok(ArgumentList { args, keywords })
 }
 

nac3parser/src/lexer.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 //! This module takes care of lexing python source text.
 //!
 //! This means source code is translated into separate tokens.
+use std::{char, cmp::Ordering, num::IntErrorKind, str::FromStr};
 
-pub use super::token::Tok;
-use crate::ast::{Location, FileName};
-use crate::error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};
-use std::char;
-use std::cmp::Ordering;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-use std::num::IntErrorKind;
 use unic_emoji_char::is_emoji_presentation;
 use unic_ucd_ident::{is_xid_continue, is_xid_start};
 
+pub use super::token::Tok;
+use crate::{
+    ast::{FileName, Location},
+    error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType},
+};
+
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Default)]
 struct IndentationLevel {
     tabs: usize,
@@ -32,20 +32,14 @@ impl IndentationLevel {
                 if self.spaces <= other.spaces {
                     Ok(Ordering::Less)
                 } else {
-                    Err(LexicalError {
-                        location,
-                        error: LexicalErrorType::TabError,
-                    })
+                    Err(LexicalError { location, error: LexicalErrorType::TabError })
                 }
             }
             Ordering::Greater => {
                 if self.spaces >= other.spaces {
                     Ok(Ordering::Greater)
                 } else {
-                    Err(LexicalError {
-                        location,
-                        error: LexicalErrorType::TabError,
-                    })
+                    Err(LexicalError { location, error: LexicalErrorType::TabError })
                 }
             }
             Ordering::Equal => Ok(self.spaces.cmp(&other.spaces)),
@@ -63,7 +57,7 @@ pub struct Lexer<T: Iterator<Item = char>> {
     chr1: Option<char>,
     chr2: Option<char>,
     location: Location,
-    config_comment_prefix: Option<&'static str>
+    config_comment_prefix: Option<&'static str>,
 }
 
 pub static KEYWORDS: phf::Map<&'static str, Tok> = phf::phf_map! {
@@ -136,11 +130,7 @@ where
     T: Iterator<Item = char>,
 {
     pub fn new(source: T) -> Self {
-        let mut nlh = NewlineHandler {
-            source,
-            chr0: None,
-            chr1: None,
-        };
+        let mut nlh = NewlineHandler { source, chr0: None, chr1: None };
         nlh.shift();
         nlh.shift();
         nlh
@@ -169,7 +159,7 @@ where
                     self.shift();
                 } else {
                     // Transform MAC EOL into \n
-                    self.chr0 = Some('\n')
+                    self.chr0 = Some('\n');
                 }
             } else {
                 break;
@@ -189,13 +179,13 @@ where
             chars: input,
             at_begin_of_line: true,
             nesting: 0,
-            indentation_stack: vec![Default::default()],
+            indentation_stack: vec![IndentationLevel::default()],
             pending: Vec::new(),
             chr0: None,
             location: start,
             chr1: None,
             chr2: None,
-            config_comment_prefix: Some(" nac3:")
+            config_comment_prefix: Some(" nac3:"),
         };
         lxr.next_char();
         lxr.next_char();
@@ -217,11 +207,9 @@ where
         let mut saw_f = false;
         loop {
             // Detect r"", f"", b"" and u""
-            if !(saw_b || saw_u || saw_f) && matches!(self.chr0, Some('b') | Some('B')) {
+            if !(saw_b || saw_u || saw_f) && matches!(self.chr0, Some('b' | 'B')) {
                 saw_b = true;
-            } else if !(saw_b || saw_r || saw_u || saw_f)
-                && matches!(self.chr0, Some('u') | Some('U'))
-            {
+            } else if !(saw_b || saw_r || saw_u || saw_f) && matches!(self.chr0, Some('u' | 'U')) {
                 saw_u = true;
             } else if !(saw_r || saw_u) && (self.chr0 == Some('r') || self.chr0 == Some('R')) {
                 saw_r = true;
@@ -287,15 +275,15 @@ where
         let end_pos = self.get_pos();
         let value = match i128::from_str_radix(&value_text, radix) {
             Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(e) => {
-                match e.kind() {
+            Err(e) => match e.kind() {
                 IntErrorKind::PosOverflow | IntErrorKind::NegOverflow => i128::MAX,
-                    _ => return Err(LexicalError {
-                        error: LexicalErrorType::OtherError(format!("{:?}", e)),
+                _ => {
+                    return Err(LexicalError {
+                        error: LexicalErrorType::OtherError(format!("{e:?}")),
                         location: start_pos,
-                    }),
-                }
+                    })
                 }
+            },
         };
         Ok((start_pos, Tok::Int { value }, end_pos))
     }
@@ -338,14 +326,7 @@ where
             if self.chr0 == Some('j') || self.chr0 == Some('J') {
                 self.next_char();
                 let end_pos = self.get_pos();
-                Ok((
-                    start_pos,
-                    Tok::Complex {
-                        real: 0.0,
-                        imag: value,
-                    },
-                    end_pos,
-                ))
+                Ok((start_pos, Tok::Complex { real: 0.0, imag: value }, end_pos))
             } else {
                 let end_pos = self.get_pos();
                 Ok((start_pos, Tok::Float { value }, end_pos))
@@ -364,7 +345,7 @@ where
                 let value = value_text.parse::<i128>().ok();
                 let nonzero = match value {
                     Some(value) => value != 0i128,
-                    None => true
+                    None => true,
                 };
                 if start_is_zero && nonzero {
                     return Err(LexicalError {
@@ -379,7 +360,7 @@ where
 
     /// Consume a sequence of numbers with the given radix,
     /// the digits can be decorated with underscores
-    /// like this: '1_2_3_4' == '1234'
+    /// like this: `'1_2_3_4'` == `'1234'`
     fn radix_run(&mut self, radix: u32) -> String {
         let mut value_text = String::new();
 
@@ -412,7 +393,7 @@ where
             2 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='1')),
             8 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='7')),
             10 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='9')),
-            16 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='9') | Some('a'..='f') | Some('A'..='F')),
+            16 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='9' | 'a'..='f' | 'A'..='F')),
             other => unimplemented!("Radix not implemented: {}", other),
         }
     }
@@ -420,8 +401,8 @@ where
     /// Test if we face '[eE][-+]?[0-9]+'
     fn at_exponent(&self) -> bool {
         match self.chr0 {
-            Some('e') | Some('E') => match self.chr1 {
-                Some('+') | Some('-') => matches!(self.chr2, Some('0'..='9')),
+            Some('e' | 'E') => match self.chr1 {
+                Some('+' | '-') => matches!(self.chr2, Some('0'..='9')),
                 Some('0'..='9') => true,
                 _ => false,
             },
@@ -433,19 +414,17 @@ where
     fn lex_comment(&mut self) -> Option<Spanned> {
         self.next_char();
         // if possibly nac3 pseudocomment, special handling for `# nac3:`
-        let (mut prefix, mut is_comment) = self
-            .config_comment_prefix
-            .map_or_else(|| ("".chars(), false), |v| (v.chars(), true));
+        let (mut prefix, mut is_comment) =
+            self.config_comment_prefix.map_or_else(|| ("".chars(), false), |v| (v.chars(), true));
         // for the correct location of config comment
         let mut start_loc = self.location;
         start_loc.go_left();
         loop {
             match self.chr0 {
-                Some('\n') => return None,
-                None => return None,
+                Some('\n') | None => return None,
                 Some(c) => {
                     if let (true, Some(p)) = (is_comment, prefix.next()) {
-                        is_comment = is_comment && c == p
+                        is_comment = is_comment && c == p;
                     } else {
                         // done checking prefix, if is comment then return the spanned
                         if is_comment {
@@ -460,22 +439,20 @@ where
                             return Some((
                                 start_loc,
                                 Tok::ConfigComment { content: content.trim().into() },
-                                self.location
+                                self.location,
                             ));
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
             self.next_char();
-        };
+        }
     }
 
     fn unicode_literal(&mut self, literal_number: usize) -> Result<char, LexicalError> {
         let mut p: u32 = 0u32;
-        let unicode_error = LexicalError {
-            error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError,
-            location: self.get_pos(),
-        };
+        let unicode_error =
+            LexicalError { error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError, location: self.get_pos() };
         for i in 1..=literal_number {
             match self.next_char() {
                 Some(c) => match c.to_digit(16) {
@@ -486,8 +463,8 @@ where
             }
         }
         match p {
-            0xD800..=0xDFFF => Ok(std::char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER),
-            _ => std::char::from_u32(p).ok_or(unicode_error),
+            0xD800..=0xDFFF => Ok(char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER),
+            _ => char::from_u32(p).ok_or(unicode_error),
         }
     }
 
@@ -496,7 +473,7 @@ where
         octet_content.push(first);
         while octet_content.len() < 3 {
             if let Some('0'..='7') = self.chr0 {
-                octet_content.push(self.next_char().unwrap())
+                octet_content.push(self.next_char().unwrap());
             } else {
                 break;
             }
@@ -530,10 +507,8 @@ where
                 }
             }
         }
-        unicode_names2::character(&name).ok_or(LexicalError {
-            error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError,
-            location: start_pos,
-        })
+        unicode_names2::character(&name)
+            .ok_or(LexicalError { error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError, location: start_pos })
     }
 
     fn lex_string(
@@ -566,7 +541,7 @@ where
                     } else if is_raw {
                         string_content.push('\\');
                         if let Some(c) = self.next_char() {
-                            string_content.push(c)
+                            string_content.push(c);
                         } else {
                             return Err(LexicalError {
                                 error: LexicalErrorType::StringError,
@@ -599,7 +574,7 @@ where
                             Some('u') if !is_bytes => string_content.push(self.unicode_literal(4)?),
                             Some('U') if !is_bytes => string_content.push(self.unicode_literal(8)?),
                             Some('N') if !is_bytes => {
-                                string_content.push(self.parse_unicode_name()?)
+                                string_content.push(self.parse_unicode_name()?);
                             }
                             Some(c) => {
                                 string_content.push('\\');
@@ -650,20 +625,15 @@ where
         let end_pos = self.get_pos();
 
         let tok = if is_bytes {
-            Tok::Bytes {
-                value: string_content.chars().map(|c| c as u8).collect(),
-            }
+            Tok::Bytes { value: string_content.chars().map(|c| c as u8).collect() }
         } else {
-            Tok::String {
-                value: string_content,
-                is_fstring,
-            }
+            Tok::String { value: string_content, is_fstring }
         };
 
         Ok((start_pos, tok, end_pos))
     }
 
-    fn is_identifier_start(&self, c: char) -> bool {
+    fn is_identifier_start(c: char) -> bool {
         match c {
             '_' | 'a'..='z' | 'A'..='Z' => true,
             '+' | '-' | '*' | '/' | '=' | ' ' | '<' | '>' => false,
@@ -835,18 +805,14 @@ where
         // Check if we have some character:
         if let Some(c) = self.chr0 {
             // First check identifier:
-            if self.is_identifier_start(c) {
+            if Self::is_identifier_start(c) {
                 let identifier = self.lex_identifier()?;
                 self.emit(identifier);
             } else if is_emoji_presentation(c) {
                 let tok_start = self.get_pos();
                 self.next_char();
                 let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                self.emit((
-                    tok_start,
-                    Tok::Name { name: c.to_string().into() },
-                    tok_end,
-                ));
+                self.emit((tok_start, Tok::Name { name: c.to_string().into() }, tok_end));
             } else {
                 self.consume_character(c)?;
             }
@@ -899,18 +865,15 @@ where
             '=' => {
                 let tok_start = self.get_pos();
                 self.next_char();
-                match self.chr0 {
-                    Some('=') => {
+                if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
                     self.next_char();
                     let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                     self.emit((tok_start, Tok::EqEqual, tok_end));
-                    }
-                    _ => {
+                } else {
                     let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                     self.emit((tok_start, Tok::Equal, tok_end));
                 }
             }
-            }
             '+' => {
                 let tok_start = self.get_pos();
                 self.next_char();
@@ -934,18 +897,15 @@ where
                     }
                     Some('*') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
                             self.next_char();
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleStarEqual, tok_end));
-                            }
-                            _ => {
+                        } else {
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleStar, tok_end));
                         }
                     }
-                    }
                     _ => {
                         let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                         self.emit((tok_start, Tok::Star, tok_end));
@@ -963,18 +923,15 @@ where
                     }
                     Some('/') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
                             self.next_char();
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleSlashEqual, tok_end));
-                            }
-                            _ => {
+                        } else {
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleSlash, tok_end));
                         }
                     }
-                    }
                     _ => {
                         let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                         self.emit((tok_start, Tok::Slash, tok_end));
@@ -1141,18 +1098,15 @@ where
                 match self.chr0 {
                     Some('<') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
                             self.next_char();
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::LeftShiftEqual, tok_end));
-                            }
-                            _ => {
+                        } else {
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::LeftShift, tok_end));
                         }
                     }
-                    }
                     Some('=') => {
                         self.next_char();
                         let tok_end = self.get_pos();
@@ -1170,18 +1124,15 @@ where
                 match self.chr0 {
                     Some('>') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
                             self.next_char();
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::RightShiftEqual, tok_end));
-                            }
-                            _ => {
+                        } else {
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::RightShift, tok_end));
                         }
                     }
-                    }
                     Some('=') => {
                         self.next_char();
                         let tok_end = self.get_pos();
@@ -1333,13 +1284,14 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::{make_tokenizer, NewlineHandler, Tok};
+    use nac3ast::FileName;
 
     const WINDOWS_EOL: &str = "\r\n";
     const MAC_EOL: &str = "\r";
     const UNIX_EOL: &str = "\n";
 
     pub fn lex_source(source: &str) -> Vec<Tok> {
-        let lexer = make_tokenizer(source, Default::default());
+        let lexer = make_tokenizer(source, FileName::default());
         lexer.map(|x| x.unwrap().1).collect()
     }
 
@@ -1419,7 +1371,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
                 Dedent,
                 Dedent
             ]
-        )
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1439,14 +1391,8 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: "\\\\".to_owned(),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: "\\".to_owned(),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
+                Tok::String { value: "\\\\".to_owned(), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: "\\".to_owned(), is_fstring: false },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1459,27 +1405,13 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 47i128,
-                },
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 13i128,
-                },
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 0i128,
-                },
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 123i128,
-                },
+                Tok::Int { value: 47i128 },
+                Tok::Int { value: 13i128 },
+                Tok::Int { value: 0i128 },
+                Tok::Int { value: 123i128 },
                 Tok::Float { value: 0.2 },
-                Tok::Complex {
-                    real: 0.0,
-                    imag: 2.0,
-                },
-                Tok::Complex {
-                    real: 0.0,
-                    imag: 2.2,
-                },
+                Tok::Complex { real: 0.0, imag: 2.0 },
+                Tok::Complex { real: 0.0, imag: 2.2 },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1539,21 +1471,13 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::Name {
-                    name: String::from("avariable").into(),
-                },
+                Tok::Name { name: String::from("avariable").into() },
                 Tok::Equal,
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 99i128
-                },
+                Tok::Int { value: 99i128 },
                 Tok::Plus,
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 2i128
-                },
+                Tok::Int { value: 2i128 },
                 Tok::Minus,
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 0i128
-                },
+                Tok::Int { value: 0i128 },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1740,42 +1664,15 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("double"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("single"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("can't"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\\\""),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\t\r\n"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\\g"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("raw\\'"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("Đ"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\u{80}\u{0}a"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("double"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("single"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("can't"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\\\""), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\t\r\n"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\\g"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("raw\\'"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("Đ"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\u{80}\u{0}a"), is_fstring: false },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1830,7 +1727,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
     #[test]
     fn test_escape_char_in_byte_literal() {
         // backslash does not escape
-        let source = r##"b"omkmok\Xaa""##;
+        let source = r#"b"omkmok\Xaa""#;
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
         let res = vec![111, 109, 107, 109, 111, 107, 92, 88, 97, 97];
         assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: res }, Tok::Newline]);
@@ -1840,41 +1737,17 @@ class Foo(A, B):
     fn test_raw_byte_literal() {
         let source = r"rb'\x1z'";
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
-        assert_eq!(
-            tokens,
-            vec![
-                Tok::Bytes {
-                    value: b"\\x1z".to_vec()
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: b"\\x1z".to_vec() }, Tok::Newline]);
         let source = r"rb'\\'";
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
-        assert_eq!(
-            tokens,
-            vec![
-                Tok::Bytes {
-                    value: b"\\\\".to_vec()
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        )
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: b"\\\\".to_vec() }, Tok::Newline]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_escape_octet() {
-        let source = r##"b'\43a\4\1234'"##;
+        let source = r"b'\43a\4\1234'";
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
-        assert_eq!(
-            tokens,
-            vec![
-                Tok::Bytes {
-                    value: b"#a\x04S4".to_vec()
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        )
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: b"#a\x04S4".to_vec() }, Tok::Newline]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1883,13 +1756,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
-            vec![
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: "\u{2002}".to_owned(),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        )
+            vec![Tok::String { value: "\u{2002}".to_owned(), is_fstring: false }, Tok::Newline]
+        );
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/lib.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,24 @@
 //!
 //! ```
 
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    clippy::enum_glob_use,
+    clippy::fn_params_excessive_bools,
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
+
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate log;
 use lalrpop_util::lalrpop_mod;
@@ -27,9 +45,16 @@ pub mod lexer;
 pub mod mode;
 pub mod parser;
 lalrpop_mod!(
-    #[allow(clippy::all)]
-    #[allow(unused)]
+    #[allow(
+        future_incompatible,
+        let_underscore,
+        nonstandard_style,
+        rust_2024_compatibility,
+        unused,
+        clippy::all,
+        clippy::pedantic
+    )]
     python
 );
-pub mod token;
 pub mod config_comment_helper;
+pub mod token;

nac3parser/src/parser.rs

@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@
 
 use std::iter;
 
-use crate::ast::{self, FileName};
-use crate::error::ParseError;
-use crate::lexer;
+use nac3ast::Location;
+
 pub use crate::mode::Mode;
-use crate::python;
+use crate::{
+    ast::{self, FileName},
+    error::ParseError,
+    lexer, python,
+};
 
 /*
  * Parse python code.
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@ pub fn parse_program(source: &str, file: FileName) -> Result<ast::Suite, ParseEr
 ///
 /// ```
 pub fn parse_expression(source: &str) -> Result<ast::Expr, ParseError> {
-    parse(source, Mode::Expression, Default::default()).map(|top| match top {
+    parse(source, Mode::Expression, FileName::default()).map(|top| match top {
         ast::Mod::Expression { body } => *body,
         _ => unreachable!(),
     })
@@ -72,12 +75,10 @@ pub fn parse_expression(source: &str) -> Result<ast::Expr, ParseError> {
 // Parse a given source code
 pub fn parse(source: &str, mode: Mode, file: FileName) -> Result<ast::Mod, ParseError> {
     let lxr = lexer::make_tokenizer(source, file);
-    let marker_token = (Default::default(), mode.to_marker(), Default::default());
+    let marker_token = (Location::default(), mode.to_marker(), Location::default());
     let tokenizer = iter::once(Ok(marker_token)).chain(lxr);
 
-    python::TopParser::new()
-        .parse(tokenizer)
-        .map_err(ParseError::from)
+    python::TopParser::new().parse(tokenizer).map_err(ParseError::from)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -86,42 +87,42 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_empty() {
-        let parse_ast = parse_program("", Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program("", FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_print_hello() {
         let source = String::from("print('Hello world')");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_print_2() {
         let source = String::from("print('Hello world', 2)");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_kwargs() {
         let source = String::from("my_func('positional', keyword=2)");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_if_elif_else() {
         let source = String::from("if 1: 10\nelif 2: 20\nelse: 30");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_lambda() {
         let source = "lambda x, y: x * y"; // lambda(x, y): x * y";
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_parse_tuples() {
         let source = "a, b = 4, 5";
 
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
   pass
  def method_with_default(self, arg='default'):
   pass";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ while i < 2: # nac3: 4
     # nac3: if1
     if 1: # nac3: if2
         3";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ while test: # nac3: while3
     # nac3: simple assign0 
     a = 3 # nac3: simple assign1
 ";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ if a: # nac3: small2
 for i in a: # nac3: for1
     pass
 ";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -224,6 +225,6 @@ for i in a: # nac3: for1
 if a: # nac3: something
 a = 3
 ";
-        assert!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).is_err());
+        assert!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).is_err());
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/token.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! Different token definitions.
 //! Loosely based on token.h from CPython source:
 use std::fmt::{self, Write};
+
 use crate::ast;
 
 /// Python source code can be tokenized in a sequence of these tokens.
@@ -111,15 +112,23 @@ impl fmt::Display for Tok {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         use Tok::*;
         match self {
-            Name { name } => write!(f, "'{}'", ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *name)),
-            Int { value } => if *value != i128::MAX { write!(f, "'{}'", value) } else { write!(f, "'#OFL#'") },
-            Float { value } => write!(f, "'{}'", value),
-            Complex { real, imag } => write!(f, "{}j{}", real, imag),
+            Name { name } => {
+                write!(f, "'{}'", ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *name))
+            }
+            Int { value } => {
+                if *value == i128::MAX {
+                    write!(f, "'#OFL#'")
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "'{value}'")
+                }
+            }
+            Float { value } => write!(f, "'{value}'"),
+            Complex { real, imag } => write!(f, "{real}j{imag}"),
             String { value, is_fstring } => {
                 if *is_fstring {
-                    write!(f, "f")?
+                    write!(f, "f")?;
                 }
-                write!(f, "{:?}", value)
+                write!(f, "{value:?}")
             }
             Bytes { value } => {
                 write!(f, "b\"")?;
@@ -129,12 +138,16 @@ impl fmt::Display for Tok {
                         10 => f.write_str("\\n")?,
                         13 => f.write_str("\\r")?,
                         32..=126 => f.write_char(*i as char)?,
-                        _ => write!(f, "\\x{:02x}", i)?,
+                        _ => write!(f, "\\x{i:02x}")?,
                     }
                 }
                 f.write_str("\"")
             }
-            ConfigComment { content } => write!(f, "ConfigComment: '{}'", ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *content)),
+            ConfigComment { content } => write!(
+                f,
+                "ConfigComment: '{}'",
+                ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *content)
+            ),
             Newline => f.write_str("Newline"),
             Indent => f.write_str("Indent"),
             Dedent => f.write_str("Dedent"),

nac3standalone/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@
 name = "nac3standalone"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["M-Labs"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[features]
+no-escape-analysis = ["nac3core/no-escape-analysis"]
 
 [dependencies]
-parking_lot = "0.11.1"
-nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
+parking_lot = "0.12"
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }
 
-[dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.1.0-beta.4"
-default-features = false
-features = ["llvm13-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+[dependencies.clap]
+version = "4.5"
+features = ["derive"]

nac3standalone/demo/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.bc
+*.ll
+*.o
+/demo

nac3standalone/demo/check_demo.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -e
+
+if [ -z "$1" ]; then
+    echo "No argument supplied"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+declare -a nac3args
+while [ $# -gt 1 ]; do
+  case "$1" in
+    --help)
+      echo "Usage: check_demo.sh [--debug] [-i686] -- [NAC3ARGS...] demo"
+      exit
+      ;;
+    --debug)
+      debug=1
+      ;;
+    -i686)
+      i686=1
+      ;;
+    --)
+      shift
+      break
+      ;;
+    *)
+      echo "Unrecognized argument \"$1\""
+      exit 1
+      ;;
+  esac
+  shift
+done
+
+while [ $# -gt 1 ]; do
+  nac3args+=("$1")
+  shift
+done
+demo="$1"
+
+
+echo "### Checking $demo..."
+
+echo ">>>>>> Running $demo with the Python interpreter"
+./interpret_demo.py "$demo" > interpreted.log
+
+if [ -n "$i686" ]; then
+  echo "...... Trying NAC3's 32-bit code generator output"
+  if [ -n "$debug" ]; then
+    ./run_demo.sh --debug -i686 --out run_32.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
+  else
+    ./run_demo.sh -i686 --out run_32.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
+  fi
+  diff -Nau interpreted.log run_32.log
+fi
+
+echo "...... Trying NAC3's 64-bit code generator output"
+if [ -n "$debug" ]; then
+  ./run_demo.sh --debug --out run_64.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
+else
+  ./run_demo.sh --out run_64.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
+fi
+diff -Nau interpreted.log run_64.log
+
+echo "...... OK"
+
+rm -f interpreted.log \
+  run_32.log run_64.log

nac3standalone/demo/check_demos.sh

@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@
 
 set -e
 
+if [ "$1" == "--help" ]; then
+    echo "Usage: check_demos.sh [CHECKARGS...] [--] [NAC3ARGS...]"
+    exit
+fi
+
 count=0
 for demo in src/*.py; do
-    echo -n "checking $demo... "
-    ./interpret_demo.py $demo > interpreted.log
-    ./run_demo.sh $demo > run.log
-    diff -Nau interpreted.log run.log
-    echo "ok"
-    let "count+=1"
+  ./check_demo.sh "$@" "$demo"
+  ((count += 1))
 done
 
 echo "Ran $count demo checks - PASSED"

nac3standalone/demo/demo.c

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+double dbl_nan(void) {
+    return NAN;
+}
+
+double dbl_inf(void) {
+    return INFINITY;
+}
+
+void output_bool(bool x) {
+    puts(x ? "True" : "False");
+}
+
+void output_int32(int32_t x) {
+    printf("%" PRId32 "\n", x);
+}
+
+void output_int64(int64_t x) {
+    printf("%" PRId64 "\n", x);
+}
+
+void output_uint32(uint32_t x) {
+    printf("%" PRIu32 "\n", x);
+}
+
+void output_uint64(uint64_t x) {
+    printf("%" PRIu64 "\n", x);
+}
+
+void output_float64(double x) {
+    if (isnan(x)) {
+        puts("nan");
+    } else {
+        printf("%f\n", x);
+    }
+}
+
+void output_range(int32_t range[3]) {
+    printf("range(");
+    printf("%d, %d", range[0], range[1]);
+    if (range[2] != 1) {
+        printf(", %d", range[2]);
+    }
+    puts(")");
+}
+
+void output_asciiart(int32_t x) {
+    static const char* chars = " .,-:;i+hHM$*#@    ";
+    if (x < 0) {
+        putchar('\n');
+    } else {
+        putchar(chars[x]);
+    }
+}
+
+struct cslice {
+    void* data;
+    size_t len;
+};
+
+void output_int32_list(struct cslice* slice) {
+    const int32_t* data = (int32_t*)slice->data;
+
+    putchar('[');
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
+        if (i == slice->len - 1) {
+            printf("%d", data[i]);
+        } else {
+            printf("%d, ", data[i]);
+        }
+    }
+    putchar(']');
+    putchar('\n');
+}
+
+void output_str(struct cslice* slice) {
+    const char* data = (const char*)slice->data;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
+        putchar(data[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+void output_strln(struct cslice* slice) {
+    output_str(slice);
+    putchar('\n');
+}
+
+uint64_t dbg_stack_address(__attribute__((unused)) struct cslice* slice) {
+    int i;
+    void* ptr = (void*)&i;
+    return (uintptr_t)ptr;
+}
+
+uint32_t __nac3_personality(uint32_t state, uint32_t exception_object, uint32_t context) {
+    printf("__nac3_personality(state: %u, exception_object: %u, context: %u)\n", state, exception_object, context);
+    exit(101);
+    __builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
+// See `struct Exception<'a>` in
+// https://github.com/m-labs/artiq/blob/master/artiq/firmware/libeh/eh_artiq.rs
+struct Exception {
+    uint32_t id;
+    struct cslice file;
+    uint32_t line;
+    uint32_t column;
+    struct cslice function;
+    struct cslice message;
+    int64_t param[3];
+};
+
+uint32_t __nac3_raise(struct Exception* e) {
+    printf("__nac3_raise called. Exception details:\n");
+    printf("          ID: %" PRIu32 "\n", e->id);
+    printf("    Location: %*s:%" PRIu32 ":%" PRIu32 "\n", (int)e->file.len, (const char*)e->file.data, e->line,
+           e->column);
+    printf("    Function: %*s\n", (int)e->function.len, (const char*)e->function.data);
+    printf("     Message: \"%*s\"\n", (int)e->message.len, (const char*)e->message.data);
+    printf("      Params: {0}=%" PRId64 ", {1}=%" PRId64 ", {2}=%" PRId64 "\n", e->param[0], e->param[1], e->param[2]);
+    exit(101);
+    __builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
+void __nac3_end_catch(void) {}
+
+extern int32_t run(void);
+
+int main(void) {
+    run();
+}

nac3standalone/demo/demo.rs

@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-mod cslice {
-    // copied from https://github.com/dherman/cslice
-    use std::marker::PhantomData;
-    use std::slice;
-
-    #[repr(C)]
-    #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-    pub struct CSlice<'a, T> {
-        base: *const T,
-        len: usize,
-        marker: PhantomData<&'a ()>,
-    }
-
-    impl<'a, T> AsRef<[T]> for CSlice<'a, T> {
-        fn as_ref(&self) -> &[T] {
-            unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(self.base, self.len) }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_int32(x: i32) {
-    println!("{}", x);
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_int64(x: i64) {
-    println!("{}", x);
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_uint32(x: u32) {
-    println!("{}", x);
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_uint64(x: u64) {
-    println!("{}", x);
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_float64(x: f64) {
-    // debug output to preserve the digits after the decimal points
-    // to match python `print` function
-    println!("{:?}", x);
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_asciiart(x: i32) {
-    let chars = " .,-:;i+hHM$*#@  ";
-    if x < 0 {
-        println!("");
-    } else {
-        print!("{}", chars.chars().nth(x as usize).unwrap());
-    }
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_int32_list(x: &cslice::CSlice<i32>) {
-    print!("[");
-    let mut it = x.as_ref().iter().peekable();
-    while let Some(e) = it.next() {
-        if it.peek().is_none() {
-            print!("{}", e);
-        } else {
-            print!("{}, ", e);
-        }
-    }
-    println!("]");
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn __nac3_personality(_state: u32, _exception_object: u32, _context: u32) -> u32 {
-    unimplemented!();
-}
-
-extern "C" {
-    fn run() -> i32;
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    unsafe {
-        run();
-    }
-}

nac3standalone/demo/interpret_demo.py

@@ -3,32 +3,142 @@
 import sys
 import importlib.util
 import importlib.machinery
+import math
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
+import scipy as sp
 import pathlib
 
 from numpy import int32, int64, uint32, uint64
-from typing import TypeVar, Generic
+from scipy import special
+from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Literal, Union
 
+T = TypeVar('T')
+class Option(Generic[T]):
+    _nac3_option: T
+
+    def __init__(self, v: T):
+        self._nac3_option = v
+
+    def is_none(self):
+        return self._nac3_option is None
+    
+    def is_some(self):
+        return not self.is_none()
+    
+    def unwrap(self):
+        return self._nac3_option
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self.is_none():
+            return "none"
+        else:
+            return "Some({})".format(repr(self._nac3_option))
+    
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.is_none():
+            return "none"
+        else:
+            return "Some({})".format(str(self._nac3_option))
+
+def Some(v: T) -> Option[T]:
+    return Option(v)
+
+none = Option(None)
+
+class _ConstGenericMarker:
+    pass
+
+def ConstGeneric(name, constraint):
+    return TypeVar(name, _ConstGenericMarker, constraint)
+
+N = TypeVar("N", bound=np.uint64)
+class _NDArrayDummy(Generic[T, N]):
+    pass
+
+# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/67803260/how-to-create-a-type-alias-with-a-throw-away-generic
+NDArray = Union[npt.NDArray[T], _NDArrayDummy[T, N]]
+
+def _bool(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.bool_(x)
+    else:
+        return bool(x)
+
+def _float(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.float_(x)
+    else:
+        return float(x)
+
+def round_away_zero(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.vectorize(round_away_zero)(x)
+    else:
+        if x >= 0.0:
+            return math.floor(x + 0.5)
+        else:
+            return math.ceil(x - 0.5)
+
+def _floor(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.vectorize(_floor)(x)
+    else:
+        return math.floor(x)
+
+def _ceil(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.vectorize(_ceil)(x)
+    else:
+        return math.ceil(x)
 
 def patch(module):
+    def dbl_nan():
+        return np.nan
+
+    def dbl_inf():
+        return np.inf
+
     def output_asciiart(x):
         if x < 0:
             sys.stdout.write("\n")
         else:
             sys.stdout.write(" .,-:;i+hHM$*#@  "[x])
 
+    def output_float(x):
+        print("%f" % x)
+
+    def output_strln(x):
+        print(x, end='')
+
+    def dbg_stack_address(_):
+        return 0
+
     def extern(fun):
         name = fun.__name__
-        if name == "output_asciiart":
+        if name == "dbl_nan":
+            return dbl_nan
+        elif name == "dbl_inf":
+            return dbl_inf
+        elif name == "output_asciiart":
             return output_asciiart
+        elif name == "output_float64":
+            return output_float
+        elif name == "output_str":
+            return output_strln
         elif name in {
+            "output_bool",
             "output_int32",
             "output_int64",
             "output_int32_list",
             "output_uint32",
             "output_uint64",
-            "output_float64"
+            "output_strln",
+            "output_range",
         }:
             return print
+        elif name == "dbg_stack_address":
+            return dbg_stack_address
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -36,10 +146,102 @@ def patch(module):
     module.int64 = int64
     module.uint32 = uint32
     module.uint64 = uint64
+    module.bool = _bool
+    module.float = _float
     module.TypeVar = TypeVar
+    module.ConstGeneric = ConstGeneric
     module.Generic = Generic
+    module.Literal = Literal
     module.extern = extern
+    module.Option = Option
+    module.Some = Some
+    module.none = none
 
+    # Builtin Math functions
+    module.round = round_away_zero
+    module.round64 = round_away_zero
+    module.np_round = np.round
+    module.floor = _floor
+    module.floor64 = _floor
+    module.np_floor = np.floor
+    module.ceil = _ceil
+    module.ceil64 = _ceil
+    module.np_ceil = np.ceil
+
+    # NumPy NDArray factory functions
+    module.ndarray = NDArray
+    module.np_ndarray = np.ndarray
+    module.np_empty = np.empty
+    module.np_zeros = np.zeros
+    module.np_ones = np.ones
+    module.np_full = np.full
+    module.np_eye = np.eye
+    module.np_identity = np.identity
+    module.np_array = np.array
+
+    # NumPy Math functions
+    module.np_isnan = np.isnan
+    module.np_isinf = np.isinf
+    module.np_min = np.min
+    module.np_minimum = np.minimum
+    module.np_argmin = np.argmin
+    module.np_max = np.max
+    module.np_maximum = np.maximum
+    module.np_argmax = np.argmax
+    module.np_sin = np.sin
+    module.np_cos = np.cos
+    module.np_exp = np.exp
+    module.np_exp2 = np.exp2
+    module.np_log = np.log
+    module.np_log10 = np.log10
+    module.np_log2 = np.log2
+    module.np_fabs = np.fabs
+    module.np_trunc = np.trunc
+    module.np_sqrt = np.sqrt
+    module.np_rint = np.rint
+    module.np_tan = np.tan
+    module.np_arcsin = np.arcsin
+    module.np_arccos = np.arccos
+    module.np_arctan = np.arctan
+    module.np_sinh = np.sinh
+    module.np_cosh = np.cosh
+    module.np_tanh = np.tanh
+    module.np_arcsinh = np.arcsinh
+    module.np_arccosh = np.arccosh
+    module.np_arctanh = np.arctanh
+    module.np_expm1 = np.expm1
+    module.np_cbrt = np.cbrt
+    module.np_arctan2 = np.arctan2
+    module.np_copysign = np.copysign
+    module.np_fmax = np.fmax
+    module.np_fmin = np.fmin
+    module.np_ldexp = np.ldexp
+    module.np_hypot = np.hypot
+    module.np_nextafter = np.nextafter
+    module.np_transpose = np.transpose
+    module.np_reshape = np.reshape
+
+    # SciPy Math functions
+    module.sp_spec_erf = special.erf
+    module.sp_spec_erfc = special.erfc
+    module.sp_spec_gamma = special.gamma
+    module.sp_spec_gammaln = special.gammaln
+    module.sp_spec_j0 = special.j0
+    module.sp_spec_j1 = special.j1
+
+    # Linalg functions
+    module.np_dot = np.dot
+    module.np_linalg_cholesky = np.linalg.cholesky
+    module.np_linalg_qr = np.linalg.qr
+    module.np_linalg_svd = np.linalg.svd
+    module.np_linalg_inv = np.linalg.inv
+    module.np_linalg_pinv = np.linalg.pinv
+    module.np_linalg_matrix_power = np.linalg.matrix_power
+    module.np_linalg_det = np.linalg.det
+    
+    module.sp_linalg_lu = lambda x: sp.linalg.lu(x, True)
+    module.sp_linalg_schur = sp.linalg.schur
+    module.sp_linalg_hessenberg = lambda x: sp.linalg.hessenberg(x, True)
 
 def file_import(filename, prefix="file_import_"):
     filename = pathlib.Path(filename)

nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 3
+
+[[package]]
+name = "approx"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cab112f0a86d568ea0e627cc1d6be74a1e9cd55214684db5561995f6dad897c6"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "autocfg"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0c4b4d0bd25bd0b74681c0ad21497610ce1b7c91b1022cd21c80c6fbdd9476b0"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cslice"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0f8cb7306107e4b10e64994de6d3274bd08996a7c1322a27b86482392f96be0a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libm"
+version = "0.2.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4ec2a862134d2a7d32d7983ddcdd1c4923530833c9f2ea1a44fc5fa473989058"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "linalg"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "cslice",
+ "nalgebra",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "nalgebra"
+version = "0.32.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7b5c17de023a86f59ed79891b2e5d5a94c705dbe904a5b5c9c952ea6221b03e4"
+dependencies = [
+ "approx",
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-rational",
+ "num-traits",
+ "simba",
+ "typenum",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-complex"
+version = "0.4.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "73f88a1307638156682bada9d7604135552957b7818057dcef22705b4d509495"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-integer"
+version = "0.1.46"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7969661fd2958a5cb096e56c8e1ad0444ac2bbcd0061bd28660485a44879858f"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-rational"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f83d14da390562dca69fc84082e73e548e1ad308d24accdedd2720017cb37824"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-traits"
+version = "0.2.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "071dfc062690e90b734c0b2273ce72ad0ffa95f0c74596bc250dcfd960262841"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "libm",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "paste"
+version = "1.0.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "simba"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "061507c94fc6ab4ba1c9a0305018408e312e17c041eb63bef8aa726fa33aceae"
+dependencies = [
+ "approx",
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-traits",
+ "paste",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "typenum"
+version = "1.17.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "42ff0bf0c66b8238c6f3b578df37d0b7848e55df8577b3f74f92a69acceeb825"

nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[package]
+name = "linalg"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+nalgebra = {version = "0.32.6", default-features = false, features = ["libm", "alloc"]}
+cslice = "0.3.0"
+
+[workspace]