[meta] Apply clippy suggestions

This is needed as ndarray.{shapes,strides} are ArrayValues, and so a GEP
operation is required to convert them into pointers to their first
elements.

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+BasedOnStyle: LLVM
+
+Language: Cpp
+Standard: Cpp11
+
+AccessModifierOffset: -1
+AlignEscapedNewlines: Left
+AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: Yes
+AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: false
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Inline
+BinPackParameters: false
+BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: NonAssignment
+BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true
+BreakConstructorInitializers: AfterColon
+BreakInheritanceList: AfterColon
+ColumnLimit: 120
+ConstructorInitializerAllOnOneLineOrOnePerLine: true
+ContinuationIndentWidth: 4
+DerivePointerAlignment: false
+IndentCaseLabels: true
+IndentPPDirectives: None
+IndentWidth: 4
+MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: 1
+PointerAlignment: Left
+ReflowComments: true
+SortIncludes: false
+SortUsingDeclarations: true
+SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: false
+SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 2
+TabWidth: 4
+UseTab: Never

.clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+doc-valid-idents = ["CPython", "NumPy", ".."]

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 __pycache__
 /target
-windows/msys2
+/nac3standalone/demo/linalg/target
+nix/windows/msys2

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# See https://pre-commit.com for more information
+# See https://pre-commit.com/hooks.html for more hooks
+
+default_stages: [pre-commit]
+
+repos:
+  - repo: local
+    hooks:
+      - id: nac3-cargo-fmt
+        name: nac3 cargo format
+        entry: nix
+        language: system
+        types: [file, rust]
+        pass_filenames: false
+        description: Runs cargo fmt on the codebase.
+        args: [develop, -c, cargo, fmt, --all]
+      - id: nac3-cargo-clippy
+        name: nac3 cargo clippy
+        entry: nix
+        language: system
+        types: [file, rust]
+        pass_filenames: false
+        description: Runs cargo clippy on the codebase.
+        args: [develop, -c, cargo, clippy, --tests]

Cargo.toml

@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ members = [
   "nac3ast",
   "nac3parser",
   "nac3core",
+  "nac3core/nac3core_derive",
   "nac3standalone",
   "nac3artiq",
   "runkernel",
 ]
+resolver = "2"
 
 [profile.release]
 debug = true

README.md

@@ -23,21 +23,19 @@ After setting up Nix as above, use ``nix shell git+https://github.com/m-labs/art
 
 ### Windows
 
-Install [MSYS2](https://www.msys2.org/), and open "MSYS2 MinGW x64". Edit ``/etc/pacman.conf`` to add:
+Install [MSYS2](https://www.msys2.org/), and open "MSYS2 CLANG64". Edit ``/etc/pacman.conf`` to add:
 ```
 [artiq]
 SigLevel = Optional TrustAll
-Server = https://lab.m-labs.hk/msys2
+Server = https://msys2.m-labs.hk/artiq-nac3
 ```
 
 Then run the following commands:
 ```
 pacman -Syu
-pacman -S mingw-w64-x86_64-artiq
+pacman -S mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-artiq
 ```
 
-Note: This build of NAC3 cannot be used with Anaconda Python nor the python.org binaries for Windows. Those Python versions are compiled with Visual Studio (MSVC) and their ABI is incompatible with the GNU ABI used in this build. We have no plans to support Visual Studio nor the MSVC ABI. If you need a MSVC build, please install the requisite bloated spyware from Microsoft and compile NAC3 yourself.
-
 ## For developers
 
 This repository contains:
@@ -53,3 +51,12 @@ Use ``nix develop`` in this repository to enter a development shell.
 If you are using a different shell than bash you can use e.g. ``nix develop --command fish``.
 
 Build NAC3 with ``cargo build --release``. See the demonstrations in ``nac3artiq`` and ``nac3standalone``.
+
+### Pre-Commit Hooks
+
+You are strongly recommended to use the provided pre-commit hooks to automatically reformat files and check for non-optimal Rust practices using Clippy. Run `pre-commit install` to install the hook and `pre-commit` will automatically run `cargo fmt` and `cargo clippy` for you.
+
+Several things to note:
+
+- If `cargo fmt` or `cargo clippy` returns an error, the pre-commit hook will fail. You should fix all errors before trying to commit again.
+- If `cargo fmt` reformats some files, the pre-commit hook will also fail. You should review the changes and, if satisfied, try to commit again.

flake.lock

@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
   "nodes": {
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1659689094,
-        "narHash": "sha256-cXrWxpPYpV1PeEhtpQf9W++8aCgwzxpx2PzfszPofJE=",
+        "lastModified": 1735834308,
+        "narHash": "sha256-dklw3AXr3OGO4/XT1Tu3Xz9n/we8GctZZ75ZWVqAVhk=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "697fc6ae98d077f6448cada3ecd63465c48c6af5",
+        "rev": "6df24922a1400241dae323af55f30e4318a6ca65",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
         "owner": "NixOS",
-        "ref": "master",
+        "ref": "nixos-unstable",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
         "type": "github"
       }

flake.nix

@@ -1,14 +1,37 @@
 {
   description = "The third-generation ARTIQ compiler";
 
-  inputs.nixpkgs.url = github:NixOS/nixpkgs/master;
+  inputs.nixpkgs.url = github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable;
 
   outputs = { self, nixpkgs }:
     let
       pkgs = import nixpkgs { system = "x86_64-linux"; };
+      pkgs32 = import nixpkgs { system = "i686-linux"; };
     in rec {
       packages.x86_64-linux = rec {
         llvm-nac3 = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/llvm {};
+        llvm-tools-irrt = pkgs.runCommandNoCC "llvm-tools-irrt" {}
+          ''
+          mkdir -p $out/bin
+          ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang-unwrapped}/bin/clang $out/bin/clang-irrt
+          ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out}/bin/llvm-as $out/bin/llvm-as-irrt
+          '';
+        demo-linalg-stub = pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
+          name = "demo-linalg-stub";
+          src = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg;
+          cargoLock = {
+            lockFile = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock;
+          };
+          doCheck = false;
+        };
+        demo-linalg-stub32 = pkgs32.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
+          name = "demo-linalg-stub32";
+          src = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg;
+          cargoLock = {
+            lockFile = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock;
+          };
+          doCheck = false;
+        };
         nac3artiq = pkgs.python3Packages.toPythonModule (
           pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage rec {
             name = "nac3artiq";
@@ -16,20 +39,19 @@
             src = self;
             cargoLock = {
               lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
-              outputHashes = {
-                "inkwell-0.1.0" = "sha256-+ih3SO0n6YmZ/mcf+rLDwPAy/1MEZ/A+tI4pM1pUhvU=";
-              };
             };
             passthru.cargoLock = cargoLock;
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang-unwrapped pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out llvm-nac3 ];
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 (pkgs.wrapClangMulti pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang) llvm-tools-irrt pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out llvm-nac3 ];
             buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3 ];
-            checkInputs = [ (pkgs.python3.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ])) ];
+            checkInputs = [ (pkgs.python3.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ])) ];
             checkPhase =
               ''
               echo "Checking nac3standalone demos..."
               pushd nac3standalone/demo
               patchShebangs .
-              ./check_demos.sh
+              export DEMO_LINALG_STUB=${demo-linalg-stub}/lib/liblinalg.a
+              export DEMO_LINALG_STUB32=${demo-linalg-stub32}/lib/liblinalg.a
+              ./check_demos.sh -i686
               popd
               echo "Running Cargo tests..."
               cargoCheckHook
@@ -63,7 +85,7 @@
             name = "nac3artiq-instrumented";
             src = self;
             inherit (nac3artiq) cargoLock;
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang-unwrapped pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
             buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
             cargoBuildFlags = [ "--package" "nac3artiq" "--features" "init-llvm-profile" ];
             doCheck = false;
@@ -85,18 +107,18 @@
             (pkgs.fetchFromGitHub {
               owner = "m-labs";
               repo = "sipyco";
-              rev = "939f84f9b5eef7efbf7423c735d1834783b6140e";
-              sha256 = "sha256-15Nun4EY35j+6SPZkjzZtyH/ncxLS60KuGJjFh5kSTc=";
+              rev = "094a6cd63ffa980ef63698920170e50dc9ba77fd";
+              sha256 = "sha256-PPnAyDedUQ7Og/Cby9x5OT9wMkNGTP8GS53V6N/dk4w=";
             })
             (pkgs.fetchFromGitHub {
               owner = "m-labs";
               repo = "artiq";
-              rev = "dd57fdc530baf926a5f354dc1c2bd90564affd96";
-              sha256 = "sha256-hcqVcToYWkc3oDFkKr9wZUF65ydiSYVHdmiGiu2Mc1c=";
+              rev = "28c9de3e251daa89a8c9fd79d5ab64a3ec03bac6";
+              sha256 = "sha256-vAvpbHc5B+1wtG8zqN7j9dQE1ON+i22v+uqA+tw6Gak=";
             })
           ];
           buildInputs = [
-            (python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.jsonschema nac3artiq-instrumented ]))
+            (python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ps.jsonschema ps.lmdb ps.platformdirs nac3artiq-instrumented ]))
             pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out
           ];
           phases = [ "buildPhase" "installPhase" ];
@@ -125,7 +147,7 @@
             name = "nac3artiq-pgo";
             src = self;
             inherit (nac3artiq) cargoLock;
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang-unwrapped pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out llvm-nac3-pgo ];
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt llvm-nac3-pgo ];
             buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3-pgo ];
             cargoBuildFlags = [ "--package" "nac3artiq" ];
             cargoTestFlags = [ "--package" "nac3ast" "--package" "nac3parser" "--package" "nac3core" "--package" "nac3artiq" ];
@@ -141,23 +163,29 @@
 
       packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32 = import ./nix/windows { inherit pkgs; };
 
-      devShell.x86_64-linux = pkgs.mkShell {
+      devShells.x86_64-linux.default = pkgs.mkShell {
         name = "nac3-dev-shell";
         buildInputs = with pkgs; [
           # build dependencies
           packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-nac3
-          llvmPackages_14.clang-unwrapped  # IRRT
-          pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out    # IRRT
+          (pkgs.wrapClangMulti llvmPackages_14.clang) llvmPackages_14.llvm.out  # for running nac3standalone demos
+          packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt
           cargo
           rustc
           # runtime dependencies
           lld_14                           # for running kernels on the host
-          (packages.x86_64-linux.python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ]))
+          (packages.x86_64-linux.python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ]))
           # development tools
           cargo-insta
           clippy
+          pre-commit
           rustfmt
         ];
+        shellHook =
+          ''
+          export DEMO_LINALG_STUB=${packages.x86_64-linux.demo-linalg-stub}/lib/liblinalg.a
+          export DEMO_LINALG_STUB32=${packages.x86_64-linux.demo-linalg-stub32}/lib/liblinalg.a
+          '';
       };
       devShells.x86_64-linux.msys2 = pkgs.mkShell {
         name = "nac3-dev-shell-msys2";

nac3artiq/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,24 +2,20 @@
 name = "nac3artiq"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["M-Labs"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 
 [lib]
 name = "nac3artiq"
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
-pyo3 = { version = "0.16", features = ["extension-module"] }
+itertools = "0.13"
+pyo3 = { version = "0.21", features = ["extension-module", "gil-refs"] }
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-tempfile = "3"
-nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
+tempfile = "3.13"
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }
 nac3ld = { path = "../nac3ld" }
 
-[dependencies.inkwell]
-git = "https://github.com/TheDan64/inkwell.git"
-default-features = false
-features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
-
 [features]
 init-llvm-profile = []
+no-escape-analysis = ["nac3core/no-escape-analysis"]

nac3artiq/demo/embedding_map.py

@@ -7,26 +7,6 @@ class EmbeddingMap:
         self.function_map = {}
         self.attributes_writeback = []
 
-        # preallocate exception names
-        self.preallocate_runtime_exception_names(["RuntimeError",
-                                          "RTIOUnderflow",
-                                          "RTIOOverflow",
-                                          "RTIODestinationUnreachable",
-                                          "DMAError",
-                                          "I2CError",
-                                          "CacheError",
-                                          "SPIError",
-                                          "0:ZeroDivisionError",
-                                          "0:IndexError",
-                                          "0:UnwrapNoneError"])
-
-    def preallocate_runtime_exception_names(self, names):
-        for i, name in enumerate(names):
-            if ":" not in name:
-                name = "0:artiq.coredevice.exceptions." + name
-            exn_id = self.store_str(name)
-            assert exn_id == i
-
     def store_function(self, key, fun):
         self.function_map[key] = fun
         return key

nac3artiq/demo/list_cmp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class EmptyList:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+
+    @rpc
+    def get_empty(self) -> list[int32]:
+        return []
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        a: list[int32] = self.get_empty()
+        if a != []:
+            raise ValueError
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    EmptyList().run()

nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from embedding_map import EmbeddingMap
 
 
 __all__ = [
-    "Kernel", "KernelInvariant", "virtual",
+    "Kernel", "KernelInvariant", "virtual", "ConstGeneric",
     "Option", "Some", "none", "UnwrapNoneError",
     "round64", "floor64", "ceil64",
     "extern", "kernel", "portable", "nac3",
@@ -67,6 +67,12 @@ def Some(v: T) -> Option[T]:
 
 none = Option(None)
 
+class _ConstGenericMarker:
+    pass
+
+def ConstGeneric(name, constraint):
+    return TypeVar(name, _ConstGenericMarker, constraint)
+
 def round64(x):
     return round(x)
 
@@ -80,7 +86,13 @@ def ceil64(x):
 import device_db
 core_arguments = device_db.device_db["core"]["arguments"]
 
-compiler = nac3artiq.NAC3(core_arguments["target"])
+artiq_builtins = {
+    "none": none,
+    "virtual": virtual,
+    "_ConstGenericMarker": _ConstGenericMarker,
+    "Option": Option,
+}
+compiler = nac3artiq.NAC3(core_arguments["target"], artiq_builtins)
 allow_registration = True
 # Delay NAC3 analysis until all referenced variables are supposed to exist on the CPython side.
 registered_functions = set()
@@ -100,10 +112,15 @@ def extern(function):
     register_function(function)
     return function
 
-def rpc(function):
-    """Decorates a function declaration defined by the core device runtime."""
-    register_function(function)
-    return function
+
+def rpc(arg=None, flags={}):
+    """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the host interpreter."""
+    if arg is None:
+        def inner_decorator(function):
+            return rpc(function, flags)
+        return inner_decorator
+    register_function(arg)
+    return arg
 
 def kernel(function_or_method):
     """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the core device."""
@@ -189,7 +206,7 @@ class Core:
         embedding = EmbeddingMap()
 
         if allow_registration:
-            compiler.analyze(registered_functions, registered_classes)
+            compiler.analyze(registered_functions, registered_classes, set())
             allow_registration = False
 
         if hasattr(method, "__self__"):

nac3artiq/demo/numpy_primitives_decay.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+import numpy
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class NumpyBoolDecay:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+    np_true: KernelInvariant[bool]
+    np_false: KernelInvariant[bool]
+    np_int: KernelInvariant[int32]
+    np_float: KernelInvariant[float]
+    np_str: KernelInvariant[str]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+        self.np_true = numpy.True_
+        self.np_false = numpy.False_
+        self.np_int = numpy.int32(0)
+        self.np_float = numpy.float64(0.0)
+        self.np_str = numpy.str_("")
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        pass
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    NumpyBoolDecay().run()

nac3artiq/demo/str_abi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import ndarray, zeros as np_zeros
+
+
+@nac3
+class StrFail:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+
+    @kernel
+    def hello(self, arg: str):
+        pass
+
+    @kernel
+    def consume_ndarray(self, arg: ndarray[str, 1]):
+        pass
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.hello("world")
+        self.consume_ndarray(np_zeros([10], dtype=str))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    StrFail().run()

nac3artiq/demo/string_attribute_issue337.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class Demo:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+    attr1: KernelInvariant[str]
+    attr2: KernelInvariant[int32]
+
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+        self.attr2 = 32
+        self.attr1 = "SAMPLE"
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        print_int32(self.attr2)
+        self.attr1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    Demo().run()

nac3artiq/demo/support_class_attr_issue102.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class Demo:
+    attr1: KernelInvariant[int32] = 2
+    attr2: int32 = 4
+    attr3: Kernel[int32]
+
+    @kernel
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.attr3 = 8
+
+
+@nac3
+class NAC3Devices:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+    attr4: KernelInvariant[int32] = 16
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        Demo.attr1  # Supported
+        # Demo.attr2  # Field not accessible on Kernel
+        # Demo.attr3  # Only attributes can be accessed in this way
+        # Demo.attr1 = 2  # Attributes are immutable
+
+        self.attr4  # Attributes can be accessed within class
+
+        obj = Demo()
+        obj.attr1  # Attributes can be accessed by class objects
+
+        NAC3Devices.attr4  # Attributes accessible for classes without __init__
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    NAC3Devices().run()

nac3artiq/src/timeline.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,23 @@
-use inkwell::{values::BasicValueEnum, AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering};
-use nac3core::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+use itertools::Either;
 
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::CodeGenContext,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue},
+        AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering,
+    },
+};
+
+/// Functions for manipulating the timeline.
 pub trait TimeFns {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
+    /// Emits LLVM IR for `now_mu`.
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Emits LLVM IR for `at_mu`.
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
+
+    /// Emits LLVM IR for `delay_mu`.
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
 }
 
 pub struct NowPinningTimeFns64 {}
@@ -12,141 +25,143 @@ pub struct NowPinningTimeFns64 {}
 // For FPGA design reasons, on VexRiscv with 64-bit data bus, the "now" CSR is split into two 32-bit
 // values that are each padded to 64-bits.
 impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_hiptr =
-            ctx.builder.build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic), "now_hiptr");
-        if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
-            let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now_gep")
-            };
-            if let (BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_hi), BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_lo)) = (
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_hiptr, "now_hi"),
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_loptr, "now_lo"),
-            ) {
-                let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "now_zext_hi");
-                let shifted_hi = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(
-                    zext_hi,
-                    i64_type.const_int(32, false),
-                    "now_shifted_zext_hi",
-                );
-                let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "now_zext_lo");
-                ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now_or").into()
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let now_loptr = unsafe {
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
         }
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let now_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_hiptr, "now.hi")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+        let now_lo = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_loptr, "now.lo")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        let shifted_hi =
+            ctx.builder.build_left_shift(zext_hi, i64_type.const_int(32, false), "").unwrap();
+        let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now_mu").map(Into::into).unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
+
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
-        if let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(time) = t {
-            let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "now_lshr"),
+        let time = t.into_int_value();
+
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "time.hi").unwrap(),
                 i32_type,
-                "now_trunc",
-            );
-            let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
-            let now = ctx
-                .module
-                .get_global("now")
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-            let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
-                now,
-                i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic),
-                "now_bitcast",
-            );
-            if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
-                let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                    ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now_gep")
-                };
-                ctx.builder
-                    .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
-                    .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
-                    .unwrap();
-                ctx.builder
-                    .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
-                    .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
-                    .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
+                "",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
+        let now = ctx
+            .module
+            .get_global("now")
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let now_loptr = unsafe {
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
         }
+        .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
+            .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
+            .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
+            .unwrap();
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_hiptr =
-            ctx.builder.build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic), "now_hiptr");
-        if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
-            let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now_loptr")
-            };
-            if let (
-                BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_hi),
-                BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_lo),
-                BasicValueEnum::IntValue(dt),
-            ) = (
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_hiptr, "now_hi"),
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_loptr, "now_lo"),
-                dt,
-            ) {
-                let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "now_zext_hi");
-                let shifted_hi = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(
-                    zext_hi,
-                    i64_type.const_int(32, false),
-                    "now_shifted_zext_hi",
-                );
-                let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "now_zext_lo");
-                let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now_or");
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
 
-                let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "now_add");
-                let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                    ctx.builder.build_right_shift(
-                        time,
-                        i64_type.const_int(32, false),
-                        false,
-                        "now_lshr",
-                    ),
-                    i32_type,
-                    "now_trunc",
-                );
-                let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
+        let now_loptr = unsafe {
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
+        }
+        .unwrap();
 
+        let now_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_hiptr, "now.hi")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+        let now_lo = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_loptr, "now.lo")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+        let dt = dt.into_int_value();
+
+        let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        let shifted_hi =
+            ctx.builder.build_left_shift(zext_hi, i64_type.const_int(32, false), "").unwrap();
+        let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now").unwrap();
+
+        let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "time").unwrap();
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
                 ctx.builder
-                    .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
-                    .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
-                    .unwrap();
-                ctx.builder
-                    .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
-                    .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
-                    .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        };
+                    .build_right_shift(time, i64_type.const_int(32, false), false, "")
+                    .unwrap(),
+                i32_type,
+                "time.hi",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
+
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
+            .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
+            .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
+            .unwrap();
     }
 }
 
@@ -155,68 +170,67 @@ pub static NOW_PINNING_TIME_FNS_64: NowPinningTimeFns64 = NowPinningTimeFns64 {}
 pub struct NowPinningTimeFns {}
 
 impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_raw = ctx.builder.build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "now");
-        if let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_raw) = now_raw {
-            let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
-            let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now_shl");
-            let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now_lshr");
-            ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_or").into()
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        }
+        let now_raw = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "now")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
+        let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now.lo").unwrap();
+        let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now.hi").unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_mu").map(Into::into).unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
-        if let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(time) = t {
-            let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "now_lshr"),
+
+        let time = t.into_int_value();
+
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "").unwrap(),
                 i32_type,
-                "now_trunc",
-            );
-            let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
-            let now = ctx
-                .module
-                .get_global("now")
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-            let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
-                now,
-                i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic),
-                "now_bitcast",
-            );
-            if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
-                let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                    ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now_gep")
-                };
-                ctx.builder
-                    .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
-                    .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
-                    .unwrap();
-                ctx.builder
-                    .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
-                    .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
-                    .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
+                "time.hi",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc").unwrap();
+        let now = ctx
+            .module
+            .get_global("now")
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let now_loptr = unsafe {
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now.lo.addr")
         }
+        .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
+            .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
+            .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
+            .unwrap();
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
@@ -224,41 +238,47 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_raw = ctx.builder.build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "now");
-        if let (BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_raw), BasicValueEnum::IntValue(dt)) = (now_raw, dt) {
-            let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now_shl");
-            let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now_lshr");
-            let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_or");
-            let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "now_add");
-            let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "now_lshr"),
+        let now_raw = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let dt = dt.into_int_value();
+
+        let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now.lo").unwrap();
+        let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now.hi").unwrap();
+        let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_val").unwrap();
+        let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "time").unwrap();
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "time.hi").unwrap(),
                 i32_type,
                 "now_trunc",
-            );
-            let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
-            let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
-                now,
-                i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic),
-                "now_bitcast",
-            );
-            if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
-                let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                    ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now_gep")
-                };
-                ctx.builder
-                    .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
-                    .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
-                    .unwrap();
-                ctx.builder
-                    .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
-                    .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
-                    .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let now_loptr = unsafe {
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now.lo.addr")
         }
+        .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
+            .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
+            .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
+            .unwrap();
     }
 }
 
@@ -267,14 +287,18 @@ pub static NOW_PINNING_TIME_FNS: NowPinningTimeFns = NowPinningTimeFns {};
 pub struct ExternTimeFns {}
 
 impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
         let now_mu = ctx.module.get_function("now_mu").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             ctx.module.add_function("now_mu", ctx.ctx.i64_type().fn_type(&[], false), None)
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(now_mu, &[], "now_mu").try_as_basic_value().left().unwrap()
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(now_mu, &[], "now_mu")
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let at_mu = ctx.module.get_function("at_mu").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             ctx.module.add_function(
                 "at_mu",
@@ -282,14 +306,10 @@ impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
                 None,
             )
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(at_mu, &[t.into()], "at_mu");
+        ctx.builder.build_call(at_mu, &[t.into()], "at_mu").unwrap();
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let delay_mu = ctx.module.get_function("delay_mu").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             ctx.module.add_function(
                 "delay_mu",
@@ -297,7 +317,7 @@ impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
                 None,
             )
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(delay_mu, &[dt.into()], "delay_mu");
+        ctx.builder.build_call(delay_mu, &[dt.into()], "delay_mu").unwrap();
     }
 }
 

nac3ast/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 name = "nac3ast"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team", "M-Labs"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 
 [features]
 default = ["constant-optimization", "fold"]
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ constant-optimization = ["fold"]
 fold = []
 
 [dependencies]
-lazy_static = "1.4"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-string-interner = "0.14"
+string-interner = "0.17"
 fxhash = "0.2"

nac3ast/src/constant.rs

@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ impl From<bool> for Constant {
 }
 impl From<i32> for Constant {
     fn from(i: i32) -> Constant {
-        Self::Int(i as i128)
+        Self::Int(i128::from(i))
     }
 }
 impl From<i64> for Constant {
     fn from(i: i64) -> Constant {
-        Self::Int(i as i128)
+        Self::Int(i128::from(i))
     }
 }
 
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ pub enum ConversionFlag {
 }
 
 impl ConversionFlag {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn try_from_byte(b: u8) -> Option<Self> {
         match b {
             b's' => Some(Self::Str),
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ pub struct ConstantOptimizer {
 #[cfg(feature = "constant-optimization")]
 impl ConstantOptimizer {
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self { _priv: () }
     }
@@ -85,33 +87,22 @@ impl<U> crate::fold::Fold<U> for ConstantOptimizer {
     fn fold_expr(&mut self, node: crate::Expr<U>) -> Result<crate::Expr<U>, Self::Error> {
         match node.node {
             crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx } => {
-                let elts = elts
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|x| self.fold_expr(x))
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-                let expr = if elts
-                    .iter()
-                    .all(|e| matches!(e.node, crate::ExprKind::Constant { .. }))
-                {
-                    let tuple = elts
-                        .into_iter()
-                        .map(|e| match e.node {
-                            crate::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => value,
-                            _ => unreachable!(),
-                        })
-                        .collect();
-                    crate::ExprKind::Constant {
-                        value: Constant::Tuple(tuple),
-                        kind: None,
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx }
-                };
-                Ok(crate::Expr {
-                    node: expr,
-                    custom: node.custom,
-                    location: node.location,
-                })
+                let elts =
+                    elts.into_iter().map(|x| self.fold_expr(x)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                let expr =
+                    if elts.iter().all(|e| matches!(e.node, crate::ExprKind::Constant { .. })) {
+                        let tuple = elts
+                            .into_iter()
+                            .map(|e| match e.node {
+                                crate::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => value,
+                                _ => unreachable!(),
+                            })
+                            .collect();
+                        crate::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Tuple(tuple), kind: None }
+                    } else {
+                        crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx }
+                    };
+                Ok(crate::Expr { node: expr, custom: node.custom, location: node.location })
             }
             _ => crate::fold::fold_expr(self, node),
         }
@@ -127,7 +118,7 @@ mod tests {
         use crate::fold::Fold;
         use crate::*;
 
-        let location = Location::new(0, 0, Default::default());
+        let location = Location::new(0, 0, FileName::default());
         let custom = ();
         let ast = Located {
             location,
@@ -138,18 +129,12 @@ mod tests {
                     Located {
                         location,
                         custom,
-                        node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                            value: 1.into(),
-                            kind: None,
-                        },
+                        node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 1.into(), kind: None },
                     },
                     Located {
                         location,
                         custom,
-                        node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                            value: 2.into(),
-                            kind: None,
-                        },
+                        node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 2.into(), kind: None },
                     },
                     Located {
                         location,
@@ -160,26 +145,17 @@ mod tests {
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                                        value: 3.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 3.into(), kind: None },
                                 },
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                                        value: 4.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 4.into(), kind: None },
                                 },
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                                        value: 5.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 5.into(), kind: None },
                                 },
                             ],
                         },
@@ -187,9 +163,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             },
         };
-        let new_ast = ConstantOptimizer::new()
-            .fold_expr(ast)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
+        let new_ast = ConstantOptimizer::new().fold_expr(ast).unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
         assert_eq!(
             new_ast,
             Located {
@@ -199,11 +173,7 @@ mod tests {
                     value: Constant::Tuple(vec![
                         1.into(),
                         2.into(),
-                        Constant::Tuple(vec![
-                            3.into(),
-                            4.into(),
-                            5.into(),
-                        ])
+                        Constant::Tuple(vec![3.into(), 4.into(), 5.into(),])
                     ]),
                     kind: None
                 },

nac3ast/src/fold_helpers.rs

@@ -64,11 +64,4 @@ macro_rules! simple_fold {
     };
 }
 
-simple_fold!(
-    usize,
-    String,
-    bool,
-    StrRef,
-    constant::Constant,
-    constant::ConversionFlag
-);
+simple_fold!(usize, String, bool, StrRef, constant::Constant, constant::ConversionFlag);

nac3ast/src/impls.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use crate::{Constant, ExprKind};
 
 impl<U> ExprKind<U> {
     /// Returns a short name for the node suitable for use in error messages.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
             ExprKind::BoolOp { .. } | ExprKind::BinOp { .. } | ExprKind::UnaryOp { .. } => {
@@ -34,10 +35,7 @@ impl<U> ExprKind<U> {
             ExprKind::Starred { .. } => "starred",
             ExprKind::Slice { .. } => "slice",
             ExprKind::JoinedStr { values } => {
-                if values
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|e| matches!(e.node, ExprKind::JoinedStr { .. }))
-                {
+                if values.iter().any(|e| matches!(e.node, ExprKind::JoinedStr { .. })) {
                     "f-string expression"
                 } else {
                     "literal"

nac3ast/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate lazy_static;
+#![deny(future_incompatible, let_underscore, nonstandard_style, clippy::all)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
 
 mod ast_gen;
 mod constant;
@@ -9,6 +16,6 @@ mod impls;
 mod location;
 
 pub use ast_gen::*;
-pub use location::{Location, FileName};
+pub use location::{FileName, Location};
 
 pub type Suite<U = ()> = Vec<Stmt<U>>;

nac3ast/src/location.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 //! Datatypes to support source location information.
 use crate::ast_gen::StrRef;
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::fmt;
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct FileName(pub StrRef);
 impl Default for FileName {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -17,16 +18,38 @@ impl From<String> for FileName {
 }
 
 /// A location somewhere in the sourcecode.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Location {
     pub row: usize,
     pub column: usize,
-    pub file: FileName
+    pub file: FileName,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for Location {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}: line {} column {}", self.file.0, self.row, self.column)
+        write!(f, "{}:{}:{}", self.file.0, self.row, self.column)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Location {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        let file_cmp = self.file.0.to_string().cmp(&other.file.0.to_string());
+        if file_cmp != Ordering::Equal {
+            return file_cmp;
+        }
+
+        let row_cmp = self.row.cmp(&other.row);
+        if row_cmp != Ordering::Equal {
+            return row_cmp;
+        }
+
+        self.column.cmp(&other.column)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Location {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
     }
 }
 
@@ -53,23 +76,22 @@ impl Location {
                 )
             }
         }
-        Visualize {
-            loc: *self,
-            line,
-            desc,
-        }
+        Visualize { loc: *self, line, desc }
     }
 }
 
 impl Location {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(row: usize, column: usize, file: FileName) -> Self {
         Location { row, column, file }
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn row(&self) -> usize {
         self.row
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn column(&self) -> usize {
         self.column
     }

nac3core/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,25 +2,33 @@
 name = "nac3core"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["M-Labs"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[features]
+default = ["derive"]
+derive = ["dep:nac3core_derive"]
+no-escape-analysis = []
 
 [dependencies]
-itertools = "0.10"
+itertools = "0.13"
 crossbeam = "0.8"
+indexmap = "2.6"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-rayon = "1.5"
+rayon = "1.10"
+nac3core_derive = { path = "nac3core_derive", optional = true }
 nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
-lazy_static = "1.4"
+strum = "0.26"
+strum_macros = "0.26"
 
 [dependencies.inkwell]
-git = "https://github.com/TheDan64/inkwell.git"
+version = "0.5"
 default-features = false
-features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+features = ["llvm14-0-prefer-dynamic", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 test-case = "1.2.0"
-indoc = "1.0"
+indoc = "2.0"
 insta = "=1.11.0"
 
 [build-dependencies]
-regex = "1"
+regex = "1.10"

nac3core/build.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use regex::Regex;
 use std::{
     env,
     fs::File,
@@ -7,34 +6,58 @@ use std::{
     process::{Command, Stdio},
 };
 
+use regex::Regex;
+
 fn main() {
-    const FILE: &str = "src/codegen/irrt/irrt.c";
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", FILE);
     let out_dir = env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap();
-    let out_path = Path::new(&out_dir);
+    let out_dir = Path::new(&out_dir);
+    let irrt_dir = Path::new("irrt");
+
+    let irrt_cpp_path = irrt_dir.join("irrt.cpp");
 
     /*
      * HACK: Sadly, clang doesn't let us emit generic LLVM bitcode.
      * Compiling for WASM32 and filtering the output with regex is the closest we can get.
      */
-
-    const FLAG: &[&str] = &[
+    let mut flags: Vec<&str> = vec![
         "--target=wasm32",
-        FILE,
-        "-O3",
+        "-x",
+        "c++",
+        "-std=c++20",
+        "-fno-discard-value-names",
+        "-fno-exceptions",
+        "-fno-rtti",
         "-emit-llvm",
         "-S",
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
         "-o",
         "-",
+        "-I",
+        irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap(),
+        irrt_cpp_path.to_str().unwrap(),
     ];
-    let output = Command::new("clang")
-        .args(FLAG)
+
+    match env::var("PROFILE").as_deref() {
+        Ok("debug") => {
+            flags.push("-O0");
+            flags.push("-DIRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT");
+        }
+        Ok("release") => {
+            flags.push("-O3");
+        }
+        flavor => panic!("Unknown or missing build flavor {flavor:?}"),
+    }
+
+    // Tell Cargo to rerun if any file under `irrt_dir` (recursive) changes
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap());
+
+    // Compile IRRT and capture the LLVM IR output
+    let output = Command::new("clang-irrt")
+        .args(flags)
         .output()
-        .map(|o| {
+        .inspect(|o| {
             assert!(o.status.success(), "{}", std::str::from_utf8(&o.stderr).unwrap());
-            o
         })
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -42,9 +65,19 @@ fn main() {
     let output = std::str::from_utf8(&output.stdout).unwrap().replace("\r\n", "\n");
     let mut filtered_output = String::with_capacity(output.len());
 
-    let regex_filter = regex::Regex::new(r"(?ms:^define.*?\}$)|(?m:^declare.*?$)").unwrap();
+    // Filter out irrelevant IR
+    //
+    // Regex:
+    // - `(?ms:^define.*?\}$)` captures LLVM `define` blocks
+    // - `(?m:^declare.*?$)` captures LLVM `declare` lines
+    // - `(?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$)` captures LLVM `type` declarations
+    // - `(?m:^@.+?=.+$)` captures global constants
+    let regex_filter = Regex::new(
+        r"(?ms:^define.*?\}$)|(?m:^declare.*?$)|(?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$)|(?m:^@.+?=.+$)",
+    )
+    .unwrap();
     for f in regex_filter.captures_iter(&output) {
-        assert!(f.len() == 1);
+        assert_eq!(f.len(), 1);
         filtered_output.push_str(&f[0]);
         filtered_output.push('\n');
     }
@@ -53,20 +86,24 @@ fn main() {
         .unwrap()
         .replace_all(&filtered_output, "");
 
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT");
-    if env::var("DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT").is_ok() {
-        let mut file = File::create(out_path.join("irrt.ll")).unwrap();
+    // For debugging
+    // Doing `DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT=1 cargo build -p nac3core` dumps the LLVM IR generated
+    const DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT: &str = "DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT";
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed={DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT}");
+    if env::var(DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT).is_ok() {
+        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt.ll")).unwrap();
         file.write_all(output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-        let mut file = File::create(out_path.join("irrt-filtered.ll")).unwrap();
+
+        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt-filtered.ll")).unwrap();
         file.write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
     }
 
-    let mut llvm_as = Command::new("llvm-as")
+    let mut llvm_as = Command::new("llvm-as-irrt")
         .stdin(Stdio::piped())
         .arg("-o")
-        .arg(out_path.join("irrt.bc"))
+        .arg(out_dir.join("irrt.bc"))
         .spawn()
         .unwrap();
     llvm_as.stdin.as_mut().unwrap().write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-    assert!(llvm_as.wait().unwrap().success())
+    assert!(llvm_as.wait().unwrap().success());
 }

nac3core/irrt/irrt.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
+#include "irrt/list.hpp"
+#include "irrt/math.hpp"
+#include "irrt/range.hpp"
+#include "irrt/slice.hpp"
+#include "irrt/string.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/basic.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/iter.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/indexing.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/array.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/reshape.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/broadcast.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/transpose.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/matmul.hpp"

nac3core/irrt/irrt/cslice.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+struct CSlice {
+    void* base;
+    SizeT len;
+};

nac3core/irrt/irrt/debug.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Set in nac3core/build.rs
+#ifdef IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT
+#define IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL true
+#else
+#define IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL false
+#endif
+
+#define raise_debug_assert(SizeT, msg, param1, param2, param3) \
+    raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR, "IRRT debug assert failed: " msg, param1, param2, param3)
+
+#define debug_assert_eq(SizeT, lhs, rhs)                                           \
+    if constexpr (IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL) {                                        \
+        if ((lhs) != (rhs)) {                                                      \
+            raise_debug_assert(SizeT, "LHS = {0}. RHS = {1}", lhs, rhs, NO_PARAM); \
+        }                                                                          \
+    }
+
+#define debug_assert(SizeT, expr)                                                  \
+    if constexpr (IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL) {                                        \
+        if (!(expr)) {                                                             \
+            raise_debug_assert(SizeT, "Got false.", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM); \
+        }                                                                          \
+    }

nac3core/irrt/irrt/exception.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/cslice.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+/**
+ * @brief The int type of ARTIQ exception IDs.
+ */
+using ExceptionId = int32_t;
+
+/*
+ * Set of exceptions C++ IRRT can use.
+ * Must be synchronized with `setup_irrt_exceptions` in `nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs`.
+ */
+extern "C" {
+ExceptionId EXN_INDEX_ERROR;
+ExceptionId EXN_VALUE_ERROR;
+ExceptionId EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR;
+ExceptionId EXN_TYPE_ERROR;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Extern function to `__nac3_raise`
+ *
+ * The parameter `err` could be `Exception<int32_t>` or `Exception<int64_t>`. The caller
+ * must make sure to pass `Exception`s with the correct `SizeT` depending on the `size_t` of the runtime.
+ */
+extern "C" void __nac3_raise(void* err);
+
+namespace {
+/**
+ * @brief NAC3's Exception struct
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+struct Exception {
+    ExceptionId id;
+    CSlice<SizeT> filename;
+    int32_t line;
+    int32_t column;
+    CSlice<SizeT> function;
+    CSlice<SizeT> msg;
+    int64_t params[3];
+};
+
+constexpr int64_t NO_PARAM = 0;
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+void _raise_exception_helper(ExceptionId id,
+                             const char* filename,
+                             int32_t line,
+                             const char* function,
+                             const char* msg,
+                             int64_t param0,
+                             int64_t param1,
+                             int64_t param2) {
+    Exception<SizeT> e = {
+        .id = id,
+        .filename = {.base = reinterpret_cast<void*>(const_cast<char*>(filename)),
+                     .len = static_cast<SizeT>(__builtin_strlen(filename))},
+        .line = line,
+        .column = 0,
+        .function = {.base = reinterpret_cast<void*>(const_cast<char*>(function)),
+                     .len = static_cast<SizeT>(__builtin_strlen(function))},
+        .msg = {.base = reinterpret_cast<void*>(const_cast<char*>(msg)),
+                .len = static_cast<SizeT>(__builtin_strlen(msg))},
+    };
+    e.params[0] = param0;
+    e.params[1] = param1;
+    e.params[2] = param2;
+    __nac3_raise(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&e));
+    __builtin_unreachable();
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+/**
+ * @brief Raise an exception with location details (location in the IRRT source files).
+ * @param SizeT The runtime `size_t` type.
+ * @param id The ID of the exception to raise.
+ * @param msg A global constant C-string of the error message.
+ *
+ * `param0` to `param2` are optional format arguments of `msg`. They should be set to
+ * `NO_PARAM` to indicate they are unused.
+ */
+#define raise_exception(SizeT, id, msg, param0, param1, param2) \
+    _raise_exception_helper<SizeT>(id, __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__, msg, param0, param1, param2)

nac3core/irrt/irrt/int_types.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 202000
+using int8_t = _BitInt(8);
+using uint8_t = unsigned _BitInt(8);
+using int32_t = _BitInt(32);
+using uint32_t = unsigned _BitInt(32);
+using int64_t = _BitInt(64);
+using uint64_t = unsigned _BitInt(64);
+#else
+
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-type"
+using int8_t = _ExtInt(8);
+using uint8_t = unsigned _ExtInt(8);
+using int32_t = _ExtInt(32);
+using uint32_t = unsigned _ExtInt(32);
+using int64_t = _ExtInt(64);
+using uint64_t = unsigned _ExtInt(64);
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+
+#endif
+
+// The type of an index or a value describing the length of a range/slice is always `int32_t`.
+using SliceIndex = int32_t;

nac3core/irrt/irrt/list.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/math_util.hpp"
+#include "irrt/slice.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+/**
+ * @brief A list in NAC3.
+ *
+ * The `items` field is opaque. You must rely on external contexts to
+ * know how to interpret it.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+struct List {
+    uint8_t* items;
+    SizeT len;
+};
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+// Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
+// both dest_step and src_step are +1.
+// - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
+// - The end index is *inclusive*,
+// - The length of src and dest slice size should already
+// be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
+SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
+                                             SliceIndex dest_end,
+                                             SliceIndex dest_step,
+                                             void* dest_arr,
+                                             SliceIndex dest_arr_len,
+                                             SliceIndex src_start,
+                                             SliceIndex src_end,
+                                             SliceIndex src_step,
+                                             void* src_arr,
+                                             SliceIndex src_arr_len,
+                                             const SliceIndex size) {
+    /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
+    if (dest_arr_len == 0)
+        return dest_arr_len;
+    /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
+    if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
+        const SliceIndex src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
+        const SliceIndex dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
+        if (src_len > 0) {
+            __builtin_memmove(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_start * size,
+                              static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_start * size, src_len * size);
+        }
+        if (dest_len > 0) {
+            /* dropping */
+            __builtin_memmove(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + (dest_start + src_len) * size,
+                              static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                              (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
+        }
+        /* shrink size */
+        return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
+    }
+    /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
+    uint8_t need_alloca = (dest_arr == src_arr)
+                          && !(max(dest_start, dest_end) < min(src_start, src_end)
+                               || max(src_start, src_end) < min(dest_start, dest_end));
+    if (need_alloca) {
+        void* tmp = __builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size);
+        __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
+        src_arr = tmp;
+    }
+    SliceIndex src_ind = src_start;
+    SliceIndex dest_ind = dest_start;
+    for (; (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end); src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step) {
+        /* for constant optimization */
+        if (size == 1) {
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind, static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind, 1);
+        } else if (size == 4) {
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * 4,
+                             static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind * 4, 4);
+        } else if (size == 8) {
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * 8,
+                             static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind * 8, 8);
+        } else {
+            /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * size,
+                             static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind * size, size);
+        }
+    }
+    /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
+    /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
+    if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
+        __builtin_memmove(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * size,
+                          static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                          (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
+        return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
+    }
+    return dest_arr_len;
+}
+}  // extern "C"

nac3core/irrt/irrt/math.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+// adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
+// need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
+template<typename T>
+T __nac3_int_exp_impl(T base, T exp) {
+    T res = 1;
+    /* repeated squaring method */
+    do {
+        if (exp & 1) {
+            res *= base; /* for n odd */
+        }
+        exp >>= 1;
+        base *= base;
+    } while (exp);
+    return res;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+#define DEF_nac3_int_exp_(T)                   \
+    T __nac3_int_exp_##T(T base, T exp) {      \
+        return __nac3_int_exp_impl(base, exp); \
+    }
+
+extern "C" {
+
+// Putting semicolons here to make clang-format not reformat this into
+// a stair shape.
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int32_t);
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int64_t);
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint32_t);
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint64_t);
+
+int32_t __nac3_isinf(double x) {
+    return __builtin_isinf(x);
+}
+
+int32_t __nac3_isnan(double x) {
+    return __builtin_isnan(x);
+}
+
+double tgamma(double arg);
+
+double __nac3_gamma(double z) {
+    // Handling for denormals
+    //     | x                 | Python gamma(x) | C tgamma(x) |
+    // --- | ----------------- | --------------- | ----------- |
+    // (1) | nan               | nan             | nan         |
+    // (2) | -inf              | -inf            | inf         |
+    // (3) | inf               | inf             | inf         |
+    // (4) | 0.0               | inf             | inf         |
+    // (5) | {-1.0, -2.0, ...} | inf             | nan         |
+
+    // (1)-(3)
+    if (__builtin_isinf(z) || __builtin_isnan(z)) {
+        return z;
+    }
+
+    double v = tgamma(z);
+
+    // (4)-(5)
+    return __builtin_isinf(v) || __builtin_isnan(v) ? __builtin_inf() : v;
+}
+
+double lgamma(double arg);
+
+double __nac3_gammaln(double x) {
+    // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+    // - scipy: gammaln(-inf) -> -inf
+    // - libm : lgamma(-inf) -> inf
+
+    if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+        return x;
+    }
+
+    return lgamma(x);
+}
+
+double j0(double x);
+
+double __nac3_j0(double x) {
+    // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+    // - scipy: j0(inf) -> nan
+    // - libm : j0(inf) -> 0.0
+
+    if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+        return __builtin_nan("");
+    }
+
+    return j0(x);
+}
+}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/math_util.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#pragma once
+
+namespace {
+template<typename T>
+const T& max(const T& a, const T& b) {
+    return a > b ? a : b;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+const T& min(const T& a, const T& b) {
+    return a > b ? b : a;
+}
+}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/array.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/debug.hpp"
+#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/list.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/basic.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+namespace ndarray::array {
+/**
+ * @brief In the context of `np.array(<list>)`, deduce the ndarray's shape produced by `<list>` and raise
+ * an exception if there is anything wrong with `<shape>` (e.g., inconsistent dimensions `np.array([[1.0, 2.0],
+ * [3.0]])`)
+ *
+ * If this function finds no issues with `<list>`, the deduced shape is written to `shape`. The caller has the
+ * responsibility to allocate `[SizeT; ndims]` for `shape`. The caller must also initialize `shape` with `-1`s because
+ * of implementation details.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void set_and_validate_list_shape_helper(SizeT axis, List<SizeT>* list, SizeT ndims, SizeT* shape) {
+    if (shape[axis] == -1) {
+        // Dimension is unspecified. Set it.
+        shape[axis] = list->len;
+    } else {
+        // Dimension is specified. Check.
+        if (shape[axis] != list->len) {
+            // Mismatch, throw an error.
+            // NOTE: NumPy's error message is more complex and needs more PARAMS to display.
+            raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR,
+                            "The requested array has an inhomogenous shape "
+                            "after {0} dimension(s).",
+                            axis, shape[axis], list->len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (axis + 1 == ndims) {
+        // `list` has type `list[ItemType]`
+        // Do nothing
+    } else {
+        // `list` has type `list[list[...]]`
+        List<SizeT>** lists = (List<SizeT>**)(list->items);
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < list->len; i++) {
+            set_and_validate_list_shape_helper<SizeT>(axis + 1, lists[i], ndims, shape);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief See `set_and_validate_list_shape_helper`.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void set_and_validate_list_shape(List<SizeT>* list, SizeT ndims, SizeT* shape) {
+    for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndims; axis++) {
+        shape[axis] = -1;  // Sentinel to say this dimension is unspecified.
+    }
+    set_and_validate_list_shape_helper<SizeT>(0, list, ndims, shape);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief In the context of `np.array(<list>)`, copied the contents stored in `list` to `ndarray`.
+ *
+ * `list` is assumed to be "legal". (i.e., no inconsistent dimensions)
+ *
+ * # Notes on `ndarray`
+ * The caller is responsible for allocating space for `ndarray`.
+ * Here is what this function expects from `ndarray` when called:
+ *   - `ndarray->data` has to be allocated, contiguous, and may contain uninitialized values.
+ *   - `ndarray->itemsize` has to be initialized.
+ *   - `ndarray->ndims` has to be initialized.
+ *   - `ndarray->shape` has to be initialized.
+ *   - `ndarray->strides` is ignored, but note that `ndarray->data` is contiguous.
+ * When this function call ends:
+ *   - `ndarray->data` is written with contents from `<list>`.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void write_list_to_array_helper(SizeT axis, SizeT* index, List<SizeT>* list, NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, list->len, ndarray->shape[axis]);
+    if (IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL) {
+        if (!ndarray::basic::is_c_contiguous(ndarray)) {
+            raise_debug_assert(SizeT, "ndarray is not C-contiguous", ndarray->strides[0], ndarray->strides[1],
+                               NO_PARAM);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (axis + 1 == ndarray->ndims) {
+        // `list` has type `list[scalar]`
+        // `ndarray` is contiguous, so we can do this, and this is fast.
+        uint8_t* dst = static_cast<uint8_t*>(ndarray->data) + (ndarray->itemsize * (*index));
+        __builtin_memcpy(dst, list->items, ndarray->itemsize * list->len);
+        *index += list->len;
+    } else {
+        // `list` has type `list[list[...]]`
+        List<SizeT>** lists = (List<SizeT>**)(list->items);
+
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < list->len; i++) {
+            write_list_to_array_helper<SizeT>(axis + 1, index, lists[i], ndarray);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief See `write_list_to_array_helper`.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void write_list_to_array(List<SizeT>* list, NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    SizeT index = 0;
+    write_list_to_array_helper<SizeT>((SizeT)0, &index, list, ndarray);
+}
+}  // namespace ndarray::array
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+using namespace ndarray::array;
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape(List<int32_t>* list, int32_t ndims, int32_t* shape) {
+    set_and_validate_list_shape(list, ndims, shape);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape64(List<int64_t>* list, int64_t ndims, int64_t* shape) {
+    set_and_validate_list_shape(list, ndims, shape);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array(List<int32_t>* list, NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+    write_list_to_array(list, ndarray);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array64(List<int64_t>* list, NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+    write_list_to_array(list, ndarray);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/basic.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/debug.hpp"
+#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+namespace ndarray::basic {
+/**
+ * @brief Assert that `shape` does not contain negative dimensions.
+ *
+ * @param ndims Number of dimensions in `shape`
+ * @param shape The shape to check on
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void assert_shape_no_negative(SizeT ndims, const SizeT* shape) {
+    for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndims; axis++) {
+        if (shape[axis] < 0) {
+            raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR,
+                            "negative dimensions are not allowed; axis {0} "
+                            "has dimension {1}",
+                            axis, shape[axis], NO_PARAM);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Assert that two shapes are the same in the context of writing output to an ndarray.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void assert_output_shape_same(SizeT ndarray_ndims,
+                              const SizeT* ndarray_shape,
+                              SizeT output_ndims,
+                              const SizeT* output_shape) {
+    if (ndarray_ndims != output_ndims) {
+        // There is no corresponding NumPy error message like this.
+        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "Cannot write output of ndims {0} to an ndarray with ndims {1}",
+                        output_ndims, ndarray_ndims, NO_PARAM);
+    }
+
+    for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndarray_ndims; axis++) {
+        if (ndarray_shape[axis] != output_shape[axis]) {
+            // There is no corresponding NumPy error message like this.
+            raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR,
+                            "Mismatched dimensions on axis {0}, output has "
+                            "dimension {1}, but destination ndarray has dimension {2}.",
+                            axis, output_shape[axis], ndarray_shape[axis]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return the number of elements of an ndarray given its shape.
+ *
+ * @param ndims Number of dimensions in `shape`
+ * @param shape The shape of the ndarray
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+SizeT calc_size_from_shape(SizeT ndims, const SizeT* shape) {
+    SizeT size = 1;
+    for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndims; axis++)
+        size *= shape[axis];
+    return size;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Compute the array indices of the `nth` (0-based) element of an ndarray given only its shape.
+ *
+ * @param ndims Number of elements in `shape` and `indices`
+ * @param shape The shape of the ndarray
+ * @param indices The returned indices indexing the ndarray with shape `shape`.
+ * @param nth The index of the element of interest.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void set_indices_by_nth(SizeT ndims, const SizeT* shape, SizeT* indices, SizeT nth) {
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+        SizeT axis = ndims - i - 1;
+        SizeT dim = shape[axis];
+
+        indices[axis] = nth % dim;
+        nth /= dim;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return the number of elements of an `ndarray`
+ *
+ * This function corresponds to `<an_ndarray>.size`
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+SizeT size(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    return calc_size_from_shape(ndarray->ndims, ndarray->shape);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return of the number of its content of an `ndarray`.
+ *
+ * This function corresponds to `<an_ndarray>.nbytes`.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+SizeT nbytes(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    return size(ndarray) * ndarray->itemsize;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Get the `len()` of an ndarray, and asserts that `ndarray` is a sized object.
+ *
+ * This function corresponds to `<an_ndarray>.__len__`.
+ *
+ * @param dst_length The length.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+SizeT len(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    if (ndarray->ndims != 0) {
+        return ndarray->shape[0];
+    }
+
+    // numpy prohibits `__len__` on unsized objects
+    raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_TYPE_ERROR, "len() of unsized object", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
+    __builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return a boolean indicating if `ndarray` is (C-)contiguous.
+ *
+ * You may want to see ndarray's rules for C-contiguity:
+ * https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/df256d0d2f3bc6833699529824781c58f9c6e697/numpy/core/src/multiarray/flagsobject.c#L95C1-L99C45
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+bool is_c_contiguous(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    // References:
+    // - tinynumpy's implementation:
+    // https://github.com/wadetb/tinynumpy/blob/0d23d22e07062ffab2afa287374c7b366eebdda1/tinynumpy/tinynumpy.py#L102
+    // - ndarray's flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]:
+    // https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.flags.html#numpy.ndarray.flags
+    // - ndarray's rules for C-contiguity:
+    // https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/df256d0d2f3bc6833699529824781c58f9c6e697/numpy/core/src/multiarray/flagsobject.c#L95C1-L99C45
+
+    // From
+    // https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/df256d0d2f3bc6833699529824781c58f9c6e697/numpy/core/src/multiarray/flagsobject.c#L95C1-L99C45:
+    //
+    // The traditional rule is that for an array to be flagged as C contiguous,
+    // the following must hold:
+    //
+    // strides[-1] == itemsize
+    // strides[i] == shape[i+1] * strides[i + 1]
+    // [...]
+    // According to these rules, a 0- or 1-dimensional array is either both
+    // C- and F-contiguous, or neither; and an array with 2+ dimensions
+    // can be C- or F- contiguous, or neither, but not both. Though there
+    // there are exceptions for arrays with zero or one item, in the first
+    // case the check is relaxed up to and including the first dimension
+    // with shape[i] == 0. In the second case `strides == itemsize` will
+    // can be true for all dimensions and both flags are set.
+
+    if (ndarray->ndims == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (ndarray->strides[ndarray->ndims - 1] != ndarray->itemsize) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (SizeT i = 1; i < ndarray->ndims; i++) {
+        SizeT axis_i = ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
+        if (ndarray->strides[axis_i] != ndarray->shape[axis_i + 1] * ndarray->strides[axis_i + 1]) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return the pointer to the element indexed by `indices` along the ndarray's axes.
+ *
+ * This function does no bound check.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void* get_pelement_by_indices(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, const SizeT* indices) {
+    void* element = ndarray->data;
+    for (SizeT dim_i = 0; dim_i < ndarray->ndims; dim_i++)
+        element = static_cast<uint8_t*>(element) + indices[dim_i] * ndarray->strides[dim_i];
+    return element;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return the pointer to the nth (0-based) element of `ndarray` in flattened view.
+ *
+ * This function does no bound check.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void* get_nth_pelement(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, SizeT nth) {
+    void* element = ndarray->data;
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndarray->ndims; i++) {
+        SizeT axis = ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
+        SizeT dim = ndarray->shape[axis];
+        element = static_cast<uint8_t*>(element) + ndarray->strides[axis] * (nth % dim);
+        nth /= dim;
+    }
+    return element;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Update the strides of an ndarray given an ndarray `shape` to be contiguous.
+ *
+ * You might want to read https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-1/.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void set_strides_by_shape(NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    SizeT stride_product = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndarray->ndims; i++) {
+        SizeT axis = ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
+        ndarray->strides[axis] = stride_product * ndarray->itemsize;
+        stride_product *= ndarray->shape[axis];
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Set an element in `ndarray`.
+ *
+ * @param pelement Pointer to the element in `ndarray` to be set.
+ * @param pvalue Pointer to the value `pelement` will be set to.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void set_pelement_value(NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, void* pelement, const void* pvalue) {
+    __builtin_memcpy(pelement, pvalue, ndarray->itemsize);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Copy data from one ndarray to another of the exact same size and itemsize.
+ *
+ * Both ndarrays will be viewed in their flatten views when copying the elements.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void copy_data(const NDArray<SizeT>* src_ndarray, NDArray<SizeT>* dst_ndarray) {
+    // TODO: Make this faster with memcpy when we see a contiguous segment.
+    // TODO: Handle overlapping.
+
+    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, src_ndarray->itemsize, dst_ndarray->itemsize);
+
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < size(src_ndarray); i++) {
+        auto src_element = ndarray::basic::get_nth_pelement(src_ndarray, i);
+        auto dst_element = ndarray::basic::get_nth_pelement(dst_ndarray, i);
+        ndarray::basic::set_pelement_value(dst_ndarray, dst_element, src_element);
+    }
+}
+}  // namespace ndarray::basic
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+using namespace ndarray::basic;
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative(int32_t ndims, int32_t* shape) {
+    assert_shape_no_negative(ndims, shape);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative64(int64_t ndims, int64_t* shape) {
+    assert_shape_no_negative(ndims, shape);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same(int32_t ndarray_ndims,
+                                                  const int32_t* ndarray_shape,
+                                                  int32_t output_ndims,
+                                                  const int32_t* output_shape) {
+    assert_output_shape_same(ndarray_ndims, ndarray_shape, output_ndims, output_shape);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same64(int64_t ndarray_ndims,
+                                                    const int64_t* ndarray_shape,
+                                                    int64_t output_ndims,
+                                                    const int64_t* output_shape) {
+    assert_output_shape_same(ndarray_ndims, ndarray_shape, output_ndims, output_shape);
+}
+
+uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_size(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+    return size(ndarray);
+}
+
+uint64_t __nac3_ndarray_size64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+    return size(ndarray);
+}
+
+uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_nbytes(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+    return nbytes(ndarray);
+}
+
+uint64_t __nac3_ndarray_nbytes64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+    return nbytes(ndarray);
+}
+
+int32_t __nac3_ndarray_len(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+    return len(ndarray);
+}
+
+int64_t __nac3_ndarray_len64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+    return len(ndarray);
+}
+
+bool __nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+    return is_c_contiguous(ndarray);
+}
+
+bool __nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+    return is_c_contiguous(ndarray);
+}
+
+void* __nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement(const NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, int32_t nth) {
+    return get_nth_pelement(ndarray, nth);
+}
+
+void* __nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement64(const NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray, int64_t nth) {
+    return get_nth_pelement(ndarray, nth);
+}
+
+void* __nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices(const NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, int32_t* indices) {
+    return get_pelement_by_indices(ndarray, indices);
+}
+
+void* __nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices64(const NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray, int64_t* indices) {
+    return get_pelement_by_indices(ndarray, indices);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+    set_strides_by_shape(ndarray);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+    set_strides_by_shape(ndarray);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_copy_data(NDArray<int32_t>* src_ndarray, NDArray<int32_t>* dst_ndarray) {
+    copy_data(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_copy_data64(NDArray<int64_t>* src_ndarray, NDArray<int64_t>* dst_ndarray) {
+    copy_data(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/broadcast.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
+#include "irrt/slice.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+template<typename SizeT>
+struct ShapeEntry {
+    SizeT ndims;
+    SizeT* shape;
+};
+}  // namespace
+
+namespace {
+namespace ndarray::broadcast {
+/**
+ * @brief Return true if `src_shape` can broadcast to `dst_shape`.
+ *
+ * See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/basics.broadcasting.html
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+bool can_broadcast_shape_to(SizeT target_ndims, const SizeT* target_shape, SizeT src_ndims, const SizeT* src_shape) {
+    if (src_ndims > target_ndims) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < src_ndims; i++) {
+        SizeT target_dim = target_shape[target_ndims - i - 1];
+        SizeT src_dim = src_shape[src_ndims - i - 1];
+        if (!(src_dim == 1 || target_dim == src_dim)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Performs `np.broadcast_shapes(<shapes>)`
+ *
+ * @param num_shapes Number of entries in `shapes`
+ * @param shapes The list of shape to do `np.broadcast_shapes` on.
+ * @param dst_ndims The length of `dst_shape`.
+ *   `dst_ndims` must be `max([shape.ndims for shape in shapes])`, but the caller has to calculate it/provide it.
+ *   for this function since they should already know in order to allocate `dst_shape` in the first place.
+ * @param dst_shape The resulting shape. Must be pre-allocated by the caller. This function calculate the result
+ *   of `np.broadcast_shapes` and write it here.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void broadcast_shapes(SizeT num_shapes, const ShapeEntry<SizeT>* shapes, SizeT dst_ndims, SizeT* dst_shape) {
+    for (SizeT dst_axis = 0; dst_axis < dst_ndims; dst_axis++) {
+        dst_shape[dst_axis] = 1;
+    }
+
+#ifdef IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT
+    SizeT max_ndims_found = 0;
+#endif
+
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_shapes; i++) {
+        ShapeEntry<SizeT> entry = shapes[i];
+
+        // Check pre-condition: `dst_ndims` must be `max([shape.ndims for shape in shapes])`
+        debug_assert(SizeT, entry.ndims <= dst_ndims);
+
+#ifdef IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT
+        max_ndims_found = max(max_ndims_found, entry.ndims);
+#endif
+
+        for (SizeT j = 0; j < entry.ndims; j++) {
+            SizeT entry_axis = entry.ndims - j - 1;
+            SizeT dst_axis = dst_ndims - j - 1;
+
+            SizeT entry_dim = entry.shape[entry_axis];
+            SizeT dst_dim = dst_shape[dst_axis];
+
+            if (dst_dim == 1) {
+                dst_shape[dst_axis] = entry_dim;
+            } else if (entry_dim == 1 || entry_dim == dst_dim) {
+                // Do nothing
+            } else {
+                raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR,
+                                "shape mismatch: objects cannot be broadcast "
+                                "to a single shape.",
+                                NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT
+    // Check pre-condition: `dst_ndims` must be `max([shape.ndims for shape in shapes])`
+    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, max_ndims_found, dst_ndims);
+#endif
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Perform `np.broadcast_to(<ndarray>, <target_shape>)` and appropriate assertions.
+ *
+ * This function attempts to broadcast `src_ndarray` to a new shape defined by `dst_ndarray.shape`,
+ * and return the result by modifying `dst_ndarray`.
+ *
+ * # Notes on `dst_ndarray`
+ * The caller is responsible for allocating space for the resulting ndarray.
+ * Here is what this function expects from `dst_ndarray` when called:
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->data` does not have to be initialized.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` does not have to be initialized.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` must be initialized, determining the length of `dst_ndarray->shape`
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->shape` must be allocated, and must contain the desired target broadcast shape.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->strides` must be allocated, through it can contain uninitialized values.
+ * When this function call ends:
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->data` is set to `src_ndarray->data` (`dst_ndarray` is just a view to `src_ndarray`)
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` is set to `src_ndarray->itemsize`
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` is unchanged.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->shape` is unchanged.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->strides` is updated accordingly by how ndarray broadcast_to works.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void broadcast_to(const NDArray<SizeT>* src_ndarray, NDArray<SizeT>* dst_ndarray) {
+    if (!ndarray::broadcast::can_broadcast_shape_to(dst_ndarray->ndims, dst_ndarray->shape, src_ndarray->ndims,
+                                                    src_ndarray->shape)) {
+        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "operands could not be broadcast together", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM,
+                        NO_PARAM);
+    }
+
+    dst_ndarray->data = src_ndarray->data;
+    dst_ndarray->itemsize = src_ndarray->itemsize;
+
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < dst_ndarray->ndims; i++) {
+        SizeT src_axis = src_ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
+        SizeT dst_axis = dst_ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
+        if (src_axis < 0 || (src_ndarray->shape[src_axis] == 1 && dst_ndarray->shape[dst_axis] != 1)) {
+            // Freeze the steps in-place
+            dst_ndarray->strides[dst_axis] = 0;
+        } else {
+            dst_ndarray->strides[dst_axis] = src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
+        }
+    }
+}
+}  // namespace ndarray::broadcast
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+using namespace ndarray::broadcast;
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to(NDArray<int32_t>* src_ndarray, NDArray<int32_t>* dst_ndarray) {
+    broadcast_to(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to64(NDArray<int64_t>* src_ndarray, NDArray<int64_t>* dst_ndarray) {
+    broadcast_to(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes(int32_t num_shapes,
+                                     const ShapeEntry<int32_t>* shapes,
+                                     int32_t dst_ndims,
+                                     int32_t* dst_shape) {
+    broadcast_shapes(num_shapes, shapes, dst_ndims, dst_shape);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes64(int64_t num_shapes,
+                                       const ShapeEntry<int64_t>* shapes,
+                                       int64_t dst_ndims,
+                                       int64_t* dst_shape) {
+    broadcast_shapes(num_shapes, shapes, dst_ndims, dst_shape);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/def.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+/**
+ * @brief The NDArray object
+ *
+ * Official numpy implementation:
+ * https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/735a477f0bc2b5b84d0e72d92f224bde78d4e069/doc/source/reference/c-api/types-and-structures.rst#pyarrayinterface
+ *
+ * Note that this implementation is based on `PyArrayInterface` rather of `PyArrayObject`. The
+ * difference between `PyArrayInterface` and `PyArrayObject` (relevant to our implementation) is
+ * that `PyArrayInterface` *has* `itemsize` and uses `void*` for its `data`, whereas `PyArrayObject`
+ * does not require `itemsize` (probably using `strides[-1]` instead) and uses `char*` for its
+ * `data`. There are also minor differences in the struct layout.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+struct NDArray {
+    /**
+     * @brief The number of bytes of a single element in `data`.
+     */
+    SizeT itemsize;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief The number of dimensions of this shape.
+     */
+    SizeT ndims;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief The NDArray shape, with length equal to `ndims`.
+     *
+     * Note that it may contain 0.
+     */
+    SizeT* shape;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Array strides, with length equal to `ndims`
+     *
+     * The stride values are in units of bytes, not number of elements.
+     *
+     * Note that `strides` can have negative values or contain 0.
+     */
+    SizeT* strides;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief The underlying data this `ndarray` is pointing to.
+     */
+    void* data;
+};
+}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/indexing.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/basic.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
+#include "irrt/range.hpp"
+#include "irrt/slice.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+typedef uint8_t NDIndexType;
+
+/**
+ * @brief A single element index
+ *
+ * `data` points to a `int32_t`.
+ */
+const NDIndexType ND_INDEX_TYPE_SINGLE_ELEMENT = 0;
+
+/**
+ * @brief A slice index
+ *
+ * `data` points to a `Slice<int32_t>`.
+ */
+const NDIndexType ND_INDEX_TYPE_SLICE = 1;
+
+/**
+ * @brief `np.newaxis` / `None`
+ *
+ * `data` is unused.
+ */
+const NDIndexType ND_INDEX_TYPE_NEWAXIS = 2;
+
+/**
+ * @brief `Ellipsis` / `...`
+ *
+ * `data` is unused.
+ */
+const NDIndexType ND_INDEX_TYPE_ELLIPSIS = 3;
+
+/**
+ * @brief An index used in ndarray indexing
+ *
+ * That is:
+ * ```
+ * my_ndarray[::-1, 3, ..., np.newaxis]
+ *            ^^^^  ^  ^^^  ^^^^^^^^^^ each of these is represented by an NDIndex.
+ * ```
+ */
+struct NDIndex {
+    /**
+     * @brief Enum tag to specify the type of index.
+     *
+     * Please see the comment of each enum constant.
+     */
+    NDIndexType type;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief The accompanying data associated with `type`.
+     *
+     * Please see the comment of each enum constant.
+     */
+    uint8_t* data;
+};
+}  // namespace
+
+namespace {
+namespace ndarray::indexing {
+/**
+ * @brief Perform ndarray "basic indexing" (https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/basics.indexing.html#basic-indexing)
+ *
+ * This function is very similar to performing `dst_ndarray = src_ndarray[indices]` in Python.
+ *
+ * This function also does proper assertions on `indices` to check for out of bounds access and more.
+ *
+ * # Notes on `dst_ndarray`
+ * The caller is responsible for allocating space for the resulting ndarray.
+ * Here is what this function expects from `dst_ndarray` when called:
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->data` does not have to be initialized.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` does not have to be initialized.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` must be initialized, and it must be equal to the expected `ndims` of the `dst_ndarray` after
+ *       indexing `src_ndarray` with `indices`.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->shape` must be allocated, through it can contain uninitialized values.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->strides` must be allocated, through it can contain uninitialized values.
+ * When this function call ends:
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->data` is set to `src_ndarray->data`.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` is set to `src_ndarray->itemsize`.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` is unchanged.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->shape` is updated according to how `src_ndarray` is indexed.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->strides` is updated accordingly by how ndarray indexing works.
+ *
+ * @param indices indices to index `src_ndarray`, ordered in the same way you would write them in Python.
+ * @param src_ndarray The NDArray to be indexed.
+ * @param dst_ndarray The resulting NDArray after indexing. Further details in the comments above,
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void index(SizeT num_indices, const NDIndex* indices, const NDArray<SizeT>* src_ndarray, NDArray<SizeT>* dst_ndarray) {
+    // Validate `indices`.
+
+    // Expected value of `dst_ndarray->ndims`.
+    SizeT expected_dst_ndims = src_ndarray->ndims;
+    // To check for "too many indices for array: array is ?-dimensional, but ? were indexed"
+    SizeT num_indexed = 0;
+    // There may be ellipsis `...` in `indices`. There can only be 0 or 1 ellipsis.
+    SizeT num_ellipsis = 0;
+
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_indices; i++) {
+        if (indices[i].type == ND_INDEX_TYPE_SINGLE_ELEMENT) {
+            expected_dst_ndims--;
+            num_indexed++;
+        } else if (indices[i].type == ND_INDEX_TYPE_SLICE) {
+            num_indexed++;
+        } else if (indices[i].type == ND_INDEX_TYPE_NEWAXIS) {
+            expected_dst_ndims++;
+        } else if (indices[i].type == ND_INDEX_TYPE_ELLIPSIS) {
+            num_ellipsis++;
+            if (num_ellipsis > 1) {
+                raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_INDEX_ERROR, "an index can only have a single ellipsis ('...')", NO_PARAM,
+                                NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
+            }
+        } else {
+            __builtin_unreachable();
+        }
+    }
+
+    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, expected_dst_ndims, dst_ndarray->ndims);
+
+    if (src_ndarray->ndims - num_indexed < 0) {
+        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_INDEX_ERROR,
+                        "too many indices for array: array is {0}-dimensional, "
+                        "but {1} were indexed",
+                        src_ndarray->ndims, num_indices, NO_PARAM);
+    }
+
+    dst_ndarray->data = src_ndarray->data;
+    dst_ndarray->itemsize = src_ndarray->itemsize;
+
+    // Reference code:
+    // https://github.com/wadetb/tinynumpy/blob/0d23d22e07062ffab2afa287374c7b366eebdda1/tinynumpy/tinynumpy.py#L652
+    SizeT src_axis = 0;
+    SizeT dst_axis = 0;
+
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < num_indices; i++) {
+        const NDIndex* index = &indices[i];
+        if (index->type == ND_INDEX_TYPE_SINGLE_ELEMENT) {
+            SizeT input = (SizeT) * ((int32_t*)index->data);
+
+            SizeT k = slice::resolve_index_in_length(src_ndarray->shape[src_axis], input);
+            if (k == -1) {
+                raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_INDEX_ERROR,
+                                "index {0} is out of bounds for axis {1} "
+                                "with size {2}",
+                                input, src_axis, src_ndarray->shape[src_axis]);
+            }
+
+            dst_ndarray->data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(dst_ndarray->data) + k * src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
+
+            src_axis++;
+        } else if (index->type == ND_INDEX_TYPE_SLICE) {
+            Slice<int32_t>* slice = (Slice<int32_t>*)index->data;
+
+            Range<int32_t> range = slice->indices_checked<SizeT>(src_ndarray->shape[src_axis]);
+
+            dst_ndarray->data =
+                static_cast<uint8_t*>(dst_ndarray->data) + (SizeT)range.start * src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
+            dst_ndarray->strides[dst_axis] = ((SizeT)range.step) * src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
+            dst_ndarray->shape[dst_axis] = (SizeT)range.len<SizeT>();
+
+            dst_axis++;
+            src_axis++;
+        } else if (index->type == ND_INDEX_TYPE_NEWAXIS) {
+            dst_ndarray->strides[dst_axis] = 0;
+            dst_ndarray->shape[dst_axis] = 1;
+
+            dst_axis++;
+        } else if (index->type == ND_INDEX_TYPE_ELLIPSIS) {
+            // The number of ':' entries this '...' implies.
+            SizeT ellipsis_size = src_ndarray->ndims - num_indexed;
+
+            for (SizeT j = 0; j < ellipsis_size; j++) {
+                dst_ndarray->strides[dst_axis] = src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
+                dst_ndarray->shape[dst_axis] = src_ndarray->shape[src_axis];
+
+                dst_axis++;
+                src_axis++;
+            }
+        } else {
+            __builtin_unreachable();
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (; dst_axis < dst_ndarray->ndims; dst_axis++, src_axis++) {
+        dst_ndarray->shape[dst_axis] = src_ndarray->shape[src_axis];
+        dst_ndarray->strides[dst_axis] = src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
+    }
+
+    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, src_ndarray->ndims, src_axis);
+    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, dst_ndarray->ndims, dst_axis);
+}
+}  // namespace ndarray::indexing
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+using namespace ndarray::indexing;
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_index(int32_t num_indices,
+                          NDIndex* indices,
+                          NDArray<int32_t>* src_ndarray,
+                          NDArray<int32_t>* dst_ndarray) {
+    index(num_indices, indices, src_ndarray, dst_ndarray);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_index64(int64_t num_indices,
+                            NDIndex* indices,
+                            NDArray<int64_t>* src_ndarray,
+                            NDArray<int64_t>* dst_ndarray) {
+    index(num_indices, indices, src_ndarray, dst_ndarray);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/iter.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+/**
+ * @brief Helper struct to enumerate through an ndarray *efficiently*.
+ *
+ * Example usage (in pseudo-code):
+ * ```
+ * // Suppose my_ndarray has been initialized, with shape [2, 3] and dtype `double`
+ * NDIter nditer;
+ * nditer.initialize(my_ndarray);
+ * while (nditer.has_element()) {
+ *    // This body is run 6 (= my_ndarray.size) times.
+ *
+ *    // [0, 0] -> [0, 1] -> [0, 2] -> [1, 0] -> [1, 1] -> [1, 2] -> end
+ *    print(nditer.indices);
+ *
+ *    // 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5
+ *    print(nditer.nth);
+ *
+ *    // <1st element> -> <2nd element> -> ... -> <6th element> -> end
+ *    print(*((double *) nditer.element))
+ *
+ *    nditer.next(); // Go to next element.
+ * }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * Interesting cases:
+ * - If `my_ndarray.ndims` == 0, there is one iteration.
+ * - If `my_ndarray.shape` contains zeroes, there are no iterations.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+struct NDIter {
+    // Information about the ndarray being iterated over.
+    SizeT ndims;
+    SizeT* shape;
+    SizeT* strides;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief The current indices.
+     *
+     * Must be allocated by the caller.
+     */
+    SizeT* indices;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief The nth (0-based) index of the current indices.
+     *
+     * Initially this is 0.
+     */
+    SizeT nth;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Pointer to the current element.
+     *
+     * Initially this points to first element of the ndarray.
+     */
+    void* element;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Cache for the product of shape.
+     *
+     * Could be 0 if `shape` has 0s in it.
+     */
+    SizeT size;
+
+    void initialize(SizeT ndims, SizeT* shape, SizeT* strides, void* element, SizeT* indices) {
+        this->ndims = ndims;
+        this->shape = shape;
+        this->strides = strides;
+
+        this->indices = indices;
+        this->element = element;
+
+        // Compute size
+        this->size = 1;
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+            this->size *= shape[i];
+        }
+
+        // `indices` starts on all 0s.
+        for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndims; axis++)
+            indices[axis] = 0;
+        nth = 0;
+    }
+
+    void initialize_by_ndarray(NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, SizeT* indices) {
+        // NOTE: ndarray->data is pointing to the first element, and `NDIter`'s `element` should also point to the first
+        // element as well.
+        this->initialize(ndarray->ndims, ndarray->shape, ndarray->strides, ndarray->data, indices);
+    }
+
+    // Is the current iteration valid?
+    // If true, then `element`, `indices` and `nth` contain details about the current element.
+    bool has_element() { return nth < size; }
+
+    // Go to the next element.
+    void next() {
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+            SizeT axis = ndims - i - 1;
+            indices[axis]++;
+            if (indices[axis] >= shape[axis]) {
+                indices[axis] = 0;
+
+                // TODO: There is something called backstrides to speedup iteration.
+                // See https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-1/, and
+                // https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/c-api.types-and-structures.html#c.PyArrayIterObject.PyArrayIterObject.backstrides.
+                element = static_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(element) - strides[axis] * (shape[axis] - 1));
+            } else {
+                element = static_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(element) + strides[axis]);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        nth++;
+    }
+};
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+void __nac3_nditer_initialize(NDIter<int32_t>* iter, NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, int32_t* indices) {
+    iter->initialize_by_ndarray(ndarray, indices);
+}
+
+void __nac3_nditer_initialize64(NDIter<int64_t>* iter, NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray, int64_t* indices) {
+    iter->initialize_by_ndarray(ndarray, indices);
+}
+
+bool __nac3_nditer_has_element(NDIter<int32_t>* iter) {
+    return iter->has_element();
+}
+
+bool __nac3_nditer_has_element64(NDIter<int64_t>* iter) {
+    return iter->has_element();
+}
+
+void __nac3_nditer_next(NDIter<int32_t>* iter) {
+    iter->next();
+}
+
+void __nac3_nditer_next64(NDIter<int64_t>* iter) {
+    iter->next();
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/matmul.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/debug.hpp"
+#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/basic.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/broadcast.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/iter.hpp"
+
+// NOTE: Everything would be much easier and elegant if einsum is implemented.
+
+namespace {
+namespace ndarray::matmul {
+
+/**
+ * @brief Perform the broadcast in `np.einsum("...ij,...jk->...ik", a, b)`.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *   Suppose      `a_shape ==      [1, 97, 4, 2]`
+ *       and      `b_shape == [99, 98,  1, 2, 5]`,
+ *
+ *   ...then  `new_a_shape == [99, 98, 97, 4, 2]`,
+ *            `new_b_shape == [99, 98, 97, 2, 5]`,
+ *      and     `dst_shape == [99, 98, 97, 4, 5]`.
+ *                             ^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^
+ *                          (broadcasted)  (4x2 @ 2x5 => 4x5)
+ *
+ * @param a_ndims Length of `a_shape`.
+ * @param a_shape Shape of `a`.
+ * @param b_ndims Length of `b_shape`.
+ * @param b_shape Shape of `b`.
+ * @param final_ndims Should be equal to `max(a_ndims, b_ndims)`. This is the length of `new_a_shape`,
+ * `new_b_shape`, and `dst_shape` - the number of dimensions after broadcasting.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void calculate_shapes(SizeT a_ndims,
+                      SizeT* a_shape,
+                      SizeT b_ndims,
+                      SizeT* b_shape,
+                      SizeT final_ndims,
+                      SizeT* new_a_shape,
+                      SizeT* new_b_shape,
+                      SizeT* dst_shape) {
+    debug_assert(SizeT, a_ndims >= 2);
+    debug_assert(SizeT, b_ndims >= 2);
+    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, max(a_ndims, b_ndims), final_ndims);
+
+    // Check that a and b are compatible for matmul
+    if (a_shape[a_ndims - 1] != b_shape[b_ndims - 2]) {
+        // This is a custom error message. Different from NumPy.
+        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "Cannot multiply LHS (shape ?x{0}) with RHS (shape {1}x?})",
+                        a_shape[a_ndims - 1], b_shape[b_ndims - 2], NO_PARAM);
+    }
+
+    const SizeT num_entries = 2;
+    ShapeEntry<SizeT> entries[num_entries] = {{.ndims = a_ndims - 2, .shape = a_shape},
+                                              {.ndims = b_ndims - 2, .shape = b_shape}};
+
+    // TODO: Optimize this
+    ndarray::broadcast::broadcast_shapes<SizeT>(num_entries, entries, final_ndims - 2, new_a_shape);
+    ndarray::broadcast::broadcast_shapes<SizeT>(num_entries, entries, final_ndims - 2, new_b_shape);
+    ndarray::broadcast::broadcast_shapes<SizeT>(num_entries, entries, final_ndims - 2, dst_shape);
+
+    new_a_shape[final_ndims - 2] = a_shape[a_ndims - 2];
+    new_a_shape[final_ndims - 1] = a_shape[a_ndims - 1];
+    new_b_shape[final_ndims - 2] = b_shape[b_ndims - 2];
+    new_b_shape[final_ndims - 1] = b_shape[b_ndims - 1];
+    dst_shape[final_ndims - 2] = a_shape[a_ndims - 2];
+    dst_shape[final_ndims - 1] = b_shape[b_ndims - 1];
+}
+}  // namespace ndarray::matmul
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+using namespace ndarray::matmul;
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes(int32_t a_ndims,
+                                            int32_t* a_shape,
+                                            int32_t b_ndims,
+                                            int32_t* b_shape,
+                                            int32_t final_ndims,
+                                            int32_t* new_a_shape,
+                                            int32_t* new_b_shape,
+                                            int32_t* dst_shape) {
+    calculate_shapes(a_ndims, a_shape, b_ndims, b_shape, final_ndims, new_a_shape, new_b_shape, dst_shape);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes64(int64_t a_ndims,
+                                              int64_t* a_shape,
+                                              int64_t b_ndims,
+                                              int64_t* b_shape,
+                                              int64_t final_ndims,
+                                              int64_t* new_a_shape,
+                                              int64_t* new_b_shape,
+                                              int64_t* dst_shape) {
+    calculate_shapes(a_ndims, a_shape, b_ndims, b_shape, final_ndims, new_a_shape, new_b_shape, dst_shape);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/reshape.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+namespace ndarray::reshape {
+/**
+ * @brief Perform assertions on and resolve unknown dimensions in `new_shape` in `np.reshape(<ndarray>, new_shape)`
+ *
+ * If `new_shape` indeed contains unknown dimensions (specified with `-1`, just like numpy), `new_shape` will be
+ * modified to contain the resolved dimension.
+ *
+ * To perform assertions on and resolve unknown dimensions in `new_shape`, we don't need the actual
+ * `<ndarray>` object itself, but only the `.size` of the `<ndarray>`.
+ *
+ * @param size The `.size` of `<ndarray>`
+ * @param new_ndims Number of elements in `new_shape`
+ * @param new_shape Target shape to reshape to
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void resolve_and_check_new_shape(SizeT size, SizeT new_ndims, SizeT* new_shape) {
+    // Is there a -1 in `new_shape`?
+    bool neg1_exists = false;
+    // Location of -1, only initialized if `neg1_exists` is true
+    SizeT neg1_axis_i;
+    // The computed ndarray size of `new_shape`
+    SizeT new_size = 1;
+
+    for (SizeT axis_i = 0; axis_i < new_ndims; axis_i++) {
+        SizeT dim = new_shape[axis_i];
+        if (dim < 0) {
+            if (dim == -1) {
+                if (neg1_exists) {
+                    // Multiple `-1` found. Throw an error.
+                    raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "can only specify one unknown dimension", NO_PARAM,
+                                    NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
+                } else {
+                    neg1_exists = true;
+                    neg1_axis_i = axis_i;
+                }
+            } else {
+                // TODO: What? In `np.reshape` any negative dimensions is
+                // treated like its `-1`.
+                //
+                // Try running `np.zeros((3, 4)).reshape((-999, 2))`
+                //
+                // It is not documented by numpy.
+                // Throw an error for now...
+
+                raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "Found non -1 negative dimension {0} on axis {1}", dim, axis_i,
+                                NO_PARAM);
+            }
+        } else {
+            new_size *= dim;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool can_reshape;
+    if (neg1_exists) {
+        // Let `x` be the unknown dimension
+        // Solve `x * <new_size> = <size>`
+        if (new_size == 0 && size == 0) {
+            // `x` has infinitely many solutions
+            can_reshape = false;
+        } else if (new_size == 0 && size != 0) {
+            // `x` has no solutions
+            can_reshape = false;
+        } else if (size % new_size != 0) {
+            // `x` has no integer solutions
+            can_reshape = false;
+        } else {
+            can_reshape = true;
+            new_shape[neg1_axis_i] = size / new_size;  // Resolve dimension
+        }
+    } else {
+        can_reshape = (new_size == size);
+    }
+
+    if (!can_reshape) {
+        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "cannot reshape array of size {0} into given shape", size, NO_PARAM,
+                        NO_PARAM);
+    }
+}
+}  // namespace ndarray::reshape
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+void __nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape(int32_t size, int32_t new_ndims, int32_t* new_shape) {
+    ndarray::reshape::resolve_and_check_new_shape(size, new_ndims, new_shape);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape64(int64_t size, int64_t new_ndims, int64_t* new_shape) {
+    ndarray::reshape::resolve_and_check_new_shape(size, new_ndims, new_shape);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/transpose.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/debug.hpp"
+#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
+#include "irrt/slice.hpp"
+
+/*
+ * Notes on `np.transpose(<array>, <axes>)`
+ *
+ * TODO: `axes`, if specified, can actually contain negative indices,
+ * but it is not documented in numpy.
+ *
+ * Supporting it for now.
+ */
+
+namespace {
+namespace ndarray::transpose {
+/**
+ * @brief Do assertions on `<axes>` in `np.transpose(<array>, <axes>)`.
+ *
+ * Note that `np.transpose`'s `<axe>` argument is optional. If the argument
+ * is specified but the user, use this function to do assertions on it.
+ *
+ * @param ndims The number of dimensions of `<array>`
+ * @param num_axes Number of elements in `<axes>` as specified by the user.
+ *   This should be equal to `ndims`. If not, a "ValueError: axes don't match array" is thrown.
+ * @param axes The user specified `<axes>`.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void assert_transpose_axes(SizeT ndims, SizeT num_axes, const SizeT* axes) {
+    if (ndims != num_axes) {
+        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "axes don't match array", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Optimize this
+    bool* axe_specified = (bool*)__builtin_alloca(sizeof(bool) * ndims);
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++)
+        axe_specified[i] = false;
+
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+        SizeT axis = slice::resolve_index_in_length(ndims, axes[i]);
+        if (axis == -1) {
+            // TODO: numpy actually throws a `numpy.exceptions.AxisError`
+            raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "axis {0} is out of bounds for array of dimension {1}", axis, ndims,
+                            NO_PARAM);
+        }
+
+        if (axe_specified[axis]) {
+            raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "repeated axis in transpose", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
+        }
+
+        axe_specified[axis] = true;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Create a transpose view of `src_ndarray` and perform proper assertions.
+ *
+ * This function is very similar to doing `dst_ndarray = np.transpose(src_ndarray, <axes>)`.
+ * If `<axes>` is supposed to be `None`, caller can pass in a `nullptr` to `<axes>`.
+ *
+ * The transpose view created is returned by modifying `dst_ndarray`.
+ *
+ * The caller is responsible for setting up `dst_ndarray` before calling this function.
+ * Here is what this function expects from `dst_ndarray` when called:
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->data` does not have to be initialized.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` does not have to be initialized.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` must be initialized, must be equal to `src_ndarray->ndims`.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->shape` must be allocated, through it can contain uninitialized values.
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->strides` must be allocated, through it can contain uninitialized values.
+ * When this function call ends:
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->data` is set to `src_ndarray->data` (`dst_ndarray` is just a view to `src_ndarray`)
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` is set to `src_ndarray->itemsize`
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` is unchanged
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->shape` is updated according to how `np.transpose` works
+ *   - `dst_ndarray->strides` is updated according to how `np.transpose` works
+ *
+ * @param src_ndarray The NDArray to build a transpose view on
+ * @param dst_ndarray The resulting NDArray after transpose. Further details in the comments above,
+ * @param num_axes Number of elements in axes. Unused if `axes` is nullptr.
+ * @param axes Axes permutation. Set it to `nullptr` if `<axes>` is `None`.
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+void transpose(const NDArray<SizeT>* src_ndarray, NDArray<SizeT>* dst_ndarray, SizeT num_axes, const SizeT* axes) {
+    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, src_ndarray->ndims, dst_ndarray->ndims);
+    const auto ndims = src_ndarray->ndims;
+
+    if (axes != nullptr)
+        assert_transpose_axes(ndims, num_axes, axes);
+
+    dst_ndarray->data = src_ndarray->data;
+    dst_ndarray->itemsize = src_ndarray->itemsize;
+
+    // Check out https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-2/ to see how `np.transpose` works behind the scenes.
+    if (axes == nullptr) {
+        // `np.transpose(<array>, axes=None)`
+
+        /*
+         * Minor note: `np.transpose(<array>, axes=None)` is equivalent to
+         * `np.transpose(<array>, axes=[N-1, N-2, ..., 0])` - basically it
+         * is reversing the order of strides and shape.
+         *
+         * This is a fast implementation to handle this special (but very common) case.
+         */
+
+        for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndims; axis++) {
+            dst_ndarray->shape[axis] = src_ndarray->shape[ndims - axis - 1];
+            dst_ndarray->strides[axis] = src_ndarray->strides[ndims - axis - 1];
+        }
+    } else {
+        // `np.transpose(<array>, <axes>)`
+
+        // Permute strides and shape according to `axes`, while resolving negative indices in `axes`
+        for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndims; axis++) {
+            // `i` cannot be OUT_OF_BOUNDS because of assertions
+            SizeT i = slice::resolve_index_in_length(ndims, axes[axis]);
+
+            dst_ndarray->shape[axis] = src_ndarray->shape[i];
+            dst_ndarray->strides[axis] = src_ndarray->strides[i];
+        }
+    }
+}
+}  // namespace ndarray::transpose
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+using namespace ndarray::transpose;
+void __nac3_ndarray_transpose(const NDArray<int32_t>* src_ndarray,
+                              NDArray<int32_t>* dst_ndarray,
+                              int32_t num_axes,
+                              const int32_t* axes) {
+    transpose(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray, num_axes, axes);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_transpose64(const NDArray<int64_t>* src_ndarray,
+                                NDArray<int64_t>* dst_ndarray,
+                                int64_t num_axes,
+                                const int64_t* axes) {
+    transpose(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray, num_axes, axes);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/range.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/debug.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+namespace range {
+template<typename T>
+T len(T start, T stop, T step) {
+    // Reference:
+    // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/9dbd12375561a393eaec4b21ee4ac568a407cdb0/Objects/rangeobject.c#L933
+    if (step > 0 && start < stop)
+        return 1 + (stop - 1 - start) / step;
+    else if (step < 0 && start > stop)
+        return 1 + (start - 1 - stop) / (-step);
+    else
+        return 0;
+}
+}  // namespace range
+
+/**
+ * @brief A Python range.
+ */
+template<typename T>
+struct Range {
+    T start;
+    T stop;
+    T step;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Calculate the `len()` of this range.
+     */
+    template<typename SizeT>
+    T len() {
+        debug_assert(SizeT, step != 0);
+        return range::len(start, stop, step);
+    }
+};
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+using namespace range;
+
+SliceIndex __nac3_range_slice_len(const SliceIndex start, const SliceIndex end, const SliceIndex step) {
+    return len(start, end, step);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/slice.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/debug.hpp"
+#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/math_util.hpp"
+#include "irrt/range.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+namespace slice {
+/**
+ * @brief Resolve a possibly negative index in a list of a known length.
+ *
+ * Returns -1 if the resolved index is out of the list's bounds.
+ */
+template<typename T>
+T resolve_index_in_length(T length, T index) {
+    T resolved = index < 0 ? length + index : index;
+    if (0 <= resolved && resolved < length) {
+        return resolved;
+    } else {
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Resolve a slice as a range.
+ *
+ * This is equivalent to `range(*slice(start, stop, step).indices(length))` in Python.
+ */
+template<typename T>
+void indices(bool start_defined,
+             T start,
+             bool stop_defined,
+             T stop,
+             bool step_defined,
+             T step,
+             T length,
+             T* range_start,
+             T* range_stop,
+             T* range_step) {
+    // Reference: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Objects/sliceobject.c#L388
+    *range_step = step_defined ? step : 1;
+    bool step_is_negative = *range_step < 0;
+
+    T lower, upper;
+    if (step_is_negative) {
+        lower = -1;
+        upper = length - 1;
+    } else {
+        lower = 0;
+        upper = length;
+    }
+
+    if (start_defined) {
+        *range_start = start < 0 ? max(lower, start + length) : min(upper, start);
+    } else {
+        *range_start = step_is_negative ? upper : lower;
+    }
+
+    if (stop_defined) {
+        *range_stop = stop < 0 ? max(lower, stop + length) : min(upper, stop);
+    } else {
+        *range_stop = step_is_negative ? lower : upper;
+    }
+}
+}  // namespace slice
+
+/**
+ * @brief A Python-like slice with **unresolved** indices.
+ */
+template<typename T>
+struct Slice {
+    bool start_defined;
+    T start;
+
+    bool stop_defined;
+    T stop;
+
+    bool step_defined;
+    T step;
+
+    Slice() { this->reset(); }
+
+    void reset() {
+        this->start_defined = false;
+        this->stop_defined = false;
+        this->step_defined = false;
+    }
+
+    void set_start(T start) {
+        this->start_defined = true;
+        this->start = start;
+    }
+
+    void set_stop(T stop) {
+        this->stop_defined = true;
+        this->stop = stop;
+    }
+
+    void set_step(T step) {
+        this->step_defined = true;
+        this->step = step;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Resolve this slice as a range.
+     *
+     * In Python, this would be `range(*slice(start, stop, step).indices(length))`.
+     */
+    template<typename SizeT>
+    Range<T> indices(T length) {
+        // Reference:
+        // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Objects/sliceobject.c#L388
+        debug_assert(SizeT, length >= 0);
+
+        Range<T> result;
+        slice::indices(start_defined, start, stop_defined, stop, step_defined, step, length, &result.start,
+                       &result.stop, &result.step);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Like `.indices()` but with assertions.
+     */
+    template<typename SizeT>
+    Range<T> indices_checked(T length) {
+        // TODO: Switch to `SizeT length`
+
+        if (length < 0) {
+            raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "length should not be negative, got {0}", length, NO_PARAM,
+                            NO_PARAM);
+        }
+
+        if (this->step_defined && this->step == 0) {
+            raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "slice step cannot be zero", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
+        }
+
+        return this->indices<SizeT>(length);
+    }
+};
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+SliceIndex __nac3_slice_index_bound(SliceIndex i, const SliceIndex len) {
+    if (i < 0) {
+        i = len + i;
+    }
+    if (i < 0) {
+        return 0;
+    } else if (i > len) {
+        return len;
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/string.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+template<typename SizeT>
+bool __nac3_str_eq_impl(const char* str1, SizeT len1, const char* str2, SizeT len2) {
+    if (len1 != len2) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return __builtin_memcmp(str1, str2, static_cast<SizeT>(len1)) == 0;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+bool nac3_str_eq(const char* str1, uint32_t len1, const char* str2, uint32_t len2) {
+    return __nac3_str_eq_impl<uint32_t>(str1, len1, str2, len2);
+}
+
+bool nac3_str_eq64(const char* str1, uint64_t len1, const char* str2, uint64_t len2) {
+    return __nac3_str_eq_impl<uint64_t>(str1, len1, str2, len2);
+}
+}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[package]
+name = "nac3core_derive"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
+
+[[test]]
+name = "structfields_tests"
+path = "tests/structfields_test.rs"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+nac3core = { path = ".." }
+trybuild = { version = "1.0", features = ["diff"] }
+
+[dependencies]
+proc-macro2 = "1.0"
+proc-macro-error = "1.0"
+syn = "2.0"
+quote = "1.0"

nac3core/nac3core_derive/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, proc_macro_error};
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{
+    parse_macro_input, spanned::Spanned, Data, DataStruct, Expr, ExprField, ExprMethodCall,
+    ExprPath, GenericArgument, Ident, LitStr, Path, PathArguments, Type, TypePath,
+};
+
+/// Extracts all generic arguments of a [`Type`] into a [`Vec`].
+///
+/// Returns [`Some`] of a possibly-empty [`Vec`] if the path of `ty` matches with
+/// `expected_ty_name`, otherwise returns [`None`].
+fn extract_generic_args(expected_ty_name: &'static str, ty: &Type) -> Option<Vec<GenericArgument>> {
+    let Type::Path(TypePath { qself: None, path, .. }) = ty else {
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    let segments = &path.segments;
+    if segments.len() != 1 {
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    let segment = segments.iter().next().unwrap();
+    if segment.ident != expected_ty_name {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let PathArguments::AngleBracketed(path_args) = &segment.arguments else {
+        return Some(Vec::new());
+    };
+    let args = &path_args.args;
+
+    Some(args.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>())
+}
+
+/// Maps a `path` matching one of the `target_idents` into the `replacement` [`Ident`].
+fn map_path_to_ident(path: &Path, target_idents: &[&str], replacement: &str) -> Option<Ident> {
+    path.require_ident()
+        .ok()
+        .filter(|ident| target_idents.iter().any(|target| ident == target))
+        .map(|ident| Ident::new(replacement, ident.span()))
+}
+
+/// Extracts the left-hand side of a dot-expression.
+fn extract_dot_operand(expr: &Expr) -> Option<&Expr> {
+    match expr {
+        Expr::MethodCall(ExprMethodCall { receiver: operand, .. })
+        | Expr::Field(ExprField { base: operand, .. }) => Some(operand),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Replaces the top-level receiver of a dot-expression with an [`Ident`], returning `Some(&mut expr)` if the
+/// replacement is performed.
+///
+/// The top-level receiver is the left-most receiver expression, e.g. the top-level receiver of `a.b.c.foo()` is `a`.
+fn replace_top_level_receiver(expr: &mut Expr, ident: Ident) -> Option<&mut Expr> {
+    if let Expr::MethodCall(ExprMethodCall { receiver: operand, .. })
+    | Expr::Field(ExprField { base: operand, .. }) = expr
+    {
+        return if extract_dot_operand(operand).is_some() {
+            if replace_top_level_receiver(operand, ident).is_some() {
+                Some(expr)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            *operand = Box::new(Expr::Path(ExprPath {
+                attrs: Vec::default(),
+                qself: None,
+                path: ident.into(),
+            }));
+
+            Some(expr)
+        };
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+/// Iterates all operands to the left-hand side of the `.` of an [expression][`Expr`], i.e. the container operand of all
+/// [`Expr::Field`] and the receiver operand of all [`Expr::MethodCall`].
+///
+/// The iterator will return the operand expressions in reverse order of appearance. For example, `a.b.c.func()` will
+/// return `vec![c, b, a]`.
+fn iter_dot_operands(expr: &Expr) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Expr> {
+    let mut o = extract_dot_operand(expr);
+
+    std::iter::from_fn(move || {
+        let this = o;
+        o = o.as_ref().and_then(|o| extract_dot_operand(o));
+
+        this
+    })
+}
+
+/// Normalizes a value expression for use when creating an instance of this structure, returning a
+/// [`proc_macro2::TokenStream`] of tokens representing the normalized expression.
+fn normalize_value_expr(expr: &Expr) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    match &expr {
+        Expr::Path(ExprPath { qself: None, path, .. }) => {
+            if let Some(ident) = map_path_to_ident(path, &["usize", "size_t"], "llvm_usize") {
+                quote! { #ident }
+            } else {
+                abort!(
+                    path,
+                    format!(
+                        "Expected one of `size_t`, `usize`, or an implicit call expression in #[value_type(...)], found {}", 
+                        quote!(#expr).to_string(),
+                    )
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        Expr::Call(_) => {
+            quote! { ctx.#expr }
+        }
+
+        Expr::MethodCall(_) => {
+            let base_receiver = iter_dot_operands(expr).last();
+
+            match base_receiver {
+                // `usize.{...}`, `size_t.{...}` -> Rewrite the identifiers to `llvm_usize`
+                Some(Expr::Path(ExprPath { qself: None, path, .. }))
+                    if map_path_to_ident(path, &["usize", "size_t"], "llvm_usize").is_some() =>
+                {
+                    let ident =
+                        map_path_to_ident(path, &["usize", "size_t"], "llvm_usize").unwrap();
+
+                    let mut expr = expr.clone();
+                    let expr = replace_top_level_receiver(&mut expr, ident).unwrap();
+
+                    quote!(#expr)
+                }
+
+                // `ctx.{...}`, `context.{...}` -> Rewrite the identifiers to `ctx`
+                Some(Expr::Path(ExprPath { qself: None, path, .. }))
+                    if map_path_to_ident(path, &["ctx", "context"], "ctx").is_some() =>
+                {
+                    let ident = map_path_to_ident(path, &["ctx", "context"], "ctx").unwrap();
+
+                    let mut expr = expr.clone();
+                    let expr = replace_top_level_receiver(&mut expr, ident).unwrap();
+
+                    quote!(#expr)
+                }
+
+                // No reserved identifier prefix -> Prepend `ctx.` to the entire expression
+                _ => quote! { ctx.#expr },
+            }
+        }
+
+        _ => {
+            abort!(
+                expr,
+                format!(
+                    "Expected one of `size_t`, `usize`, or an implicit call expression in #[value_type(...)], found {}", 
+                    quote!(#expr).to_string(),
+                )
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Derives an implementation of `codegen::types::structure::StructFields`.
+///
+/// The benefit of using `#[derive(StructFields)]` is that all index- or order-dependent logic required by
+/// `impl StructFields` is automatically generated by this implementation, including the field index as required by
+/// `StructField::new` and the fields as returned by `StructFields::to_vec`.
+///
+/// # Prerequisites
+///
+/// In order to derive from [`StructFields`], you must implement (or derive) [`Eq`] and [`Copy`] as required by
+/// `StructFields`.
+///
+/// Moreover, `#[derive(StructFields)]` can only be used for `struct`s with named fields, and may only contain fields
+/// with either `StructField` or [`PhantomData`] types.
+///
+/// # Attributes for [`StructFields`]
+///
+/// Each `StructField` field must be declared with the `#[value_type(...)]` attribute. The argument of `value_type`
+/// accepts one of the following:
+///
+/// - An expression returning an instance of `inkwell::types::BasicType` (with or without the receiver `ctx`/`context`).
+/// For example, `context.i8_type()`, `ctx.i8_type()`, and `i8_type()` all refer to `i8`.
+/// - The reserved identifiers `usize` and `size_t` referring to an `inkwell::types::IntType` of the platform-dependent
+/// integer size. `usize` and `size_t` can also be used as the receiver to other method calls, e.g.
+/// `usize.array_type(3)`.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// The following is an example of an LLVM slice implemented using `#[derive(StructFields)]`.
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// use nac3core::{
+///     codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+///     inkwell::{
+///         values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+///         AddressSpace,
+///     },
+/// };
+/// use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+///
+/// // All classes that implement StructFields must also implement Eq and Copy
+/// #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+/// pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+///     // Declares ptr have a value type of i8*
+///     //
+///     // Can also be written as `ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(...)` or `context.i8_type().ptr_type(...)`
+///     #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+///     ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+///
+///     // Declares len have a value type of usize, depending on the target compilation platform
+///     #[value_type(usize)]
+///     len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[proc_macro_derive(StructFields, attributes(value_type))]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn derive(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input = parse_macro_input!(input as syn::DeriveInput);
+    let ident = &input.ident;
+
+    let Data::Struct(DataStruct { fields, .. }) = &input.data else {
+        abort!(input, "Only structs with named fields are supported");
+    };
+    if let Err(err_span) =
+        fields
+            .iter()
+            .try_for_each(|field| if field.ident.is_some() { Ok(()) } else { Err(field.span()) })
+    {
+        abort!(err_span, "Only structs with named fields are supported");
+    };
+
+    // Check if struct<'ctx>
+    if input.generics.params.len() != 1 {
+        abort!(input.generics, "Expected exactly 1 generic parameter")
+    }
+
+    let phantom_info = fields
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|field| extract_generic_args("PhantomData", &field.ty).is_some())
+        .map(|field| field.ident.as_ref().unwrap())
+        .cloned()
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let field_info = fields
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|field| extract_generic_args("PhantomData", &field.ty).is_none())
+        .map(|field| {
+            let ident = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let ty = &field.ty;
+
+            let Some(_) = extract_generic_args("StructField", ty) else {
+                abort!(field, "Only StructField and PhantomData are allowed")
+            };
+
+            let attrs = &field.attrs;
+            let Some(value_type_attr) =
+                attrs.iter().find(|attr| attr.path().is_ident("value_type"))
+            else {
+                abort!(field, "Expected #[value_type(...)] attribute for field");
+            };
+
+            let Ok(value_type_expr) = value_type_attr.parse_args::<Expr>() else {
+                abort!(value_type_attr, "Expected expression in #[value_type(...)]");
+            };
+
+            let value_expr_toks = normalize_value_expr(&value_type_expr);
+
+            (ident.clone(), value_expr_toks)
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    // `<*>::new` impl of `StructField` and `PhantomData` for `StructFields::new`
+    let phantoms_create = phantom_info
+        .iter()
+        .map(|id| quote! { #id: ::std::marker::PhantomData })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let fields_create = field_info
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(id, ty)| {
+            let id_lit = LitStr::new(&id.to_string(), id.span());
+            quote! {
+                #id: ::nac3core::codegen::types::structure::StructField::create(
+                    &mut counter,
+                    #id_lit,
+                    #ty,
+                )
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    // `.into()` impl of `StructField` for `StructFields::to_vec`
+    let fields_into =
+        field_info.iter().map(|(id, _)| quote! { self.#id.into() }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let impl_block = quote! {
+        impl<'ctx> ::nac3core::codegen::types::structure::StructFields<'ctx> for #ident<'ctx> {
+            fn new(ctx: impl ::nac3core::inkwell::context::AsContextRef<'ctx>, llvm_usize: ::nac3core::inkwell::types::IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+                let ctx = unsafe { ::nac3core::inkwell::context::ContextRef::new(ctx.as_ctx_ref()) };
+
+                let mut counter = ::nac3core::codegen::types::structure::FieldIndexCounter::default();
+
+                #ident {
+                    #(#fields_create),*
+                    #(#phantoms_create),*
+                }
+            }
+
+            fn to_vec(&self) -> ::std::vec::Vec<(&'static str, ::nac3core::inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)> {
+                vec![
+                    #(#fields_into),*
+                ]
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    impl_block.into()
+}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_empty.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct EmptyValue<'ctx> {
+    _phantom: PhantomData<&'ctx ()>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_ndarray.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    ndims: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    shape: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    data: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice_context.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(context.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice_ctx.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice_sizet.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(size_t)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_empty() {
+    let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_empty.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice_ctx.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice_context.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice_sizet.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_ndarray.rs");
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/concrete_type.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
+
 use crate::{
     symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
     toplevel::DefinitionId,
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+        typedef::{
+            into_var_map, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVar, TypeVarId, Unifier,
+        },
     },
 };
 
-use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
 pub struct ConcreteTypeStore {
     store: Vec<ConcreteTypeEnum>,
 }
@@ -22,6 +27,7 @@ pub struct ConcreteFuncArg {
     pub name: StrRef,
     pub ty: ConcreteType,
     pub default_value: Option<SymbolValue>,
+    pub is_vararg: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@@ -43,14 +49,12 @@ pub enum ConcreteTypeEnum {
     TPrimitive(Primitive),
     TTuple {
         ty: Vec<ConcreteType>,
-    },
-    TList {
-        ty: ConcreteType,
+        is_vararg_ctx: bool,
     },
     TObj {
         obj_id: DefinitionId,
         fields: HashMap<StrRef, (ConcreteType, bool)>,
-        params: HashMap<u32, ConcreteType>,
+        params: IndexMap<TypeVarId, ConcreteType>,
     },
     TVirtual {
         ty: ConcreteType,
@@ -58,11 +62,15 @@ pub enum ConcreteTypeEnum {
     TFunc {
         args: Vec<ConcreteFuncArg>,
         ret: ConcreteType,
-        vars: HashMap<u32, ConcreteType>,
+        vars: HashMap<TypeVarId, ConcreteType>,
+    },
+    TLiteral {
+        values: Vec<SymbolValue>,
     },
 }
 
 impl ConcreteTypeStore {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> ConcreteTypeStore {
         ConcreteTypeStore {
             store: vec![
@@ -80,6 +88,7 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
         }
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn get(&self, cty: ConcreteType) -> &ConcreteTypeEnum {
         &self.store[cty.0]
     }
@@ -97,8 +106,16 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                 .iter()
                 .map(|arg| ConcreteFuncArg {
                     name: arg.name,
-                    ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache),
+                    ty: if arg.is_vararg {
+                        let tuple_ty = unifier
+                            .add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![arg.ty], is_vararg_ctx: true });
+
+                        self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, tuple_ty, cache)
+                    } else {
+                        self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache)
+                    },
                     default_value: arg.default_value.clone(),
+                    is_vararg: arg.is_vararg,
                 })
                 .collect(),
             ret: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, signature.ret, cache),
@@ -153,14 +170,12 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
             cache.insert(ty, None);
             let ty_enum = unifier.get_ty(ty);
             let result = match &*ty_enum {
-                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple {
+                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple {
                     ty: ty
                         .iter()
                         .map(|t| self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *t, cache))
                         .collect(),
-                },
-                TypeEnum::TList { ty } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TList {
-                    ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache),
+                    is_vararg_ctx: *is_vararg_ctx,
                 },
                 TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TObj {
                     obj_id: *obj_id,
@@ -194,9 +209,12 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                     ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache),
                 },
                 TypeEnum::TFunc(signature) => {
-                    self.from_signature(unifier, primitives, &*signature, cache)
+                    self.from_signature(unifier, primitives, signature, cache)
                 }
-                _ => unreachable!(),
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                    ConcreteTypeEnum::TLiteral { values: values.clone() }
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!("{:?}", ty_enum.get_type_name()),
             };
             let index = if let Some(ConcreteType(index)) = cache.get(&ty).unwrap() {
                 self.store[*index] = result;
@@ -221,7 +239,7 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
             return if let Some(ty) = ty {
                 *ty
             } else {
-                *ty = Some(unifier.get_dummy_var().0);
+                *ty = Some(unifier.get_dummy_var().ty);
                 ty.unwrap()
             };
         }
@@ -243,15 +261,13 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                 *cache.get_mut(&cty).unwrap() = Some(ty);
                 return ty;
             }
-            ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => TypeEnum::TTuple {
+            ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => TypeEnum::TTuple {
                 ty: ty
                     .iter()
                     .map(|cty| self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache))
                     .collect(),
+                is_vararg_ctx: *is_vararg_ctx,
             },
-            ConcreteTypeEnum::TList { ty } => {
-                TypeEnum::TList { ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache) }
-            }
             ConcreteTypeEnum::TVirtual { ty } => {
                 TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache) }
             }
@@ -263,10 +279,10 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                         (*name, (self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, cty.0, cache), cty.1))
                     })
                     .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-                params: params
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|(id, cty)| (*id, self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache)))
-                    .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                params: into_var_map(params.iter().map(|(&id, cty)| {
+                    let ty = self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache);
+                    TypeVar { id, ty }
+                })),
             },
             ConcreteTypeEnum::TFunc { args, ret, vars } => TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: args
@@ -275,14 +291,18 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                         name: arg.name,
                         ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache),
                         default_value: arg.default_value.clone(),
+                        is_vararg: false,
                     })
                     .collect(),
                 ret: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ret, cache),
-                vars: vars
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|(id, cty)| (*id, self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache)))
-                    .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                vars: into_var_map(vars.iter().map(|(&id, cty)| {
+                    let ty = self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache);
+                    TypeVar { id, ty }
+                })),
             }),
+            ConcreteTypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values: values.clone(), loc: None }
+            }
         };
         let result = unifier.add_ty(result);
         if let Some(ty) = cache.get(&cty).unwrap() {

nac3core/src/codegen/extern_fns.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use super::CodeGenContext;
+
+/// Macro to generate extern function
+/// Both function return type and function parameter type are `FloatValue`
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `unary/binary`: Whether the extern function requires one (unary) or two (binary) operands
+/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
+/// * `$extern_fn:literal`: Name of underlying extern function
+///
+/// Optional Arguments:
+/// * `$(,$attributes:literal)*)`: Attributes linked with the extern function.
+///   The default attributes are "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", and "writeonly".
+///   These will be used unless other attributes are specified
+/// * `$(,$args:ident)*`: Operands of the extern function
+///   The data type of these operands will be set to `FloatValue`
+///  
+macro_rules! generate_extern_fn {
+    ("unary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg, "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly");
+    };
+    ("unary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg $(,$attributes)*);
+    };
+    ("binary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg1, arg2, "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly");
+    };
+    ("binary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg1, arg2 $(,$attributes)*);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$args:ident)* $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($extern_fn), "`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/math/", stringify!($llvm_name), ") function." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx>(
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>
+            $(,$args: FloatValue<'ctx>)*,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            const FN_NAME: &str = $extern_fn;
+
+            let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+            $(debug_assert_eq!($args.get_type(), llvm_f64);)*
+
+            let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[$($args.get_type().into()),*], false);
+                let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+                for attr in [$($attributes),*] {
+                    func.add_attribute(
+                        AttributeLoc::Function,
+                        ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+                    );
+                }
+                func
+            });
+
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_call(extern_fn, &[$($args.into()),*], name.unwrap_or_default())
+                .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+                .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+                .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_tan, "tan");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_asin, "asin");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_acos, "acos");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_atan, "atan");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_sinh, "sinh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_cosh, "cosh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_tanh, "tanh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_asinh, "asinh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_acosh, "acosh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_atanh, "atanh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_expm1, "expm1");
+generate_extern_fn!(
+    "unary",
+    call_cbrt,
+    "cbrt",
+    "mustprogress",
+    "nofree",
+    "nosync",
+    "nounwind",
+    "readonly",
+    "willreturn"
+);
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_erf, "erf", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_erfc, "erfc", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_j1, "j1", "nounwind");
+
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_atan2, "atan2");
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_hypot, "hypot", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_nextafter, "nextafter", "nounwind");
+
+/// Invokes the [`ldexp`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/math/ldexp) function.
+pub fn call_ldexp<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    arg: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+    exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "ldexp";
+
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    debug_assert_eq!(arg.get_type(), llvm_f64);
+    debug_assert_eq!(exp.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+
+    let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into(), llvm_i32.into()], false);
+        let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+        for attr in ["mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn"] {
+            func.add_attribute(
+                AttributeLoc::Function,
+                ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+            );
+        }
+
+        func
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(extern_fn, &[arg.into(), exp.into()], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Macro to generate `np_linalg` and `sp_linalg` functions
+/// The function takes as input `NDArray` and returns ()
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
+/// * `$extern_fn:literal`: Name of underlying extern function
+/// * (2/3/4): Number of `NDArray` that function takes as input
+///
+/// Note:
+/// The operands and resulting `NDArray` are both passed as input to the funcion
+/// It is the responsibility of caller to ensure that output `NDArray` is properly allocated on stack
+/// The function changes the content of the output `NDArray` in-place
+macro_rules! generate_linalg_extern_fn {
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 2) => {
+        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 3) => {
+        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2, mat3);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 4) => {
+        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2, mat3, mat4);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$input_matrix:ident)*) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the linalg `", stringify!($extern_fn), " function." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx>(
+            ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>
+            $(,$input_matrix: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>)*,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ){
+            const FN_NAME: &str = $extern_fn;
+            let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let fn_type = ctx.ctx.void_type().fn_type(&[$($input_matrix.get_type().into()),*], false);
+
+                let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+                for attr in ["mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly"] {
+                    func.add_attribute(
+                        AttributeLoc::Function,
+                        ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+                    );
+                }
+                func
+            });
+
+            ctx.builder.build_call(extern_fn, &[$($input_matrix.into(),)*], name.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap();
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_cholesky, "np_linalg_cholesky", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_qr, "np_linalg_qr", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_svd, "np_linalg_svd", 4);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_inv, "np_linalg_inv", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_pinv, "np_linalg_pinv", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_matrix_power, "np_linalg_matrix_power", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_det, "np_linalg_det", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_lu, "sp_linalg_lu", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_schur, "sp_linalg_schur", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_hessenberg, "sp_linalg_hessenberg", 3);

nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,23 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+};
+
+use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Stmt, StrRef};
+
+use super::{bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, expr::*, stmt::*, values::ArraySliceValue, CodeGenContext};
 use crate::{
-    codegen::{expr::*, stmt::*, CodeGenContext},
     symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
     toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
     typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},
 };
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, PointerValue},
-};
-use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Stmt, StrRef};
 
 pub trait CodeGenerator {
     /// Return the module name for the code generator.
     fn get_name(&self) -> &str;
 
+    /// Return an instance of [`IntType`] corresponding to the type of `size_t` for this instance.
     fn get_size_type<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx>;
 
     /// Generate function call and returns the function return value.
@@ -22,9 +25,9 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     /// - fun: Function signature and definition ID.
     /// - params: Function parameters. Note that this does not include the object even if the
     ///   function is a class method.
-    fn gen_call<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_call<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
         fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
         params: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
@@ -39,9 +42,9 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     /// - signature: Function signature of the constructor.
     /// - def: Class definition for the constructor class.
     /// - params: Function parameters.
-    fn gen_constructor<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_constructor<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         signature: &FunSignature,
         def: &TopLevelDef,
         params: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
@@ -57,22 +60,23 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     /// - fun: Function signature, definition ID and the substitution key.
     /// - params: Function parameters. Note that this does not include the object even if the
     ///   function is a class method.
+    ///
     /// Note that this function should check if the function is generated in another thread (due to
     /// possible race condition), see the default implementation for an example.
-    fn gen_func_instance<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_func_instance<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
         fun: (&FunSignature, &mut TopLevelDef, String),
         id: usize,
     ) -> Result<String, String> {
-        gen_func_instance(ctx, obj, fun, id)
+        gen_func_instance(ctx, &obj, fun, id)
     }
 
     /// Generate the code for an expression.
-    fn gen_expr<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_expr<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>, String>
     where
@@ -83,44 +87,92 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
 
     /// Allocate memory for a variable and return a pointer pointing to it.
     /// The default implementation places the allocations at the start of the function.
-    fn gen_var_alloc<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_var_alloc<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String> {
-        gen_var(ctx, ty)
+        gen_var(ctx, ty, name)
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate memory for a variable and return a pointer pointing to it.
+    /// The default implementation places the allocations at the start of the function.
+    fn gen_array_var_alloc<'ctx>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Result<ArraySliceValue<'ctx>, String> {
+        gen_array_var(ctx, ty, size, name)
     }
 
     /// Return a pointer pointing to the target of the expression.
-    fn gen_store_target<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_store_target<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         pattern: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-    ) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String>
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<PointerValue<'ctx>>, String>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        gen_store_target(self, ctx, pattern)
+        gen_store_target(self, ctx, pattern, name)
     }
 
     /// Generate code for an assignment expression.
-    fn gen_assign<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_assign<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         target: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
         value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        value_ty: Type,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        gen_assign(self, ctx, target, value)
+        gen_assign(self, ctx, target, value, value_ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Generate code for an assignment expression where LHS is a `"target_list"`.
+    ///
+    /// See <https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements>.
+    fn gen_assign_target_list<'ctx>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        targets: &Vec<Expr<Option<Type>>>,
+        value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        value_ty: Type,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        gen_assign_target_list(self, ctx, targets, value, value_ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Generate code for an item assignment.
+    ///
+    /// i.e., `target[key] = value`
+    fn gen_setitem<'ctx>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        target: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
+        key: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
+        value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        value_ty: Type,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        gen_setitem(self, ctx, target, key, value, value_ty)
     }
 
     /// Generate code for a while expression.
     /// Return true if the while loop must early return
-    fn gen_while<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_while(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -129,11 +181,11 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
         gen_while(self, ctx, stmt)
     }
 
-    /// Generate code for a while expression.
-    /// Return true if the while loop must early return
-    fn gen_for<'ctx, 'a>(
+    /// Generate code for a for expression.
+    /// Return true if the for loop must early return
+    fn gen_for(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -144,9 +196,9 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
 
     /// Generate code for an if expression.
     /// Return true if the statement must early return
-    fn gen_if<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_if(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -155,9 +207,9 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
         gen_if(self, ctx, stmt)
     }
 
-    fn gen_with<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_with(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -167,10 +219,11 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     }
 
     /// Generate code for a statement
+    ///
     /// Return true if the statement must early return
-    fn gen_stmt<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_stmt(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -178,6 +231,36 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     {
         gen_stmt(self, ctx, stmt)
     }
+
+    /// Generates code for a block statement.
+    fn gen_block<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a Stmt<Option<Type>>>>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
+        stmts: I,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        gen_block(self, ctx, stmts)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`bool_to_i1`].
+    fn bool_to_i1<'ctx>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        bool_to_i1(&ctx.builder, bool_value)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`bool_to_i8`].
+    fn bool_to_i8<'ctx>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        bool_to_i8(&ctx.builder, ctx.ctx, bool_value)
+    }
 }
 
 pub struct DefaultCodeGenerator {
@@ -186,17 +269,20 @@ pub struct DefaultCodeGenerator {
 }
 
 impl DefaultCodeGenerator {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(name: String, size_t: u32) -> DefaultCodeGenerator {
-        assert!(size_t == 32 || size_t == 64);
+        assert!(matches!(size_t, 32 | 64));
         DefaultCodeGenerator { name, size_t }
     }
 }
 
 impl CodeGenerator for DefaultCodeGenerator {
+    /// Returns the name for this [`CodeGenerator`].
     fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
     }
 
+    /// Returns an LLVM integer type representing `size_t`.
     fn get_size_type<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx> {
         // it should be unsigned, but we don't really need unsigned and this could save us from
         // having to do a bit cast...

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/irrt.c

@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-typedef _ExtInt(8) int8_t;
-typedef unsigned _ExtInt(8) uint8_t;
-typedef _ExtInt(32) int32_t;
-typedef unsigned _ExtInt(32) uint32_t;
-typedef _ExtInt(64) int64_t;
-typedef unsigned _ExtInt(64) uint64_t;
-
-# define MAX(a, b) (a > b ? a : b)
-# define MIN(a, b) (a > b ? b : a)
-
-// adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
-// need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
-#define DEF_INT_EXP(T) T __nac3_int_exp_##T( \
-    T base, \
-    T exp \
-) { \
-    T res = (T)1; \
-    /* repeated squaring method */ \
-    do { \
-       if (exp & 1) res *= base;  /* for n odd */ \
-       exp >>= 1; \
-       base *= base; \
-    } while (exp); \
-    return res; \
-} \
-
-DEF_INT_EXP(int32_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(int64_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(uint32_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(uint64_t)
-
-
-int32_t __nac3_slice_index_bound(int32_t i, const int32_t len) {
-    if (i < 0) {
-        i = len + i;
-    }
-    if (i < 0) {
-        return 0;
-    } else if (i > len) {
-        return len;
-    }
-    return i;
-}
-
-int32_t __nac3_range_slice_len(const int32_t start, const int32_t end, const int32_t step) {
-    int32_t diff = end - start;
-    if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
-        return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
-    } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
-        return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
-    } else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-// Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
-// both dest_step and src_step are +1.
-// - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
-// - The end index is *inclusive*,
-// - The length of src and dest slice size should already
-// be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
-int32_t __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(
-    int32_t dest_start,
-    int32_t dest_end,
-    int32_t dest_step,
-    uint8_t *dest_arr,
-    int32_t dest_arr_len,
-    int32_t src_start,
-    int32_t src_end,
-    int32_t src_step,
-    uint8_t *src_arr,
-    int32_t src_arr_len,
-    const int32_t size
-) {
-    /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
-    if (dest_arr_len == 0) return dest_arr_len;
-    /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
-    if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
-        const int32_t src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
-        const int32_t dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
-        if (src_len > 0) {
-            __builtin_memmove(
-                dest_arr + dest_start * size,
-                src_arr + src_start * size,
-                src_len * size
-            );
-        }
-        if (dest_len > 0) {
-            /* dropping */
-            __builtin_memmove(
-                dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size,
-                dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
-                (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
-            );
-        }
-        /* shrink size */
-        return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
-    }
-    /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
-    uint8_t need_alloca =
-        (dest_arr == src_arr)
-        && !(
-            MAX(dest_start, dest_end) < MIN(src_start, src_end)
-            || MAX(src_start, src_end) < MIN(dest_start, dest_end)
-        );
-    if (need_alloca) {
-        uint8_t *tmp = __builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size);
-        __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
-        src_arr = tmp;
-    }
-    int32_t src_ind = src_start;
-    int32_t dest_ind = dest_start;
-    for (;
-        (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end);
-        src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step
-    ) {
-        /* for constant optimization */
-        if (size == 1) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
-        } else if (size == 4) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
-        } else if (size == 8) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
-        } else {
-            /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
-        }
-    }
-    /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
-    /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
-    if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
-        __builtin_memmove(
-            dest_arr + dest_ind * size,
-            dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
-            (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
-        );
-        return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
-    }
-    return dest_arr_len;
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/list.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::BasicTypeEnum,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use super::calculate_len_for_slice_range;
+use crate::codegen::{
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    values::{ArrayLikeValue, ListValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// This function handles 'end' **inclusively**.
+/// Order of tuples `assign_idx` and `value_idx` is ('start', 'end', 'step').
+/// Negative index should be handled before entering this function
+pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    dest_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
+    dest_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
+    src_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
+    src_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
+) {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pi8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+
+    assert_eq!(dest_idx.0.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+    assert_eq!(dest_idx.1.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+    assert_eq!(dest_idx.2.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+    assert_eq!(src_idx.0.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+    assert_eq!(src_idx.1.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+    assert_eq!(src_idx.2.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+
+    let (fun_symbol, elem_ptr_type) = ("__nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size", llvm_pi8);
+    let slice_assign_fun = {
+        let ty_vec = vec![
+            llvm_i32.into(),      // dest start idx
+            llvm_i32.into(),      // dest end idx
+            llvm_i32.into(),      // dest step
+            elem_ptr_type.into(), // dest arr ptr
+            llvm_i32.into(),      // dest arr len
+            llvm_i32.into(),      // src start idx
+            llvm_i32.into(),      // src end idx
+            llvm_i32.into(),      // src step
+            elem_ptr_type.into(), // src arr ptr
+            llvm_i32.into(),      // src arr len
+            llvm_i32.into(),      // size
+        ];
+        ctx.module.get_function(fun_symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_t = llvm_i32.fn_type(ty_vec.as_slice(), false);
+            ctx.module.add_function(fun_symbol, fn_t, None)
+        })
+    };
+
+    let zero = llvm_i32.const_zero();
+    let one = llvm_i32.const_int(1, false);
+    let dest_arr_ptr = dest_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let dest_arr_ptr =
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(dest_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "dest_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
+    let dest_len = dest_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("dest.len"));
+    let dest_len =
+        ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(dest_len, llvm_i32, "srclen32").unwrap();
+    let src_arr_ptr = src_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let src_arr_ptr =
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(src_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "src_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
+    let src_len = src_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("src.len"));
+    let src_len =
+        ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(src_len, llvm_i32, "srclen32").unwrap();
+
+    // index in bound and positive should be done
+    // assert if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest), and
+    // throw exception if not satisfied
+    let src_end = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_select(
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(src_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(src_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
+            "final_e",
+        )
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
+    let dest_end = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_select(
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, dest_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(dest_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(dest_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
+            "final_e",
+        )
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
+    let src_slice_len =
+        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, src_idx.0, src_end, src_idx.2);
+    let dest_slice_len =
+        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, dest_idx.0, dest_end, dest_idx.2);
+    let src_eq_dest = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_eq_dest")
+        .unwrap();
+    let src_slt_dest = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_slt_dest")
+        .unwrap();
+    let dest_step_eq_one = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(
+            IntPredicate::EQ,
+            dest_idx.2,
+            dest_idx.2.get_type().const_int(1, false),
+            "slice_dest_step_eq_one",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    let cond_1 = ctx.builder.build_and(dest_step_eq_one, src_slt_dest, "slice_cond_1").unwrap();
+    let cond = ctx.builder.build_or(src_eq_dest, cond_1, "slice_cond").unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        cond,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "attempt to assign sequence of size {0} to slice of size {1} with step size {2}",
+        [Some(src_slice_len), Some(dest_slice_len), Some(dest_idx.2)],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
+
+    let new_len = {
+        let args = vec![
+            dest_idx.0.into(),   // dest start idx
+            dest_idx.1.into(),   // dest end idx
+            dest_idx.2.into(),   // dest step
+            dest_arr_ptr.into(), // dest arr ptr
+            dest_len.into(),     // dest arr len
+            src_idx.0.into(),    // src start idx
+            src_idx.1.into(),    // src end idx
+            src_idx.2.into(),    // src step
+            src_arr_ptr.into(),  // src arr ptr
+            src_len.into(),      // src arr len
+            {
+                let s = match ty {
+                    BasicTypeEnum::FloatType(t) => t.size_of(),
+                    BasicTypeEnum::IntType(t) => t.size_of(),
+                    BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(t) => t.size_of(),
+                    BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => t.size_of().unwrap(),
+                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                };
+                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, llvm_i32, "size").unwrap()
+            }
+            .into(),
+        ];
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(slice_assign_fun, args.as_slice(), "slice_assign")
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+
+    // update length
+    let need_update =
+        ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, new_len, dest_len, "need_update").unwrap();
+    let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();
+    let update_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "update");
+    let cont_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "cont");
+    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(need_update, update_bb, cont_bb).unwrap();
+    ctx.builder.position_at_end(update_bb);
+    let new_len =
+        ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, llvm_usize, "new_len").unwrap();
+    dest_arr.store_size(ctx, generator, new_len);
+    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
+    ctx.builder.position_at_end(cont_bb);
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/math.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+
+// repeated squaring method adapted from GNU Scientific Library:
+// https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
+pub fn integer_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    base: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    signed: bool,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let symbol = match (base.get_type().get_bit_width(), exp.get_type().get_bit_width(), signed) {
+        (32, 32, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int32_t",
+        (64, 64, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int64_t",
+        (32, 32, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint32_t",
+        (64, 64, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint64_t",
+        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+    };
+    let base_type = base.get_type();
+    let pow_fun = ctx.module.get_function(symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = base_type.fn_type(&[base_type.into(), base_type.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function(symbol, fn_type, None)
+    });
+    // throw exception when exp < 0
+    let ge_zero = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(
+            IntPredicate::SGE,
+            exp,
+            exp.get_type().const_zero(),
+            "assert_int_pow_ge_0",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        ge_zero,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "integer power must be positive or zero",
+        [None, None, None],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(pow_fun, &[base.into(), exp.into()], "call_int_pow")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `isinf` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
+pub fn call_isinf<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    assert_eq!(v.get_type(), llvm_f64);
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isinf").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_i32.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isinf", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isinf")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `isnan` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
+pub fn call_isnan<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    assert_eq!(v.get_type(), llvm_f64);
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isnan").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_i32.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isnan", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isnan")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `gamma` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_gamma<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    assert_eq!(v.get_type(), llvm_f64);
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gamma").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gamma", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gamma")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `gammaln` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_gammaln<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    assert_eq!(v.get_type(), llvm_f64);
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gammaln").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gammaln", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gammaln")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `j0` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_j0<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    assert_eq!(v.get_type(), llvm_f64);
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_j0").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_j0", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "j0")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,31 @@
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::Type;
-
-use super::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
 use inkwell::{
     attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
     context::Context,
     memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
     module::Module,
-    types::BasicTypeEnum,
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
-    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue},
+    IntPredicate,
 };
+
 use nac3parser::ast::Expr;
 
-pub fn load_irrt(ctx: &Context) -> Module {
+use super::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+use crate::{symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver, typecheck::typedef::Type};
+pub use list::*;
+pub use math::*;
+pub use range::*;
+pub use slice::*;
+pub use string::*;
+
+mod list;
+mod math;
+pub mod ndarray;
+mod range;
+mod slice;
+mod string;
+
+#[must_use]
+pub fn load_irrt<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, symbol_resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver) -> Module<'ctx> {
     let bitcode_buf = MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(
         include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/irrt.bc")),
         "irrt_bitcode_buffer",
@@ -28,87 +41,47 @@ pub fn load_irrt(ctx: &Context) -> Module {
         let function = irrt_mod.get_function(symbol).unwrap();
         function.add_attribute(AttributeLoc::Function, ctx.create_enum_attribute(inline_attr, 0));
     }
+
+    // Initialize all global `EXN_*` exception IDs in IRRT with the [`SymbolResolver`].
+    let exn_id_type = ctx.i32_type();
+    let errors = &[
+        ("EXN_INDEX_ERROR", "0:IndexError"),
+        ("EXN_VALUE_ERROR", "0:ValueError"),
+        ("EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR", "0:AssertionError"),
+        ("EXN_TYPE_ERROR", "0:TypeError"),
+    ];
+    for (irrt_name, symbol_name) in errors {
+        let exn_id = symbol_resolver.get_string_id(symbol_name);
+        let exn_id = exn_id_type.const_int(exn_id as u64, false).as_basic_value_enum();
+
+        let global = irrt_mod.get_global(irrt_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!("Exception symbol name '{irrt_name}' should exist in the IRRT LLVM module")
+        });
+        global.set_initializer(&exn_id);
+    }
+
     irrt_mod
 }
 
-// repeated squaring method adapted from GNU Scientific Library:
-// https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
-pub fn integer_power<'ctx, 'a>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-    base: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    signed: bool,
-) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-    let symbol = match (base.get_type().get_bit_width(), exp.get_type().get_bit_width(), signed) {
-        (32, 32, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int32_t",
-        (64, 64, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int64_t",
-        (32, 32, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint32_t",
-        (64, 64, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint64_t",
-        _ => unreachable!(),
-    };
-    let base_type = base.get_type();
-    let pow_fun = ctx.module.get_function(symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let fn_type = base_type.fn_type(&[base_type.into(), base_type.into()], false);
-        ctx.module.add_function(symbol, fn_type, None)
-    });
-    // throw exception when exp < 0
-    let ge_zero = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-        IntPredicate::SGE,
-        exp,
-        exp.get_type().const_zero(),
-        "assert_int_pow_ge_0",
-    );
-    ctx.make_assert(
-        generator,
-        ge_zero,
-        "0:ValueError",
-        "integer power must be positive or zero",
-        [None, None, None],
-        ctx.current_loc,
-    );
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(pow_fun, &[base.into(), exp.into()], "call_int_pow")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
-        .unwrap_left()
-        .into_int_value()
-}
-
-pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, 'a>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-    start: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    end: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    step: IntValue<'ctx>,
-) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-    const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_range_slice_len";
-    let len_func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-        let fn_t = i32_t.fn_type(&[i32_t.into(), i32_t.into(), i32_t.into()], false);
-        ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
-    });
-
-    // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
-    let not_zero = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-        IntPredicate::NE,
-        step,
-        step.get_type().const_zero(),
-        "range_step_ne",
-    );
-    ctx.make_assert(
-        generator,
-        not_zero,
-        "0:ValueError",
-        "step must not be zero",
-        [None, None, None],
-        ctx.current_loc,
-    );
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(len_func, &[start.into(), end.into(), step.into()], "calc_len")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
-        .left()
-        .unwrap()
-        .into_int_value()
+/// Returns the name of a function which contains variants for 32-bit and 64-bit `size_t`.
+///
+/// - When [`TypeContext::size_type`] is 32-bits, the function name is `fn_name}`.
+/// - When [`TypeContext::size_type`] is 64-bits, the function name is `{fn_name}64`.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn get_usize_dependent_function_name<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
+    name: &str,
+) -> String {
+    let mut name = name.to_owned();
+    match generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx).get_bit_width() {
+        32 => {}
+        64 => name.push_str("64"),
+        bit_width => {
+            panic!("Unsupported int type bit width {bit_width}, must be either 32-bits or 64-bits")
+        }
+    }
+    name
 }
 
 /// NOTE: the output value of the end index of this function should be compared ***inclusively***,
@@ -151,47 +124,58 @@ pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, 'a>(
 ///             ,step
 ///         )
 /// ```
-pub fn handle_slice_indices<'a, 'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
+pub fn handle_slice_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
     start: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
     end: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
     step: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     generator: &mut G,
-    list: PointerValue<'ctx>,
-) -> Result<(IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>), String> {
-    let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let zero = int32.const_zero();
-    let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
-    let length = ctx.build_gep_and_load(list, &[zero, one]).into_int_value();
-    let length = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(length, int32, "leni32");
-    Ok(match (start, end, step) {
+    length: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> Result<Option<(IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>)>, String> {
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+
+    let zero = llvm_i32.const_zero();
+    let one = llvm_i32.const_int(1, false);
+    let length = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(length, llvm_i32, "leni32").unwrap();
+    Ok(Some(match (start, end, step) {
         (s, e, None) => (
-            s.as_ref().map_or_else(
-                || Ok(int32.const_zero()),
-                |s| handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length),
-            )?,
+            if let Some(s) = s.as_ref() {
+                match handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)? {
+                    Some(v) => v,
+                    None => return Ok(None),
+                }
+            } else {
+                llvm_i32.const_zero()
+            },
             {
-                let e = e.as_ref().map_or_else(
-                    || Ok(length),
-                    |e| handle_slice_index_bound(e, ctx, generator, length),
-                )?;
-                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "final_end")
+                let e = if let Some(s) = e.as_ref() {
+                    match handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)? {
+                        Some(v) => v,
+                        None => return Ok(None),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    length
+                };
+                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "final_end").unwrap()
             },
             one,
         ),
         (s, e, Some(step)) => {
-            let step = generator
-                .gen_expr(ctx, step)?
-                .unwrap()
-                .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ctx.primitives.int32)?
-                .into_int_value();
+            let step = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, step)? {
+                v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ctx.primitives.int32)?.into_int_value()
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            };
             // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
-            let not_zero = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-                IntPredicate::NE,
-                step,
-                step.get_type().const_zero(),
-                "range_step_ne",
-            );
+            let not_zero = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(
+                    IntPredicate::NE,
+                    step,
+                    step.get_type().const_zero(),
+                    "range_step_ne",
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             ctx.make_assert(
                 generator,
                 not_zero,
@@ -200,235 +184,69 @@ pub fn handle_slice_indices<'a, 'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 [None, None, None],
                 ctx.current_loc,
             );
-            let len_id = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(length, one, "lenmin1");
-            let neg = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, step, zero, "step_is_neg");
+            let len_id = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(length, one, "lenmin1").unwrap();
+            let neg = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, step, zero, "step_is_neg")
+                .unwrap();
             (
                 match s {
                     Some(s) => {
-                        let s = handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)?;
+                        let Some(s) = handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)? else {
+                            return Ok(None);
+                        };
                         ctx.builder
                             .build_select(
-                                ctx.builder.build_and(
-                                    ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-                                        IntPredicate::EQ,
-                                        s,
-                                        length,
-                                        "s_eq_len",
-                                    ),
-                                    neg,
-                                    "should_minus_one",
-                                ),
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(s, one, "s_min"),
+                                ctx.builder
+                                    .build_and(
+                                        ctx.builder
+                                            .build_int_compare(
+                                                IntPredicate::EQ,
+                                                s,
+                                                length,
+                                                "s_eq_len",
+                                            )
+                                            .unwrap(),
+                                        neg,
+                                        "should_minus_one",
+                                    )
+                                    .unwrap(),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(s, one, "s_min").unwrap(),
                                 s,
                                 "final_start",
                             )
-                            .into_int_value()
+                            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                            .unwrap()
                     }
-                    None => ctx.builder.build_select(neg, len_id, zero, "stt").into_int_value(),
+                    None => ctx
+                        .builder
+                        .build_select(neg, len_id, zero, "stt")
+                        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                        .unwrap(),
                 },
                 match e {
                     Some(e) => {
-                        let e = handle_slice_index_bound(e, ctx, generator, length)?;
+                        let Some(e) = handle_slice_index_bound(e, ctx, generator, length)? else {
+                            return Ok(None);
+                        };
                         ctx.builder
                             .build_select(
                                 neg,
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_add(e, one, "end_add_one"),
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "end_sub_one"),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_add(e, one, "end_add_one").unwrap(),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "end_sub_one").unwrap(),
                                 "final_end",
                             )
-                            .into_int_value()
+                            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                            .unwrap()
                     }
-                    None => ctx.builder.build_select(neg, zero, len_id, "end").into_int_value(),
+                    None => ctx
+                        .builder
+                        .build_select(neg, zero, len_id, "end")
+                        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                        .unwrap(),
                 },
                 step,
             )
         }
-    })
-}
-
-/// this function allows index out of range, since python
-/// allows index out of range in slice (`a = [1,2,3]; a[1:10] == [2,3]`).
-pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'a, 'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
-    i: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-    generator: &mut G,
-    length: IntValue<'ctx>,
-) -> Result<IntValue<'ctx>, String> {
-    const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_slice_index_bound";
-    let func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-        let fn_t = i32_t.fn_type(&[i32_t.into(), i32_t.into()], false);
-        ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
-    });
-
-    let i = generator.gen_expr(ctx, i)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, i.custom.unwrap())?;
-    Ok(ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_call(func, &[i.into(), length.into()], "bounded_ind")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
-        .left()
-        .unwrap()
-        .into_int_value())
-}
-
-/// This function handles 'end' **inclusively**.
-/// Order of tuples assign_idx and value_idx is ('start', 'end', 'step').
-/// Negative index should be handled before entering this function
-pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, 'a>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-    ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
-    dest_arr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
-    dest_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
-    src_arr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
-    src_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
-) {
-    let size_ty = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let int8_ptr = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic);
-    let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let (fun_symbol, elem_ptr_type) = ("__nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size", int8_ptr);
-    let slice_assign_fun = {
-        let ty_vec = vec![
-            int32.into(),         // dest start idx
-            int32.into(),         // dest end idx
-            int32.into(),         // dest step
-            elem_ptr_type.into(), // dest arr ptr
-            int32.into(),         // dest arr len
-            int32.into(),         // src start idx
-            int32.into(),         // src end idx
-            int32.into(),         // src step
-            elem_ptr_type.into(), // src arr ptr
-            int32.into(),         // src arr len
-            int32.into(),         // size
-        ];
-        ctx.module.get_function(fun_symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let fn_t = int32.fn_type(ty_vec.as_slice(), false);
-            ctx.module.add_function(fun_symbol, fn_t, None)
-        })
-    };
-
-    let zero = int32.const_zero();
-    let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
-    let dest_arr_ptr = ctx.build_gep_and_load(dest_arr, &[zero, zero]);
-    let dest_arr_ptr = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(
-        dest_arr_ptr.into_pointer_value(),
-        elem_ptr_type,
-        "dest_arr_ptr_cast",
-    );
-    let dest_len = ctx.build_gep_and_load(dest_arr, &[zero, one]).into_int_value();
-    let dest_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(dest_len, int32, "srclen32");
-    let src_arr_ptr = ctx.build_gep_and_load(src_arr, &[zero, zero]);
-    let src_arr_ptr = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(
-        src_arr_ptr.into_pointer_value(),
-        elem_ptr_type,
-        "src_arr_ptr_cast",
-    );
-    let src_len = ctx.build_gep_and_load(src_arr, &[zero, one]).into_int_value();
-    let src_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(src_len, int32, "srclen32");
-
-    // index in bound and positive should be done
-    // assert if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest), and
-    // throw exception if not satisfied
-    let src_end = ctx.builder
-        .build_select(
-            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-                inkwell::IntPredicate::SLT,
-                src_idx.2,
-                zero,
-                "is_neg",
-            ),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(src_idx.1, one, "e_min_one"),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_add(src_idx.1, one, "e_add_one"),
-            "final_e",
-        )
-        .into_int_value();
-    let dest_end = ctx.builder
-        .build_select(
-            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-                inkwell::IntPredicate::SLT,
-                dest_idx.2,
-                zero,
-                "is_neg",
-            ),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(dest_idx.1, one, "e_min_one"),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_add(dest_idx.1, one, "e_add_one"),
-            "final_e",
-        )
-        .into_int_value();
-    let src_slice_len =
-        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, src_idx.0, src_end, src_idx.2);
-    let dest_slice_len =
-        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, dest_idx.0, dest_end, dest_idx.2);
-    let src_eq_dest = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-        IntPredicate::EQ,
-        src_slice_len,
-        dest_slice_len,
-        "slice_src_eq_dest",
-    );
-    let src_slt_dest = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-        IntPredicate::SLT,
-        src_slice_len,
-        dest_slice_len,
-        "slice_src_slt_dest",
-    );
-    let dest_step_eq_one = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-        IntPredicate::EQ,
-        dest_idx.2,
-        dest_idx.2.get_type().const_int(1, false),
-        "slice_dest_step_eq_one",
-    );
-    let cond_1 = ctx.builder.build_and(dest_step_eq_one, src_slt_dest, "slice_cond_1");
-    let cond = ctx.builder.build_or(src_eq_dest, cond_1, "slice_cond");
-    ctx.make_assert(
-        generator,
-        cond,
-        "0:ValueError",
-        "attempt to assign sequence of size {0} to slice of size {1} with step size {2}",
-        [Some(src_slice_len), Some(dest_slice_len), Some(dest_idx.2)],
-        ctx.current_loc,
-    );
-
-    let new_len = {
-        let args = vec![
-            dest_idx.0.into(),   // dest start idx
-            dest_idx.1.into(),   // dest end idx
-            dest_idx.2.into(),   // dest step
-            dest_arr_ptr.into(), // dest arr ptr
-            dest_len.into(),     // dest arr len
-            src_idx.0.into(),    // src start idx
-            src_idx.1.into(),    // src end idx
-            src_idx.2.into(),    // src step
-            src_arr_ptr.into(),  // src arr ptr
-            src_len.into(),      // src arr len
-            {
-                let s = match ty {
-                    BasicTypeEnum::FloatType(t) => t.size_of(),
-                    BasicTypeEnum::IntType(t) => t.size_of(),
-                    BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(t) => t.size_of(),
-                    BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => t.size_of().unwrap(),
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
-                };
-                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size")
-            }
-            .into(),
-        ];
-        ctx.builder
-            .build_call(slice_assign_fun, args.as_slice(), "slice_assign")
-            .try_as_basic_value()
-            .unwrap_left()
-            .into_int_value()
-    };
-    // update length
-    let need_update =
-        ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, new_len, dest_len, "need_update");
-    let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();
-    let update_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "update");
-    let cont_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "cont");
-    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(need_update, update_bb, cont_bb);
-    ctx.builder.position_at_end(update_bb);
-    let dest_len_ptr = unsafe { ctx.builder.build_gep(dest_arr, &[zero, one], "dest_len_ptr") };
-    let new_len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, size_ty, "new_len");
-    ctx.builder.build_store(dest_len_ptr, new_len);
-    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb);
-    ctx.builder.position_at_end(cont_bb);
+    }))
 }

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/array.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+use inkwell::{types::BasicTypeEnum, values::IntValue};
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    expr::infer_and_call_function,
+    irrt::get_usize_dependent_function_name,
+    values::{ndarray::NDArrayValue, ListValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape`.
+///
+/// Deduces the target shape of the `ndarray` from the provided `list`, raising an exception if
+/// there is any issue with the resultant `shape`.
+///
+/// `shape` must be pre-allocated by the caller of this function to `[usize; ndims]`, and must be
+/// initialized to all `-1`s.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    list: ListValue<'ctx>,
+    ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+) {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    assert_eq!(list.get_type().element_type().unwrap(), ctx.ctx.i8_type().into());
+    assert_eq!(ndims.get_type(), llvm_usize);
+    assert_eq!(
+        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(shape.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
+        llvm_usize.into()
+    );
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        "__nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape",
+    );
+
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[list.as_base_value().into(), ndims.into(), shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array`.
+///
+/// Copies the contents stored in `list` into `ndarray`.
+///
+/// The `ndarray` must fulfill the following preconditions:
+///
+/// - `ndarray.itemsize`: Must be initialized.
+/// - `ndarray.ndims`: Must be initialized.
+/// - `ndarray.shape`: Must be initialized.
+/// - `ndarray.data`: Must be allocated and contiguous.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    list: ListValue<'ctx>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(list.get_type().element_type().unwrap(), ctx.ctx.i8_type().into());
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        "__nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array",
+    );
+
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[list.as_base_value().into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into()],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/basic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::BasicTypeEnum,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    expr::{create_and_call_function, infer_and_call_function},
+    irrt::get_usize_dependent_function_name,
+    types::ProxyType,
+    values::{ndarray::NDArrayValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative`.
+///
+/// Assets that `shape` does not contain negative dimensions.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+) {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(shape.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
+        llvm_usize.into()
+    );
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        "__nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative",
+    );
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
+        &[
+            (llvm_usize.into(), shape.size(ctx, generator).into()),
+            (llvm_pusize.into(), shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()),
+        ],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_output_shape_same`.
+///
+/// Asserts that `ndarray_shape` and `output_shape` are the same in the context of writing output to
+/// an `ndarray`.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray_shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    output_shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+) {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(ndarray_shape.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
+        llvm_usize.into()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(output_shape.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
+        llvm_usize.into()
+    );
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        "__nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same",
+    );
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
+        &[
+            (llvm_usize.into(), ndarray_shape.size(ctx, generator).into()),
+            (llvm_pusize.into(), ndarray_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()),
+            (llvm_usize.into(), output_shape.size(ctx, generator).into()),
+            (llvm_pusize.into(), output_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()),
+        ],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_size`.
+///
+/// Returns a [`usize`][CodeGenerator::get_size_type] value of the number of elements of an
+/// `ndarray`, corresponding to the value of `ndarray.size`.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_size<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_size");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        Some("size"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_nbytes`.
+///
+/// Returns a [`usize`][CodeGenerator::get_size_type] value of the number of bytes consumed by the
+/// data of the `ndarray`, corresponding to the value of `ndarray.nbytes`.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_nbytes");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        Some("nbytes"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_len`.
+///
+/// Returns a [`usize`][CodeGenerator::get_size_type] value of the size of the topmost dimension of
+/// the `ndarray`, corresponding to the value of `ndarray.__len__`.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_len<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_len");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        Some("len"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous`.
+///
+/// Returns an `i1` value indicating whether the `ndarray` is C-contiguous.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_i1.into()),
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        Some("is_c_contiguous"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement`.
+///
+/// Returns a [`PointerValue`] to the `index`-th flattened element of the `ndarray`.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    index: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    assert_eq!(index.get_type(), llvm_usize);
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_pi8.into()),
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into()), (llvm_usize.into(), index.into())],
+        Some("pelement"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices`.
+///
+/// `indices` must have the same number of elements as the number of dimensions in `ndarray`.
+///
+/// Returns a [`PointerValue`] to the element indexed by `indices`.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(indices.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
+        llvm_usize.into()
+    );
+
+    let name =
+        get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_pi8.into()),
+        &[
+            (llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into()),
+            (llvm_pusize.into(), indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()),
+        ],
+        Some("pelement"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape`.
+///
+/// Sets `ndarray.strides` assuming that `ndarray.shape` is C-contiguous.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name =
+        get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_copy_data`.
+///
+/// Copies all elements from `src_ndarray` to `dst_ndarray` using their flattened views. The number
+/// of elements in `src_ndarray` must be greater than or equal to the number of elements in
+/// `dst_ndarray`.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_copy_data<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    src_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    dst_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_copy_data");
+
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[src_ndarray.as_base_value().into(), dst_ndarray.as_base_value().into()],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/broadcast.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+use inkwell::values::IntValue;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    expr::infer_and_call_function,
+    irrt::get_usize_dependent_function_name,
+    types::{ndarray::ShapeEntryType, ProxyType},
+    values::{
+        ndarray::NDArrayValue, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+        TypedArrayLikeMutator,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to`.
+///
+/// Attempts to broadcast `src_ndarray` to the new shape defined by `dst_ndarray`.
+///
+/// `dst_ndarray` must meet the following preconditions:
+///
+/// - `dst_ndarray.ndims` must be initialized and matching the length of `dst_ndarray.shape`.
+/// - `dst_ndarray.shape` must be initialized and contains the target broadcast shape.
+/// - `dst_ndarray.strides` must be allocated and may contain uninitialized values.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    src_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    dst_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to");
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[src_ndarray.as_base_value().into(), dst_ndarray.as_base_value().into()],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes`.
+///
+/// Attempts to calculate the resultant shape from broadcasting all shapes in `shape_entries`,
+/// writing the result to `dst_shape`.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes<'ctx, G, Shape>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    num_shape_entries: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    shape_entries: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
+    dst_ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    dst_shape: &Shape,
+) where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Shape: TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>
+        + TypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+{
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+    assert_eq!(num_shape_entries.get_type(), llvm_usize);
+    assert!(ShapeEntryType::is_type(
+        generator,
+        ctx.ctx,
+        shape_entries.base_ptr(ctx, generator).get_type()
+    )
+    .is_ok());
+    assert_eq!(dst_ndims.get_type(), llvm_usize);
+    assert_eq!(dst_shape.element_type(ctx, generator), llvm_usize.into());
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes");
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[
+            num_shape_entries.into(),
+            shape_entries.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            dst_ndims.into(),
+            dst_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+        ],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/indexing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+use crate::codegen::{
+    expr::infer_and_call_function,
+    irrt::get_usize_dependent_function_name,
+    values::{ndarray::NDArrayValue, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_index`.
+///
+/// Performs [basic indexing](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/basics.indexing.html#basic-indexing)
+/// on `src_ndarray` using `indices`, writing the result to `dst_ndarray`, corresponding to the
+/// operation `dst_ndarray = src_ndarray[indices]`.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_index<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    indices: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
+    src_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    dst_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_index");
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[
+            indices.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+            indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            src_ndarray.as_base_value().into(),
+            dst_ndarray.as_base_value().into(),
+        ],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/iter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::BasicTypeEnum,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    expr::{create_and_call_function, infer_and_call_function},
+    irrt::get_usize_dependent_function_name,
+    types::ProxyType,
+    values::{
+        ndarray::{NDArrayValue, NDIterValue},
+        ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_nditer_initialize`.
+///
+/// Initializes the `iter` object.
+pub fn call_nac3_nditer_initialize<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    iter: NDIterValue<'ctx>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+) {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(indices.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
+        llvm_usize.into()
+    );
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_nditer_initialize");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[
+            (iter.get_type().as_base_type().into(), iter.as_base_value().into()),
+            (ndarray.get_type().as_base_type().into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into()),
+            (llvm_pusize.into(), indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()),
+        ],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_nditer_initialize_has_element`.
+///
+/// Returns an `i1` value indicating whether there are elements left to traverse for the `iter`
+/// object.
+pub fn call_nac3_nditer_has_element<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    iter: NDIterValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_nditer_has_element");
+
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(ctx.ctx.bool_type().into()),
+        &[iter.as_base_value().into()],
+        None,
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_nditer_next`.
+///
+/// Moves `iter` to point to the next element.
+pub fn call_nac3_nditer_next<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    iter: NDIterValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_nditer_next");
+
+    infer_and_call_function(ctx, &name, None, &[iter.as_base_value().into()], None, None);
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/matmul.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use inkwell::{types::BasicTypeEnum, values::IntValue};
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    expr::infer_and_call_function, irrt::get_usize_dependent_function_name,
+    values::TypedArrayLikeAccessor, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes`.
+///
+/// Calculates the broadcasted shapes for `a`, `b`, and the `ndarray` holding the final values of
+/// `a @ b`.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    a_shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    b_shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    final_ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    new_a_shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    new_b_shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    dst_shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+) {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(a_shape.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
+        llvm_usize.into()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(b_shape.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
+        llvm_usize.into()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(new_a_shape.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
+        llvm_usize.into()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(new_b_shape.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
+        llvm_usize.into()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(dst_shape.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
+        llvm_usize.into()
+    );
+
+    let name =
+        get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes");
+
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[
+            a_shape.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+            a_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            b_shape.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+            b_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            final_ndims.into(),
+            new_a_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            new_b_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            dst_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+        ],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+pub use array::*;
+pub use basic::*;
+pub use broadcast::*;
+pub use indexing::*;
+pub use iter::*;
+pub use matmul::*;
+pub use reshape::*;
+pub use transpose::*;
+
+mod array;
+mod basic;
+mod broadcast;
+mod indexing;
+mod iter;
+mod matmul;
+mod reshape;
+mod transpose;

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/reshape.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use inkwell::values::IntValue;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    expr::infer_and_call_function,
+    irrt::get_usize_dependent_function_name,
+    values::{ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape`.
+///
+/// Resolves unknown dimensions in `new_shape` for `numpy.reshape(<ndarray>, new_shape)`, raising an
+/// assertion if multiple dimensions are unknown (`-1`).
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    new_ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    new_shape: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+    assert_eq!(size.get_type(), llvm_usize);
+    assert_eq!(new_ndims.get_type(), llvm_usize);
+    assert_eq!(new_shape.element_type(ctx, generator), llvm_usize.into());
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        "__nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape",
+    );
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[size.into(), new_ndims.into(), new_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/transpose.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+use inkwell::{values::IntValue, AddressSpace};
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    expr::infer_and_call_function,
+    irrt::get_usize_dependent_function_name,
+    values::{ndarray::NDArrayValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_transpose`.
+///
+/// Creates a transpose view of `src_ndarray` and writes the result to `dst_ndarray`.
+///
+/// `dst_ndarray` must fulfill the following preconditions:
+///
+/// - `dst_ndarray.ndims` must be initialized and must be equal to `src_ndarray.ndims`.
+/// - `dst_ndarray.shape` must be allocated and may contain uninitialized values.
+/// - `dst_ndarray.strides` must be allocated and may contain uninitialized values.
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_transpose<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    src_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    dst_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    axes: Option<&impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>>,
+) {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+    assert!(axes.is_none_or(|axes| axes.size(ctx, generator).get_type() == llvm_usize));
+    assert!(axes.is_none_or(|axes| axes.element_type(ctx, generator) == llvm_usize.into()));
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_transpose");
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[
+            src_ndarray.as_base_value().into(),
+            dst_ndarray.as_base_value().into(),
+            axes.map_or(llvm_usize.const_zero(), |axes| axes.size(ctx, generator)).into(),
+            axes.map_or(llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).const_null(), |axes| {
+                axes.base_ptr(ctx, generator)
+            })
+            .into(),
+        ],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/range.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue},
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+
+/// Invokes the `__nac3_range_slice_len` in IRRT.
+///
+/// - `start`: The `i32` start value for the slice.
+/// - `end`: The `i32` end value for the slice.
+/// - `step`: The `i32` step value for the slice.
+///
+/// Returns an `i32` value of the length of the slice.
+pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    start: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    end: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    step: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_range_slice_len";
+
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+
+    assert_eq!(start.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+    assert_eq!(end.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+    assert_eq!(step.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+
+    let len_func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_t = llvm_i32.fn_type(&[llvm_i32.into(), llvm_i32.into(), llvm_i32.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
+    });
+
+    // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
+    let not_zero = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, step, step.get_type().const_zero(), "range_step_ne")
+        .unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        not_zero,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "step must not be zero",
+        [None, None, None],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(len_func, &[start.into(), end.into(), step.into()], "calc_len")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/slice.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::Expr;
+
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    typecheck::typedef::Type,
+};
+
+/// this function allows index out of range, since python
+/// allows index out of range in slice (`a = [1,2,3]; a[1:10] == [2,3]`).
+pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
+    i: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    generator: &mut G,
+    length: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> Result<Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, String> {
+    const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_slice_index_bound";
+    let func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let fn_t = i32_t.fn_type(&[i32_t.into(), i32_t.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
+    });
+
+    let i = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, i)? {
+        v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, i.custom.unwrap())?
+    } else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    Ok(Some(
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(func, &[i.into(), length.into()], "bounded_ind")
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap(),
+    ))
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/string.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue, PointerValue};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use super::get_usize_dependent_function_name;
+use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+
+/// Generates a call to string equality comparison. Returns an `i1` representing whether the strings are equal.
+pub fn call_string_eq<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    str1_ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    str1_len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    str2_ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    str2_len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();
+
+    let func_name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "nac3_str_eq");
+
+    let func = ctx.module.get_function(&func_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        ctx.module.add_function(
+            &func_name,
+            llvm_i1.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    str1_ptr.get_type().into(),
+                    str1_len.get_type().into(),
+                    str2_ptr.get_type().into(),
+                    str2_len.get_type().into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            ),
+            None,
+        )
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            func,
+            &[str1_ptr.into(), str1_len.into(), str2_ptr.into(), str2_len.into()],
+            "str_eq_call",
+        )
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/llvm_intrinsics.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    intrinsics::Intrinsic,
+    types::AnyTypeEnum::IntType,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use super::CodeGenContext;
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.va_start`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-va-start-intrinsic)
+/// intrinsic.
+pub fn call_va_start<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, arglist: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.va_start";
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
+
+        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[arglist.into()], "").unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.va_end`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-va-end-intrinsic)
+/// intrinsic.
+pub fn call_va_end<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, arglist: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.va_end";
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
+
+        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[arglist.into()], "").unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.stacksave`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-stacksave-intrinsic)
+/// intrinsic.
+pub fn call_stacksave<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.stacksave";
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[]))
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Invokes the
+/// [`llvm.stackrestore`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-stackrestore-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// - `ptr`: The pointer storing the address to restore the stack to.
+pub fn call_stackrestore<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.stackrestore";
+
+    /*
+        SEE https://github.com/TheDan64/inkwell/issues/496
+
+        We want `llvm.stackrestore`, but the following would generate `llvm.stackrestore.p0i8`.
+        ```ignore
+        let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+            .and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[llvm_p0i8.into()]))
+            .unwrap();
+        ```
+
+        Temp workaround by manually declaring the intrinsic with the correct function name instead.
+    */
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
+
+        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[ptr.into()], "").unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.memcpy`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-memcpy-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// * `dest` - The pointer to the destination. Must be a pointer to an integer type.
+/// * `src` - The pointer to the source. Must be a pointer to an integer type.
+/// * `len` - The number of bytes to copy.
+/// * `is_volatile` - Whether the `memcpy` operation should be `volatile`.
+pub fn call_memcpy<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dest: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_volatile: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.memcpy";
+
+    debug_assert!(dest.get_type().get_element_type().is_int_type());
+    debug_assert!(src.get_type().get_element_type().is_int_type());
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        dest.get_type().get_element_type().into_int_type().get_bit_width(),
+        src.get_type().get_element_type().into_int_type().get_bit_width(),
+    );
+    debug_assert!(matches!(len.get_type().get_bit_width(), 32 | 64));
+    debug_assert_eq!(is_volatile.get_type().get_bit_width(), 1);
+
+    let llvm_dest_t = dest.get_type();
+    let llvm_src_t = src.get_type();
+    let llvm_len_t = len.get_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| {
+            intrinsic.get_declaration(
+                &ctx.module,
+                &[llvm_dest_t.into(), llvm_src_t.into(), llvm_len_t.into()],
+            )
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[dest.into(), src.into(), len.into(), is_volatile.into()], "")
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the `llvm.memcpy` intrinsic.
+///
+/// Unlike [`call_memcpy`], this function accepts any type of pointer value. If `dest` or `src` is
+/// not a pointer to an integer, the pointer(s) will be cast to `i8*` before invoking `memcpy`.
+pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dest: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_volatile: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let dest_elem_t = dest.get_type().get_element_type();
+    let src_elem_t = src.get_type().get_element_type();
+
+    let dest = if matches!(dest_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        dest
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bit_cast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    let src = if matches!(src_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        src
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bit_cast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+
+    call_memcpy(ctx, dest, src, len, is_volatile);
+}
+
+/// Invokes the `llvm.memcpy` intrinsic.
+///
+/// Unlike [`call_memcpy`], this function accepts any type of pointer value. If `dest` or `src` is
+/// not a pointer to an integer, the pointer(s) will be cast to `i8*` before invoking `memcpy`.
+/// Moreover, `len` now refers to the number of elements to copy (rather than number of bytes to
+/// copy).
+pub fn call_memcpy_generic_array<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dest: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_volatile: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_sizeof_expr_t = llvm_i8.size_of().get_type();
+
+    let dest_elem_t = dest.get_type().get_element_type();
+    let src_elem_t = src.get_type().get_element_type();
+
+    let dest = if matches!(dest_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        dest
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bit_cast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    let src = if matches!(src_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        src
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bit_cast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+
+    let len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(len, llvm_sizeof_expr_t, "").unwrap();
+    let len = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(len, src_elem_t.size_of().unwrap(), "").unwrap();
+
+    call_memcpy(ctx, dest, src, len, is_volatile);
+}
+
+/// Macro to find and generate build call for llvm intrinsic (body of llvm intrinsic function)
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `$ctx:ident`: Reference to the current Code Generation Context
+/// * `$name:ident`: Optional name to be assigned to the llvm build call (Option<&str>)
+/// * `$llvm_name:literal`: Name of underlying llvm intrinsic function
+/// * `$map_fn:ident`: Mapping function to be applied on `BasicValue` (`BasicValue` -> Function Return Type).
+///   Use `BasicValueEnum::into_int_value` for Integer return type and
+///   `BasicValueEnum::into_float_value` for Float return type
+/// * `$llvm_ty:ident`: Type of first operand
+/// * `,($val:ident)*`: Comma separated list of operands
+macro_rules! generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body {
+    ($ctx:ident, $name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $map_fn:expr, $llvm_ty:ident $(,$val:ident)*) => {{
+        const FN_NAME: &str = concat!("llvm.", $llvm_name);
+        let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME).and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&$ctx.module, &[$llvm_ty.into()])).unwrap();
+        $ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[$($val.into()),*],  $name.unwrap_or_default()).map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value).map(|v| v.map_left($map_fn)).map(Either::unwrap_left).unwrap()
+    }};
+}
+
+/// Macro to generate the llvm intrinsic function using [`generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body`].
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `float/int`: Indicates the return and argument type of the function
+/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
+/// * `$llvm_name:literal`: Name of underlying llvm intrinsic function.
+///   Omit "llvm." prefix from the function name i.e. use "ceil" instead of "llvm.ceil"
+/// * `$val:ident`: The operand for unary operations
+/// * `$val1:ident`, `$val2:ident`: The operands for binary operations
+macro_rules! generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn {
+    ("float", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            let llvm_ty = $val.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_float_value, llvm_ty, $val)
+        }
+    };
+    ("float", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val1:ident, $val2:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val1: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            $val2: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            debug_assert_eq!($val1.get_type(), $val2.get_type());
+            let llvm_ty = $val1.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_float_value, llvm_ty, $val1, $val2)
+        }
+    };
+    ("int", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val1:ident, $val2:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val1: IntValue<'ctx>,
+            $val2: IntValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+            debug_assert_eq!($val1.get_type().get_bit_width(), $val2.get_type().get_bit_width());
+            let llvm_ty = $val1.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_int_value, llvm_ty, $val1, $val2)
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.abs`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-abs-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// * `src` - The value for which the absolute value is to be returned.
+/// * `is_int_min_poison` - Whether `poison` is to be returned if `src` is `INT_MIN`.
+pub fn call_int_abs<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    src: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_int_min_poison: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    debug_assert_eq!(is_int_min_poison.get_type().get_bit_width(), 1);
+    debug_assert!(is_int_min_poison.is_const());
+
+    let src_type = src.get_type();
+    generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(
+        ctx,
+        name,
+        "abs",
+        BasicValueEnum::into_int_value,
+        src_type,
+        src,
+        is_int_min_poison
+    )
+}
+
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_smax, "smax", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_smin, "smin", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_umax, "umax", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_umin, "umin", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_expect, "expect", val, expected_val);
+
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_sqrt, "sqrt", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_sin, "sin", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_cos, "cos", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_pow, "pow", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_exp, "exp", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_exp2, "exp2", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log, "log", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log10, "log10", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log2, "log2", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_fabs, "fabs", src);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_minnum, "minnum", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_maxnum, "maxnum", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_copysign, "copysign", mag, sgn);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_floor, "floor", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_ceil, "ceil", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_round, "round", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_rint, "rint", val);
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.powi`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-powi-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+pub fn call_float_powi<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    val: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+    power: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.powi";
+
+    let llvm_val_t = val.get_type();
+    let llvm_power_t = power.get_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| {
+            intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[llvm_val_t.into(), llvm_power_t.into()])
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[val.into(), power.into()], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.ctpop`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-ctpop-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+pub fn call_int_ctpop<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    src: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.ctpop";
+
+    let llvm_src_t = src.get_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[llvm_src_t.into()]))
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[src.into()], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/numpy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, PointerValue},
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+
+use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
+
+use super::{
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    stmt::gen_for_callback,
+    types::ndarray::{NDArrayType, NDIterType},
+    values::{ndarray::shape::parse_numpy_int_sequence, ProxyValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+use crate::{
+    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
+    toplevel::{
+        helper::{arraylike_flatten_element_type, extract_ndims},
+        numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
+        DefinitionId,
+    },
+    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},
+};
+
+/// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.empty`.
+pub fn gen_ndarray_empty<'ctx>(
+    context: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    obj: &Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
+    fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
+    args: &[(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)],
+    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String> {
+    assert!(obj.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(args.len(), 1);
+
+    let shape_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
+    let shape_arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, shape_ty)?;
+
+    let (dtype, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut context.unifier, fun.0.ret);
+    let llvm_dtype = context.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+    let ndims = extract_ndims(&context.unifier, ndims);
+
+    let shape = parse_numpy_int_sequence(generator, context, (shape_ty, shape_arg));
+
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, ndims)
+        .construct_numpy_empty(generator, context, &shape, None);
+    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+}
+
+/// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.zeros`.
+pub fn gen_ndarray_zeros<'ctx>(
+    context: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    obj: &Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
+    fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
+    args: &[(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)],
+    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String> {
+    assert!(obj.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(args.len(), 1);
+
+    let shape_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
+    let shape_arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, shape_ty)?;
+
+    let (dtype, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut context.unifier, fun.0.ret);
+    let llvm_dtype = context.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+    let ndims = extract_ndims(&context.unifier, ndims);
+
+    let shape = parse_numpy_int_sequence(generator, context, (shape_ty, shape_arg));
+
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, ndims)
+        .construct_numpy_zeros(generator, context, dtype, &shape, None);
+    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+}
+
+/// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.ones`.
+pub fn gen_ndarray_ones<'ctx>(
+    context: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    obj: &Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
+    fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
+    args: &[(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)],
+    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String> {
+    assert!(obj.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(args.len(), 1);
+
+    let shape_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
+    let shape_arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, shape_ty)?;
+
+    let (dtype, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut context.unifier, fun.0.ret);
+    let llvm_dtype = context.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+    let ndims = extract_ndims(&context.unifier, ndims);
+
+    let shape = parse_numpy_int_sequence(generator, context, (shape_ty, shape_arg));
+
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, ndims)
+        .construct_numpy_ones(generator, context, dtype, &shape, None);
+    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+}
+
+/// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.full`.
+pub fn gen_ndarray_full<'ctx>(
+    context: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    obj: &Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
+    fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
+    args: &[(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)],
+    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String> {
+    assert!(obj.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(args.len(), 2);
+
+    let shape_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
+    let shape_arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, shape_ty)?;
+    let fill_value_ty = fun.0.args[1].ty;
+    let fill_value_arg =
+        args[1].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, fill_value_ty)?;
+
+    let (dtype, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut context.unifier, fun.0.ret);
+    let llvm_dtype = context.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+    let ndims = extract_ndims(&context.unifier, ndims);
+
+    let shape = parse_numpy_int_sequence(generator, context, (shape_ty, shape_arg));
+
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, ndims).construct_numpy_full(
+        generator,
+        context,
+        &shape,
+        fill_value_arg,
+        None,
+    );
+    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+}
+
+pub fn gen_ndarray_array<'ctx>(
+    context: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    obj: &Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
+    fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
+    args: &[(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)],
+    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String> {
+    assert!(obj.is_none());
+    assert!(matches!(args.len(), 1..=3));
+
+    let obj_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
+    let obj_arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, obj_ty)?;
+
+    let copy_arg = if let Some(arg) =
+        args.iter().find(|arg| arg.0.is_some_and(|name| name == fun.0.args[1].name))
+    {
+        let copy_ty = fun.0.args[1].ty;
+        arg.1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, copy_ty)?
+    } else {
+        context.gen_symbol_val(
+            generator,
+            fun.0.args[1].default_value.as_ref().unwrap(),
+            fun.0.args[1].ty,
+        )
+    };
+
+    // The ndmin argument is ignored. We can simply force the ndarray's number of dimensions to be
+    // the `ndims` of the function return type.
+    let (_, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut context.unifier, fun.0.ret);
+    let ndims = extract_ndims(&context.unifier, ndims);
+
+    let copy = generator.bool_to_i1(context, copy_arg.into_int_value());
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, context, fun.0.ret)
+        .construct_numpy_array(generator, context, (obj_ty, obj_arg), copy, None)
+        .atleast_nd(generator, context, ndims);
+
+    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+}
+
+/// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.eye`.
+pub fn gen_ndarray_eye<'ctx>(
+    context: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    obj: &Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
+    fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
+    args: &[(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)],
+    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String> {
+    assert!(obj.is_none());
+    assert!(matches!(args.len(), 1..=3));
+
+    let nrows_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
+    let nrows_arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, nrows_ty)?;
+
+    let ncols_ty = fun.0.args[1].ty;
+    let ncols_arg = if let Some(arg) =
+        args.iter().find(|arg| arg.0.is_some_and(|name| name == fun.0.args[1].name))
+    {
+        arg.1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, ncols_ty)
+    } else {
+        args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, nrows_ty)
+    }?;
+
+    let offset_ty = fun.0.args[2].ty;
+    let offset_arg = if let Some(arg) =
+        args.iter().find(|arg| arg.0.is_some_and(|name| name == fun.0.args[2].name))
+    {
+        arg.1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, offset_ty)
+    } else {
+        Ok(context.gen_symbol_val(
+            generator,
+            fun.0.args[2].default_value.as_ref().unwrap(),
+            offset_ty,
+        ))
+    }?;
+
+    let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut context.unifier, fun.0.ret);
+
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(context.ctx);
+    let llvm_dtype = context.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+
+    let nrows = context
+        .builder
+        .build_int_s_extend_or_bit_cast(nrows_arg.into_int_value(), llvm_usize, "")
+        .unwrap();
+    let ncols = context
+        .builder
+        .build_int_s_extend_or_bit_cast(ncols_arg.into_int_value(), llvm_usize, "")
+        .unwrap();
+    let offset = context
+        .builder
+        .build_int_s_extend_or_bit_cast(offset_arg.into_int_value(), llvm_usize, "")
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, 2)
+        .construct_numpy_eye(generator, context, dtype, nrows, ncols, offset, None);
+    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+}
+
+/// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.identity`.
+pub fn gen_ndarray_identity<'ctx>(
+    context: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    obj: &Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
+    fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
+    args: &[(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)],
+    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String> {
+    assert!(obj.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(args.len(), 1);
+
+    let n_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
+    let n_arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, n_ty)?;
+
+    let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut context.unifier, fun.0.ret);
+
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(context.ctx);
+    let llvm_dtype = context.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+
+    let n = context
+        .builder
+        .build_int_s_extend_or_bit_cast(n_arg.into_int_value(), llvm_usize, "")
+        .unwrap();
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, 2)
+        .construct_numpy_identity(generator, context, dtype, n, None);
+    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+}
+
+/// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.copy`.
+pub fn gen_ndarray_copy<'ctx>(
+    context: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    obj: &Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
+    _fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
+    args: &[(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)],
+    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String> {
+    assert!(obj.is_some());
+    assert!(args.is_empty());
+
+    let this_ty = obj.as_ref().unwrap().0;
+    let this_arg =
+        obj.as_ref().unwrap().1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, this_ty)?;
+
+    let this = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, context, this_ty)
+        .map_value(this_arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
+    let ndarray = this.make_copy(generator, context);
+    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+}
+
+/// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.fill`.
+pub fn gen_ndarray_fill<'ctx>(
+    context: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    obj: &Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
+    fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
+    args: &[(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)],
+    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    assert!(obj.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(args.len(), 1);
+
+    let this_ty = obj.as_ref().unwrap().0;
+    let this_arg =
+        obj.as_ref().unwrap().1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, this_ty)?;
+    let value_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
+    let value_arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, value_ty)?;
+
+    let this = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, context, this_ty)
+        .map_value(this_arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
+    this.fill(generator, context, value_arg);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.dot`.
+/// Calculate inner product of two vectors or literals
+/// For matrix multiplication use `np_matmul`
+///
+/// The input `NDArray` are flattened and treated as 1D
+/// The operation is equivalent to `np.dot(arr1.ravel(), arr2.ravel())`
+pub fn ndarray_dot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    (x1_ty, x1): (Type, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>),
+    (x2_ty, x2): (Type, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>),
+) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "ndarray_dot";
+
+    match (x1, x2) {
+        (BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(n1), BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(n2)) => {
+            let a = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_value(n1, None);
+            let b = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x2_ty).map_value(n2, None);
+
+            // TODO: General `np.dot()` https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.dot.html.
+            assert_eq!(a.get_type().ndims(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(b.get_type().ndims(), 1);
+            let common_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, x1_ty);
+
+            // Check shapes.
+            let a_size = a.size(generator, ctx);
+            let b_size = b.size(generator, ctx);
+            let same_shape =
+                ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, a_size, b_size, "").unwrap();
+            ctx.make_assert(
+                generator,
+                same_shape,
+                "0:ValueError",
+                "shapes ({0},) and ({1},) not aligned: {0} (dim 0) != {1} (dim 1)",
+                [Some(a_size), Some(b_size), None],
+                ctx.current_loc,
+            );
+
+            let dtype_llvm = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, common_dtype);
+
+            let result = ctx.builder.build_alloca(dtype_llvm, "np_dot_result").unwrap();
+            ctx.builder.build_store(result, dtype_llvm.const_zero()).unwrap();
+
+            // Do dot product.
+            gen_for_callback(
+                generator,
+                ctx,
+                Some("np_dot"),
+                |generator, ctx| {
+                    let a_iter = NDIterType::new(generator, ctx.ctx).construct(generator, ctx, a);
+                    let b_iter = NDIterType::new(generator, ctx.ctx).construct(generator, ctx, b);
+                    Ok((a_iter, b_iter))
+                },
+                |generator, ctx, (a_iter, _b_iter)| {
+                    // Only a_iter drives the condition, b_iter should have the same status.
+                    Ok(a_iter.has_element(generator, ctx))
+                },
+                |_, ctx, _hooks, (a_iter, b_iter)| {
+                    let a_scalar = a_iter.get_scalar(ctx);
+                    let b_scalar = b_iter.get_scalar(ctx);
+
+                    let old_result = ctx.builder.build_load(result, "").unwrap();
+                    let new_result: BasicValueEnum<'ctx> = match old_result {
+                        BasicValueEnum::IntValue(old_result) => {
+                            let a_scalar = a_scalar.into_int_value();
+                            let b_scalar = b_scalar.into_int_value();
+                            let x = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(a_scalar, b_scalar, "").unwrap();
+                            ctx.builder.build_int_add(old_result, x, "").unwrap().into()
+                        }
+
+                        BasicValueEnum::FloatValue(old_result) => {
+                            let a_scalar = a_scalar.into_float_value();
+                            let b_scalar = b_scalar.into_float_value();
+                            let x = ctx.builder.build_float_mul(a_scalar, b_scalar, "").unwrap();
+                            ctx.builder.build_float_add(old_result, x, "").unwrap().into()
+                        }
+
+                        _ => {
+                            panic!("Unrecognized dtype: {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(common_dtype));
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    ctx.builder.build_store(result, new_result).unwrap();
+                    Ok(())
+                },
+                |generator, ctx, (a_iter, b_iter)| {
+                    a_iter.next(generator, ctx);
+                    b_iter.next(generator, ctx);
+                    Ok(())
+                },
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+
+            Ok(ctx.builder.build_load(result, "").unwrap())
+        }
+
+        (BasicValueEnum::IntValue(e1), BasicValueEnum::IntValue(e2)) => {
+            Ok(ctx.builder.build_int_mul(e1, e2, "").unwrap().as_basic_value_enum())
+        }
+
+        (BasicValueEnum::FloatValue(e1), BasicValueEnum::FloatValue(e2)) => {
+            Ok(ctx.builder.build_float_mul(e1, e2, "").unwrap().as_basic_value_enum())
+        }
+
+        _ => codegen_unreachable!(
+            ctx,
+            "{FN_NAME}() not supported for '{}'",
+            format!("'{}'", ctx.unifier.stringify(x1_ty))
+        ),
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs

@@ -1,30 +1,41 @@
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, CodeGenContext, CodeGenTask, DefaultCodeGenerator,
-        WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
-    },
-    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
-    toplevel::{
-        composer::TopLevelComposer, DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
-    },
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
-    },
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    sync::Arc,
 };
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use indoc::indoc;
+use inkwell::{
+    targets::{InitializationConfig, Target},
+    OptimizationLevel,
+};
 use nac3parser::{
-    ast::{fold::Fold, StrRef},
+    ast::{fold::Fold, FileName, StrRef},
     parser::parse_program,
 };
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::{
+    concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
+    types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, ListType, ProxyType, RangeType},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, CodeGenerator,
+    DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+};
+use crate::{
+    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
+    toplevel::{
+        composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
+        DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
+    },
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, IdentifierInfo, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
+        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
+    },
+};
 
 struct Resolver {
     id_to_type: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
     id_to_def: RwLock<HashMap<StrRef, DefinitionId>>,
-    class_names: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
 }
 
 impl Resolver {
@@ -48,23 +59,24 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         _: &PrimitiveStore,
         str: StrRef,
     ) -> Result<Type, String> {
-        self.id_to_type.get(&str).cloned().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", str))
+        self.id_to_type.get(&str).copied().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{str}`"))
     }
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         _: StrRef,
-        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
         self.id_to_def
             .read()
             .get(&id)
-            .cloned()
-            .ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", id))
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from([format!("cannot find symbol `{id}`")]))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
@@ -83,28 +95,36 @@ fn test_primitives() {
         d = a if c == 1 else 0
         return d
         "};
-    let statements = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
-    let composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
     let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
     let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
     let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
     unifier.top_level = Some(top_level.clone());
 
-    let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver {
-        id_to_type: HashMap::new(),
-        id_to_def: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
-    }) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
+    let resolver =
+        Arc::new(Resolver { id_to_type: HashMap::new(), id_to_def: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()) })
+            as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     let threads = vec![DefaultCodeGenerator::new("test".into(), 32).into()];
     let signature = FunSignature {
         args: vec![
-            FuncArg { name: "a".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None },
-            FuncArg { name: "b".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None },
+            FuncArg {
+                name: "a".into(),
+                ty: primitives.int32,
+                default_value: None,
+                is_vararg: false,
+            },
+            FuncArg {
+                name: "b".into(),
+                ty: primitives.int32,
+                default_value: None,
+                is_vararg: false,
+            },
         ],
         ret: primitives.int32,
-        vars: HashMap::new(),
+        vars: VarMap::new(),
     };
 
     let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
@@ -119,12 +139,13 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     };
     let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
     let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "b".into()].iter().cloned().collect();
+    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        ["a".into(), "b".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
     let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
         top_level: &top_level,
         function_data: &mut function_data,
         unifier: &mut unifier,
-        variable_mapping: Default::default(),
+        variable_mapping: HashMap::default(),
         primitives: &primitives,
         virtual_checks: &mut virtual_checks,
         calls: &mut calls,
@@ -148,7 +169,7 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     });
 
     let task = CodeGenTask {
-        subst: Default::default(),
+        subst: Vec::default(),
         symbol_name: "testing".into(),
         body: Arc::new(statements),
         unifier_index: 0,
@@ -180,24 +201,20 @@ fn test_primitives() {
         let expected = indoc! {"
             ; ModuleID = 'test'
             source_filename = \"test\"
-            
-            define i32 @testing(i32 %0, i32 %1) !dbg !4 {
+            target datalayout = \"e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128\"
+            target triple = \"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\"
+
+            ; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn
+            define i32 @testing(i32 %0, i32 %1) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !4 {
             init:
-              %add = add i32 %0, %1, !dbg !9
+              %add = add i32 %1, %0, !dbg !9
               %cmp = icmp eq i32 %add, 1, !dbg !10
-              br i1 %cmp, label %then, label %else, !dbg !10
-            
-            then:                                             ; preds = %init
-              br label %cont, !dbg !11
-            
-            else:                                             ; preds = %init
-              br label %cont, !dbg !12
-            
-            cont:                                             ; preds = %else, %then
-              %if_exp_result.0 = phi i32 [ %0, %then ], [ 0, %else ], !dbg !13
-              ret i32 %if_exp_result.0, !dbg !14
+              %. = select i1 %cmp, i32 %0, i32 0, !dbg !11
+              ret i32 %., !dbg !12
             }
 
+            attributes #0 = { mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn }
+
             !llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1}
             !llvm.dbg.cu = !{!2}
 
@@ -212,15 +229,20 @@ fn test_primitives() {
             !8 = !{}
             !9 = !DILocation(line: 1, column: 9, scope: !4)
             !10 = !DILocation(line: 2, column: 15, scope: !4)
-            !11 = !DILocation(line: 2, column: 5, scope: !4)
-            !12 = !DILocation(line: 2, column: 22, scope: !4)
-            !13 = !DILocation(line: 0, scope: !4)
-            !14 = !DILocation(line: 3, column: 8, scope: !4)
+            !11 = !DILocation(line: 0, scope: !4)
+            !12 = !DILocation(line: 3, column: 8, scope: !4)
         "}
         .trim();
         assert_eq!(expected, module.print_to_string().to_str().unwrap().trim());
     })));
-    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, f);
+
+    Target::initialize_all(&InitializationConfig::default());
+
+    let llvm_options = CodeGenLLVMOptions {
+        opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
+        target: CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host_triple(),
+    };
+    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
     registry.add_task(task);
     registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 }
@@ -231,23 +253,28 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         a = foo(a)
         return a * 2
         "};
-    let statements_1 = parse_program(source_1, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements_1 = parse_program(source_1, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
     let source_2 = indoc! { "
         return a + 1
         "};
-    let statements_2 = parse_program(source_2, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements_2 = parse_program(source_2, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
-    let composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
     let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
     let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
     let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
     unifier.top_level = Some(top_level.clone());
 
     let signature = FunSignature {
-        args: vec![FuncArg { name: "a".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None }],
+        args: vec![FuncArg {
+            name: "a".into(),
+            ty: primitives.int32,
+            default_value: None,
+            is_vararg: false,
+        }],
         ret: primitives.int32,
-        vars: HashMap::new(),
+        vars: VarMap::new(),
     };
     let fun_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(signature.clone()));
     let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
@@ -268,11 +295,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         loc: None,
     })));
 
-    let resolver = Resolver {
-        id_to_type: HashMap::new(),
-        id_to_def: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
-    };
+    let resolver = Resolver { id_to_type: HashMap::new(), id_to_def: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()) };
     resolver.add_id_def("foo".into(), DefinitionId(foo_id));
     let resolver = Arc::new(resolver) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
@@ -292,12 +315,13 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     };
     let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
     let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "foo".into()].iter().cloned().collect();
+    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        ["a".into(), "foo".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
     let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
         top_level: &top_level,
         function_data: &mut function_data,
         unifier: &mut unifier,
-        variable_mapping: Default::default(),
+        variable_mapping: HashMap::default(),
         primitives: &primitives,
         virtual_checks: &mut virtual_checks,
         calls: &mut calls,
@@ -326,11 +350,11 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         &mut *top_level.definitions.read()[foo_id].write()
     {
         instance_to_stmt.insert(
-            "".to_string(),
+            String::new(),
             FunInstance {
                 body: Arc::new(statements_2),
                 calls: Arc::new(inferencer.calls.clone()),
-                subst: Default::default(),
+                subst: IndexMap::default(),
                 unifier_id: 0,
             },
         );
@@ -346,7 +370,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     });
 
     let task = CodeGenTask {
-        subst: Default::default(),
+        subst: Vec::default(),
         symbol_name: "testing".to_string(),
         body: Arc::new(statements_1),
         calls: Arc::new(calls1),
@@ -360,23 +384,29 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         let expected = indoc! {"
             ; ModuleID = 'test'
             source_filename = \"test\"
+            target datalayout = \"e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128\"
+            target triple = \"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\"
 
-            define i32 @testing(i32 %0) !dbg !5 {
+            ; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn
+            define i32 @testing(i32 %0) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !5 {
             init:
-              %call = call i32 @foo.0(i32 %0), !dbg !10
-              %mul = mul i32 %call, 2, !dbg !11
-              ret i32 %mul, !dbg !11
+              %add.i = shl i32 %0, 1, !dbg !10
+              %mul = add i32 %add.i, 2, !dbg !10
+              ret i32 %mul, !dbg !10
             }
-            
-            define i32 @foo.0(i32 %0) !dbg !12 {
+
+            ; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn
+            define i32 @foo.0(i32 %0) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !11 {
             init:
-              %add = add i32 %0, 1, !dbg !13
-              ret i32 %add, !dbg !13
+              %add = add i32 %0, 1, !dbg !12
+              ret i32 %add, !dbg !12
             }
-            
+
+            attributes #0 = { mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn }
+
             !llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1}
             !llvm.dbg.cu = !{!2, !4}
-            
+
             !0 = !{i32 2, !\"Debug Info Version\", i32 3}
             !1 = !{i32 2, !\"Dwarf Version\", i32 4}
             !2 = distinct !DICompileUnit(language: DW_LANG_Python, file: !3, producer: \"NAC3\", isOptimized: true, runtimeVersion: 0, emissionKind: FullDebug)
@@ -387,15 +417,53 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
             !7 = !{!8}
             !8 = !DIBasicType(name: \"_\", flags: DIFlagPublic)
             !9 = !{}
-            !10 = !DILocation(line: 1, column: 9, scope: !5)
-            !11 = !DILocation(line: 2, column: 12, scope: !5)
-            !12 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: \"foo.0\", linkageName: \"foo.0\", scope: null, file: !3, line: 1, type: !6, scopeLine: 1, flags: DIFlagPublic, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition | DISPFlagOptimized, unit: !4, retainedNodes: !9)
-            !13 = !DILocation(line: 1, column: 12, scope: !12)
+            !10 = !DILocation(line: 2, column: 12, scope: !5)
+            !11 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: \"foo.0\", linkageName: \"foo.0\", scope: null, file: !3, line: 1, type: !6, scopeLine: 1, flags: DIFlagPublic, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition | DISPFlagOptimized, unit: !4, retainedNodes: !9)
+            !12 = !DILocation(line: 1, column: 12, scope: !11)
         "}
         .trim();
         assert_eq!(expected, module.print_to_string().to_str().unwrap().trim());
     })));
-    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, f);
+
+    Target::initialize_all(&InitializationConfig::default());
+
+    let llvm_options = CodeGenLLVMOptions {
+        opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
+        target: CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host_triple(),
+    };
+    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
     registry.add_task(task);
     registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_list_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), 64);
+
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
+
+    let llvm_list = ListType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
+    assert!(ListType::is_representable(llvm_list.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_range_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+
+    let llvm_range = RangeType::new(&ctx);
+    assert!(RangeType::is_representable(llvm_range.as_base_type()).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_ndarray_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), 64);
+
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
+
+    let llvm_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into(), 2);
+    assert!(NDArrayType::is_representable(llvm_ndarray.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/list.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use super::ProxyType;
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        types::structure::{
+            check_struct_type_matches_fields, FieldIndexCounter, StructField, StructFields,
+        },
+        values::{ListValue, ProxyValue},
+        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+    },
+    typecheck::typedef::{iter_type_vars, Type, TypeEnum},
+};
+
+/// Proxy type for a `list` type in LLVM.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ListType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    item: Option<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct ListStructFields<'ctx> {
+    /// Array pointer to content.
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub items: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+
+    /// Number of items in the array.
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ListStructFields<'ctx> {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_typed(item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        let mut counter = FieldIndexCounter::default();
+
+        ListStructFields {
+            items: StructField::create(
+                &mut counter,
+                "items",
+                item.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()),
+            ),
+            len: StructField::create(&mut counter, "len", llvm_usize),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ListType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `list` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `list` type, got {llvm_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        let fields = ListStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            fields,
+            llvm_ty,
+            "list",
+            &[(fields.items.name(), &|ty| {
+                if ty.is_pointer_type() {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected T* for `list.items`, got {ty}"))
+                }
+            })],
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn fields(item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> ListStructFields<'ctx> {
+        ListStructFields::new_typed(item, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`ListType::fields`].
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self, _ctx: &impl AsContextRef<'ctx>) -> ListStructFields<'ctx> {
+        Self::fields(self.item.unwrap_or(self.llvm_usize.into()), self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `List`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        element_type: Option<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let element_type = element_type.unwrap_or(llvm_usize.into());
+
+        let field_tys =
+            Self::fields(element_type, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`ListType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        element_type: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_list = Self::llvm_type(ctx, Some(element_type), llvm_usize);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_list, item: Some(element_type), llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`ListType`] with an unknown element type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_untyped<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_list = Self::llvm_type(ctx, None, llvm_usize);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_list, item: None, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ListType`] from a [unifier type][Type].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_unifier_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ty: Type,
+    ) -> Self {
+        // Check unifier type and extract `item_type`
+        let elem_type = match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty) {
+            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. }
+                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.list.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
+            {
+                iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap().ty
+            }
+
+            _ => panic!("Expected `list` type, but got {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(ty)),
+        };
+
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+        let llvm_elem_type = if let TypeEnum::TVar { .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty) {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_type))
+        };
+
+        Self {
+            ty: Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, llvm_elem_type, llvm_usize),
+            item: llvm_elem_type,
+            llvm_usize,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ListType`] from a [`PointerType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        let ctx = ptr_ty.get_context();
+
+        // We are just searching for the index off a field - Slot an arbitrary element type in.
+        let item_field_idx =
+            Self::fields(ctx.i8_type().into(), llvm_usize).index_of_field(|f| f.items);
+        let item = unsafe {
+            ptr_ty
+                .get_element_type()
+                .into_struct_type()
+                .get_field_type_at_index_unchecked(item_field_idx)
+                .into_pointer_type()
+                .get_element_type()
+        };
+        let item = BasicTypeEnum::try_from(item).unwrap_or_else(|()| {
+            panic!(
+                "Expected BasicTypeEnum for list element type, got {}",
+                ptr_ty.get_element_type().print_to_string()
+            )
+        });
+
+        ListType { ty: ptr_ty, item: Some(item), llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of the `size` field of this `list` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn size_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.llvm_usize
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the element type of this `list` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn element_type(&self) -> Option<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>> {
+        self.item
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`ListValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(ctx, name),
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`ListValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca_var`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca_var(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates a [`ListValue`] on the stack using `item` of this [`ListType`] instance.
+    ///
+    /// The returned list will contain:
+    ///
+    /// - `data`: Allocated with `len` number of elements.
+    /// - `len`: Initialized to the value of `len` passed to this function.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(len, self.llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
+
+        // Generate a runtime assertion if allocating a non-empty list with unknown element type
+        if ctx.registry.llvm_options.opt_level == OptimizationLevel::None && self.item.is_none() {
+            let len_eqz = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, len, self.llvm_usize.const_zero(), "")
+                .unwrap();
+
+            ctx.make_assert(
+                generator,
+                len_eqz,
+                "0:AssertionError",
+                "Cannot allocate a non-empty list with unknown element type",
+                [None, None, None],
+                ctx.current_loc,
+            );
+        }
+
+        let plist = self.alloca_var(generator, ctx, name);
+        plist.store_size(ctx, generator, len);
+
+        let item = self.item.unwrap_or(self.llvm_usize.into());
+        plist.create_data(ctx, item, None);
+
+        plist
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience function for creating a list with zero elements.
+    ///
+    /// This function is preferred over [`ListType::construct`] if the length is known to always be
+    /// 0, as this function avoids injecting an IR assertion for checking if a non-empty untyped
+    /// list is being allocated.
+    ///
+    /// The returned list will contain:
+    ///
+    /// - `data`: Initialized to `(T*) 0`.
+    /// - `len`: Initialized to `0`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_empty<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let plist = self.alloca_var(generator, ctx, name);
+
+        plist.store_size(ctx, generator, self.llvm_usize.const_zero());
+        plist.create_data(ctx, self.item.unwrap_or(self.llvm_usize.into()), None);
+
+        plist
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ListValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for ListType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = ListValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<ListType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: ListType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+//! This module contains abstraction over all intrinsic composite types of NAC3.
+//!
+//! # `raw_alloca` vs `alloca` vs `construct`
+//!
+//! There are three ways of creating a new object instance using the abstractions provided by this
+//! module.
+//!
+//! - `raw_alloca`: Allocates the object on the stack, returning an instance of
+//!   [`impl BasicValue`][inkwell::values::BasicValue]. This is similar to a `malloc` expression in
+//!   C++ but the object is allocated on the stack.
+//! - `alloca`: Similar to `raw_alloca`, but also wraps the allocated object with
+//!   [`<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value`][ProxyValue], and returns the wrapped object. The returned
+//!   object will not initialize any value or fields. This is similar to a type-safe `malloc`
+//!   expression in C++ but the object is allocated on the stack.
+//! - `construct`: Similar to `alloca`, but performs some initialization on the value or fields of
+//!   the returned object. This is similar to a `new` expression in C++ but the object is allocated
+//!   on the stack.
+
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::BasicType,
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+};
+
+use super::{
+    values::{ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue},
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+pub use list::*;
+pub use range::*;
+pub use tuple::*;
+
+mod list;
+pub mod ndarray;
+mod range;
+pub mod structure;
+mod tuple;
+pub mod utils;
+
+/// A LLVM type that is used to represent a corresponding type in NAC3.
+pub trait ProxyType<'ctx>: Into<Self::Base> {
+    /// The LLVM type of which values of this type possess. This is usually a
+    /// [LLVM pointer type][PointerType] for any non-primitive types.
+    type Base: BasicType<'ctx>;
+
+    /// The type of values represented by this type.
+    type Value: ProxyValue<'ctx, Type = Self>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>;
+
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` can be represented by this [`ProxyType`].
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>;
+
+    /// Returns the type that should be used in `alloca` IR statements.
+    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Creates a new value of this type by invoking `alloca` at the current builder location,
+    /// returning a [`PointerValue`] instance representing the allocated value.
+    fn raw_alloca(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_alloca(self.alloca_type().as_basic_type_enum(), name.unwrap_or_default())
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new value of this type by invoking `alloca` at the beginning of the function,
+    /// returning a [`PointerValue`] instance representing the allocated value.
+    fn raw_alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, self.alloca_type().as_basic_type_enum(), name).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new array value of this type by invoking `alloca` at the current builder location,
+    /// returning an [`ArraySliceValue`] encapsulating the resulting array.
+    fn array_alloca(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_array_alloca(
+                    self.alloca_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                    size,
+                    name.unwrap_or_default(),
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+            size,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new array value of this type by invoking `alloca` at the beginning of the
+    /// function, returning an [`ArraySliceValue`] encapsulating the resulting array.
+    fn array_alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(ctx, self.alloca_type().as_basic_type_enum(), size, name)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [base type][Self::Base] of this proxy.
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base;
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/array.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::BasicTypeEnum,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        irrt,
+        stmt::gen_if_else_expr_callback,
+        types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, ListType, ProxyType},
+        values::{
+            ndarray::NDArrayValue, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, ProxyValue,
+            TypedArrayLikeAdapter, TypedArrayLikeMutator,
+        },
+        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+    },
+    toplevel::helper::{arraylike_flatten_element_type, arraylike_get_ndims},
+    typecheck::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
+};
+
+/// Get the expected `dtype` and `ndims` of the ndarray returned by `np_array(<list>)`.
+fn get_list_object_dtype_and_ndims<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    list_ty: Type,
+) -> (BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>, u64) {
+    let dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, list_ty);
+    let ndims = arraylike_get_ndims(&mut ctx.unifier, list_ty);
+
+    (ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype), ndims)
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    /// Implementation of `np_array(<list>, copy=True)`
+    fn construct_numpy_array_from_list_copy_true_impl<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        (list_ty, list): (Type, ListValue<'ctx>),
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let (dtype, ndims_int) = get_list_object_dtype_and_ndims(generator, ctx, list_ty);
+        assert!(self.ndims >= ndims_int);
+        assert_eq!(dtype, self.dtype);
+
+        let list_value = list.as_i8_list(generator, ctx);
+
+        // Validate `list` has a consistent shape.
+        // Raise an exception if `list` is something abnormal like `[[1, 2], [3]]`.
+        // If `list` has a consistent shape, deduce the shape and write it to `shape`.
+        let ndims = self.llvm_usize.const_int(ndims_int, false);
+        let shape = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(self.llvm_usize, ndims, "").unwrap();
+        let shape = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(shape, ndims, None);
+        let shape = TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+            shape,
+            |_, _, val| val.into_int_value(),
+            |_, _, val| val.into(),
+        );
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape(
+            generator, ctx, list_value, ndims, &shape,
+        );
+
+        let ndarray = Self::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype, ndims_int)
+            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+        ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator));
+        unsafe { ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx) };
+
+        // Copy all contents from the list.
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array(
+            generator, ctx, list_value, ndarray,
+        );
+
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Implementation of `np_array(<list>, copy=None)`
+    fn construct_numpy_array_from_list_copy_none_impl<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        (list_ty, list): (Type, ListValue<'ctx>),
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        // np_array without copying is only possible `list` is not nested.
+        //
+        // If `list` is `list[T]`, we can create an ndarray with `data` set
+        // to the array pointer of `list`.
+        //
+        // If `list` is `list[list[T]]` or worse, copy.
+
+        let (dtype, ndims) = get_list_object_dtype_and_ndims(generator, ctx, list_ty);
+        if ndims == 1 {
+            // `list` is not nested
+            assert_eq!(ndims, 1);
+            assert!(self.ndims >= ndims);
+            assert_eq!(dtype, self.dtype);
+
+            let llvm_pi8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+            let ndarray = Self::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype, 1)
+                .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+
+            // Set data
+            let data = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_pointer_cast(list.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator), llvm_pi8, "")
+                .unwrap();
+            ndarray.store_data(ctx, data);
+
+            // ndarray->shape[0] = list->len;
+            let shape = ndarray.shape();
+            let list_len = list.load_size(ctx, None);
+            unsafe {
+                shape.set_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &self.llvm_usize.const_zero(), list_len);
+            }
+
+            // Set strides, the `data` is contiguous
+            ndarray.set_strides_contiguous(generator, ctx);
+
+            ndarray
+        } else {
+            // `list` is nested, copy
+            self.construct_numpy_array_from_list_copy_true_impl(
+                generator,
+                ctx,
+                (list_ty, list),
+                name,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Implementation of `np_array(<list>, copy=copy)`
+    fn construct_numpy_array_list_impl<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        (list_ty, list): (Type, ListValue<'ctx>),
+        copy: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        assert_eq!(copy.get_type(), ctx.ctx.bool_type());
+
+        let (dtype, ndims) = get_list_object_dtype_and_ndims(generator, ctx, list_ty);
+
+        let ndarray = gen_if_else_expr_callback(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            |_generator, _ctx| Ok(copy),
+            |generator, ctx| {
+                let ndarray = self.construct_numpy_array_from_list_copy_true_impl(
+                    generator,
+                    ctx,
+                    (list_ty, list),
+                    name,
+                );
+                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_base_value()))
+            },
+            |generator, ctx| {
+                let ndarray = self.construct_numpy_array_from_list_copy_none_impl(
+                    generator,
+                    ctx,
+                    (list_ty, list),
+                    name,
+                );
+                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_base_value()))
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap()
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+        .unwrap();
+
+        NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype, ndims).map_value(ndarray, None)
+    }
+
+    /// Implementation of `np_array(<ndarray>, copy=copy)`.
+    pub fn construct_numpy_array_ndarray_impl<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+        copy: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        assert_eq!(ndarray.get_type().dtype, self.dtype);
+        assert!(self.ndims >= ndarray.get_type().ndims);
+        assert_eq!(copy.get_type(), ctx.ctx.bool_type());
+
+        let ndarray_val = gen_if_else_expr_callback(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            |_generator, _ctx| Ok(copy),
+            |generator, ctx| {
+                let ndarray = ndarray.make_copy(generator, ctx); // Force copy
+                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_base_value()))
+            },
+            |_generator, _ctx| {
+                // No need to copy. Return `ndarray` itself.
+                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_base_value()))
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap()
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+        .unwrap();
+
+        ndarray.get_type().map_value(ndarray_val, name)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new ndarray like
+    /// [`np.array()`](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.array.html).
+    ///
+    /// Note that the returned [`NDArrayValue`] may have fewer dimensions than is specified by this
+    /// instance. Use [`NDArrayValue::atleast_nd`] on the returned value if an `ndarray` instance
+    /// with the exact number of dimensions is needed.
+    pub fn construct_numpy_array<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        (object_ty, object): (Type, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>),
+        copy: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(object_ty) {
+            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. }
+                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.list.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
+            {
+                let list = ListType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, object_ty)
+                    .map_value(object.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                self.construct_numpy_array_list_impl(generator, ctx, (object_ty, list), copy, name)
+            }
+
+            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. }
+                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.ndarray.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
+            {
+                let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, object_ty)
+                    .map_value(object.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                self.construct_numpy_array_ndarray_impl(generator, ctx, ndarray, copy, name)
+            }
+
+            _ => panic!("Unrecognized object type: {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(object_ty)), // Typechecker ensures this
+        }
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/broadcast.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    types::{
+        structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields},
+        ProxyType,
+    },
+    values::{ndarray::ShapeEntryValue, ProxyValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ShapeEntryType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct ShapeEntryStructFields<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub ndims: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub shape: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ShapeEntryType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a [`ShapeEntryType`], returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ndarray_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ndarray_ty else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected struct type for `ShapeEntry` type, got {llvm_ndarray_ty}"
+            ));
+        };
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize),
+            llvm_ndarray_ty,
+            "NDArray",
+            &[],
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn fields(
+        ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> ShapeEntryStructFields<'ctx> {
+        ShapeEntryStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`ShapeEntryStructFields::fields`].
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self, ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>) -> ShapeEntryStructFields<'ctx> {
+        Self::fields(ctx, self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `ShapeEntry`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let field_tys =
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`ShapeEntryType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_ty = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a [`ShapeEntryType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `ShapeEntry`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        Self { ty: ptr_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`ShapeEntryValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(ctx, name),
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`ShapeEntryValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca_var(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ShapeEntryValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for ShapeEntryType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = ShapeEntryValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<ShapeEntryType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: ShapeEntryType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/contiguous.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        types::{
+            structure::{
+                check_struct_type_matches_fields, FieldIndexCounter, StructField, StructFields,
+            },
+            ProxyType,
+        },
+        values::{ndarray::ContiguousNDArrayValue, ProxyValue},
+        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+    },
+    toplevel::numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
+    typecheck::typedef::Type,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct ContiguousNDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub ndims: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub shape: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub data: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_typed(item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        let mut counter = FieldIndexCounter::default();
+
+        ContiguousNDArrayStructFields {
+            ndims: StructField::create(&mut counter, "ndims", llvm_usize),
+            shape: StructField::create(
+                &mut counter,
+                "shape",
+                llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()),
+            ),
+            data: StructField::create(&mut counter, "data", item.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `ndarray` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected struct type for `ContiguousNDArray` type, got {llvm_ty}"
+            ));
+        };
+
+        let fields = ContiguousNDArrayStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            fields,
+            llvm_ty,
+            "ContiguousNDArray",
+            &[(fields.data.name(), &|ty| {
+                if ty.is_pointer_type() {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected T* for `ContiguousNDArray.data`, got {ty}"))
+                }
+            })],
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn fields(
+        item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> ContiguousNDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+        ContiguousNDArrayStructFields::new_typed(item, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`NDArrayType::fields`].
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self) -> ContiguousNDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+        Self::fields(self.item, self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let field_tys =
+            Self::fields(item, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`ContiguousNDArrayType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_cndarray = Self::llvm_type(ctx, item, llvm_usize);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_cndarray, item, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ContiguousNDArrayType`] from a [unifier type][Type].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_unifier_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ty: Type,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);
+
+        let llvm_dtype = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+        Self { ty: Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, llvm_dtype, llvm_usize), item: llvm_dtype, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ContiguousNDArrayType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(
+        ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        Self { ty: ptr_ty, item, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base
+    /// type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(ctx, name),
+            self.item,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base
+    /// type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca_var`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca_var(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.item,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            value,
+            self.item,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/factory.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue},
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+
+use super::NDArrayType;
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        irrt, types::ProxyType, values::TypedArrayLikeAccessor, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+    },
+    typecheck::typedef::Type,
+};
+
+/// Get the zero value in `np.zeros()` of a `dtype`.
+fn ndarray_zero_value<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dtype: Type,
+) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    if [ctx.primitives.int32, ctx.primitives.uint32]
+        .iter()
+        .any(|ty| ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, *ty))
+    {
+        ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_zero().into()
+    } else if [ctx.primitives.int64, ctx.primitives.uint64]
+        .iter()
+        .any(|ty| ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, *ty))
+    {
+        ctx.ctx.i64_type().const_zero().into()
+    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.float) {
+        ctx.ctx.f64_type().const_zero().into()
+    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.bool) {
+        ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_zero().into()
+    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.str) {
+        ctx.gen_string(generator, "").into()
+    } else {
+        panic!("unrecognized dtype: {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(dtype));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Get the one value in `np.ones()` of a `dtype`.
+fn ndarray_one_value<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dtype: Type,
+) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    if [ctx.primitives.int32, ctx.primitives.uint32]
+        .iter()
+        .any(|ty| ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, *ty))
+    {
+        let is_signed = ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.int32);
+        ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_int(1, is_signed).into()
+    } else if [ctx.primitives.int64, ctx.primitives.uint64]
+        .iter()
+        .any(|ty| ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, *ty))
+    {
+        let is_signed = ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.int64);
+        ctx.ctx.i64_type().const_int(1, is_signed).into()
+    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.float) {
+        ctx.ctx.f64_type().const_float(1.0).into()
+    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.bool) {
+        ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_int(1, false).into()
+    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.str) {
+        ctx.gen_string(generator, "1").into()
+    } else {
+        panic!("unrecognized dtype: {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(dtype));
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    /// Create an ndarray like
+    /// [`np.empty`](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.empty.html).
+    pub fn construct_numpy_empty<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let ndarray = self.construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+
+        // Validate `shape`
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative(generator, ctx, shape);
+
+        ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator));
+        unsafe { ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx) };
+
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Create an ndarray like
+    /// [`np.full`](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.full.html).
+    pub fn construct_numpy_full<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+        fill_value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let ndarray = self.construct_numpy_empty(generator, ctx, shape, name);
+        ndarray.fill(generator, ctx, fill_value);
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Create an ndarray like
+    /// [`np.zero`](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.zeros.html).
+    pub fn construct_numpy_zeros<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        dtype: Type,
+        shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        assert_eq!(
+            ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype),
+            self.dtype,
+            "Expected LLVM dtype={} but got {}",
+            self.dtype.print_to_string(),
+            ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype).print_to_string(),
+        );
+
+        let fill_value = ndarray_zero_value(generator, ctx, dtype);
+        self.construct_numpy_full(generator, ctx, shape, fill_value, name)
+    }
+
+    /// Create an ndarray like
+    /// [`np.ones`](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ones.html).
+    pub fn construct_numpy_ones<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        dtype: Type,
+        shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        assert_eq!(
+            ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype),
+            self.dtype,
+            "Expected LLVM dtype={} but got {}",
+            self.dtype.print_to_string(),
+            ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype).print_to_string(),
+        );
+
+        let fill_value = ndarray_one_value(generator, ctx, dtype);
+        self.construct_numpy_full(generator, ctx, shape, fill_value, name)
+    }
+
+    /// Create an ndarray like
+    /// [`np.eye`](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.eye.html).
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn construct_numpy_eye<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        dtype: Type,
+        nrows: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        ncols: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        offset: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        assert_eq!(
+            ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype),
+            self.dtype,
+            "Expected LLVM dtype={} but got {}",
+            self.dtype.print_to_string(),
+            ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype).print_to_string(),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(nrows.get_type(), self.llvm_usize);
+        assert_eq!(ncols.get_type(), self.llvm_usize);
+        assert_eq!(offset.get_type(), self.llvm_usize);
+
+        let ndzero = ndarray_zero_value(generator, ctx, dtype);
+        let ndone = ndarray_one_value(generator, ctx, dtype);
+
+        let ndarray = self.construct_dyn_shape(generator, ctx, &[nrows, ncols], name);
+
+        // Create data and make the matrix like look np.eye()
+        unsafe {
+            ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx);
+        }
+        ndarray
+            .foreach(generator, ctx, |generator, ctx, _, nditer| {
+                // NOTE: rows and cols can never be zero here, since this ndarray's `np.size` would be zero
+                // and this loop would not execute.
+
+                let indices = nditer.get_indices();
+
+                let row_i = unsafe {
+                    indices.get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &self.llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+                };
+                let col_i = unsafe {
+                    indices.get_typed_unchecked(
+                        ctx,
+                        generator,
+                        &self.llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
+                        None,
+                    )
+                };
+
+                let be_one = ctx
+                    .builder
+                    .build_int_compare(
+                        IntPredicate::EQ,
+                        ctx.builder.build_int_add(row_i, offset, "").unwrap(),
+                        col_i,
+                        "",
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
+                let value = ctx.builder.build_select(be_one, ndone, ndzero, "value").unwrap();
+
+                let p = nditer.get_pointer(ctx);
+                ctx.builder.build_store(p, value).unwrap();
+
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Create an ndarray like
+    /// [`np.identity`](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.identity.html).
+    pub fn construct_numpy_identity<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        dtype: Type,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let offset = self.llvm_usize.const_zero();
+        self.construct_numpy_eye(generator, ctx, dtype, size, size, offset, name)
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/indexing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    types::{
+        structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields},
+        ProxyType,
+    },
+    values::{
+        ndarray::{NDIndexValue, RustNDIndex},
+        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct NDIndexType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct NDIndexStructFields<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(i8_type())]
+    pub type_: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub data: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NDIndexType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `ndindex` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected struct type for `ContiguousNDArray` type, got {llvm_ty}"
+            ));
+        };
+
+        let fields = NDIndexStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(fields, llvm_ty, "NDIndex", &[])
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    fn fields(
+        ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> NDIndexStructFields<'ctx> {
+        NDIndexStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self) -> NDIndexStructFields<'ctx> {
+        Self::fields(self.ty.get_context(), self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let field_tys =
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_ndindex = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_ndindex, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        Self { ty: ptr_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`NDIndexValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(ctx, name),
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`NDIndexValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca_var`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca_var(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Serialize a list of [`RustNDIndex`] as a newly allocated LLVM array of [`NDIndexValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_ndindices<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        in_ndindices: &[RustNDIndex<'ctx>],
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        // Allocate the LLVM ndindices.
+        let num_ndindices = self.llvm_usize.const_int(in_ndindices.len() as u64, false);
+        let ndindices = self.array_alloca_var(generator, ctx, num_ndindices, None);
+
+        // Initialize all of them.
+        for (i, in_ndindex) in in_ndindices.iter().enumerate() {
+            let pndindex = unsafe {
+                ndindices.ptr_offset_unchecked(
+                    ctx,
+                    generator,
+                    &ctx.ctx.i64_type().const_int(u64::try_from(i).unwrap(), false),
+                    None,
+                )
+            };
+
+            in_ndindex.write_to_ndindex(
+                generator,
+                ctx,
+                NDIndexValue::from_pointer_value(pndindex, self.llvm_usize, None),
+            );
+        }
+
+        ndindices
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for NDIndexType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = NDIndexValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<NDIndexType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: NDIndexType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/map.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+use inkwell::{types::BasicTypeEnum, values::BasicValueEnum};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    stmt::gen_for_callback,
+    types::{
+        ndarray::{NDArrayType, NDIterType},
+        ProxyType,
+    },
+    values::{
+        ndarray::{NDArrayOut, NDArrayValue, ScalarOrNDArray},
+        ArrayLikeValue, ProxyValue,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    /// Generate LLVM IR to broadcast `ndarray`s together, and starmap through them with `mapping`
+    /// elementwise.
+    ///
+    /// `mapping` is an LLVM IR generator. The input of `mapping` is the list of elements when
+    /// iterating through the input `ndarrays` after broadcasting. The output of `mapping` is the
+    /// result of the elementwise operation.
+    ///
+    /// `out` specifies whether the result should be a new ndarray or to be written an existing
+    /// ndarray.
+    pub fn broadcast_starmap<'a, G, MappingFn>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ndarrays: &[NDArrayValue<'ctx>],
+        out: NDArrayOut<'ctx>,
+        mapping: MappingFn,
+    ) -> Result<<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value, String>
+    where
+        G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+        MappingFn: FnOnce(
+            &mut G,
+            &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+            &[BasicValueEnum<'ctx>],
+        ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String>,
+    {
+        // Broadcast inputs
+        let broadcast_result = self.broadcast(generator, ctx, ndarrays);
+
+        let out_ndarray = match out {
+            NDArrayOut::NewNDArray { dtype } => {
+                // Create a new ndarray based on the broadcast shape.
+                let result_ndarray =
+                    NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype, broadcast_result.ndims)
+                        .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);
+                result_ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(
+                    generator,
+                    ctx,
+                    broadcast_result.shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator),
+                );
+                unsafe {
+                    result_ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx);
+                }
+                result_ndarray
+            }
+
+            NDArrayOut::WriteToNDArray { ndarray: result_ndarray } => {
+                // Use an existing ndarray.
+
+                // Check that its shape is compatible with the broadcast shape.
+                result_ndarray.assert_can_be_written_by_out(generator, ctx, broadcast_result.shape);
+                result_ndarray
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Map element-wise and store results into `mapped_ndarray`.
+        let nditer = NDIterType::new(generator, ctx.ctx).construct(generator, ctx, out_ndarray);
+        gen_for_callback(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            Some("broadcast_starmap"),
+            |generator, ctx| {
+                // Create NDIters for all broadcasted input ndarrays.
+                let other_nditers = broadcast_result
+                    .ndarrays
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|ndarray| {
+                        NDIterType::new(generator, ctx.ctx).construct(generator, ctx, *ndarray)
+                    })
+                    .collect_vec();
+                Ok((nditer, other_nditers))
+            },
+            |generator, ctx, (out_nditer, _in_nditers)| {
+                // We can simply use `out_nditer`'s `has_element()`.
+                // `in_nditers`' `has_element()`s should return the same value.
+                Ok(out_nditer.has_element(generator, ctx))
+            },
+            |generator, ctx, _hooks, (out_nditer, in_nditers)| {
+                // Get all the scalars from the broadcasted input ndarrays, pass them to `mapping`,
+                // and write to `out_ndarray`.
+                let in_scalars =
+                    in_nditers.iter().map(|nditer| nditer.get_scalar(ctx)).collect_vec();
+
+                let result = mapping(generator, ctx, &in_scalars)?;
+
+                let p = out_nditer.get_pointer(ctx);
+                ctx.builder.build_store(p, result).unwrap();
+
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |generator, ctx, (out_nditer, in_nditers)| {
+                // Advance all iterators
+                out_nditer.next(generator, ctx);
+                in_nditers.iter().for_each(|nditer| nditer.next(generator, ctx));
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(out_ndarray)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx> {
+    /// Starmap through a list of inputs using `mapping`, where an input could be an ndarray, a
+    /// scalar.
+    ///
+    /// This function is very helpful when implementing NumPy functions that takes on either scalars
+    /// or ndarrays or a mix of them as their inputs and produces either an ndarray with broadcast,
+    /// or a scalar if all its inputs are all scalars.
+    ///
+    /// For example ,this function can be used to implement `np.add`, which has the following
+    /// behaviors:
+    ///
+    /// - `np.add(3, 4) = 7` # (scalar, scalar) -> scalar
+    /// - `np.add(3, np.array([4, 5, 6]))` # (scalar, ndarray) -> ndarray; the first `scalar` is
+    ///   converted into an ndarray and broadcasted.
+    /// - `np.add(np.array([[1], [2], [3]]), np.array([[4, 5, 6]]))` # (ndarray, ndarray) ->
+    ///   ndarray; there is broadcasting.
+    ///
+    /// ## Details:
+    ///
+    /// If `inputs` are all [`ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar`], the output will be a
+    /// [`ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar`] with type `ret_dtype`.
+    ///
+    /// Otherwise (if there are any [`ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray`] in `inputs`), all inputs will be
+    /// 'as-ndarray'-ed into ndarrays, then all inputs (now all ndarrays) will be passed to
+    /// [`NDArrayValue::broadcasting_starmap`] and **create** a new ndarray with dtype `ret_dtype`.
+    pub fn broadcasting_starmap<'a, G, MappingFn>(
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        inputs: &[ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx>],
+        ret_dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        mapping: MappingFn,
+    ) -> Result<ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx>, String>
+    where
+        G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+        MappingFn: FnOnce(
+            &mut G,
+            &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+            &[BasicValueEnum<'ctx>],
+        ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String>,
+    {
+        // Check if all inputs are Scalars
+        let all_scalars: Option<Vec<_>> =
+            inputs.iter().map(BasicValueEnum::<'ctx>::try_from).try_collect().ok();
+
+        if let Some(scalars) = all_scalars {
+            let scalars = scalars.iter().copied().collect_vec();
+            let value = mapping(generator, ctx, &scalars)?;
+
+            Ok(ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(value))
+        } else {
+            // Promote all input to ndarrays and map through them.
+            let inputs = inputs.iter().map(|input| input.to_ndarray(generator, ctx)).collect_vec();
+            let ndarray = NDArrayType::new_broadcast(
+                generator,
+                ctx.ctx,
+                ret_dtype,
+                &inputs.iter().map(NDArrayValue::get_type).collect_vec(),
+            )
+            .broadcast_starmap(
+                generator,
+                ctx,
+                &inputs,
+                NDArrayOut::NewNDArray { dtype: ret_dtype },
+                mapping,
+            )?;
+            Ok(ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(ndarray))
+        }
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{BasicValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use super::{
+    structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields},
+    ProxyType,
+};
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        values::{ndarray::NDArrayValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeMutator},
+        {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    },
+    toplevel::{helper::extract_ndims, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
+    typecheck::typedef::Type,
+};
+pub use broadcast::*;
+pub use contiguous::*;
+pub use indexing::*;
+pub use nditer::*;
+
+mod array;
+mod broadcast;
+mod contiguous;
+pub mod factory;
+mod indexing;
+mod map;
+mod nditer;
+
+/// Proxy type for a `ndarray` type in LLVM.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ndims: u64,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct NDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+    /// The size of each `NDArray` element in bytes.
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub itemsize: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    /// Number of dimensions in the array.
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub ndims: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    /// Pointer to an array containing the shape of the `NDArray`.
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub shape: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    /// Pointer to an array indicating the number of bytes between each element at a dimension
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub strides: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    /// Pointer to an array containing the array data
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub data: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `ndarray` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ndarray_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ndarray_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `NDArray` type, got {llvm_ndarray_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize),
+            llvm_ndarray_ty,
+            "NDArray",
+            &[],
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn fields(
+        ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> NDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+        NDArrayStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`NDArrayType::fields`].
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self, ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>) -> NDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+        Self::fields(ctx, self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let field_tys =
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        ndims: u64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_ndarray = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        NDArrayType { ty: llvm_ndarray, dtype, ndims, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`] as a result of a broadcast operation over one or more
+    /// `ndarray` operands.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_broadcast<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        inputs: &[NDArrayType<'ctx>],
+    ) -> Self {
+        assert!(!inputs.is_empty());
+
+        Self::new(generator, ctx, dtype, inputs.iter().map(NDArrayType::ndims).max().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`] with `ndims` of 0.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_unsized<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_ndarray = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        NDArrayType { ty: llvm_ndarray, dtype, ndims: 0, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`NDArrayType`] from a [unifier type][Type].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_unifier_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ty: Type,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let (dtype, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);
+
+        let llvm_dtype = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+        let ndims = extract_ndims(&ctx.unifier, ndims);
+
+        NDArrayType {
+            ty: Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, llvm_usize),
+            dtype: llvm_dtype,
+            ndims,
+            llvm_usize,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`NDArrayType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(
+        ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        ndims: u64,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        NDArrayType { ty: ptr_ty, dtype, ndims, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of the `size` field of this `ndarray` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn size_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.llvm_usize
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the element type of this `ndarray` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn element_type(&self) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.dtype
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of dimensions of this `ndarray` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn ndims(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.ndims
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`NDArrayValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(ctx, name),
+            self.dtype,
+            self.ndims,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`NDArrayValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca_var`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca_var(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.dtype,
+            self.ndims,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an [`NDArrayValue`] on the stack and initializes all fields as follows:
+    ///
+    /// - `data`: uninitialized.
+    /// - `itemsize`: set to the size of `self.dtype`.
+    /// - `ndims`: set to the value of  `ndims`.
+    /// - `shape`: allocated on the stack with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized values.
+    /// - `strides`: allocated on the stack with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized
+    ///   values.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn construct_impl<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let ndarray = self.alloca_var(generator, ctx, name);
+
+        let itemsize = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(self.dtype.size_of().unwrap(), self.llvm_usize, "")
+            .unwrap();
+        ndarray.store_itemsize(ctx, generator, itemsize);
+
+        ndarray.store_ndims(ctx, generator, ndims);
+
+        ndarray.create_shape(ctx, self.llvm_usize, ndims);
+        ndarray.create_strides(ctx, self.llvm_usize, ndims);
+
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate an [`NDArrayValue`] on the stack using `dtype` and `ndims` of this [`NDArrayType`]
+    /// instance.
+    ///
+    /// The returned ndarray's content will be:
+    /// - `data`: uninitialized.
+    /// - `itemsize`: set to the size of `dtype`.
+    /// - `ndims`: set to the value of `self.ndims`.
+    /// - `shape`: allocated on the stack with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized values.
+    /// - `strides`: allocated on the stack with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized
+    ///   values.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_uninitialized<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let ndims = self.llvm_usize.const_int(self.ndims, false);
+
+        self.construct_impl(generator, ctx, ndims, name)
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience function. Allocate an [`NDArrayValue`] with a statically known shape.
+    ///
+    /// The returned [`NDArrayValue`]'s `data` and `strides` are uninitialized.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_const_shape<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        shape: &[u64],
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        assert_eq!(shape.len() as u64, self.ndims);
+
+        let ndarray = Self::new(generator, ctx.ctx, self.dtype, shape.len() as u64)
+            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+        // Write shape
+        let ndarray_shape = ndarray.shape();
+        for (i, dim) in shape.iter().enumerate() {
+            let dim = llvm_usize.const_int(*dim, false);
+            unsafe {
+                ndarray_shape.set_typed_unchecked(
+                    ctx,
+                    generator,
+                    &llvm_usize.const_int(i as u64, false),
+                    dim,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience function. Allocate an [`NDArrayValue`] with a dynamically known shape.
+    ///
+    /// The returned [`NDArrayValue`]'s `data` and `strides` are uninitialized.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_dyn_shape<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        shape: &[IntValue<'ctx>],
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        assert_eq!(shape.len() as u64, self.ndims);
+
+        let ndarray = Self::new(generator, ctx.ctx, self.dtype, shape.len() as u64)
+            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+        // Write shape
+        let ndarray_shape = ndarray.shape();
+        for (i, dim) in shape.iter().enumerate() {
+            assert_eq!(
+                dim.get_type(),
+                llvm_usize,
+                "Expected {} but got {}",
+                llvm_usize.print_to_string(),
+                dim.get_type().print_to_string()
+            );
+            unsafe {
+                ndarray_shape.set_typed_unchecked(
+                    ctx,
+                    generator,
+                    &llvm_usize.const_int(i as u64, false),
+                    *dim,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Create an unsized ndarray to contain `value`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_unsized<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: &impl BasicValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
+        let value = value.as_basic_value_enum();
+
+        assert_eq!(value.get_type(), self.dtype);
+        assert_eq!(self.ndims, 0);
+
+        // We have to put the value on the stack to get a data pointer.
+        let data = ctx.builder.build_alloca(value.get_type(), "construct_unsized").unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(data, value).unwrap();
+        let data = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_pointer_cast(data, ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "")
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let ndarray = Self::new_unsized(generator, ctx.ctx, value.get_type())
+            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+        ctx.builder.build_store(ndarray.ptr_to_data(ctx), data).unwrap();
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`NDArrayValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            value,
+            self.dtype,
+            self.ndims,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = NDArrayValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<NDArrayType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: NDArrayType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/nditer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use super::ProxyType;
+use crate::codegen::{
+    irrt,
+    types::structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields},
+    values::{
+        ndarray::{NDArrayValue, NDIterValue},
+        ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAdapter,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct NDIterType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct NDIterStructFields<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub ndims: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub shape: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub strides: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub indices: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub nth: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub element: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub size: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NDIterType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `nditer` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `NDIter` type, got {llvm_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize),
+            llvm_ndarray_ty,
+            "NDIter",
+            &[],
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn fields(ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> NDIterStructFields<'ctx> {
+        NDIterStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`NDIterType::fields`].
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self, ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>) -> NDIterStructFields<'ctx> {
+        Self::fields(ctx, self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of an `NDIter`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let field_tys =
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDIter`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_nditer = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_nditer, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`NDIterType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `NDIter`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        Self { ty: ptr_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of the `size` field of this `nditer` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn size_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.llvm_usize
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`NDIterValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        parent: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+        indices: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(ctx, name),
+            parent,
+            indices,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`NDIterValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca_var`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        parent: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+        indices: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca_var(generator, ctx, name),
+            parent,
+            indices,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate an [`NDIter`] that iterates through the given `ndarray`.
+    ///
+    /// Note: This function allocates an array on the stack at the current builder location, which
+    /// may lead to stack explosion if called in a hot loop. Therefore, callers are recommended to
+    /// call `llvm.stacksave` before calling this function and call `llvm.stackrestore` after the
+    /// [`NDIter`] is no longer needed.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let nditer = self.raw_alloca_var(generator, ctx, None);
+        let ndims = self.llvm_usize.const_int(ndarray.get_type().ndims(), false);
+
+        // The caller has the responsibility to allocate 'indices' for `NDIter`.
+        let indices =
+            generator.gen_array_var_alloc(ctx, self.llvm_usize.into(), ndims, None).unwrap();
+        let indices =
+            TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(indices, |_, _, v| v.into_int_value(), |_, _, v| v.into());
+
+        let nditer = self.map_value(nditer, ndarray, indices.as_slice_value(ctx, generator), None);
+
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_nditer_initialize(generator, ctx, nditer, ndarray, &indices);
+
+        nditer
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        parent: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+        indices: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            value,
+            parent,
+            indices,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for NDIterType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = NDIterValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<NDIterType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: NDIterType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/range.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+
+use super::ProxyType;
+use crate::codegen::{
+    values::{ProxyValue, RangeValue},
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+
+/// Proxy type for a `range` type in LLVM.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct RangeType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> RangeType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `range` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let llvm_range_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::ArrayType(llvm_range_ty) = llvm_range_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected array type for `range` type, got {llvm_range_ty}"));
+        };
+        if llvm_range_ty.len() != 3 {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected 3 elements for `range` type, got {}",
+                llvm_range_ty.len()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let llvm_range_elem_ty = llvm_range_ty.get_element_type();
+        let Ok(llvm_range_elem_ty) = IntType::try_from(llvm_range_elem_ty) else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected int type for `range` element type, got {llvm_range_elem_ty}"
+            ));
+        };
+        if llvm_range_elem_ty.get_bit_width() != 32 {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected 32-bit int type for `range` element type, got {}",
+                llvm_range_elem_ty.get_bit_width()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `Range`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        // typedef int32_t Range[3];
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+        llvm_i32.array_type(3).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`RangeType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
+        let llvm_range = Self::llvm_type(ctx);
+
+        RangeType::from_type(llvm_range)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`RangeType`] from a [`PointerType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty).is_ok());
+
+        RangeType { ty: ptr_ty }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of all fields of this `range` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn value_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_array_type().get_element_type().into_int_type()
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`RangeValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(self.raw_alloca(ctx, name), name)
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`RangeValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca_var`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca_var(generator, ctx, name),
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`RangeValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for RangeType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = RangeValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        _: &G,
+        _: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty)
+    }
+
+    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<RangeType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: RangeType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/structure.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use inkwell::{
+    context::AsContextRef,
+    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType, StructType},
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+
+/// Trait indicating that the structure is a field-wise representation of an LLVM structure.
+///
+/// # Usage
+///
+/// For example, for a simple C-slice LLVM structure:
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// struct CSliceFields<'ctx> {
+///     ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+///     len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub trait StructFields<'ctx>: Eq + Copy {
+    /// Creates an instance of [`StructFields`] using the given `ctx` and `size_t` types.
+    fn new(ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self;
+
+    /// Returns a [`Vec`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear in
+    /// the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<(&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)>;
+
+    /// Returns a [`Iterator`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear
+    /// in the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)> {
+        self.to_vec().into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a [`Vec`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear in
+    /// the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn into_vec(self) -> Vec<(&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.to_vec()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a [`Iterator`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear
+    /// in the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn into_iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.into_vec().into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the field index of a field in this structure.
+    fn index_of_field<V>(&self, name: impl FnOnce(&Self) -> StructField<'ctx, V>) -> u32
+    where
+        V: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, Error = ()>,
+    {
+        let field_name = name(self).name;
+        self.index_of_field_name(field_name).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the field index of a field with the given name in this structure.
+    fn index_of_field_name(&self, field_name: &str) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.iter().find_position(|(name, _)| *name == field_name).map(|(idx, _)| idx as u32)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A single field of an LLVM structure.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct StructField<'ctx, Value>
+where
+    Value: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, Error = ()>,
+{
+    /// The index of this field within the structure.
+    index: u32,
+
+    /// The name of this field.
+    name: &'static str,
+
+    /// The type of this field.
+    ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+
+    /// Instance of [`PhantomData`] containing [`Value`], used to implement automatic downcasts.
+    _value_ty: PhantomData<Value>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Value> StructField<'ctx, Value>
+where
+    Value: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, Error = ()>,
+{
+    /// Creates an instance of [`StructField`].
+    ///
+    /// * `idx_counter` - The instance of [`FieldIndexCounter`] used to track the current field
+    ///   index.
+    /// * `name` - Name of the field.
+    /// * `ty` - The type of this field.
+    pub fn create(
+        idx_counter: &mut FieldIndexCounter,
+        name: &'static str,
+        ty: impl Into<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        StructField { index: idx_counter.increment(), name, ty: ty.into(), _value_ty: PhantomData }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`StructField`] with a given index.
+    ///
+    /// * `index` - The index of this field within its enclosing structure.
+    /// * `name` - Name of the field.
+    /// * `ty` - The type of this field.
+    pub fn create_at(index: u32, name: &'static str, ty: impl Into<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>) -> Self {
+        StructField { index, name, ty: ty.into(), _value_ty: PhantomData }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the name of this field.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a pointer to this field in an arbitrary structure by performing a `getelementptr i32
+    /// {idx...}, i32 {self.index}`.
+    pub fn ptr_by_array_gep(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        idx: &[IntValue<'ctx>],
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder.build_in_bounds_gep(
+                pobj,
+                &[idx, &[ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_int(u64::from(self.index), false)]].concat(),
+                "",
+            )
+        }
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a pointer to this field in an arbitrary structure by performing the equivalent of
+    /// `getelementptr i32 0, i32 {self.index}`.
+    pub fn ptr_by_gep(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        obj_name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_struct_gep(
+                pobj,
+                self.index,
+                &obj_name.map(|name| format!("{name}.{}.addr", self.name)).unwrap_or_default(),
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the value of this field for a given `obj`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_from_value(&self, obj: StructValue<'ctx>) -> Value {
+        obj.get_field_at_index(self.index).and_then(|value| Value::try_from(value).ok()).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the value of this field for a given `obj`.
+    pub fn set_for_value(&self, obj: StructValue<'ctx>, value: Value) {
+        obj.set_field_at_index(self.index, value);
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the value of this field for a pointer-to-structure.
+    pub fn get(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        obj_name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Value {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(
+                self.ptr_by_gep(ctx, pobj, obj_name),
+                &obj_name.map(|name| format!("{name}.{}", self.name)).unwrap_or_default(),
+            )
+            .map_err(|_| ())
+            .and_then(|value| Value::try_from(value))
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the value of this field for a pointer-to-structure.
+    pub fn set(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        value: Value,
+        obj_name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) {
+        ctx.builder.build_store(self.ptr_by_gep(ctx, pobj, obj_name), value).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Value> From<StructField<'ctx, Value>> for (&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)
+where
+    Value: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, Error = ()>,
+{
+    fn from(value: StructField<'ctx, Value>) -> Self {
+        (value.name, value.ty)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A counter that tracks the next index of a field using a monotonically increasing counter.
+#[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct FieldIndexCounter(u32);
+
+impl FieldIndexCounter {
+    /// Increments the number stored by this counter, returning the previous value.
+    ///
+    /// Functionally equivalent to `i++` in C-based languages.
+    pub fn increment(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        let v = self.0;
+        self.0 += 1;
+        v
+    }
+}
+
+type FieldTypeVerifier<'ctx> = dyn Fn(BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String>;
+
+/// Checks whether [`llvm_ty`][StructType] contains the fields described by the given
+/// [`StructFields`] instance.
+///
+/// By default, this function will compare the type of each field in `expected_fields` against
+/// `llvm_ty`. To override this behavior for individual fields, pass in overrides to
+/// `custom_verifiers`, which will use the specified verifier when a field with the matching field
+/// name is being checked.
+pub(super) fn check_struct_type_matches_fields<'ctx>(
+    expected_fields: impl StructFields<'ctx>,
+    llvm_ty: StructType<'ctx>,
+    ty_name: &'static str,
+    custom_verifiers: &[(&str, &FieldTypeVerifier<'ctx>)],
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let expected_fields = expected_fields.to_vec();
+
+    if llvm_ty.count_fields() != u32::try_from(expected_fields.len()).unwrap() {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "Expected {} fields in `{ty_name}`, got {}",
+            expected_fields.len(),
+            llvm_ty.count_fields(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    expected_fields
+        .into_iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, (field_name, expected_ty))| {
+            (field_name, expected_ty, llvm_ty.get_field_type_at_index(i as u32).unwrap())
+        })
+        .try_for_each(|(field_name, expected_ty, actual_ty)| {
+            if let Some((_, verifier)) =
+                custom_verifiers.iter().find(|verifier| verifier.0 == field_name)
+            {
+                verifier(actual_ty)
+            } else if expected_ty == actual_ty {
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty} for `{ty_name}.{field_name}`, got {actual_ty}"))
+            }
+        })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/tuple.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, StructType},
+    values::BasicValueEnum,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use super::ProxyType;
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        values::{ProxyValue, TupleValue},
+        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+    },
+    typecheck::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct TupleType<'ctx> {
+    ty: StructType<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> TupleType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents any tuple type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(_value: StructType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a tuple.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, tys: &[BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>]) -> StructType<'ctx> {
+        ctx.struct_type(tys, false)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`TupleType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        tys: &[BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>],
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_tuple = Self::llvm_type(ctx, tys);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_tuple, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`TupleType`] from a [unifier type][Type].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_unifier_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ty: Type,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+        // Sanity check on object type.
+        let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tys, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty) else {
+            panic!("Expected type to be a TypeEnum::TTuple, got {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(ty));
+        };
+
+        let llvm_tys = tys.iter().map(|ty| ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, *ty)).collect_vec();
+        Self { ty: Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, &llvm_tys), llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`TupleType`] from a [`StructType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(struct_ty: StructType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(struct_ty).is_ok());
+
+        TupleType { ty: struct_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of elements present in this [`TupleType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn num_elements(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.ty.count_fields()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of the tuple element at the given `index`, or [`None`] if `index` is out of
+    /// range.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn type_at_index(&self, index: u32) -> Option<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>> {
+        if index < self.num_elements() {
+            Some(unsafe { self.type_at_index_unchecked(index) })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of the tuple element at the given `index`.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// The caller must ensure that the index is valid.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub unsafe fn type_at_index_unchecked(&self, index: u32) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.ty.get_field_type_at_index_unchecked(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Constructs a [`TupleValue`] from this type by zero-initializing the tuple value.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        self.map_value(Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, &self.ty.get_field_types()).const_zero(), name)
+    }
+
+    /// Constructs a [`TupleValue`] from `objects`. The resulting tuple preserves the order of
+    /// objects.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_from_objects<I: IntoIterator<Item = BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        objects: I,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let values = objects.into_iter().collect_vec();
+
+        assert_eq!(values.len(), self.num_elements() as usize);
+        assert!(values
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .all(|(i, v)| { v.get_type() == unsafe { self.type_at_index_unchecked(i as u32) } }));
+
+        let mut value = self.construct(ctx, name);
+        for (i, val) in values.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            value.store_element(ctx, i as u32, val);
+        }
+
+        value
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ListValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_struct_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for TupleType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = StructType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = TupleValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::StructType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected struct type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        _generator: &G,
+        _ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty)
+    }
+
+    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<TupleType<'ctx>> for StructType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: TupleType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/utils/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub use slice::*;
+
+mod slice;

nac3core/src/codegen/types/utils/slice.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::{AsContextRef, Context, ContextRef},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::IntValue,
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    types::{
+        structure::{
+            check_struct_type_matches_fields, FieldIndexCounter, StructField, StructFields,
+        },
+        ProxyType,
+    },
+    values::{utils::SliceValue, ProxyValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SliceType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    int_ty: IntType<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceFields<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(bool_type())]
+    pub start_defined: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub start: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(bool_type())]
+    pub stop_defined: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub stop: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(bool_type())]
+    pub step_defined: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub step: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> SliceFields<'ctx> {
+    /// Creates a new instance of [`SliceFields`] with a custom integer type for its range values.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_sized(ctx: &impl AsContextRef<'ctx>, int_ty: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        let ctx = unsafe { ContextRef::new(ctx.as_ctx_ref()) };
+        let mut counter = FieldIndexCounter::default();
+
+        SliceFields {
+            start_defined: StructField::create(&mut counter, "start_defined", ctx.bool_type()),
+            start: StructField::create(&mut counter, "start", int_ty),
+            stop_defined: StructField::create(&mut counter, "stop_defined", ctx.bool_type()),
+            stop: StructField::create(&mut counter, "stop", int_ty),
+            step_defined: StructField::create(&mut counter, "step_defined", ctx.bool_type()),
+            step: StructField::create(&mut counter, "step", int_ty),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> SliceType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `slice` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let fields = SliceFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `Slice` type, got {llvm_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            fields,
+            llvm_ty,
+            "Slice",
+            &[
+                (fields.start.name(), &|ty| {
+                    if ty.is_int_type() {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.start`, got {ty}"))
+                    }
+                }),
+                (fields.stop.name(), &|ty| {
+                    if ty.is_int_type() {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.stop`, got {ty}"))
+                    }
+                }),
+                (fields.step.name(), &|ty| {
+                    if ty.is_int_type() {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.step`, got {ty}"))
+                    }
+                }),
+            ],
+        )
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self) -> SliceFields<'ctx> {
+        SliceFields::new_sized(&self.int_ty.get_context(), self.int_ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `Slice`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, int_ty: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let field_tys = SliceFields::new_sized(&int_ty.get_context(), int_ty)
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|field| field.1)
+            .collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`SliceType`] with `int_ty` as its backing integer type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(ctx: &'ctx Context, int_ty: IntType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        let llvm_ty = Self::llvm_type(ctx, int_ty);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_ty, int_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`SliceType`] with `usize` as its backing integer type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_usize<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        Self::new(ctx, llvm_usize, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`SliceType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing a `slice`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(
+        ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        int_ty: IntType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, int_ty).is_ok());
+
+        Self { ty: ptr_ty, int_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn element_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.int_ty
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`SliceValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(ctx, name),
+            self.int_ty,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`SliceValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca_var`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca_var(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.int_ty,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            value,
+            self.int_ty,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for SliceType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = SliceValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<SliceType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: SliceType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}