[standalone] Update globals.py with type-inferred global var

Required for when globals are read without the use of a global
declaration.

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+BasedOnStyle: LLVM
+
+Language: Cpp
+Standard: Cpp11
+
+AccessModifierOffset: -1
+AlignEscapedNewlines: Left
+AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: Yes
+AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: false
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Inline
+BinPackParameters: false
+BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: NonAssignment
+BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true
+BreakConstructorInitializers: AfterColon
+BreakInheritanceList: AfterColon
+ColumnLimit: 120
+ConstructorInitializerAllOnOneLineOrOnePerLine: true
+ContinuationIndentWidth: 4
+DerivePointerAlignment: false
+IndentCaseLabels: true
+IndentPPDirectives: None
+IndentWidth: 4
+MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: 1
+PointerAlignment: Left
+ReflowComments: true
+SortIncludes: false
+SortUsingDeclarations: true
+SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: false
+SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 2
+TabWidth: 4
+UseTab: Never

.clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+doc-valid-idents = ["CPython", "NumPy", ".."]

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 __pycache__
 /target
-windows/msys2
+/nac3standalone/demo/linalg/target
+nix/windows/msys2

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# See https://pre-commit.com for more information
+# See https://pre-commit.com/hooks.html for more hooks
+
+default_stages: [commit]
+
+repos:
+  - repo: local
+    hooks:
+      - id: nac3-cargo-fmt
+        name: nac3 cargo format
+        entry: nix
+        language: system
+        types: [file, rust]
+        pass_filenames: false
+        description: Runs cargo fmt on the codebase.
+        args: [develop, -c, cargo, fmt, --all]
+      - id: nac3-cargo-clippy
+        name: nac3 cargo clippy
+        entry: nix
+        language: system
+        types: [file, rust]
+        pass_filenames: false
+        description: Runs cargo clippy on the codebase.
+        args: [develop, -c, cargo, clippy, --tests]

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 [workspace]
 members = [
+  "nac3ld",
   "nac3ast",
   "nac3parser",
   "nac3core",
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ members = [
   "nac3artiq",
   "runkernel",
 ]
+resolver = "2"
 
 [profile.release]
 debug = true

README.md

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
-# NAC3
+<div align="center">
 
+![icon](https://git.m-labs.hk/M-Labs/nac3/raw/branch/master/nac3.svg)
+
+</div>
+
+# NAC3
 NAC3 is a major, backward-incompatible rewrite of the compiler for the [ARTIQ](https://m-labs.hk/artiq) physics experiment control and data acquisition system. It features greatly improved compilation speeds, a much better type system, and more predictable and transparent operation.
 
 NAC3 has a modular design and its applicability reaches beyond ARTIQ. The ``nac3core`` module does not contain anything specific to ARTIQ, and can be used in any project that requires compiling Python to machine code.
@@ -8,7 +13,7 @@ NAC3 has a modular design and its applicability reaches beyond ARTIQ. The ``nac3
 
 ## Packaging
 
-NAC3 is packaged using the [Nix](https://nixos.org) Flakes system. Install Nix 2.4+ and enable flakes by adding ``experimental-features = nix-command flakes`` to ``nix.conf`` (e.g. ``~/.config/nix/nix.conf``).
+NAC3 is packaged using the [Nix](https://nixos.org) Flakes system. Install Nix 2.8+ and enable flakes by adding ``experimental-features = nix-command flakes`` to ``nix.conf`` (e.g. ``~/.config/nix/nix.conf``).
 
 ## Try NAC3
 
@@ -18,27 +23,19 @@ After setting up Nix as above, use ``nix shell git+https://github.com/m-labs/art
 
 ### Windows
 
-Install [MSYS2](https://www.msys2.org/), and open "MSYS2 MinGW x64". Edit ``/etc/pacman.conf`` to add:
+Install [MSYS2](https://www.msys2.org/), and open "MSYS2 CLANG64". Edit ``/etc/pacman.conf`` to add:
 ```
 [artiq]
 SigLevel = Optional TrustAll
-Server = https://lab.m-labs.hk/msys2
+Server = https://msys2.m-labs.hk/artiq-nac3
 ```
 
 Then run the following commands:
 ```
 pacman -Syu
-pacman -S mingw-w64-x86_64-artiq
+pacman -S mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-artiq
 ```
 
-Install ``lld-msys2`` manually:
-```
-wget https://nixbld.m-labs.hk/build/115527/download/1/ld.lld.exe
-mv ld.lld.exe C:/msys64/mingw64/bin
-```
-
-Note: This build of NAC3 cannot be used with Anaconda Python nor the python.org binaries for Windows. Those Python versions are compiled with Visual Studio (MSVC) and their ABI is incompatible with the GNU ABI used in this build. We have no plans to support Visual Studio nor the MSVC ABI. If you need a MSVC build, please install the requisite bloated spyware from Microsoft and compile NAC3 yourself.
-
 ## For developers
 
 This repository contains:
@@ -46,6 +43,7 @@ This repository contains:
 - ``nac3parser``: Python parser (based on RustPython).
 - ``nac3core``: Core compiler library, containing type-checking and code generation.
 - ``nac3standalone``: Standalone compiler tool (core language only).
+- ``nac3ld``: Minimalist RISC-V and ARM linker.
 - ``nac3artiq``: Integration with ARTIQ and implementation of ARTIQ-specific extensions to the core language.
 - ``runkernel``: Simple program that runs compiled ARTIQ kernels on the host and displays RTIO operations. Useful for testing without hardware.
 
@@ -53,3 +51,12 @@ Use ``nix develop`` in this repository to enter a development shell.
 If you are using a different shell than bash you can use e.g. ``nix develop --command fish``.
 
 Build NAC3 with ``cargo build --release``. See the demonstrations in ``nac3artiq`` and ``nac3standalone``.
+
+### Pre-Commit Hooks
+
+You are strongly recommended to use the provided pre-commit hooks to automatically reformat files and check for non-optimal Rust practices using Clippy. Run `pre-commit install` to install the hook and `pre-commit` will automatically run `cargo fmt` and `cargo clippy` for you.
+
+Several things to note:
+
+- If `cargo fmt` or `cargo clippy` returns an error, the pre-commit hook will fail. You should fix all errors before trying to commit again.
+- If `cargo fmt` reformats some files, the pre-commit hook will also fail. You should review the changes and, if satisfied, try to commit again.

flake.lock

@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
   "nodes": {
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1649024309,
-        "narHash": "sha256-AWbvj/NHZXVwAnHaVOFlxg7tcNerEKrKBmgGfztSHWM=",
+        "lastModified": 1727348695,
+        "narHash": "sha256-J+PeFKSDV+pHL7ukkfpVzCOO7mBSrrpJ3svwBFABbhI=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "af0a9bc0e5341855518e9c1734d7ef913e5138b9",
+        "rev": "1925c603f17fc89f4c8f6bf6f631a802ad85d784",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
         "owner": "NixOS",
-        "ref": "nixos-21.11",
+        "ref": "nixos-unstable",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
         "type": "github"
       }

flake.nix

@@ -1,29 +1,57 @@
 {
   description = "The third-generation ARTIQ compiler";
 
-  inputs.nixpkgs.url = github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-21.11;
+  inputs.nixpkgs.url = github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable;
 
   outputs = { self, nixpkgs }:
     let
       pkgs = import nixpkgs { system = "x86_64-linux"; };
+      pkgs32 = import nixpkgs { system = "i686-linux"; };
     in rec {
       packages.x86_64-linux = rec {
         llvm-nac3 = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/llvm {};
+        llvm-tools-irrt = pkgs.runCommandNoCC "llvm-tools-irrt" {}
+          ''
+          mkdir -p $out/bin
+          ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang-unwrapped}/bin/clang $out/bin/clang-irrt
+          ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out}/bin/llvm-as $out/bin/llvm-as-irrt
+          '';
+        demo-linalg-stub = pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
+          name = "demo-linalg-stub";
+          src = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg;
+          cargoLock = {
+            lockFile = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock;
+          };
+          doCheck = false;
+        };
+        demo-linalg-stub32 = pkgs32.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
+          name = "demo-linalg-stub32";
+          src = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg;
+          cargoLock = {
+            lockFile = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock;
+          };
+          doCheck = false;
+        };
         nac3artiq = pkgs.python3Packages.toPythonModule (
-          pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
+          pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage rec {
             name = "nac3artiq";
             outputs = [ "out" "runkernel" "standalone" ];
             src = self;
-            cargoLock = { lockFile = ./Cargo.lock; };
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 pkgs.llvmPackages_13.clang-unwrapped llvm-nac3 ];
+            cargoLock = {
+              lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
+            };
+            passthru.cargoLock = cargoLock;
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 (pkgs.wrapClangMulti pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang) llvm-tools-irrt pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out llvm-nac3 ];
             buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3 ];
-            checkInputs = [ (pkgs.python3.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ])) ];
+            checkInputs = [ (pkgs.python3.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ])) ];
             checkPhase =
               ''
               echo "Checking nac3standalone demos..."
               pushd nac3standalone/demo
               patchShebangs .
-              ./check_demos.sh
+              export DEMO_LINALG_STUB=${demo-linalg-stub}/lib/liblinalg.a
+              export DEMO_LINALG_STUB32=${demo-linalg-stub32}/lib/liblinalg.a
+              ./check_demos.sh -i686
               popd
               echo "Running Cargo tests..."
               cargoCheckHook
@@ -49,21 +77,21 @@
 
         # LLVM PGO support
         llvm-nac3-instrumented = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/llvm {
-          stdenv = pkgs.llvmPackages_13.stdenv;
+          stdenv = pkgs.llvmPackages_14.stdenv;
           extraCmakeFlags = [ "-DLLVM_BUILD_INSTRUMENTED=IR" ];
         };
         nac3artiq-instrumented = pkgs.python3Packages.toPythonModule (
           pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
             name = "nac3artiq-instrumented";
             src = self;
-            cargoLock = { lockFile = ./Cargo.lock; };
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 pkgs.llvmPackages_13.clang-unwrapped llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
+            inherit (nac3artiq) cargoLock;
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
             buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
             cargoBuildFlags = [ "--package" "nac3artiq" "--features" "init-llvm-profile" ];
             doCheck = false;
             configurePhase =
               ''
-              export CARGO_TARGET_X86_64_UNKNOWN_LINUX_GNU_RUSTFLAGS="-C link-arg=-L${pkgs.llvmPackages_13.compiler-rt}/lib/linux -C link-arg=-lclang_rt.profile-x86_64"
+              export CARGO_TARGET_X86_64_UNKNOWN_LINUX_GNU_RUSTFLAGS="-C link-arg=-L${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.compiler-rt}/lib/linux -C link-arg=-lclang_rt.profile-x86_64"
               '';
             installPhase =
               ''
@@ -75,11 +103,35 @@
         );
         nac3artiq-profile = pkgs.stdenvNoCC.mkDerivation {
           name = "nac3artiq-profile";
-          src = self;
-          buildInputs = [ (python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy nac3artiq-instrumented ])) pkgs.lld_13 pkgs.llvmPackages_13.libllvm ];
+          srcs = [
+            (pkgs.fetchFromGitHub {
+              owner = "m-labs";
+              repo = "sipyco";
+              rev = "939f84f9b5eef7efbf7423c735d1834783b6140e";
+              sha256 = "sha256-15Nun4EY35j+6SPZkjzZtyH/ncxLS60KuGJjFh5kSTc=";
+            })
+            (pkgs.fetchFromGitHub {
+              owner = "m-labs";
+              repo = "artiq";
+              rev = "923ca3377d42c815f979983134ec549dc39d3ca0";
+              sha256 = "sha256-oJoEeNEeNFSUyh6jXG8Tzp6qHVikeHS0CzfE+mODPgw=";
+            })
+          ];
+          buildInputs = [
+            (python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ps.jsonschema ps.lmdb nac3artiq-instrumented ]))
+            pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out
+          ];
           phases = [ "buildPhase" "installPhase" ];
-          # TODO: get more representative code.
-          buildPhase = "python $src/nac3artiq/demo/demo.py";
+          buildPhase =
+            ''
+            srcs=($srcs)
+            sipyco=''${srcs[0]}
+            artiq=''${srcs[1]}
+            export PYTHONPATH=$sipyco:$artiq
+            python -m artiq.frontend.artiq_ddb_template $artiq/artiq/examples/nac3devices/nac3devices.json > device_db.py
+            cp $artiq/artiq/examples/nac3devices/nac3devices.py .
+            python -m artiq.frontend.artiq_compile nac3devices.py
+            '';
           installPhase =
             ''
             mkdir $out
@@ -87,15 +139,15 @@
             '';
         };
         llvm-nac3-pgo = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/llvm {
-          stdenv = pkgs.llvmPackages_13.stdenv;
+          stdenv = pkgs.llvmPackages_14.stdenv;
           extraCmakeFlags = [ "-DLLVM_PROFDATA_FILE=${nac3artiq-profile}/llvm.profdata" ];
         };
         nac3artiq-pgo = pkgs.python3Packages.toPythonModule (
           pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
             name = "nac3artiq-pgo";
             src = self;
-            cargoLock = { lockFile = ./Cargo.lock; };
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 pkgs.llvmPackages_13.clang-unwrapped llvm-nac3-pgo ];
+            inherit (nac3artiq) cargoLock;
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt llvm-nac3-pgo ];
             buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3-pgo ];
             cargoBuildFlags = [ "--package" "nac3artiq" ];
             cargoTestFlags = [ "--package" "nac3ast" "--package" "nac3parser" "--package" "nac3core" "--package" "nac3artiq" ];
@@ -111,22 +163,29 @@
 
       packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32 = import ./nix/windows { inherit pkgs; };
 
-      devShell.x86_64-linux = pkgs.mkShell {
+      devShells.x86_64-linux.default = pkgs.mkShell {
         name = "nac3-dev-shell";
         buildInputs = with pkgs; [
           # build dependencies
           packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-nac3
-          llvmPackages_13.clang-unwrapped  # IRRT
+          (pkgs.wrapClangMulti llvmPackages_14.clang) llvmPackages_14.llvm.out  # for running nac3standalone demos
+          packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt
           cargo
           rustc
           # runtime dependencies
-          lld_13
-          (packages.x86_64-linux.python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ]))
+          lld_14                           # for running kernels on the host
+          (packages.x86_64-linux.python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ]))
           # development tools
           cargo-insta
           clippy
+          pre-commit
           rustfmt
         ];
+        shellHook =
+          ''
+          export DEMO_LINALG_STUB=${packages.x86_64-linux.demo-linalg-stub}/lib/liblinalg.a
+          export DEMO_LINALG_STUB32=${packages.x86_64-linux.demo-linalg-stub32}/lib/liblinalg.a
+          '';
       };
       devShells.x86_64-linux.msys2 = pkgs.mkShell {
         name = "nac3-dev-shell-msys2";
@@ -139,16 +198,15 @@
       };
 
       hydraJobs = {
-        inherit (packages.x86_64-linux) llvm-nac3 nac3artiq;
+        inherit (packages.x86_64-linux) llvm-nac3 nac3artiq nac3artiq-pgo;
         llvm-nac3-msys2 = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.llvm-nac3;
         nac3artiq-msys2 = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.nac3artiq;
         nac3artiq-msys2-pkg = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.nac3artiq-pkg;
-        lld-msys2 = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.lld;
       };
   };
 
   nixConfig = {
-    binaryCachePublicKeys = ["nixbld.m-labs.hk-1:5aSRVA5b320xbNvu30tqxVPXpld73bhtOeH6uAjRyHc="];
-    binaryCaches = ["https://nixbld.m-labs.hk" "https://cache.nixos.org"];
+    extra-trusted-public-keys = "nixbld.m-labs.hk-1:5aSRVA5b320xbNvu30tqxVPXpld73bhtOeH6uAjRyHc=";
+    extra-substituters = "https://nixbld.m-labs.hk";
   };
 }

nac3.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<svg
+   id="a"
+   width="128"
+   height="128"
+   viewBox="0 0 95.99999 95.99999"
+   version="1.1"
+   sodipodi:docname="nac3.svg"
+   inkscape:version="1.1.1 (3bf5ae0d25, 2021-09-20)"
+   xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape"
+   xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd"
+   xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+  <defs
+     id="defs11" />
+  <sodipodi:namedview
+     id="namedview9"
+     pagecolor="#ffffff"
+     bordercolor="#666666"
+     borderopacity="1.0"
+     inkscape:pageshadow="2"
+     inkscape:pageopacity="0.0"
+     inkscape:pagecheckerboard="0"
+     inkscape:document-units="mm"
+     showgrid="false"
+     units="px"
+     width="128px"
+     inkscape:zoom="5.9448568"
+     inkscape:cx="60.472441"
+     inkscape:cy="60.556547"
+     inkscape:window-width="2560"
+     inkscape:window-height="1371"
+     inkscape:window-x="0"
+     inkscape:window-y="32"
+     inkscape:window-maximized="1"
+     inkscape:current-layer="a" />
+  <rect
+     x="40.072601"
+     y="-26.776209"
+     width="55.668747"
+     height="55.668747"
+     transform="matrix(0.71803815,0.69600374,-0.71803815,0.69600374,0,0)"
+     style="fill:#be211e;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:4.37375px;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round"
+     id="rect2" />
+  <line
+     x1="38.00692"
+     y1="63.457153"
+     x2="57.993061"
+     y2="63.457153"
+     style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:4.37269px;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round"
+     id="line4" />
+  <path
+     d="m 48.007301,57.843329 c -1.943097,0 -3.877522,-0.41727 -5.686157,-1.246007 -3.218257,-1.474616 -5.650382,-4.075418 -6.849639,-7.323671 -2.065624,-5.588921 -1.192751,-10.226647 2.575258,-13.827 0.611554,-0.584909 1.518048,-0.773041 2.323689,-0.488206 0.80673,0.286405 1.369495,0.998486 1.447563,1.827234 0.237469,2.549302 2.439719,5.917376 4.28414,6.55273 0.396859,0.13506 0.820953,-0.05859 1.097084,-0.35222 0.339254,-0.360754 0.451065,-0.961893 -1.013597,-3.191372 -2.089851,-3.181137 -4.638728,-8.754903 -0.262407,-15.069853 0.494457,-0.713491 1.384673,-1.068907 2.256469,-0.909156 0.871795,0.161332 1.583757,0.806404 1.752251,1.651189 0.716448,3.591862 2.962357,6.151755 5.199306,8.023138 1.935503,1.61861 4.344688,3.867387 5.435687,7.096643 2.283183,6.758017 -1.202511,14.114988 -8.060822,16.494025 -1.467083,0.509226 -2.98513,0.762536 -4.498836,0.762536 z M 39.358865,40.002192 c -0.304711,0.696206 -0.541636,2.080524 -0.56865,2.237454 -0.330316,1.918771 0.168305,3.803963 0.846157,5.539951 0.856828,2.19436 2.437543,3.942467 4.583411,4.925713 2.143691,0.981675 4.554131,1.097816 6.789992,0.322666 4.571485,-1.586549 6.977584,-6.532238 5.363036,-11.02597 v -5.27e-4 C 55.455481,39.447968 54.023463,38.162043 52.221335,36.65432 50.876945,35.529534 49.409662,33.987726 48.417983,32.135555 48.01343,31.37996 47.79547,30.34303 47.76669,29.413263 c -0.187481,0.669514 -0.212441,2.325923 -0.150396,2.93691 0.179209,1.764456 1.333476,3.644546 2.340611,5.171243 1.311568,1.988179 2.72058,6.037272 0.459681,8.367985 -1.54192,1.58953 -4.038511,2.052034 -5.839973,1.38492 -2.398314,-0.888147 -3.942744,-2.690627 -4.941118,-4.768029 -0.121194,-0.25217 -0.532464,-1.174187 -0.276619,-2.5041 z"
+     id="path6"
+     style="stroke-width:1.09317" />
+</svg>

nac3artiq/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,23 +2,20 @@
 name = "nac3artiq"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["M-Labs"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 
 [lib]
 name = "nac3artiq"
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
-pyo3 = { version = "0.14", features = ["extension-module"] }
-parking_lot = "0.11"
-tempfile = "3"
-nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
+itertools = "0.13"
+pyo3 = { version = "0.21", features = ["extension-module", "gil-refs"] }
+parking_lot = "0.12"
+tempfile = "3.13"
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }
-
-[dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.1.0-beta.4"
-default-features = false
-features = ["llvm13-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+nac3ld = { path = "../nac3ld" }
 
 [features]
 init-llvm-profile = []
+no-escape-analysis = ["nac3core/no-escape-analysis"]

nac3artiq/demo/demo.py

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
 from min_artiq import *
-from numpy import int32, int64
-
-
-@extern
-def output_int(x: int32):
-    ...
 
 
 @nac3

nac3artiq/demo/embedding_map.py

@@ -18,6 +18,13 @@ class EmbeddingMap:
                                           "SPIError",
                                           "0:ZeroDivisionError",
                                           "0:IndexError",
+                                          "0:ValueError",
+                                          "0:RuntimeError",
+                                          "0:AssertionError",
+                                          "0:KeyError",
+                                          "0:NotImplementedError",
+                                          "0:OverflowError",
+                                          "0:IOError",
                                           "0:UnwrapNoneError"])
 
     def preallocate_runtime_exception_names(self, names):

nac3artiq/demo/list_cmp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class EmptyList:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+
+    @rpc
+    def get_empty(self) -> list[int32]:
+        return []
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        a: list[int32] = self.get_empty()
+        if a != []:
+            raise ValueError
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    EmptyList().run()

nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from embedding_map import EmbeddingMap
 
 
 __all__ = [
-    "Kernel", "KernelInvariant", "virtual",
+    "Kernel", "KernelInvariant", "virtual", "ConstGeneric",
     "Option", "Some", "none", "UnwrapNoneError",
     "round64", "floor64", "ceil64",
     "extern", "kernel", "portable", "nac3",
@@ -67,6 +67,12 @@ def Some(v: T) -> Option[T]:
 
 none = Option(None)
 
+class _ConstGenericMarker:
+    pass
+
+def ConstGeneric(name, constraint):
+    return TypeVar(name, _ConstGenericMarker, constraint)
+
 def round64(x):
     return round(x)
 
@@ -80,7 +86,13 @@ def ceil64(x):
 import device_db
 core_arguments = device_db.device_db["core"]["arguments"]
 
-compiler = nac3artiq.NAC3(core_arguments["target"])
+artiq_builtins = {
+    "none": none,
+    "virtual": virtual,
+    "_ConstGenericMarker": _ConstGenericMarker,
+    "Option": Option,
+}
+compiler = nac3artiq.NAC3(core_arguments["target"], artiq_builtins)
 allow_registration = True
 # Delay NAC3 analysis until all referenced variables are supposed to exist on the CPython side.
 registered_functions = set()
@@ -100,10 +112,15 @@ def extern(function):
     register_function(function)
     return function
 
-def rpc(function):
-    """Decorates a function declaration defined by the core device runtime."""
-    register_function(function)
-    return function
+
+def rpc(arg=None, flags={}):
+    """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the host interpreter."""
+    if arg is None:
+        def inner_decorator(function):
+            return rpc(function, flags)
+        return inner_decorator
+    register_function(arg)
+    return arg
 
 def kernel(function_or_method):
     """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the core device."""

nac3artiq/demo/str_abi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import ndarray, zeros as np_zeros
+
+
+@nac3
+class StrFail:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+
+    @kernel
+    def hello(self, arg: str):
+        pass
+
+    @kernel
+    def consume_ndarray(self, arg: ndarray[str, 1]):
+        pass
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.hello("world")
+        self.consume_ndarray(np_zeros([10], dtype=str))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    StrFail().run()

nac3artiq/demo/string_attribute_issue337.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class Demo:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+    attr1: KernelInvariant[str]
+    attr2: KernelInvariant[int32]
+
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+        self.attr2 = 32
+        self.attr1 = "SAMPLE"
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        print_int32(self.attr2)
+        self.attr1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    Demo().run()

nac3artiq/demo/support_class_attr_issue102.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class Demo:
+    attr1: KernelInvariant[int32] = 2
+    attr2: int32 = 4
+    attr3: Kernel[int32]
+
+    @kernel
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.attr3 = 8
+
+
+@nac3
+class NAC3Devices:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+    attr4: KernelInvariant[int32] = 16
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        Demo.attr1  # Supported
+        # Demo.attr2  # Field not accessible on Kernel
+        # Demo.attr3  # Only attributes can be accessed in this way
+        # Demo.attr1 = 2  # Attributes are immutable
+
+        self.attr4  # Attributes can be accessed within class
+
+        obj = Demo()
+        obj.attr1  # Attributes can be accessed by class objects
+
+        NAC3Devices.attr4  # Attributes accessible for classes without __init__
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    NAC3Devices().run()

nac3artiq/src/timeline.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,23 @@
-use inkwell::{values::BasicValueEnum, AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering};
-use nac3core::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+use itertools::Either;
 
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::CodeGenContext,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue},
+        AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering,
+    },
+};
+
+/// Functions for manipulating the timeline.
 pub trait TimeFns {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
+    /// Emits LLVM IR for `now_mu`.
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Emits LLVM IR for `at_mu`.
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
+
+    /// Emits LLVM IR for `delay_mu`.
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>);
 }
 
 pub struct NowPinningTimeFns64 {}
@@ -12,141 +25,143 @@ pub struct NowPinningTimeFns64 {}
 // For FPGA design reasons, on VexRiscv with 64-bit data bus, the "now" CSR is split into two 32-bit
 // values that are each padded to 64-bits.
 impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_hiptr =
-            ctx.builder.build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic), "now_hiptr");
-        if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now_gep")
-            };
-            if let (BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_hi), BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_lo)) = (
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_hiptr, "now_hi"),
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_loptr, "now_lo"),
-            ) {
-                let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "now_zext_hi");
-                let shifted_hi = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(
-                    zext_hi,
-                    i64_type.const_int(32, false),
-                    "now_shifted_zext_hi",
-                );
-                let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "now_zext_lo");
-                ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now_or").into()
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
         }
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let now_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_hiptr, "now.hi")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+        let now_lo = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_loptr, "now.lo")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        let shifted_hi =
+            ctx.builder.build_left_shift(zext_hi, i64_type.const_int(32, false), "").unwrap();
+        let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now_mu").map(Into::into).unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
+
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
-        if let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(time) = t {
-            let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "now_lshr"),
+        let time = t.into_int_value();
+
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "time.hi").unwrap(),
                 i32_type,
-                "now_trunc",
-            );
-            let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
+                "",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-            let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
-                now,
-                i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic),
-                "now_bitcast",
-            );
-            if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                    ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now_gep")
-                };
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
+        }
+        .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        }
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_hiptr =
-            ctx.builder.build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic), "now_hiptr");
-        if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
-            let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now_loptr")
-            };
-            if let (
-                BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_hi),
-                BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_lo),
-                BasicValueEnum::IntValue(dt),
-            ) = (
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_hiptr, "now_hi"),
-                ctx.builder.build_load(now_loptr, "now_lo"),
-                dt,
-            ) {
-                let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "now_zext_hi");
-                let shifted_hi = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(
-                    zext_hi,
-                    i64_type.const_int(32, false),
-                    "now_shifted_zext_hi",
-                );
-                let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "now_zext_lo");
-                let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now_or");
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
 
-                let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "now_add");
-                let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                    ctx.builder.build_right_shift(
-                        time,
-                        i64_type.const_int(32, false),
-                        false,
-                        "now_lshr",
-                    ),
+        let now_loptr = unsafe {
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
+        }
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let now_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_hiptr, "now.hi")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+        let now_lo = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_loptr, "now.lo")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+        let dt = dt.into_int_value();
+
+        let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        let shifted_hi =
+            ctx.builder.build_left_shift(zext_hi, i64_type.const_int(32, false), "").unwrap();
+        let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "").unwrap();
+        let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now").unwrap();
+
+        let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "time").unwrap();
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
+                ctx.builder
+                    .build_right_shift(time, i64_type.const_int(32, false), false, "")
+                    .unwrap(),
                 i32_type,
-                    "now_trunc",
-                );
-                let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
+                "time.hi",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
 
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        };
     }
 }
 
@@ -155,68 +170,67 @@ pub static NOW_PINNING_TIME_FNS_64: NowPinningTimeFns64 = NowPinningTimeFns64 {}
 pub struct NowPinningTimeFns {}
 
 impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_raw = ctx.builder.build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "now");
-        if let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_raw) = now_raw {
+        let now_raw = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "now")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
-            let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now_shl");
-            let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now_lshr");
-            ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_or").into()
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        }
+        let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now.lo").unwrap();
+        let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now.hi").unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_mu").map(Into::into).unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
-        if let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(time) = t {
-            let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "now_lshr"),
+
+        let time = t.into_int_value();
+
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "").unwrap(),
                 i32_type,
-                "now_trunc",
-            );
-            let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
+                "time.hi",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc").unwrap();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-            let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
-                now,
-                i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic),
-                "now_bitcast",
-            );
-            if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                    ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now_gep")
-                };
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now.lo.addr")
+        }
+        .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        }
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
@@ -224,41 +238,47 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_raw = ctx.builder.build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "now");
-        if let (BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_raw), BasicValueEnum::IntValue(dt)) = (now_raw, dt) {
-            let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now_shl");
-            let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now_lshr");
-            let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_or");
-            let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "now_add");
-            let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
-                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "now_lshr"),
+        let now_raw = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let dt = dt.into_int_value();
+
+        let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now.lo").unwrap();
+        let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now.hi").unwrap();
+        let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_val").unwrap();
+        let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "time").unwrap();
+        let time_hi = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate(
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "time.hi").unwrap(),
                 i32_type,
                 "now_trunc",
-            );
-            let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
-            let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
-                now,
-                i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic),
-                "now_bitcast",
-            );
-            if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr {
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
-                    ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now_gep")
-                };
+            ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now.lo.addr")
+        }
+        .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
-            } else {
-                unreachable!();
-            }
-        } else {
-            unreachable!();
-        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -267,14 +287,18 @@ pub static NOW_PINNING_TIME_FNS: NowPinningTimeFns = NowPinningTimeFns {};
 pub struct ExternTimeFns {}
 
 impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
-    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
         let now_mu = ctx.module.get_function("now_mu").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             ctx.module.add_function("now_mu", ctx.ctx.i64_type().fn_type(&[], false), None)
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(now_mu, &[], "now_mu").try_as_basic_value().left().unwrap()
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(now_mu, &[], "now_mu")
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx, 'a>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
+    fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let at_mu = ctx.module.get_function("at_mu").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             ctx.module.add_function(
                 "at_mu",
@@ -282,14 +306,10 @@ impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
                 None,
             )
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(at_mu, &[t.into()], "at_mu");
+        ctx.builder.build_call(at_mu, &[t.into()], "at_mu").unwrap();
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx, 'a>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
         let delay_mu = ctx.module.get_function("delay_mu").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             ctx.module.add_function(
                 "delay_mu",
@@ -297,7 +317,7 @@ impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
                 None,
             )
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(delay_mu, &[dt.into()], "delay_mu");
+        ctx.builder.build_call(delay_mu, &[dt.into()], "delay_mu").unwrap();
     }
 }
 

nac3ast/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 name = "nac3ast"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team", "M-Labs"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 
 [features]
 default = ["constant-optimization", "fold"]
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ constant-optimization = ["fold"]
 fold = []
 
 [dependencies]
-lazy_static = "1.4.0"
-parking_lot = "0.11.1"
-string-interner = "0.13.0"
-fxhash = "0.2.1"
+lazy_static = "1.5"
+parking_lot = "0.12"
+string-interner = "0.17"
+fxhash = "0.2"

nac3ast/src/constant.rs

@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ impl From<bool> for Constant {
 }
 impl From<i32> for Constant {
     fn from(i: i32) -> Constant {
-        Self::Int(i as i128)
+        Self::Int(i128::from(i))
     }
 }
 impl From<i64> for Constant {
     fn from(i: i64) -> Constant {
-        Self::Int(i as i128)
+        Self::Int(i128::from(i))
     }
 }
 
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ pub enum ConversionFlag {
 }
 
 impl ConversionFlag {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn try_from_byte(b: u8) -> Option<Self> {
         match b {
             b's' => Some(Self::Str),
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ pub struct ConstantOptimizer {
 #[cfg(feature = "constant-optimization")]
 impl ConstantOptimizer {
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self { _priv: () }
     }
@@ -85,14 +87,10 @@ impl<U> crate::fold::Fold<U> for ConstantOptimizer {
     fn fold_expr(&mut self, node: crate::Expr<U>) -> Result<crate::Expr<U>, Self::Error> {
         match node.node {
             crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx } => {
-                let elts = elts
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|x| self.fold_expr(x))
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-                let expr = if elts
-                    .iter()
-                    .all(|e| matches!(e.node, crate::ExprKind::Constant { .. }))
-                {
+                let elts =
+                    elts.into_iter().map(|x| self.fold_expr(x)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                let expr =
+                    if elts.iter().all(|e| matches!(e.node, crate::ExprKind::Constant { .. })) {
                         let tuple = elts
                             .into_iter()
                             .map(|e| match e.node {
@@ -100,18 +98,11 @@ impl<U> crate::fold::Fold<U> for ConstantOptimizer {
                                 _ => unreachable!(),
                             })
                             .collect();
-                    crate::ExprKind::Constant {
-                        value: Constant::Tuple(tuple),
-                        kind: None,
-                    }
+                        crate::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Tuple(tuple), kind: None }
                     } else {
                         crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx }
                     };
-                Ok(crate::Expr {
-                    node: expr,
-                    custom: node.custom,
-                    location: node.location,
-                })
+                Ok(crate::Expr { node: expr, custom: node.custom, location: node.location })
             }
             _ => crate::fold::fold_expr(self, node),
         }
@@ -127,7 +118,7 @@ mod tests {
         use crate::fold::Fold;
         use crate::*;
 
-        let location = Location::new(0, 0, Default::default());
+        let location = Location::new(0, 0, FileName::default());
         let custom = ();
         let ast = Located {
             location,
@@ -138,18 +129,12 @@ mod tests {
                     Located {
                         location,
                         custom,
-                        node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                            value: 1.into(),
-                            kind: None,
-                        },
+                        node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 1.into(), kind: None },
                     },
                     Located {
                         location,
                         custom,
-                        node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                            value: 2.into(),
-                            kind: None,
-                        },
+                        node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 2.into(), kind: None },
                     },
                     Located {
                         location,
@@ -160,26 +145,17 @@ mod tests {
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                                        value: 3.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 3.into(), kind: None },
                                 },
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                                        value: 4.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 4.into(), kind: None },
                                 },
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
-                                        value: 5.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 5.into(), kind: None },
                                 },
                             ],
                         },
@@ -187,9 +163,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             },
         };
-        let new_ast = ConstantOptimizer::new()
-            .fold_expr(ast)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
+        let new_ast = ConstantOptimizer::new().fold_expr(ast).unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
         assert_eq!(
             new_ast,
             Located {
@@ -199,11 +173,7 @@ mod tests {
                     value: Constant::Tuple(vec![
                         1.into(),
                         2.into(),
-                        Constant::Tuple(vec![
-                            3.into(),
-                            4.into(),
-                            5.into(),
-                        ])
+                        Constant::Tuple(vec![3.into(), 4.into(), 5.into(),])
                     ]),
                     kind: None
                 },

nac3ast/src/fold_helpers.rs

@@ -64,11 +64,4 @@ macro_rules! simple_fold {
     };
 }
 
-simple_fold!(
-    usize,
-    String,
-    bool,
-    StrRef,
-    constant::Constant,
-    constant::ConversionFlag
-);
+simple_fold!(usize, String, bool, StrRef, constant::Constant, constant::ConversionFlag);

nac3ast/src/impls.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use crate::{Constant, ExprKind};
 
 impl<U> ExprKind<U> {
     /// Returns a short name for the node suitable for use in error messages.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
             ExprKind::BoolOp { .. } | ExprKind::BinOp { .. } | ExprKind::UnaryOp { .. } => {
@@ -34,10 +35,7 @@ impl<U> ExprKind<U> {
             ExprKind::Starred { .. } => "starred",
             ExprKind::Slice { .. } => "slice",
             ExprKind::JoinedStr { values } => {
-                if values
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|e| matches!(e.node, ExprKind::JoinedStr { .. }))
-                {
+                if values.iter().any(|e| matches!(e.node, ExprKind::JoinedStr { .. })) {
                     "f-string expression"
                 } else {
                     "literal"

nac3ast/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,19 @@
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
+
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate lazy_static;
 
@@ -9,6 +25,6 @@ mod impls;
 mod location;
 
 pub use ast_gen::*;
-pub use location::{Location, FileName};
+pub use location::{FileName, Location};
 
 pub type Suite<U = ()> = Vec<Stmt<U>>;

nac3ast/src/location.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 //! Datatypes to support source location information.
 use crate::ast_gen::StrRef;
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::fmt;
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct FileName(pub StrRef);
 impl Default for FileName {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -17,16 +18,38 @@ impl From<String> for FileName {
 }
 
 /// A location somewhere in the sourcecode.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Location {
     pub row: usize,
     pub column: usize,
-    pub file: FileName
+    pub file: FileName,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for Location {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}: line {} column {}", self.file.0, self.row, self.column)
+        write!(f, "{}:{}:{}", self.file.0, self.row, self.column)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Location {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        let file_cmp = self.file.0.to_string().cmp(&other.file.0.to_string());
+        if file_cmp != Ordering::Equal {
+            return file_cmp;
+        }
+
+        let row_cmp = self.row.cmp(&other.row);
+        if row_cmp != Ordering::Equal {
+            return row_cmp;
+        }
+
+        self.column.cmp(&other.column)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Location {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
     }
 }
 
@@ -53,23 +76,22 @@ impl Location {
                 )
             }
         }
-        Visualize {
-            loc: *self,
-            line,
-            desc,
-        }
+        Visualize { loc: *self, line, desc }
     }
 }
 
 impl Location {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(row: usize, column: usize, file: FileName) -> Self {
         Location { row, column, file }
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn row(&self) -> usize {
         self.row
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn column(&self) -> usize {
         self.column
     }

nac3core/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,24 +2,30 @@
 name = "nac3core"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["M-Labs"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[features]
+no-escape-analysis = []
 
 [dependencies]
-itertools = "0.10.1"
-crossbeam = "0.8.1"
-parking_lot = "0.11.1"
-rayon = "1.5.1"
+itertools = "0.13"
+crossbeam = "0.8"
+indexmap = "2.6"
+parking_lot = "0.12"
+rayon = "1.10"
 nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
+strum = "0.26"
+strum_macros = "0.26"
 
 [dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.1.0-beta.4"
+version = "0.5"
 default-features = false
-features = ["llvm13-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+features = ["llvm14-0-prefer-dynamic", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 test-case = "1.2.0"
-indoc = "1.0"
+indoc = "2.0"
 insta = "=1.11.0"
 
 [build-dependencies]
-regex = "1"
+regex = "1.10"

nac3core/build.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use regex::Regex;
 use std::{
     env,
     fs::File,
@@ -7,30 +6,55 @@ use std::{
     process::{Command, Stdio},
 };
 
+use regex::Regex;
+
 fn main() {
-    const FILE: &str = "src/codegen/irrt/irrt.c";
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", FILE);
     let out_dir = env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap();
-    let out_path = Path::new(&out_dir);
+    let out_dir = Path::new(&out_dir);
+    let irrt_dir = Path::new("irrt");
+
+    let irrt_cpp_path = irrt_dir.join("irrt.cpp");
 
     /*
      * HACK: Sadly, clang doesn't let us emit generic LLVM bitcode.
      * Compiling for WASM32 and filtering the output with regex is the closest we can get.
      */
-
-    const FLAG: &[&str] = &[
+    let mut flags: Vec<&str> = vec![
         "--target=wasm32",
-        FILE,
-        "-O3",
+        "-x",
+        "c++",
+        "-std=c++20",
+        "-fno-discard-value-names",
+        "-fno-exceptions",
+        "-fno-rtti",
         "-emit-llvm",
         "-S",
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
         "-o",
         "-",
+        "-I",
+        irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap(),
+        irrt_cpp_path.to_str().unwrap(),
     ];
-    let output = Command::new("clang")
-        .args(FLAG)
+
+    match env::var("PROFILE").as_deref() {
+        Ok("debug") => {
+            flags.push("-O0");
+            flags.push("-DIRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT");
+        }
+        Ok("release") => {
+            flags.push("-O3");
+        }
+        flavor => panic!("Unknown or missing build flavor {flavor:?}"),
+    }
+
+    // Tell Cargo to rerun if any file under `irrt_dir` (recursive) changes
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap());
+
+    // Compile IRRT and capture the LLVM IR output
+    let output = Command::new("clang-irrt")
+        .args(flags)
         .output()
         .map(|o| {
             assert!(o.status.success(), "{}", std::str::from_utf8(&o.stderr).unwrap());
@@ -42,9 +66,19 @@ fn main() {
     let output = std::str::from_utf8(&output.stdout).unwrap().replace("\r\n", "\n");
     let mut filtered_output = String::with_capacity(output.len());
 
-    let regex_filter = regex::Regex::new(r"(?ms:^define.*?\}$)|(?m:^declare.*?$)").unwrap();
+    // Filter out irrelevant IR
+    //
+    // Regex:
+    // - `(?ms:^define.*?\}$)` captures LLVM `define` blocks
+    // - `(?m:^declare.*?$)` captures LLVM `declare` lines
+    // - `(?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$)` captures LLVM `type` declarations
+    // - `(?m:^@.+?=.+$)` captures global constants
+    let regex_filter = Regex::new(
+        r"(?ms:^define.*?\}$)|(?m:^declare.*?$)|(?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$)|(?m:^@.+?=.+$)",
+    )
+    .unwrap();
     for f in regex_filter.captures_iter(&output) {
-        assert!(f.len() == 1);
+        assert_eq!(f.len(), 1);
         filtered_output.push_str(&f[0]);
         filtered_output.push('\n');
     }
@@ -53,20 +87,24 @@ fn main() {
         .unwrap()
         .replace_all(&filtered_output, "");
 
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT");
-    if env::var("DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT").is_ok() {
-        let mut file = File::create(out_path.join("irrt.ll")).unwrap();
+    // For debugging
+    // Doing `DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT=1 cargo build -p nac3core` dumps the LLVM IR generated
+    const DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT: &str = "DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT";
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed={DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT}");
+    if env::var(DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT).is_ok() {
+        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt.ll")).unwrap();
         file.write_all(output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-        let mut file = File::create(out_path.join("irrt-filtered.ll")).unwrap();
+
+        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt-filtered.ll")).unwrap();
         file.write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
     }
 
-    let mut llvm_as = Command::new("llvm-as")
+    let mut llvm_as = Command::new("llvm-as-irrt")
         .stdin(Stdio::piped())
         .arg("-o")
-        .arg(out_path.join("irrt.bc"))
+        .arg(out_dir.join("irrt.bc"))
         .spawn()
         .unwrap();
     llvm_as.stdin.as_mut().unwrap().write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-    assert!(llvm_as.wait().unwrap().success())
+    assert!(llvm_as.wait().unwrap().success());
 }

nac3core/irrt/irrt.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/list.hpp"
+#include "irrt/math.hpp"
+#include "irrt/ndarray.hpp"
+#include "irrt/slice.hpp"

nac3core/irrt/irrt/cslice.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+struct CSlice {
+    uint8_t* base;
+    SizeT len;
+};

nac3core/irrt/irrt/debug.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Set in nac3core/build.rs
+#ifdef IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT
+#define IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL true
+#else
+#define IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL false
+#endif
+
+#define raise_debug_assert(SizeT, msg, param1, param2, param3) \
+    raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR, "IRRT debug assert failed: " msg, param1, param2, param3)
+
+#define debug_assert_eq(SizeT, lhs, rhs)                                           \
+    if constexpr (IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL) {                                        \
+        if ((lhs) != (rhs)) {                                                      \
+            raise_debug_assert(SizeT, "LHS = {0}. RHS = {1}", lhs, rhs, NO_PARAM); \
+        }                                                                          \
+    }
+
+#define debug_assert(SizeT, expr)                                                  \
+    if constexpr (IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL) {                                        \
+        if (!(expr)) {                                                             \
+            raise_debug_assert(SizeT, "Got false.", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM); \
+        }                                                                          \
+    }

nac3core/irrt/irrt/exception.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/cslice.hpp"
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+/**
+ * @brief The int type of ARTIQ exception IDs.
+ */
+typedef int32_t ExceptionId;
+
+/*
+ * Set of exceptions C++ IRRT can use.
+ * Must be synchronized with `setup_irrt_exceptions` in `nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs`.
+ */
+extern "C" {
+ExceptionId EXN_INDEX_ERROR;
+ExceptionId EXN_VALUE_ERROR;
+ExceptionId EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR;
+ExceptionId EXN_TYPE_ERROR;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Extern function to `__nac3_raise`
+ *
+ * The parameter `err` could be `Exception<int32_t>` or `Exception<int64_t>`. The caller
+ * must make sure to pass `Exception`s with the correct `SizeT` depending on the `size_t` of the runtime.
+ */
+extern "C" void __nac3_raise(void* err);
+
+namespace {
+/**
+ * @brief NAC3's Exception struct
+ */
+template<typename SizeT>
+struct Exception {
+    ExceptionId id;
+    CSlice<SizeT> filename;
+    int32_t line;
+    int32_t column;
+    CSlice<SizeT> function;
+    CSlice<SizeT> msg;
+    int64_t params[3];
+};
+
+constexpr int64_t NO_PARAM = 0;
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+void _raise_exception_helper(ExceptionId id,
+                             const char* filename,
+                             int32_t line,
+                             const char* function,
+                             const char* msg,
+                             int64_t param0,
+                             int64_t param1,
+                             int64_t param2) {
+    Exception<SizeT> e = {
+        .id = id,
+        .filename = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(filename), .len = __builtin_strlen(filename)},
+        .line = line,
+        .column = 0,
+        .function = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(function), .len = __builtin_strlen(function)},
+        .msg = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(msg), .len = __builtin_strlen(msg)},
+    };
+    e.params[0] = param0;
+    e.params[1] = param1;
+    e.params[2] = param2;
+    __nac3_raise(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&e));
+    __builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Raise an exception with location details (location in the IRRT source files).
+ * @param SizeT The runtime `size_t` type.
+ * @param id The ID of the exception to raise.
+ * @param msg A global constant C-string of the error message.
+ *
+ * `param0` to `param2` are optional format arguments of `msg`. They should be set to
+ * `NO_PARAM` to indicate they are unused.
+ */
+#define raise_exception(SizeT, id, msg, param0, param1, param2) \
+    _raise_exception_helper<SizeT>(id, __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__, msg, param0, param1, param2)
+}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/int_types.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 202000
+using int8_t = _BitInt(8);
+using uint8_t = unsigned _BitInt(8);
+using int32_t = _BitInt(32);
+using uint32_t = unsigned _BitInt(32);
+using int64_t = _BitInt(64);
+using uint64_t = unsigned _BitInt(64);
+#else
+using int8_t = _ExtInt(8);
+using uint8_t = unsigned _ExtInt(8);
+using int32_t = _ExtInt(32);
+using uint32_t = unsigned _ExtInt(32);
+using int64_t = _ExtInt(64);
+using uint64_t = unsigned _ExtInt(64);
+#endif
+
+// NDArray indices are always `uint32_t`.
+using NDIndex = uint32_t;
+// The type of an index or a value describing the length of a range/slice is always `int32_t`.
+using SliceIndex = int32_t;

nac3core/irrt/irrt/list.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include "irrt/math_util.hpp"
+
+extern "C" {
+// Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
+// both dest_step and src_step are +1.
+// - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
+// - The end index is *inclusive*,
+// - The length of src and dest slice size should already
+// be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
+SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
+                                             SliceIndex dest_end,
+                                             SliceIndex dest_step,
+                                             uint8_t* dest_arr,
+                                             SliceIndex dest_arr_len,
+                                             SliceIndex src_start,
+                                             SliceIndex src_end,
+                                             SliceIndex src_step,
+                                             uint8_t* src_arr,
+                                             SliceIndex src_arr_len,
+                                             const SliceIndex size) {
+    /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
+    if (dest_arr_len == 0)
+        return dest_arr_len;
+    /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
+    if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
+        const SliceIndex src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
+        const SliceIndex dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
+        if (src_len > 0) {
+            __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + dest_start * size, src_arr + src_start * size, src_len * size);
+        }
+        if (dest_len > 0) {
+            /* dropping */
+            __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size, dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                              (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
+        }
+        /* shrink size */
+        return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
+    }
+    /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
+    uint8_t need_alloca = (dest_arr == src_arr)
+                          && !(max(dest_start, dest_end) < min(src_start, src_end)
+                               || max(src_start, src_end) < min(dest_start, dest_end));
+    if (need_alloca) {
+        uint8_t* tmp = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(__builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size));
+        __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
+        src_arr = tmp;
+    }
+    SliceIndex src_ind = src_start;
+    SliceIndex dest_ind = dest_start;
+    for (; (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end); src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step) {
+        /* for constant optimization */
+        if (size == 1) {
+            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
+        } else if (size == 4) {
+            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
+        } else if (size == 8) {
+            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
+        } else {
+            /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
+            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
+        }
+    }
+    /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
+    /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
+    if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
+        __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                          (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
+        return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
+    }
+    return dest_arr_len;
+}
+}  // extern "C"

nac3core/irrt/irrt/math.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#pragma once
+
+namespace {
+// adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
+// need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
+template<typename T>
+T __nac3_int_exp_impl(T base, T exp) {
+    T res = 1;
+    /* repeated squaring method */
+    do {
+        if (exp & 1) {
+            res *= base; /* for n odd */
+        }
+        exp >>= 1;
+        base *= base;
+    } while (exp);
+    return res;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+#define DEF_nac3_int_exp_(T)                   \
+    T __nac3_int_exp_##T(T base, T exp) {      \
+        return __nac3_int_exp_impl(base, exp); \
+    }
+
+extern "C" {
+
+// Putting semicolons here to make clang-format not reformat this into
+// a stair shape.
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int32_t);
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int64_t);
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint32_t);
+DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint64_t);
+
+int32_t __nac3_isinf(double x) {
+    return __builtin_isinf(x);
+}
+
+int32_t __nac3_isnan(double x) {
+    return __builtin_isnan(x);
+}
+
+double tgamma(double arg);
+
+double __nac3_gamma(double z) {
+    // Handling for denormals
+    //     | x                 | Python gamma(x) | C tgamma(x) |
+    // --- | ----------------- | --------------- | ----------- |
+    // (1) | nan               | nan             | nan         |
+    // (2) | -inf              | -inf            | inf         |
+    // (3) | inf               | inf             | inf         |
+    // (4) | 0.0               | inf             | inf         |
+    // (5) | {-1.0, -2.0, ...} | inf             | nan         |
+
+    // (1)-(3)
+    if (__builtin_isinf(z) || __builtin_isnan(z)) {
+        return z;
+    }
+
+    double v = tgamma(z);
+
+    // (4)-(5)
+    return __builtin_isinf(v) || __builtin_isnan(v) ? __builtin_inf() : v;
+}
+
+double lgamma(double arg);
+
+double __nac3_gammaln(double x) {
+    // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+    // - scipy: gammaln(-inf) -> -inf
+    // - libm : lgamma(-inf) -> inf
+
+    if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+        return x;
+    }
+
+    return lgamma(x);
+}
+
+double j0(double x);
+
+double __nac3_j0(double x) {
+    // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+    // - scipy: j0(inf) -> nan
+    // - libm : j0(inf) -> 0.0
+
+    if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+        return __builtin_nan("");
+    }
+
+    return j0(x);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/math_util.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#pragma once
+
+namespace {
+template<typename T>
+const T& max(const T& a, const T& b) {
+    return a > b ? a : b;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+const T& min(const T& a, const T& b) {
+    return a > b ? b : a;
+}
+}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+template<typename SizeT>
+SizeT __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(const SizeT* list_data, SizeT list_len, SizeT begin_idx, SizeT end_idx) {
+    __builtin_assume(end_idx <= list_len);
+
+    SizeT num_elems = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = begin_idx; i < end_idx; ++i) {
+        SizeT val = list_data[i];
+        __builtin_assume(val > 0);
+        num_elems *= val;
+    }
+    return num_elems;
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(SizeT index, const SizeT* dims, SizeT num_dims, NDIndex* idxs) {
+    SizeT stride = 1;
+    for (SizeT dim = 0; dim < num_dims; dim++) {
+        SizeT i = num_dims - dim - 1;
+        __builtin_assume(dims[i] > 0);
+        idxs[i] = (index / stride) % dims[i];
+        stride *= dims[i];
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+SizeT __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(const SizeT* dims, SizeT num_dims, const NDIndex* indices, SizeT num_indices) {
+    SizeT idx = 0;
+    SizeT stride = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_dims; ++i) {
+        SizeT ri = num_dims - i - 1;
+        if (ri < num_indices) {
+            idx += stride * indices[ri];
+        }
+
+        __builtin_assume(dims[i] > 0);
+        stride *= dims[ri];
+    }
+    return idx;
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(const SizeT* lhs_dims,
+                                        SizeT lhs_ndims,
+                                        const SizeT* rhs_dims,
+                                        SizeT rhs_ndims,
+                                        SizeT* out_dims) {
+    SizeT max_ndims = lhs_ndims > rhs_ndims ? lhs_ndims : rhs_ndims;
+
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < max_ndims; ++i) {
+        const SizeT* lhs_dim_sz = i < lhs_ndims ? &lhs_dims[lhs_ndims - i - 1] : nullptr;
+        const SizeT* rhs_dim_sz = i < rhs_ndims ? &rhs_dims[rhs_ndims - i - 1] : nullptr;
+        SizeT* out_dim = &out_dims[max_ndims - i - 1];
+
+        if (lhs_dim_sz == nullptr) {
+            *out_dim = *rhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (rhs_dim_sz == nullptr) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*lhs_dim_sz == 1) {
+            *out_dim = *rhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*rhs_dim_sz == 1) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*lhs_dim_sz == *rhs_dim_sz) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else {
+            __builtin_unreachable();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(const SizeT* src_dims,
+                                            SizeT src_ndims,
+                                            const NDIndex* in_idx,
+                                            NDIndex* out_idx) {
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < src_ndims; ++i) {
+        SizeT src_i = src_ndims - i - 1;
+        out_idx[src_i] = src_dims[src_i] == 1 ? 0 : in_idx[src_i];
+    }
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_calc_size(const uint32_t* list_data, uint32_t list_len, uint32_t begin_idx, uint32_t end_idx) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(list_data, list_len, begin_idx, end_idx);
+}
+
+uint64_t
+__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64(const uint64_t* list_data, uint64_t list_len, uint64_t begin_idx, uint64_t end_idx) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(list_data, list_len, begin_idx, end_idx);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices(uint32_t index, const uint32_t* dims, uint32_t num_dims, NDIndex* idxs) {
+    __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(index, dims, num_dims, idxs);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64(uint64_t index, const uint64_t* dims, uint64_t num_dims, NDIndex* idxs) {
+    __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(index, dims, num_dims, idxs);
+}
+
+uint32_t
+__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index(const uint32_t* dims, uint32_t num_dims, const NDIndex* indices, uint32_t num_indices) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(dims, num_dims, indices, num_indices);
+}
+
+uint64_t
+__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64(const uint64_t* dims, uint64_t num_dims, const NDIndex* indices, uint64_t num_indices) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(dims, num_dims, indices, num_indices);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast(const uint32_t* lhs_dims,
+                                   uint32_t lhs_ndims,
+                                   const uint32_t* rhs_dims,
+                                   uint32_t rhs_ndims,
+                                   uint32_t* out_dims) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(lhs_dims, lhs_ndims, rhs_dims, rhs_ndims, out_dims);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64(const uint64_t* lhs_dims,
+                                     uint64_t lhs_ndims,
+                                     const uint64_t* rhs_dims,
+                                     uint64_t rhs_ndims,
+                                     uint64_t* out_dims) {
+    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(lhs_dims, lhs_ndims, rhs_dims, rhs_ndims, out_dims);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx(const uint32_t* src_dims,
+                                       uint32_t src_ndims,
+                                       const NDIndex* in_idx,
+                                       NDIndex* out_idx) {
+    __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64(const uint64_t* src_dims,
+                                         uint64_t src_ndims,
+                                         const NDIndex* in_idx,
+                                         NDIndex* out_idx) {
+    __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/slice.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+
+extern "C" {
+SliceIndex __nac3_slice_index_bound(SliceIndex i, const SliceIndex len) {
+    if (i < 0) {
+        i = len + i;
+    }
+    if (i < 0) {
+        return 0;
+    } else if (i > len) {
+        return len;
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+SliceIndex __nac3_range_slice_len(const SliceIndex start, const SliceIndex end, const SliceIndex step) {
+    SliceIndex diff = end - start;
+    if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
+        return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
+    } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
+        return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
+    } else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/concrete_type.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
+
 use crate::{
     symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
     toplevel::DefinitionId,
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+        typedef::{
+            into_var_map, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVar, TypeVarId, Unifier,
+        },
     },
 };
 
-use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
 pub struct ConcreteTypeStore {
     store: Vec<ConcreteTypeEnum>,
 }
@@ -22,6 +27,7 @@ pub struct ConcreteFuncArg {
     pub name: StrRef,
     pub ty: ConcreteType,
     pub default_value: Option<SymbolValue>,
+    pub is_vararg: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@@ -43,14 +49,12 @@ pub enum ConcreteTypeEnum {
     TPrimitive(Primitive),
     TTuple {
         ty: Vec<ConcreteType>,
-    },
-    TList {
-        ty: ConcreteType,
+        is_vararg_ctx: bool,
     },
     TObj {
         obj_id: DefinitionId,
         fields: HashMap<StrRef, (ConcreteType, bool)>,
-        params: HashMap<u32, ConcreteType>,
+        params: IndexMap<TypeVarId, ConcreteType>,
     },
     TVirtual {
         ty: ConcreteType,
@@ -58,11 +62,15 @@ pub enum ConcreteTypeEnum {
     TFunc {
         args: Vec<ConcreteFuncArg>,
         ret: ConcreteType,
-        vars: HashMap<u32, ConcreteType>,
+        vars: HashMap<TypeVarId, ConcreteType>,
+    },
+    TLiteral {
+        values: Vec<SymbolValue>,
     },
 }
 
 impl ConcreteTypeStore {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> ConcreteTypeStore {
         ConcreteTypeStore {
             store: vec![
@@ -80,6 +88,7 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
         }
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn get(&self, cty: ConcreteType) -> &ConcreteTypeEnum {
         &self.store[cty.0]
     }
@@ -97,8 +106,16 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                 .iter()
                 .map(|arg| ConcreteFuncArg {
                     name: arg.name,
-                    ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache),
+                    ty: if arg.is_vararg {
+                        let tuple_ty = unifier
+                            .add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![arg.ty], is_vararg_ctx: true });
+
+                        self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, tuple_ty, cache)
+                    } else {
+                        self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache)
+                    },
                     default_value: arg.default_value.clone(),
+                    is_vararg: arg.is_vararg,
                 })
                 .collect(),
             ret: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, signature.ret, cache),
@@ -153,14 +170,12 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
             cache.insert(ty, None);
             let ty_enum = unifier.get_ty(ty);
             let result = match &*ty_enum {
-                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple {
+                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple {
                     ty: ty
                         .iter()
                         .map(|t| self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *t, cache))
                         .collect(),
-                },
-                TypeEnum::TList { ty } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TList {
-                    ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache),
+                    is_vararg_ctx: *is_vararg_ctx,
                 },
                 TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TObj {
                     obj_id: *obj_id,
@@ -194,9 +209,12 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                     ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache),
                 },
                 TypeEnum::TFunc(signature) => {
-                    self.from_signature(unifier, primitives, &*signature, cache)
+                    self.from_signature(unifier, primitives, signature, cache)
                 }
-                _ => unreachable!(),
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                    ConcreteTypeEnum::TLiteral { values: values.clone() }
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!("{:?}", ty_enum.get_type_name()),
             };
             let index = if let Some(ConcreteType(index)) = cache.get(&ty).unwrap() {
                 self.store[*index] = result;
@@ -221,7 +239,7 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
             return if let Some(ty) = ty {
                 *ty
             } else {
-                *ty = Some(unifier.get_dummy_var().0);
+                *ty = Some(unifier.get_dummy_var().ty);
                 ty.unwrap()
             };
         }
@@ -243,15 +261,13 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                 *cache.get_mut(&cty).unwrap() = Some(ty);
                 return ty;
             }
-            ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => TypeEnum::TTuple {
+            ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => TypeEnum::TTuple {
                 ty: ty
                     .iter()
                     .map(|cty| self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache))
                     .collect(),
+                is_vararg_ctx: *is_vararg_ctx,
             },
-            ConcreteTypeEnum::TList { ty } => {
-                TypeEnum::TList { ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache) }
-            }
             ConcreteTypeEnum::TVirtual { ty } => {
                 TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache) }
             }
@@ -263,10 +279,10 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                         (*name, (self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, cty.0, cache), cty.1))
                     })
                     .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-                params: params
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|(id, cty)| (*id, self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache)))
-                    .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                params: into_var_map(params.iter().map(|(&id, cty)| {
+                    let ty = self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache);
+                    TypeVar { id, ty }
+                })),
             },
             ConcreteTypeEnum::TFunc { args, ret, vars } => TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: args
@@ -275,14 +291,18 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                         name: arg.name,
                         ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache),
                         default_value: arg.default_value.clone(),
+                        is_vararg: false,
                     })
                     .collect(),
                 ret: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ret, cache),
-                vars: vars
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|(id, cty)| (*id, self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache)))
-                    .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                vars: into_var_map(vars.iter().map(|(&id, cty)| {
+                    let ty = self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache);
+                    TypeVar { id, ty }
+                })),
             }),
+            ConcreteTypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values: values.clone(), loc: None }
+            }
         };
         let result = unifier.add_ty(result);
         if let Some(ty) = cache.get(&cty).unwrap() {

nac3core/src/codegen/extern_fns.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+
+/// Macro to generate extern function
+/// Both function return type and function parameter type are `FloatValue`
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `unary/binary`: Whether the extern function requires one (unary) or two (binary) operands
+/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
+/// * `$extern_fn:literal`: Name of underlying extern function
+///
+/// Optional Arguments:
+/// * `$(,$attributes:literal)*)`: Attributes linked with the extern function.
+///   The default attributes are "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", and "writeonly".
+///   These will be used unless other attributes are specified
+/// * `$(,$args:ident)*`: Operands of the extern function
+///   The data type of these operands will be set to `FloatValue`
+///  
+macro_rules! generate_extern_fn {
+    ("unary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg, "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly");
+    };
+    ("unary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg $(,$attributes)*);
+    };
+    ("binary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg1, arg2, "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly");
+    };
+    ("binary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg1, arg2 $(,$attributes)*);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$args:ident)* $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($extern_fn), "`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/math/", stringify!($llvm_name), ") function." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx>(
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>
+            $(,$args: FloatValue<'ctx>)*,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            const FN_NAME: &str = $extern_fn;
+
+            let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+            $(debug_assert_eq!($args.get_type(), llvm_f64);)*
+
+            let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[$($args.get_type().into()),*], false);
+                let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+                for attr in [$($attributes),*] {
+                    func.add_attribute(
+                        AttributeLoc::Function,
+                        ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+                    );
+                }
+                func
+            });
+
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_call(extern_fn, &[$($args.into()),*], name.unwrap_or_default())
+                .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+                .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+                .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_tan, "tan");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_asin, "asin");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_acos, "acos");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_atan, "atan");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_sinh, "sinh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_cosh, "cosh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_tanh, "tanh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_asinh, "asinh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_acosh, "acosh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_atanh, "atanh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_expm1, "expm1");
+generate_extern_fn!(
+    "unary",
+    call_cbrt,
+    "cbrt",
+    "mustprogress",
+    "nofree",
+    "nosync",
+    "nounwind",
+    "readonly",
+    "willreturn"
+);
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_erf, "erf", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_erfc, "erfc", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_j1, "j1", "nounwind");
+
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_atan2, "atan2");
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_hypot, "hypot", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_nextafter, "nextafter", "nounwind");
+
+/// Invokes the [`ldexp`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/math/ldexp) function.
+pub fn call_ldexp<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    arg: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+    exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "ldexp";
+
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    debug_assert_eq!(arg.get_type(), llvm_f64);
+    debug_assert_eq!(exp.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+
+    let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into(), llvm_i32.into()], false);
+        let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+        for attr in ["mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn"] {
+            func.add_attribute(
+                AttributeLoc::Function,
+                ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+            );
+        }
+
+        func
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(extern_fn, &[arg.into(), exp.into()], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Macro to generate `np_linalg` and `sp_linalg` functions
+/// The function takes as input `NDArray` and returns ()
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
+/// * `$extern_fn:literal`: Name of underlying extern function
+/// * (2/3/4): Number of `NDArray` that function takes as input
+///
+/// Note:
+/// The operands and resulting `NDArray` are both passed as input to the funcion
+/// It is the responsibility of caller to ensure that output `NDArray` is properly allocated on stack
+/// The function changes the content of the output `NDArray` in-place
+macro_rules! generate_linalg_extern_fn {
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 2) => {
+        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 3) => {
+        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2, mat3);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 4) => {
+        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2, mat3, mat4);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$input_matrix:ident)*) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the linalg `", stringify!($extern_fn), " function." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx>(
+            ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>
+            $(,$input_matrix: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>)*,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ){
+            const FN_NAME: &str = $extern_fn;
+            let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let fn_type = ctx.ctx.void_type().fn_type(&[$($input_matrix.get_type().into()),*], false);
+
+                let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+                for attr in ["mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly"] {
+                    func.add_attribute(
+                        AttributeLoc::Function,
+                        ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+                    );
+                }
+                func
+            });
+
+            ctx.builder.build_call(extern_fn, &[$($input_matrix.into(),)*], name.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap();
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_cholesky, "np_linalg_cholesky", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_qr, "np_linalg_qr", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_svd, "np_linalg_svd", 4);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_inv, "np_linalg_inv", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_pinv, "np_linalg_pinv", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_matrix_power, "np_linalg_matrix_power", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_det, "np_linalg_det", 2);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_lu, "sp_linalg_lu", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_schur, "sp_linalg_schur", 3);
+generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_hessenberg, "sp_linalg_hessenberg", 3);

nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+};
+
+use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Stmt, StrRef};
+
 use crate::{
-    codegen::{expr::*, stmt::*, CodeGenContext},
+    codegen::{bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, classes::ArraySliceValue, expr::*, stmt::*, CodeGenContext},
     symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
     toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
     typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},
 };
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, PointerValue},
-};
-use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Stmt, StrRef};
 
 pub trait CodeGenerator {
     /// Return the module name for the code generator.
@@ -22,9 +24,9 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     /// - fun: Function signature and definition ID.
     /// - params: Function parameters. Note that this does not include the object even if the
     ///   function is a class method.
-    fn gen_call<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_call<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
         fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
         params: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
@@ -36,12 +38,12 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     }
 
     /// Generate object constructor and returns the constructed object.
-    /// - signature: Function signature of the contructor.
+    /// - signature: Function signature of the constructor.
     /// - def: Class definition for the constructor class.
     /// - params: Function parameters.
-    fn gen_constructor<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_constructor<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         signature: &FunSignature,
         def: &TopLevelDef,
         params: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
@@ -57,22 +59,23 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     /// - fun: Function signature, definition ID and the substitution key.
     /// - params: Function parameters. Note that this does not include the object even if the
     ///   function is a class method.
+    ///
     /// Note that this function should check if the function is generated in another thread (due to
     /// possible race condition), see the default implementation for an example.
-    fn gen_func_instance<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_func_instance<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
         fun: (&FunSignature, &mut TopLevelDef, String),
         id: usize,
     ) -> Result<String, String> {
-        gen_func_instance(ctx, obj, fun, id)
+        gen_func_instance(ctx, &obj, fun, id)
     }
 
     /// Generate the code for an expression.
-    fn gen_expr<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_expr<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>, String>
     where
@@ -83,44 +86,92 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
 
     /// Allocate memory for a variable and return a pointer pointing to it.
     /// The default implementation places the allocations at the start of the function.
-    fn gen_var_alloc<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_var_alloc<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String> {
-        gen_var(ctx, ty)
+        gen_var(ctx, ty, name)
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate memory for a variable and return a pointer pointing to it.
+    /// The default implementation places the allocations at the start of the function.
+    fn gen_array_var_alloc<'ctx>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Result<ArraySliceValue<'ctx>, String> {
+        gen_array_var(ctx, ty, size, name)
     }
 
     /// Return a pointer pointing to the target of the expression.
-    fn gen_store_target<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_store_target<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         pattern: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-    ) -> Result<PointerValue<'ctx>, String>
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<PointerValue<'ctx>>, String>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        gen_store_target(self, ctx, pattern)
+        gen_store_target(self, ctx, pattern, name)
     }
 
     /// Generate code for an assignment expression.
-    fn gen_assign<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_assign<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         target: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
         value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        value_ty: Type,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        gen_assign(self, ctx, target, value)
+        gen_assign(self, ctx, target, value, value_ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Generate code for an assignment expression where LHS is a `"target_list"`.
+    ///
+    /// See <https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements>.
+    fn gen_assign_target_list<'ctx>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        targets: &Vec<Expr<Option<Type>>>,
+        value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        value_ty: Type,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        gen_assign_target_list(self, ctx, targets, value, value_ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Generate code for an item assignment.
+    ///
+    /// i.e., `target[key] = value`
+    fn gen_setitem<'ctx>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        target: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
+        key: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
+        value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        value_ty: Type,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        gen_setitem(self, ctx, target, key, value, value_ty)
     }
 
     /// Generate code for a while expression.
     /// Return true if the while loop must early return
-    fn gen_while<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_while(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -129,11 +180,11 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
         gen_while(self, ctx, stmt)
     }
 
-    /// Generate code for a while expression.
-    /// Return true if the while loop must early return
-    fn gen_for<'ctx, 'a>(
+    /// Generate code for a for expression.
+    /// Return true if the for loop must early return
+    fn gen_for(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -144,9 +195,9 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
 
     /// Generate code for an if expression.
     /// Return true if the statement must early return
-    fn gen_if<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_if(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -155,9 +206,9 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
         gen_if(self, ctx, stmt)
     }
 
-    fn gen_with<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_with(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -167,10 +218,11 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     }
 
     /// Generate code for a statement
+    ///
     /// Return true if the statement must early return
-    fn gen_stmt<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn gen_stmt(
         &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String>
     where
@@ -178,6 +230,36 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     {
         gen_stmt(self, ctx, stmt)
     }
+
+    /// Generates code for a block statement.
+    fn gen_block<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a Stmt<Option<Type>>>>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
+        stmts: I,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        gen_block(self, ctx, stmts)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`bool_to_i1`].
+    fn bool_to_i1<'ctx>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        bool_to_i1(&ctx.builder, bool_value)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`bool_to_i8`].
+    fn bool_to_i8<'ctx>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        bool_to_i8(&ctx.builder, ctx.ctx, bool_value)
+    }
 }
 
 pub struct DefaultCodeGenerator {
@@ -186,17 +268,20 @@ pub struct DefaultCodeGenerator {
 }
 
 impl DefaultCodeGenerator {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(name: String, size_t: u32) -> DefaultCodeGenerator {
-        assert!(size_t == 32 || size_t == 64);
+        assert!(matches!(size_t, 32 | 64));
         DefaultCodeGenerator { name, size_t }
     }
 }
 
 impl CodeGenerator for DefaultCodeGenerator {
+    /// Returns the name for this [`CodeGenerator`].
     fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
     }
 
+    /// Returns an LLVM integer type representing `size_t`.
     fn get_size_type<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx> {
         // it should be unsigned, but we don't really need unsigned and this could save us from
         // having to do a bit cast...

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/irrt.c

@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-typedef _ExtInt(8) int8_t;
-typedef unsigned _ExtInt(8) uint8_t;
-typedef _ExtInt(32) int32_t;
-typedef unsigned _ExtInt(32) uint32_t;
-typedef _ExtInt(64) int64_t;
-typedef unsigned _ExtInt(64) uint64_t;
-
-# define MAX(a, b) (a > b ? a : b)
-# define MIN(a, b) (a > b ? b : a)
-
-// adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
-// need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
-#define DEF_INT_EXP(T) T __nac3_int_exp_##T( \
-    T base, \
-    T exp \
-) { \
-    T res = (T)1; \
-    /* repeated squaring method */ \
-    do { \
-       if (exp & 1) res *= base;  /* for n odd */ \
-       exp >>= 1; \
-       base *= base; \
-    } while (exp); \
-    return res; \
-} \
-
-DEF_INT_EXP(int32_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(int64_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(uint32_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(uint64_t)
-
-
-int32_t __nac3_slice_index_bound(int32_t i, const int32_t len) {
-    if (i < 0) {
-        i = len + i;
-    }
-    if (i < 0) {
-        return 0;
-    } else if (i > len) {
-        return len;
-    }
-    return i;
-}
-
-int32_t __nac3_range_slice_len(const int32_t start, const int32_t end, const int32_t step) {
-    int32_t diff = end - start;
-    if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
-        return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
-    } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
-        return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
-    } else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-// Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
-// both dest_step and src_step are +1.
-// - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
-// - The end index is *inclusive*,
-// - The length of src and dest slice size should already
-// be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
-int32_t __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(
-    int32_t dest_start,
-    int32_t dest_end,
-    int32_t dest_step,
-    uint8_t *dest_arr,
-    int32_t dest_arr_len,
-    int32_t src_start,
-    int32_t src_end,
-    int32_t src_step,
-    uint8_t *src_arr,
-    int32_t src_arr_len,
-    const int32_t size
-) {
-    /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
-    if (dest_arr_len == 0) return dest_arr_len;
-    /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
-    if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
-        const int32_t src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
-        const int32_t dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
-        if (src_len > 0) {
-            __builtin_memmove(
-                dest_arr + dest_start * size,
-                src_arr + src_start * size,
-                src_len * size
-            );
-        }
-        if (dest_len > 0) {
-            /* dropping */
-            __builtin_memmove(
-                dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size,
-                dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
-                (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
-            );
-        }
-        /* shrink size */
-        return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
-    }
-    /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
-    uint8_t need_alloca =
-        (dest_arr == src_arr)
-        && !(
-            MAX(dest_start, dest_end) < MIN(src_start, src_end)
-            || MAX(src_start, src_end) < MIN(dest_start, dest_end)
-        );
-    if (need_alloca) {
-        uint8_t *tmp = __builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size);
-        __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
-        src_arr = tmp;
-    }
-    int32_t src_ind = src_start;
-    int32_t dest_ind = dest_start;
-    for (;
-        (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end);
-        src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step
-    ) {
-        /* for constant optimization */
-        if (size == 1) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
-        } else if (size == 4) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
-        } else if (size == 8) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
-        } else {
-            /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
-        }
-    }
-    /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
-    /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
-    if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
-        __builtin_memmove(
-            dest_arr + dest_ind * size,
-            dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
-            (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
-        );
-        return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
-    }
-    return dest_arr_len;
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::Type;
-
-use super::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
 use inkwell::{
     attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
     context::Context,
     memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
     module::Module,
-    types::BasicTypeEnum,
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
     AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
 };
+use itertools::Either;
+
 use nac3parser::ast::Expr;
 
-pub fn load_irrt(ctx: &Context) -> Module {
+use super::{
+    classes::{
+        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayValue,
+        TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeAdapter, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+    },
+    llvm_intrinsics,
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+use crate::{symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver, typecheck::typedef::Type};
+
+#[must_use]
+pub fn load_irrt<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, symbol_resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver) -> Module<'ctx> {
     let bitcode_buf = MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(
         include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/irrt.bc")),
         "irrt_bitcode_buffer",
@@ -28,14 +40,33 @@ pub fn load_irrt(ctx: &Context) -> Module {
         let function = irrt_mod.get_function(symbol).unwrap();
         function.add_attribute(AttributeLoc::Function, ctx.create_enum_attribute(inline_attr, 0));
     }
+
+    // Initialize all global `EXN_*` exception IDs in IRRT with the [`SymbolResolver`].
+    let exn_id_type = ctx.i32_type();
+    let errors = &[
+        ("EXN_INDEX_ERROR", "0:IndexError"),
+        ("EXN_VALUE_ERROR", "0:ValueError"),
+        ("EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR", "0:AssertionError"),
+        ("EXN_TYPE_ERROR", "0:TypeError"),
+    ];
+    for (irrt_name, symbol_name) in errors {
+        let exn_id = symbol_resolver.get_string_id(symbol_name);
+        let exn_id = exn_id_type.const_int(exn_id as u64, false).as_basic_value_enum();
+
+        let global = irrt_mod.get_global(irrt_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!("Exception symbol name '{irrt_name}' should exist in the IRRT LLVM module")
+        });
+        global.set_initializer(&exn_id);
+    }
+
     irrt_mod
 }
 
 // repeated squaring method adapted from GNU Scientific Library:
 // https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
-pub fn integer_power<'ctx, 'a>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+pub fn integer_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     base: IntValue<'ctx>,
     exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
     signed: bool,
@@ -45,7 +76,7 @@ pub fn integer_power<'ctx, 'a>(
         (64, 64, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int64_t",
         (32, 32, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint32_t",
         (64, 64, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint64_t",
-        _ => unreachable!(),
+        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
     };
     let base_type = base.get_type();
     let pow_fun = ctx.module.get_function(symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
@@ -53,12 +84,15 @@ pub fn integer_power<'ctx, 'a>(
         ctx.module.add_function(symbol, fn_type, None)
     });
     // throw exception when exp < 0
-    let ge_zero = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+    let ge_zero = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(
             IntPredicate::SGE,
             exp,
             exp.get_type().const_zero(),
             "assert_int_pow_ge_0",
-    );
+        )
+        .unwrap();
     ctx.make_assert(
         generator,
         ge_zero,
@@ -69,14 +103,15 @@ pub fn integer_power<'ctx, 'a>(
     );
     ctx.builder
         .build_call(pow_fun, &[base.into(), exp.into()], "call_int_pow")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
-        .unwrap_left()
-        .into_int_value()
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
 }
 
-pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, 'a>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     start: IntValue<'ctx>,
     end: IntValue<'ctx>,
     step: IntValue<'ctx>,
@@ -89,12 +124,10 @@ pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, 'a>(
     });
 
     // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
-    let not_zero = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-        IntPredicate::NE,
-        step,
-        step.get_type().const_zero(),
-        "range_step_ne",
-    );
+    let not_zero = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, step, step.get_type().const_zero(), "range_step_ne")
+        .unwrap();
     ctx.make_assert(
         generator,
         not_zero,
@@ -105,10 +138,10 @@ pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, 'a>(
     );
     ctx.builder
         .build_call(len_func, &[start.into(), end.into(), step.into()], "calc_len")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
-        .left()
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
         .unwrap()
-        .into_int_value()
 }
 
 /// NOTE: the output value of the end index of this function should be compared ***inclusively***,
@@ -151,47 +184,57 @@ pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, 'a>(
 ///             ,step
 ///         )
 /// ```
-pub fn handle_slice_indices<'a, 'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
+pub fn handle_slice_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
     start: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
     end: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
     step: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     generator: &mut G,
-    list: PointerValue<'ctx>,
-) -> Result<(IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>), String> {
+    length: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> Result<Option<(IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>)>, String> {
     let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
     let zero = int32.const_zero();
     let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
-    let length = ctx.build_gep_and_load(list, &[zero, one]).into_int_value();
-    let length = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(length, int32, "leni32");
-    Ok(match (start, end, step) {
+    let length = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(length, int32, "leni32").unwrap();
+    Ok(Some(match (start, end, step) {
         (s, e, None) => (
-            s.as_ref().map_or_else(
-                || Ok(int32.const_zero()),
-                |s| handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length),
-            )?,
+            if let Some(s) = s.as_ref() {
+                match handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)? {
+                    Some(v) => v,
+                    None => return Ok(None),
+                }
+            } else {
+                int32.const_zero()
+            },
             {
-                let e = e.as_ref().map_or_else(
-                    || Ok(length),
-                    |e| handle_slice_index_bound(e, ctx, generator, length),
-                )?;
-                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "final_end")
+                let e = if let Some(s) = e.as_ref() {
+                    match handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)? {
+                        Some(v) => v,
+                        None => return Ok(None),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    length
+                };
+                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "final_end").unwrap()
             },
             one,
         ),
         (s, e, Some(step)) => {
-            let step = generator
-                .gen_expr(ctx, step)?
-                .unwrap()
-                .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?
-                .into_int_value();
+            let step = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, step)? {
+                v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ctx.primitives.int32)?.into_int_value()
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            };
             // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
-            let not_zero = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+            let not_zero = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(
                     IntPredicate::NE,
                     step,
                     step.get_type().const_zero(),
                     "range_step_ne",
-            );
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             ctx.make_assert(
                 generator,
                 not_zero,
@@ -200,60 +243,81 @@ pub fn handle_slice_indices<'a, 'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 [None, None, None],
                 ctx.current_loc,
             );
-            let len_id = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(length, one, "lenmin1");
-            let neg = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, step, zero, "step_is_neg");
+            let len_id = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(length, one, "lenmin1").unwrap();
+            let neg = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, step, zero, "step_is_neg")
+                .unwrap();
             (
                 match s {
                     Some(s) => {
-                        let s = handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)?;
+                        let Some(s) = handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)? else {
+                            return Ok(None);
+                        };
                         ctx.builder
                             .build_select(
-                                ctx.builder.build_and(
-                                    ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+                                ctx.builder
+                                    .build_and(
+                                        ctx.builder
+                                            .build_int_compare(
                                                 IntPredicate::EQ,
                                                 s,
                                                 length,
                                                 "s_eq_len",
-                                    ),
+                                            )
+                                            .unwrap(),
                                         neg,
                                         "should_minus_one",
-                                ),
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(s, one, "s_min"),
+                                    )
+                                    .unwrap(),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(s, one, "s_min").unwrap(),
                                 s,
                                 "final_start",
                             )
-                            .into_int_value()
+                            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                            .unwrap()
                     }
-                    None => ctx.builder.build_select(neg, len_id, zero, "stt").into_int_value(),
+                    None => ctx
+                        .builder
+                        .build_select(neg, len_id, zero, "stt")
+                        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                        .unwrap(),
                 },
                 match e {
                     Some(e) => {
-                        let e = handle_slice_index_bound(e, ctx, generator, length)?;
+                        let Some(e) = handle_slice_index_bound(e, ctx, generator, length)? else {
+                            return Ok(None);
+                        };
                         ctx.builder
                             .build_select(
                                 neg,
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_add(e, one, "end_add_one"),
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "end_sub_one"),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_add(e, one, "end_add_one").unwrap(),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "end_sub_one").unwrap(),
                                 "final_end",
                             )
-                            .into_int_value()
+                            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                            .unwrap()
                     }
-                    None => ctx.builder.build_select(neg, zero, len_id, "end").into_int_value(),
+                    None => ctx
+                        .builder
+                        .build_select(neg, zero, len_id, "end")
+                        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                        .unwrap(),
                 },
                 step,
             )
         }
-    })
+    }))
 }
 
 /// this function allows index out of range, since python
 /// allows index out of range in slice (`a = [1,2,3]; a[1:10] == [2,3]`).
-pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'a, 'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
+pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
     i: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     generator: &mut G,
     length: IntValue<'ctx>,
-) -> Result<IntValue<'ctx>, String> {
+) -> Result<Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, String> {
     const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_slice_index_bound";
     let func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
         let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
@@ -261,30 +325,35 @@ pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'a, 'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
         ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
     });
 
-    let i = generator.gen_expr(ctx, i)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?;
-    Ok(ctx
-        .builder
+    let i = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, i)? {
+        v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, i.custom.unwrap())?
+    } else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    Ok(Some(
+        ctx.builder
             .build_call(func, &[i.into(), length.into()], "bounded_ind")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
-        .left()
-        .unwrap()
-        .into_int_value())
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap(),
+    ))
 }
 
 /// This function handles 'end' **inclusively**.
-/// Order of tuples assign_idx and value_idx is ('start', 'end', 'step').
+/// Order of tuples `assign_idx` and `value_idx` is ('start', 'end', 'step').
 /// Negative index should be handled before entering this function
-pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, 'a>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
-    dest_arr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    dest_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
     dest_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
-    src_arr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
     src_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
 ) {
     let size_ty = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let int8_ptr = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic);
+    let int8_ptr = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
     let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
     let (fun_symbol, elem_ptr_type) = ("__nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size", int8_ptr);
     let slice_assign_fun = {
@@ -309,76 +378,63 @@ pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, 'a>(
 
     let zero = int32.const_zero();
     let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
-    let dest_arr_ptr = ctx.build_gep_and_load(dest_arr, &[zero, zero]);
-    let dest_arr_ptr = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(
-        dest_arr_ptr.into_pointer_value(),
-        elem_ptr_type,
-        "dest_arr_ptr_cast",
-    );
-    let dest_len = ctx.build_gep_and_load(dest_arr, &[zero, one]).into_int_value();
-    let dest_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(dest_len, int32, "srclen32");
-    let src_arr_ptr = ctx.build_gep_and_load(src_arr, &[zero, zero]);
-    let src_arr_ptr = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(
-        src_arr_ptr.into_pointer_value(),
-        elem_ptr_type,
-        "src_arr_ptr_cast",
-    );
-    let src_len = ctx.build_gep_and_load(src_arr, &[zero, one]).into_int_value();
-    let src_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(src_len, int32, "srclen32");
+    let dest_arr_ptr = dest_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let dest_arr_ptr =
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(dest_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "dest_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
+    let dest_len = dest_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("dest.len"));
+    let dest_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(dest_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
+    let src_arr_ptr = src_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let src_arr_ptr =
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(src_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "src_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
+    let src_len = src_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("src.len"));
+    let src_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(src_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
 
     // index in bound and positive should be done
     // assert if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest), and
     // throw exception if not satisfied
-    let src_end = ctx.builder
+    let src_end = ctx
+        .builder
         .build_select(
-            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-                inkwell::IntPredicate::SLT,
-                src_idx.2,
-                zero,
-                "is_neg",
-            ),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(src_idx.1, one, "e_min_one"),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_add(src_idx.1, one, "e_add_one"),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(src_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(src_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
             "final_e",
         )
-        .into_int_value();
-    let dest_end = ctx.builder
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
+    let dest_end = ctx
+        .builder
         .build_select(
-            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-                inkwell::IntPredicate::SLT,
-                dest_idx.2,
-                zero,
-                "is_neg",
-            ),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(dest_idx.1, one, "e_min_one"),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_add(dest_idx.1, one, "e_add_one"),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, dest_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(dest_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(dest_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
             "final_e",
         )
-        .into_int_value();
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
     let src_slice_len =
         calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, src_idx.0, src_end, src_idx.2);
     let dest_slice_len =
         calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, dest_idx.0, dest_end, dest_idx.2);
-    let src_eq_dest = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-        IntPredicate::EQ,
-        src_slice_len,
-        dest_slice_len,
-        "slice_src_eq_dest",
-    );
-    let src_slt_dest = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
-        IntPredicate::SLT,
-        src_slice_len,
-        dest_slice_len,
-        "slice_src_slt_dest",
-    );
-    let dest_step_eq_one = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+    let src_eq_dest = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_eq_dest")
+        .unwrap();
+    let src_slt_dest = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_slt_dest")
+        .unwrap();
+    let dest_step_eq_one = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(
             IntPredicate::EQ,
             dest_idx.2,
             dest_idx.2.get_type().const_int(1, false),
             "slice_dest_step_eq_one",
-    );
-    let cond_1 = ctx.builder.build_and(dest_step_eq_one, src_slt_dest, "slice_cond_1");
-    let cond = ctx.builder.build_or(src_eq_dest, cond_1, "slice_cond");
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    let cond_1 = ctx.builder.build_and(dest_step_eq_one, src_slt_dest, "slice_cond_1").unwrap();
+    let cond = ctx.builder.build_or(src_eq_dest, cond_1, "slice_cond").unwrap();
     ctx.make_assert(
         generator,
         cond,
@@ -406,29 +462,491 @@ pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, 'a>(
                     BasicTypeEnum::IntType(t) => t.size_of(),
                     BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(t) => t.size_of(),
                     BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => t.size_of().unwrap(),
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
                 };
-                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size")
+                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size").unwrap()
             }
             .into(),
         ];
         ctx.builder
             .build_call(slice_assign_fun, args.as_slice(), "slice_assign")
-            .try_as_basic_value()
-            .unwrap_left()
-            .into_int_value()
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap()
     };
     // update length
     let need_update =
-        ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, new_len, dest_len, "need_update");
+        ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, new_len, dest_len, "need_update").unwrap();
     let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();
     let update_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "update");
     let cont_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "cont");
-    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(need_update, update_bb, cont_bb);
+    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(need_update, update_bb, cont_bb).unwrap();
     ctx.builder.position_at_end(update_bb);
-    let dest_len_ptr = unsafe { ctx.builder.build_gep(dest_arr, &[zero, one], "dest_len_ptr") };
-    let new_len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, size_ty, "new_len");
-    ctx.builder.build_store(dest_len_ptr, new_len);
-    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb);
+    let new_len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, size_ty, "new_len").unwrap();
+    dest_arr.store_size(ctx, generator, new_len);
+    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
     ctx.builder.position_at_end(cont_bb);
 }
+
+/// Generates a call to `isinf` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
+pub fn call_isinf<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isinf").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type().fn_type(&[ctx.ctx.f64_type().into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isinf", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isinf")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `isnan` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
+pub fn call_isnan<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isnan").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type().fn_type(&[ctx.ctx.f64_type().into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isnan", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isnan")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `gamma` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_gamma<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gamma").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gamma", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gamma")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `gammaln` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_gammaln<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gammaln").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gammaln", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gammaln")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `j0` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_j0<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_j0").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_j0", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "j0")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_size`. Returns an [`IntValue`] representing the
+/// calculated total size.
+///
+/// * `dims` - An [`ArrayLikeIndexer`] containing the size of each dimension.
+/// * `range` - The dimension index to begin and end (exclusively) calculating the dimensions for,
+///   or [`None`] if starting from the first dimension and ending at the last dimension
+///   respectively.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_size<'ctx, G, Dims>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dims: &Dims,
+    (begin, end): (Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, Option<IntValue<'ctx>>),
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Dims: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_t = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+        &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+        false,
+    );
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name, ndarray_calc_size_fn_t, None)
+        });
+
+    let begin = begin.unwrap_or_else(|| llvm_usize.const_zero());
+    let end = end.unwrap_or_else(|| dims.size(ctx, generator));
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_size_fn,
+            &[
+                dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                dims.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+                begin.into(),
+                end.into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices`. Returns a [`TypeArrayLikeAdpater`]
+/// containing `i32` indices of the flattened index.
+///
+/// * `index` - The index to compute the multidimensional index for.
+/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+///   `NDArray`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_nd_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    index: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
+
+    let indices = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, ndarray_num_dims, "").unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn,
+            &[
+                index.into(),
+                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+                indices.into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(indices, ndarray_num_dims, None),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}
+
+fn call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl<'ctx, G, Indices>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &Indices,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Indices: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        IntType::try_from(indices.element_type(ctx, generator))
+            .map(IntType::get_bit_width)
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        llvm_i32.get_bit_width(),
+        "Expected i32 value for argument `indices` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+    );
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        indices.size(ctx, generator).get_type().get_bit_width(),
+        llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
+        "Expected usize integer value for argument `indices_size` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+    );
+
+    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
+
+    let index = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_flatten_index_fn,
+            &[
+                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+                indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                indices.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    index
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index`. Returns the flattened index for the
+/// multidimensional index.
+///
+/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+///   `NDArray`.
+/// * `indices` - The multidimensional index to compute the flattened index for.
+pub fn call_ndarray_flatten_index<'ctx, G, Index>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &Index,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Index: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(generator, ctx, ndarray, indices)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast`. Returns a tuple containing the number of
+/// dimension and size of each dimension of the resultant `ndarray`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    lhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    rhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                    llvm_usize.into(),
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                    llvm_usize.into(),
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let min_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umin(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+
+    gen_for_callback_incrementing(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        None,
+        llvm_usize.const_zero(),
+        (min_ndims, false),
+        |generator, ctx, _, idx| {
+            let idx = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(min_ndims, idx, "").unwrap();
+            let (lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz) = unsafe {
+                (
+                    lhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+                    rhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+                )
+            };
+
+            let llvm_usize_const_one = llvm_usize.const_int(1, false);
+            let lhs_eqz = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+                .unwrap();
+            let rhs_eqz = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, rhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+                .unwrap();
+            let lhs_or_rhs_eqz = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_eqz, rhs_eqz, "").unwrap();
+
+            let lhs_eq_rhs = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz, "")
+                .unwrap();
+
+            let is_compatible = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_or_rhs_eqz, lhs_eq_rhs, "").unwrap();
+
+            ctx.make_assert(
+                generator,
+                is_compatible,
+                "0:ValueError",
+                "operands could not be broadcast together",
+                [None, None, None],
+                ctx.current_loc,
+            );
+
+            Ok(())
+        },
+        llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let max_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umax(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+    let lhs_dims = lhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let rhs_dims = rhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let out_dims = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_usize, max_ndims, "").unwrap();
+    let out_dims = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_dims, max_ndims, None);
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+            &[
+                lhs_dims.into(),
+                lhs_ndims.into(),
+                rhs_dims.into(),
+                rhs_ndims.into(),
+                out_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        out_dims,
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx`. Returns an [`ArrayAllocaValue`]
+/// containing the indices used for accessing `array` corresponding to the index of the broadcasted
+/// array `broadcast_idx`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index<
+    'ctx,
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    BroadcastIdx: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>,
+>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    array: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    broadcast_idx: &BroadcastIdx,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let broadcast_size = broadcast_idx.size(ctx, generator);
+    let out_idx = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, broadcast_size, "").unwrap();
+
+    let array_dims = array.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let array_ndims = array.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let broadcast_idx_ptr = unsafe {
+        broadcast_idx.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+    };
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+            &[array_dims.into(), array_ndims.into(), broadcast_idx_ptr.into(), out_idx.into()],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_idx, broadcast_size, None),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/llvm_intrinsics.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    intrinsics::Intrinsic,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum::IntType, FloatType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+
+/// Returns the string representation for the floating-point type `ft` when used in intrinsic
+/// functions.
+fn get_float_intrinsic_repr(ctx: &Context, ft: FloatType) -> &'static str {
+    // Standard LLVM floating-point types
+    if ft == ctx.f16_type() {
+        return "f16";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.f32_type() {
+        return "f32";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.f64_type() {
+        return "f64";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.f128_type() {
+        return "f128";
+    }
+
+    // Non-standard floating-point types
+    if ft == ctx.x86_f80_type() {
+        return "f80";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.ppc_f128_type() {
+        return "ppcf128";
+    }
+
+    unreachable!()
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.va_start`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-va-start-intrinsic)
+/// intrinsic.
+pub fn call_va_start<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, arglist: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.va_start";
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
+
+        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[arglist.into()], "").unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.va_start`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-va-start-intrinsic)
+/// intrinsic.
+pub fn call_va_end<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, arglist: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.va_end";
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
+
+        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[arglist.into()], "").unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.stacksave`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-stacksave-intrinsic)
+/// intrinsic.
+pub fn call_stacksave<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.stacksave";
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[]))
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Invokes the
+/// [`llvm.stackrestore`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-stackrestore-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// - `ptr`: The pointer storing the address to restore the stack to.
+pub fn call_stackrestore<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.stackrestore";
+
+    /*
+        SEE https://github.com/TheDan64/inkwell/issues/496
+
+        We want `llvm.stackrestore`, but the following would generate `llvm.stackrestore.p0i8`.
+        ```ignore
+        let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+            .and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[llvm_p0i8.into()]))
+            .unwrap();
+        ```
+
+        Temp workaround by manually declaring the intrinsic with the correct function name instead.
+    */
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
+
+        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[ptr.into()], "").unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.memcpy`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-memcpy-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// * `dest` - The pointer to the destination. Must be a pointer to an integer type.
+/// * `src` - The pointer to the source. Must be a pointer to an integer type.
+/// * `len` - The number of bytes to copy.
+/// * `is_volatile` - Whether the `memcpy` operation should be `volatile`.
+pub fn call_memcpy<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dest: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_volatile: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.memcpy";
+
+    debug_assert!(dest.get_type().get_element_type().is_int_type());
+    debug_assert!(src.get_type().get_element_type().is_int_type());
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        dest.get_type().get_element_type().into_int_type().get_bit_width(),
+        src.get_type().get_element_type().into_int_type().get_bit_width(),
+    );
+    debug_assert!(matches!(len.get_type().get_bit_width(), 32 | 64));
+    debug_assert_eq!(is_volatile.get_type().get_bit_width(), 1);
+
+    let llvm_dest_t = dest.get_type();
+    let llvm_src_t = src.get_type();
+    let llvm_len_t = len.get_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| {
+            intrinsic.get_declaration(
+                &ctx.module,
+                &[llvm_dest_t.into(), llvm_src_t.into(), llvm_len_t.into()],
+            )
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[dest.into(), src.into(), len.into(), is_volatile.into()], "")
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the `llvm.memcpy` intrinsic.
+///
+/// Unlike [`call_memcpy`], this function accepts any type of pointer value. If `dest` or `src` is
+/// not a pointer to an integer, the pointer(s) will be cast to `i8*` before invoking `memcpy`.
+pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dest: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_volatile: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let dest_elem_t = dest.get_type().get_element_type();
+    let src_elem_t = src.get_type().get_element_type();
+
+    let dest = if matches!(dest_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        dest
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bit_cast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    let src = if matches!(src_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        src
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bit_cast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+
+    call_memcpy(ctx, dest, src, len, is_volatile);
+}
+
+/// Macro to find and generate build call for llvm intrinsic (body of llvm intrinsic function)
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `$ctx:ident`: Reference to the current Code Generation Context
+/// * `$name:ident`: Optional name to be assigned to the llvm build call (Option<&str>)
+/// * `$llvm_name:literal`: Name of underlying llvm intrinsic function
+/// * `$map_fn:ident`: Mapping function to be applied on `BasicValue` (`BasicValue` -> Function Return Type).
+///   Use `BasicValueEnum::into_int_value` for Integer return type and
+///   `BasicValueEnum::into_float_value` for Float return type
+/// * `$llvm_ty:ident`: Type of first operand
+/// * `,($val:ident)*`: Comma separated list of operands
+macro_rules! generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body {
+    ($ctx:ident, $name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $map_fn:expr, $llvm_ty:ident $(,$val:ident)*) => {{
+        const FN_NAME: &str = concat!("llvm.", $llvm_name);
+        let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME).and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&$ctx.module, &[$llvm_ty.into()])).unwrap();
+        $ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[$($val.into()),*],  $name.unwrap_or_default()).map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value).map(|v| v.map_left($map_fn)).map(Either::unwrap_left).unwrap()
+    }};
+}
+
+/// Macro to generate the llvm intrinsic function using [`generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body`].
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `float/int`: Indicates the return and argument type of the function
+/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
+/// * `$llvm_name:literal`: Name of underlying llvm intrinsic function.
+///   Omit "llvm." prefix from the function name i.e. use "ceil" instead of "llvm.ceil"
+/// * `$val:ident`: The operand for unary operations
+/// * `$val1:ident`, `$val2:ident`: The operands for binary operations
+macro_rules! generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn {
+    ("float", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            let llvm_ty = $val.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_float_value, llvm_ty, $val)
+        }
+    };
+    ("float", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val1:ident, $val2:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val1: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            $val2: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            debug_assert_eq!($val1.get_type(), $val2.get_type());
+            let llvm_ty = $val1.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_float_value, llvm_ty, $val1, $val2)
+        }
+    };
+    ("int", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val1:ident, $val2:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val1: IntValue<'ctx>,
+            $val2: IntValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+            debug_assert_eq!($val1.get_type().get_bit_width(), $val2.get_type().get_bit_width());
+            let llvm_ty = $val1.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_int_value, llvm_ty, $val1, $val2)
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.abs`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-abs-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// * `src` - The value for which the absolute value is to be returned.
+/// * `is_int_min_poison` - Whether `poison` is to be returned if `src` is `INT_MIN`.
+pub fn call_int_abs<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    src: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_int_min_poison: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    debug_assert_eq!(is_int_min_poison.get_type().get_bit_width(), 1);
+    debug_assert!(is_int_min_poison.is_const());
+
+    let src_type = src.get_type();
+    generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(
+        ctx,
+        name,
+        "abs",
+        BasicValueEnum::into_int_value,
+        src_type,
+        src,
+        is_int_min_poison
+    )
+}
+
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_smax, "smax", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_smin, "smin", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_umax, "umax", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_umin, "umin", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_expect, "expect", val, expected_val);
+
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_sqrt, "sqrt", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_sin, "sin", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_cos, "cos", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_pow, "pow", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_exp, "exp", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_exp2, "exp2", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log, "log", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log10, "log10", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log2, "log2", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_fabs, "fabs", src);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_minnum, "minnum", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_maxnum, "maxnum", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_copysign, "copysign", mag, sgn);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_floor, "floor", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_ceil, "ceil", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_round, "round", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_rint, "rint", val);
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.powi`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-powi-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+pub fn call_float_powi<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    val: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+    power: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.powi";
+
+    let llvm_val_t = val.get_type();
+    let llvm_power_t = power.get_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| {
+            intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[llvm_val_t.into(), llvm_power_t.into()])
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[val.into(), power.into()], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs

@@ -1,25 +1,37 @@
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, CodeGenContext, CodeGenTask, DefaultCodeGenerator,
-        WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
-    },
-    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
-    toplevel::{
-        composer::TopLevelComposer, DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
-    },
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
-    },
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    sync::Arc,
 };
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use indoc::indoc;
+use inkwell::{
+    targets::{InitializationConfig, Target},
+    OptimizationLevel,
+};
 use nac3parser::{
-    ast::{fold::Fold, StrRef},
+    ast::{fold::Fold, FileName, StrRef},
     parser::parse_program,
 };
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
+        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
+        CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask,
+        CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+    },
+    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
+    toplevel::{
+        composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
+        DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
+    },
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, IdentifierInfo, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
+        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
+    },
+};
 
 struct Resolver {
     id_to_type: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
@@ -48,23 +60,24 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         _: &PrimitiveStore,
         str: StrRef,
     ) -> Result<Type, String> {
-        self.id_to_type.get(&str).cloned().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", str))
+        self.id_to_type.get(&str).copied().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{str}`"))
     }
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         _: StrRef,
-        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
         self.id_to_def
             .read()
             .get(&id)
-            .cloned()
-            .ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", id))
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from([format!("cannot find symbol `{id}`")]))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
@@ -83,9 +96,9 @@ fn test_primitives() {
         d = a if c == 1 else 0
         return d
         "};
-    let statements = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
-    let composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
     let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
     let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
     let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
@@ -94,17 +107,27 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver {
         id_to_type: HashMap::new(),
         id_to_def: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        class_names: HashMap::default(),
     }) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     let threads = vec![DefaultCodeGenerator::new("test".into(), 32).into()];
     let signature = FunSignature {
         args: vec![
-            FuncArg { name: "a".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None },
-            FuncArg { name: "b".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None },
+            FuncArg {
+                name: "a".into(),
+                ty: primitives.int32,
+                default_value: None,
+                is_vararg: false,
+            },
+            FuncArg {
+                name: "b".into(),
+                ty: primitives.int32,
+                default_value: None,
+                is_vararg: false,
+            },
         ],
         ret: primitives.int32,
-        vars: HashMap::new(),
+        vars: VarMap::new(),
     };
 
     let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
@@ -119,12 +142,13 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     };
     let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
     let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "b".into()].iter().cloned().collect();
+    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        ["a".into(), "b".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
     let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
         top_level: &top_level,
         function_data: &mut function_data,
         unifier: &mut unifier,
-        variable_mapping: Default::default(),
+        variable_mapping: HashMap::default(),
         primitives: &primitives,
         virtual_checks: &mut virtual_checks,
         calls: &mut calls,
@@ -148,7 +172,7 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     });
 
     let task = CodeGenTask {
-        subst: Default::default(),
+        subst: Vec::default(),
         symbol_name: "testing".into(),
         body: Arc::new(statements),
         unifier_index: 0,
@@ -180,28 +204,48 @@ fn test_primitives() {
         let expected = indoc! {"
             ; ModuleID = 'test'
             source_filename = \"test\"
+            target datalayout = \"e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128\"
+            target triple = \"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\"
 
-            define i32 @testing(i32 %0, i32 %1) {
+            ; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn
+            define i32 @testing(i32 %0, i32 %1) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !4 {
             init:
-              %add = add i32 %0, %1
-              %cmp = icmp eq i32 %add, 1
-              br i1 %cmp, label %then, label %else
-            
-            then:                                             ; preds = %init
-              br label %cont
-            
-            else:                                             ; preds = %init
-              br label %cont
-            
-            cont:                                             ; preds = %else, %then
-              %if_exp_result.0 = phi i32 [ %0, %then ], [ 0, %else ]
-              ret i32 %if_exp_result.0
+              %add = add i32 %1, %0, !dbg !9
+              %cmp = icmp eq i32 %add, 1, !dbg !10
+              %. = select i1 %cmp, i32 %0, i32 0, !dbg !11
+              ret i32 %., !dbg !12
             }
+
+            attributes #0 = { mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn }
+
+            !llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1}
+            !llvm.dbg.cu = !{!2}
+
+            !0 = !{i32 2, !\"Debug Info Version\", i32 3}
+            !1 = !{i32 2, !\"Dwarf Version\", i32 4}
+            !2 = distinct !DICompileUnit(language: DW_LANG_Python, file: !3, producer: \"NAC3\", isOptimized: true, runtimeVersion: 0, emissionKind: FullDebug)
+            !3 = !DIFile(filename: \"unknown\", directory: \"\")
+            !4 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: \"testing\", linkageName: \"testing\", scope: null, file: !3, line: 1, type: !5, scopeLine: 1, flags: DIFlagPublic, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition | DISPFlagOptimized, unit: !2, retainedNodes: !8)
+            !5 = !DISubroutineType(flags: DIFlagPublic, types: !6)
+            !6 = !{!7}
+            !7 = !DIBasicType(name: \"_\", flags: DIFlagPublic)
+            !8 = !{}
+            !9 = !DILocation(line: 1, column: 9, scope: !4)
+            !10 = !DILocation(line: 2, column: 15, scope: !4)
+            !11 = !DILocation(line: 0, scope: !4)
+            !12 = !DILocation(line: 3, column: 8, scope: !4)
         "}
         .trim();
         assert_eq!(expected, module.print_to_string().to_str().unwrap().trim());
     })));
-    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, f);
+
+    Target::initialize_all(&InitializationConfig::default());
+
+    let llvm_options = CodeGenLLVMOptions {
+        opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
+        target: CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host_triple(),
+    };
+    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
     registry.add_task(task);
     registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 }
@@ -212,23 +256,28 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         a = foo(a)
         return a * 2
         "};
-    let statements_1 = parse_program(source_1, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements_1 = parse_program(source_1, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
     let source_2 = indoc! { "
         return a + 1
         "};
-    let statements_2 = parse_program(source_2, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements_2 = parse_program(source_2, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
-    let composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
     let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
     let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
     let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
     unifier.top_level = Some(top_level.clone());
 
     let signature = FunSignature {
-        args: vec![FuncArg { name: "a".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None }],
+        args: vec![FuncArg {
+            name: "a".into(),
+            ty: primitives.int32,
+            default_value: None,
+            is_vararg: false,
+        }],
         ret: primitives.int32,
-        vars: HashMap::new(),
+        vars: VarMap::new(),
     };
     let fun_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(signature.clone()));
     let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
@@ -252,7 +301,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     let resolver = Resolver {
         id_to_type: HashMap::new(),
         id_to_def: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        class_names: HashMap::default(),
     };
     resolver.add_id_def("foo".into(), DefinitionId(foo_id));
     let resolver = Arc::new(resolver) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
@@ -273,12 +322,13 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     };
     let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
     let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "foo".into()].iter().cloned().collect();
+    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        ["a".into(), "foo".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
     let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
         top_level: &top_level,
         function_data: &mut function_data,
         unifier: &mut unifier,
-        variable_mapping: Default::default(),
+        variable_mapping: HashMap::default(),
         primitives: &primitives,
         virtual_checks: &mut virtual_checks,
         calls: &mut calls,
@@ -307,11 +357,11 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         &mut *top_level.definitions.read()[foo_id].write()
     {
         instance_to_stmt.insert(
-            "".to_string(),
+            String::new(),
             FunInstance {
                 body: Arc::new(statements_2),
                 calls: Arc::new(inferencer.calls.clone()),
-                subst: Default::default(),
+                subst: IndexMap::default(),
                 unifier_id: 0,
             },
         );
@@ -327,7 +377,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     });
 
     let task = CodeGenTask {
-        subst: Default::default(),
+        subst: Vec::default(),
         symbol_name: "testing".to_string(),
         body: Arc::new(statements_1),
         calls: Arc::new(calls1),
@@ -341,24 +391,86 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         let expected = indoc! {"
             ; ModuleID = 'test'
             source_filename = \"test\"
+            target datalayout = \"e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128\"
+            target triple = \"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\"
 
-            define i32 @testing(i32 %0) {
+            ; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn
+            define i32 @testing(i32 %0) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !5 {
             init:
-              %call = call i32 @foo.0(i32 %0)
-              %mul = mul i32 %call, 2
-              ret i32 %mul
+              %add.i = shl i32 %0, 1, !dbg !10
+              %mul = add i32 %add.i, 2, !dbg !10
+              ret i32 %mul, !dbg !10
             }
 
-            define i32 @foo.0(i32 %0) {
+            ; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn
+            define i32 @foo.0(i32 %0) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !11 {
             init:
-              %add = add i32 %0, 1
-              ret i32 %add
+              %add = add i32 %0, 1, !dbg !12
+              ret i32 %add, !dbg !12
             }
+
+            attributes #0 = { mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn }
+
+            !llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1}
+            !llvm.dbg.cu = !{!2, !4}
+
+            !0 = !{i32 2, !\"Debug Info Version\", i32 3}
+            !1 = !{i32 2, !\"Dwarf Version\", i32 4}
+            !2 = distinct !DICompileUnit(language: DW_LANG_Python, file: !3, producer: \"NAC3\", isOptimized: true, runtimeVersion: 0, emissionKind: FullDebug)
+            !3 = !DIFile(filename: \"unknown\", directory: \"\")
+            !4 = distinct !DICompileUnit(language: DW_LANG_Python, file: !3, producer: \"NAC3\", isOptimized: true, runtimeVersion: 0, emissionKind: FullDebug)
+            !5 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: \"testing\", linkageName: \"testing\", scope: null, file: !3, line: 1, type: !6, scopeLine: 1, flags: DIFlagPublic, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition | DISPFlagOptimized, unit: !2, retainedNodes: !9)
+            !6 = !DISubroutineType(flags: DIFlagPublic, types: !7)
+            !7 = !{!8}
+            !8 = !DIBasicType(name: \"_\", flags: DIFlagPublic)
+            !9 = !{}
+            !10 = !DILocation(line: 2, column: 12, scope: !5)
+            !11 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: \"foo.0\", linkageName: \"foo.0\", scope: null, file: !3, line: 1, type: !6, scopeLine: 1, flags: DIFlagPublic, spFlags: DISPFlagDefinition | DISPFlagOptimized, unit: !4, retainedNodes: !9)
+            !12 = !DILocation(line: 1, column: 12, scope: !11)
         "}
         .trim();
         assert_eq!(expected, module.print_to_string().to_str().unwrap().trim());
     })));
-    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, f);
+
+    Target::initialize_all(&InitializationConfig::default());
+
+    let llvm_options = CodeGenLLVMOptions {
+        opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
+        target: CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host_triple(),
+    };
+    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
     registry.add_task(task);
     registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_list_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), 64);
+
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
+
+    let llvm_list = ListType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
+    assert!(ListType::is_type(llvm_list.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_range_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+
+    let llvm_range = RangeType::new(&ctx);
+    assert!(RangeType::is_type(llvm_range.as_base_type()).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_ndarray_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), 64);
+
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
+
+    let llvm_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
+    assert!(NDArrayType::is_type(llvm_ndarray.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+}

nac3core/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,27 @@
-#![warn(clippy::all)]
-#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    dead_code,
+    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+    clippy::cast_sign_loss,
+    clippy::enum_glob_use,
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::similar_names,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
+
+// users of nac3core need to use the same version of these dependencies, so expose them as nac3core::*
+pub use inkwell;
+pub use nac3parser;
 
 pub mod codegen;
 pub mod symbol_resolver;

nac3core/src/symbol_resolver.rs

@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
-use std::fmt::Debug;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Display};
-
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum;
-use crate::{
-    codegen::CodeGenContext,
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    fmt::{Debug, Display},
+    rc::Rc,
+    sync::Arc,
 };
+
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue};
+use itertools::{chain, izip, Itertools};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Expr, Location, StrRef};
+
 use crate::{
-    codegen::CodeGenerator,
+    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    toplevel::{type_annotation::TypeAnnotation, DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{Type, Unifier},
+        typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
     },
 };
-use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue};
-use itertools::{chain, izip};
-use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Location, StrRef};
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub enum SymbolValue {
@@ -33,15 +34,192 @@ pub enum SymbolValue {
     OptionNone,
 }
 
+impl SymbolValue {
+    /// Creates a [`SymbolValue`] from a [`Constant`].
+    ///
+    /// * `constant` - The constant to create the value from.
+    /// * `expected_ty` - The expected type of the [`SymbolValue`].
+    pub fn from_constant(
+        constant: &Constant,
+        expected_ty: Type,
+        primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+        unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    ) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        match constant {
+            Constant::None => {
+                if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.option) {
+                    Ok(SymbolValue::OptionNone)
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty:?}, but got Option"))
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Bool(b) => {
+                if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.bool) {
+                    Ok(SymbolValue::Bool(*b))
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty:?}, but got bool"))
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Str(s) => {
+                if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.str) {
+                    Ok(SymbolValue::Str(s.to_string()))
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty:?}, but got str"))
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Int(i) => {
+                if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.int32) {
+                    i32::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::I32).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                } else if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.int64) {
+                    i64::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::I64).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                } else if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.uint32) {
+                    u32::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::U32).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                } else if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.uint64) {
+                    u64::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::U64).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected {}, but got int", unifier.stringify(expected_ty)))
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Tuple(t) => {
+                let expected_ty = unifier.get_ty(expected_ty);
+                let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } = expected_ty.as_ref() else {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "Expected {:?}, but got Tuple",
+                        expected_ty.get_type_name()
+                    ));
+                };
+
+                assert!(*is_vararg_ctx || ty.len() == t.len());
+
+                let elems = t
+                    .iter()
+                    .zip(ty)
+                    .map(|(constant, ty)| Self::from_constant(constant, *ty, primitives, unifier))
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<SymbolValue>, _>>()?;
+                Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(elems))
+            }
+            Constant::Float(f) => {
+                if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.float) {
+                    Ok(SymbolValue::Double(*f))
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty:?}, but got float"))
+                }
+            }
+            _ => Err(format!("Unsupported value type {constant:?}")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a [`SymbolValue`] from a [`Constant`], with its type being inferred from the constant value.
+    ///
+    /// * `constant` - The constant to create the value from.
+    pub fn from_constant_inferred(constant: &Constant) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        match constant {
+            Constant::None => Ok(SymbolValue::OptionNone),
+            Constant::Bool(b) => Ok(SymbolValue::Bool(*b)),
+            Constant::Str(s) => Ok(SymbolValue::Str(s.to_string())),
+            Constant::Int(i) => {
+                let i = *i;
+                if i >= 0 {
+                    i32::try_from(i)
+                        .map(SymbolValue::I32)
+                        .or_else(|_| i64::try_from(i).map(SymbolValue::I64))
+                        .map_err(|_| {
+                            format!("Literal cannot be expressed as any integral type: {i}")
+                        })
+                } else {
+                    u32::try_from(i)
+                        .map(SymbolValue::U32)
+                        .or_else(|_| u64::try_from(i).map(SymbolValue::U64))
+                        .map_err(|_| {
+                            format!("Literal cannot be expressed as any integral type: {i}")
+                        })
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Tuple(t) => {
+                let elems = t
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(Self::from_constant_inferred)
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<SymbolValue>, _>>()?;
+                Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(elems))
+            }
+            Constant::Float(f) => Ok(SymbolValue::Double(*f)),
+            _ => Err(format!("Unsupported value type {constant:?}")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`Type`] representing the data type of this value.
+    pub fn get_type(&self, primitives: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifier) -> Type {
+        match self {
+            SymbolValue::I32(_) => primitives.int32,
+            SymbolValue::I64(_) => primitives.int64,
+            SymbolValue::U32(_) => primitives.uint32,
+            SymbolValue::U64(_) => primitives.uint64,
+            SymbolValue::Str(_) => primitives.str,
+            SymbolValue::Double(_) => primitives.float,
+            SymbolValue::Bool(_) => primitives.bool,
+            SymbolValue::Tuple(vs) => {
+                let vs_tys = vs.iter().map(|v| v.get_type(primitives, unifier)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vs_tys, is_vararg_ctx: false })
+            }
+            SymbolValue::OptionSome(_) | SymbolValue::OptionNone => primitives.option,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`TypeAnnotation`] representing the data type of this value.
+    pub fn get_type_annotation(
+        &self,
+        primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+        unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    ) -> TypeAnnotation {
+        match self {
+            SymbolValue::Bool(..)
+            | SymbolValue::Double(..)
+            | SymbolValue::I32(..)
+            | SymbolValue::I64(..)
+            | SymbolValue::U32(..)
+            | SymbolValue::U64(..)
+            | SymbolValue::Str(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(self.get_type(primitives, unifier)),
+            SymbolValue::Tuple(vs) => {
+                let vs_tys = vs
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|v| v.get_type_annotation(primitives, unifier))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                TypeAnnotation::Tuple(vs_tys)
+            }
+            SymbolValue::OptionNone => TypeAnnotation::CustomClass {
+                id: primitives.option.obj_id(unifier).unwrap(),
+                params: Vec::default(),
+            },
+            SymbolValue::OptionSome(v) => {
+                let ty = v.get_type_annotation(primitives, unifier);
+                TypeAnnotation::CustomClass {
+                    id: primitives.option.obj_id(unifier).unwrap(),
+                    params: vec![ty],
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`TypeEnum`] representing the data type of this value.
+    pub fn get_type_enum(
+        &self,
+        primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+        unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    ) -> Rc<TypeEnum> {
+        let ty = self.get_type(primitives, unifier);
+        unifier.get_ty(ty)
+    }
+}
+
 impl Display for SymbolValue {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            SymbolValue::I32(i) => write!(f, "{}", i),
-            SymbolValue::I64(i) => write!(f, "int64({})", i),
-            SymbolValue::U32(i) => write!(f, "uint32({})", i),
-            SymbolValue::U64(i) => write!(f, "uint64({})", i),
-            SymbolValue::Str(s) => write!(f, "\"{}\"", s),
-            SymbolValue::Double(d) => write!(f, "{}", d),
+            SymbolValue::I32(i) => write!(f, "{i}"),
+            SymbolValue::I64(i) => write!(f, "int64({i})"),
+            SymbolValue::U32(i) => write!(f, "uint32({i})"),
+            SymbolValue::U64(i) => write!(f, "uint64({i})"),
+            SymbolValue::Str(s) => write!(f, "\"{s}\""),
+            SymbolValue::Double(d) => write!(f, "{d}"),
             SymbolValue::Bool(b) => {
                 if *b {
                     write!(f, "True")
@@ -50,39 +228,82 @@ impl Display for SymbolValue {
                 }
             }
             SymbolValue::Tuple(t) => {
-                write!(f, "({})", t.iter().map(|v| format!("{}", v)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", "))
+                write!(f, "({})", t.iter().map(|v| format!("{v}")).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", "))
             }
-            SymbolValue::OptionSome(v) => write!(f, "Some({})", v),
+            SymbolValue::OptionSome(v) => write!(f, "Some({v})"),
             SymbolValue::OptionNone => write!(f, "none"),
         }
     }
 }
 
+impl TryFrom<SymbolValue> for u64 {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    /// Tries to convert a [`SymbolValue`] into a [`u64`], returning [`Err`] if the value is not
+    /// numeric or if the value cannot be converted into a `u64` without overflow.
+    fn try_from(value: SymbolValue) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match value {
+            SymbolValue::I32(v) => u64::try_from(v).map_err(|_| ()),
+            SymbolValue::I64(v) => u64::try_from(v).map_err(|_| ()),
+            SymbolValue::U32(v) => Ok(u64::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::U64(v) => Ok(v),
+            _ => Err(()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<SymbolValue> for i128 {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    /// Tries to convert a [`SymbolValue`] into a [`i128`], returning [`Err`] if the value is not
+    /// numeric.
+    fn try_from(value: SymbolValue) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match value {
+            SymbolValue::I32(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::I64(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::U32(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::U64(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            _ => Err(()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait StaticValue {
+    /// Returns a unique identifier for this value.
     fn get_unique_identifier(&self) -> u64;
 
-    fn get_const_obj<'ctx, 'a>(
+    /// Returns the constant object represented by this unique identifier.
+    fn get_const_obj<'ctx>(
         &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
 
-    fn to_basic_value_enum<'ctx, 'a>(
+    /// Converts this value to a LLVM [`BasicValueEnum`].
+    fn to_basic_value_enum<'ctx>(
         &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+        expected_ty: Type,
     ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String>;
 
-    fn get_field<'ctx, 'a>(
+    /// Returns a field within this value.
+    fn get_field<'ctx>(
         &self,
         name: StrRef,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>;
+
+    /// Returns a single element of this tuple.
+    fn get_tuple_element<'ctx>(&self, index: u32) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>;
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum ValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    /// [`ValueEnum`] representing a static value.
     Static(Arc<dyn StaticValue + Send + Sync>),
+
+    /// [`ValueEnum`] representing a dynamic value.
     Dynamic(BasicValueEnum<'ctx>),
 }
 
@@ -117,20 +338,22 @@ impl<'ctx> From<StructValue<'ctx>> for ValueEnum<'ctx> {
 }
 
 impl<'ctx> ValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    /// Converts this [`ValueEnum`] to a [`BasicValueEnum`].
     pub fn to_basic_value_enum<'a>(
         self,
         ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
         generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+        expected_ty: Type,
     ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String> {
         match self {
-            ValueEnum::Static(v) => v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator),
+            ValueEnum::Static(v) => v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, expected_ty),
             ValueEnum::Dynamic(v) => Ok(v),
         }
     }
 }
 
 pub trait SymbolResolver {
-    // get type of type variable identifier or top-level function type
+    /// Get type of type variable identifier or top-level function type,
     fn get_symbol_type(
         &self,
         unifier: &mut Unifier,
@@ -139,16 +362,17 @@ pub trait SymbolResolver {
         str: StrRef,
     ) -> Result<Type, String>;
 
-    // get the top-level definition of identifiers
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, str: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String>;
+    /// Get the top-level definition of identifiers.
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, str: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>>;
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         str: StrRef,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>;
 
-    fn get_default_param_value(&self, expr: &nac3parser::ast::Expr) -> Option<SymbolValue>;
+    fn get_default_param_value(&self, expr: &Expr) -> Option<SymbolValue>;
     fn get_string_id(&self, s: &str) -> i32;
     fn get_exception_id(&self, tyid: usize) -> usize;
 
@@ -156,7 +380,7 @@ pub trait SymbolResolver {
         &self,
         _unifier: &mut Unifier,
         _top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
-        _primitives: &PrimitiveStore
+        _primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     ) -> Result<(), String> {
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -169,23 +393,23 @@ thread_local! {
         "float".into(),
         "bool".into(),
         "virtual".into(),
-        "list".into(),
         "tuple".into(),
         "str".into(),
         "Exception".into(),
         "uint32".into(),
         "uint64".into(),
+        "Literal".into(),
     ];
 }
 
-// convert type annotation into type
+/// Converts a type annotation into a [Type].
 pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
     resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver,
     top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     expr: &Expr<T>,
-) -> Result<Type, String> {
+) -> Result<Type, HashSet<String>> {
     use nac3parser::ast::ExprKind::*;
     let ids = IDENTIFIER_ID.with(|ids| *ids);
     let int32_id = ids[0];
@@ -193,12 +417,12 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
     let float_id = ids[2];
     let bool_id = ids[3];
     let virtual_id = ids[4];
-    let list_id = ids[5];
-    let tuple_id = ids[6];
-    let str_id = ids[7];
-    let exn_id = ids[8];
-    let uint32_id = ids[9];
-    let uint64_id = ids[10];
+    let tuple_id = ids[5];
+    let str_id = ids[6];
+    let exn_id = ids[7];
+    let uint32_id = ids[8];
+    let uint64_id = ids[9];
+    let literal_id = ids[10];
 
     let name_handling = |id: &StrRef, loc: Location, unifier: &mut Unifier| {
         if *id == int32_id {
@@ -219,39 +443,33 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
             Ok(primitives.exception)
         } else {
             let obj_id = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id);
-            match obj_id {
-                Ok(obj_id) => {
+            if let Ok(obj_id) = obj_id {
                 let def = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].read();
                 if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = &*def {
                     if !type_vars.is_empty() {
-                            return Err(format!(
+                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                             "Unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got 0",
                             type_vars.len()
-                            ));
+                        )]));
                     }
                     let fields = chain(
                         fields.iter().map(|(k, v, m)| (*k, (*v, *m))),
                         methods.iter().map(|(k, v, _)| (*k, (*v, false))),
                     )
                     .collect();
-                        Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-                            obj_id,
-                            fields,
-                            params: Default::default(),
-                        }))
+                    Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params: VarMap::default() }))
                 } else {
-                        Err(format!("Cannot use function name as type at {}", loc))
+                    Err(HashSet::from([format!("Cannot use function name as type at {loc}")]))
                 }
-                }
-                Err(_) => {
-                    let ty = resolver
-                        .get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, *id)
-                        .map_err(|e| format!("Unknown type annotation at {}: {}", loc, e))?;
+            } else {
+                let ty =
+                    resolver.get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, *id).map_err(
+                        |e| HashSet::from([format!("Unknown type annotation at {loc}: {e}")]),
+                    )?;
                 if let TypeEnum::TVar { .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(ty) {
                     Ok(ty)
                 } else {
-                        Err(format!("Unknown type annotation {} at {}", id, loc))
-                    }
+                    Err(HashSet::from([format!("Unknown type annotation {id} at {loc}")]))
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -261,9 +479,6 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
         if *id == virtual_id {
             let ty = parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, slice)?;
             Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty }))
-        } else if *id == list_id {
-            let ty = parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, slice)?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }))
         } else if *id == tuple_id {
             if let Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
                 let ty = elts
@@ -272,10 +487,33 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
                         parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, elt)
                     })
                     .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-                Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty }))
+                Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx: false }))
             } else {
-                Err("Expected multiple elements for tuple".into())
+                Err(HashSet::from(["Expected multiple elements for tuple".into()]))
             }
+        } else if *id == literal_id {
+            let mut parse_literal = |elt: &Expr<T>| {
+                let ty = parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, elt)?;
+                let ty_enum = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty);
+                match ty_enum {
+                    TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => Ok(values.clone()),
+                    _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                        "Expected literal in type argument for Literal at {}",
+                        elt.location
+                    )])),
+                }
+            };
+
+            let values = if let Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
+                elts.iter().map(&mut parse_literal).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
+            } else {
+                vec![parse_literal(slice)?]
+            }
+            .into_iter()
+            .flatten()
+            .collect_vec();
+
+            Ok(unifier.get_fresh_literal(values, Some(slice.location)))
         } else {
             let types = if let Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
                 elts.iter()
@@ -291,13 +529,13 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
             let def = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].read();
             if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = &*def {
                 if types.len() != type_vars.len() {
-                    return Err(format!(
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                         "Unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got {}",
                         type_vars.len(),
                         types.len()
-                    ));
+                    )]));
                 }
-                let mut subst = HashMap::new();
+                let mut subst = VarMap::new();
                 for (var, ty) in izip!(type_vars.iter(), types.iter()) {
                     let id = if let TypeEnum::TVar { id, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(*var) {
                         *id
@@ -319,7 +557,7 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
                 }));
                 Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params: subst }))
             } else {
-                Err("Cannot use function name as type".into())
+                Err(HashSet::from(["Cannot use function name as type".into()]))
             }
         }
     };
@@ -330,10 +568,13 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
             if let Name { id, .. } = &value.node {
                 subscript_name_handle(id, slice, unifier)
             } else {
-                Err(format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location))
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location)]))
             }
         }
-        _ => Err(format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location)),
+        Constant { value, .. } => SymbolValue::from_constant_inferred(value)
+            .map(|v| unifier.get_fresh_literal(vec![v], Some(expr.location)))
+            .map_err(|err| HashSet::from([err])),
+        _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location)])),
     }
 }
 
@@ -344,7 +585,7 @@ impl dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync {
         unifier: &mut Unifier,
         primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
         expr: &Expr<T>,
-    ) -> Result<Type, String> {
+    ) -> Result<Type, HashSet<String>> {
         parse_type_annotation(self, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, expr)
     }
 
@@ -357,13 +598,13 @@ impl dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync {
         unifier.internal_stringify(
             ty,
             &mut |id| {
-                if let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } = &*top_level_defs[id].read() {
-                    name.to_string()
-                } else {
+                let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } = &*top_level_defs[id].read() else {
                     unreachable!("expected class definition")
-                }
+                };
+
+                name.to_string()
             },
-            &mut |id| format!("var{}", id),
+            &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
             &mut None,
         )
     }

nac3core/src/toplevel/mod.rs

@@ -3,37 +3,41 @@ use std::{
     collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
     fmt::Debug,
     iter::FromIterator,
-    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
     sync::Arc,
 };
 
-use super::codegen::CodeGenContext;
-use super::typecheck::type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore;
-use super::typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, SharedUnifier, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier};
-use crate::{
-    codegen::CodeGenerator,
-    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
-    typecheck::{type_inferencer::CodeLocation, typedef::CallId},
-};
 use inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum;
-use itertools::{izip, Itertools};
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, Location, Stmt, StrRef};
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 
+use nac3parser::ast::{self, Expr, Location, Stmt, StrRef};
+
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::{CodeLocation, PrimitiveStore},
+        typedef::{
+            CallId, FunSignature, FuncArg, SharedUnifier, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier,
+            VarMap,
+        },
+    },
+};
+
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash, Debug)]
 pub struct DefinitionId(pub usize);
 
 pub mod builtins;
 pub mod composer;
 pub mod helper;
+pub mod numpy;
 pub mod type_annotation;
 use composer::*;
 use type_annotation::*;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
 
-type GenCallCallback = Box<
-    dyn for<'ctx, 'a> Fn(
+type GenCallCallback = dyn for<'ctx, 'a> Fn(
         &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
         Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
         (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
@@ -41,21 +45,28 @@ type GenCallCallback = Box<
         &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Result<Option<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>, String>
     + Send
-        + Sync,
->;
+    + Sync;
 
 pub struct GenCall {
-    fp: GenCallCallback,
+    fp: Box<GenCallCallback>,
 }
 
 impl GenCall {
-    pub fn new(fp: GenCallCallback) -> GenCall {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(fp: Box<GenCallCallback>) -> GenCall {
         GenCall { fp }
     }
 
-    pub fn run<'ctx, 'a>(
+    /// Creates a dummy instance of [`GenCall`], which invokes [`unreachable!()`] with the given
+    /// `reason`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn create_dummy(reason: String) -> GenCall {
+        Self::new(Box::new(move |_, _, _, _, _| unreachable!("{reason}")))
+    }
+
+    pub fn run<'ctx>(
         &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
         obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
         fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
         args: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
@@ -75,58 +86,85 @@ impl Debug for GenCall {
 pub struct FunInstance {
     pub body: Arc<Vec<Stmt<Option<Type>>>>,
     pub calls: Arc<HashMap<CodeLocation, CallId>>,
-    pub subst: HashMap<u32, Type>,
+    pub subst: VarMap,
     pub unifier_id: usize,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum TopLevelDef {
     Class {
-        // name for error messages and symbols
+        /// Name for error messages and symbols.
         name: StrRef,
-        // object ID used for TypeEnum
+        /// Object ID used for [`TypeEnum`].
         object_id: DefinitionId,
         /// type variables bounded to the class.
         type_vars: Vec<Type>,
-        // class fields
-        // name, type, is mutable
+        /// Class fields.
+        ///
+        /// Name and type is mutable.
         fields: Vec<(StrRef, Type, bool)>,
-        // class methods, pointing to the corresponding function definition.
+        /// Class Attributes.
+        ///
+        /// Name, type, value.
+        attributes: Vec<(StrRef, Type, ast::Constant)>,
+        /// Class methods, pointing to the corresponding function definition.
         methods: Vec<(StrRef, Type, DefinitionId)>,
-        // ancestor classes, including itself.
+        /// Ancestor classes, including itself.
         ancestors: Vec<TypeAnnotation>,
-        // symbol resolver of the module defined the class, none if it is built-in type
+        /// Symbol resolver of the module defined the class; [None] if it is built-in type.
         resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
-        // constructor type
+        /// Constructor type.
         constructor: Option<Type>,
-        // definition location
+        /// Definition location.
         loc: Option<Location>,
     },
     Function {
-        // prefix for symbol, should be unique globally
+        /// Prefix for symbol, should be unique globally.
         name: String,
-        // simple name, the same as in method/function definition
+        /// Simple name, the same as in method/function definition.
         simple_name: StrRef,
-        // function signature.
+        /// Function signature.
         signature: Type,
-        // instantiated type variable IDs
-        var_id: Vec<u32>,
+        /// Instantiated type variable IDs.
+        var_id: Vec<TypeVarId>,
         /// Function instance to symbol mapping
-        /// Key: string representation of type variable values, sorted by variable ID in ascending
+        ///
+        /// * Key: String representation of type variable values, sorted by variable ID in ascending
         ///   order, including type variables associated with the class.
-        /// Value: function symbol name.
+        /// * Value: Function symbol name.
         instance_to_symbol: HashMap<String, String>,
         /// Function instances to annotated AST mapping
-        /// Key: string representation of type variable values, sorted by variable ID in ascending
+        ///
+        /// * Key: String representation of type variable values, sorted by variable ID in ascending
         ///   order, including type variables associated with the class. Excluding rigid type
         ///   variables.
-        /// rigid type variables that would be substituted when the function is instantiated.
+        ///
+        /// Rigid type variables that would be substituted when the function is instantiated.
         instance_to_stmt: HashMap<String, FunInstance>,
-        // symbol resolver of the module defined the class
+        /// Symbol resolver of the module defined the class.
         resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
-        // custom codegen callback
+        /// Custom code generation callback.
         codegen_callback: Option<Arc<GenCall>>,
-        // definition location
+        /// Definition location.
+        loc: Option<Location>,
+    },
+    Variable {
+        /// Qualified name of the global variable, should be unique globally.
+        name: String,
+
+        /// Simple name, the same as in method/function definition.
+        simple_name: StrRef,
+
+        /// Type of the global variable.
+        ty: Type,
+
+        /// The declared type of the global variable, or [`None`] if no type annotation is provided.
+        ty_decl: Option<Expr>,
+
+        /// Symbol resolver of the module defined the class.
+        resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
+
+        /// Definition location.
         loc: Option<Location>,
     },
 }

nac3core/src/toplevel/numpy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use crate::{
+    toplevel::helper::PrimDef,
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
+        typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier, VarMap},
+    },
+};
+
+/// Creates a `ndarray` [`Type`] with the given type arguments.
+///
+/// * `dtype` - The element type of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+///   specialized.
+/// * `ndims` - The number of dimensions of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+///   specialized.
+pub fn make_ndarray_ty(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    dtype: Option<Type>,
+    ndims: Option<Type>,
+) -> Type {
+    subst_ndarray_tvars(unifier, primitives.ndarray, dtype, ndims)
+}
+
+/// Substitutes type variables in `ndarray`.
+///
+/// * `dtype` - The element type of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+///   specialized.
+/// * `ndims` - The number of dimensions of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+///   specialized.
+pub fn subst_ndarray_tvars(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    ndarray: Type,
+    dtype: Option<Type>,
+    ndims: Option<Type>,
+) -> Type {
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndarray) else {
+        panic!("Expected `ndarray` to be TObj, but got {}", unifier.stringify(ndarray))
+    };
+    debug_assert_eq!(*obj_id, PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    if dtype.is_none() && ndims.is_none() {
+        return ndarray;
+    }
+
+    let tvar_ids = params.iter().map(|(obj_id, _)| *obj_id).collect_vec();
+    debug_assert_eq!(tvar_ids.len(), 2);
+
+    let mut tvar_subst = VarMap::new();
+    if let Some(dtype) = dtype {
+        tvar_subst.insert(tvar_ids[0], dtype);
+    }
+    if let Some(ndims) = ndims {
+        tvar_subst.insert(tvar_ids[1], ndims);
+    }
+
+    unifier.subst(ndarray, &tvar_subst).unwrap_or(ndarray)
+}
+
+fn unpack_ndarray_tvars(unifier: &mut Unifier, ndarray: Type) -> Vec<(TypeVarId, Type)> {
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndarray) else {
+        panic!("Expected `ndarray` to be TObj, but got {}", unifier.stringify(ndarray))
+    };
+    debug_assert_eq!(*obj_id, PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    debug_assert_eq!(params.len(), 2);
+
+    params
+        .iter()
+        .sorted_by_key(|(obj_id, _)| *obj_id)
+        .map(|(var_id, ty)| (*var_id, *ty))
+        .collect_vec()
+}
+
+/// Unpacks the type variable IDs of `ndarray` into a tuple. The elements of the tuple corresponds
+/// to `dtype` (the element type) and `ndims` (the number of dimensions) of the `ndarray`
+/// respectively.
+pub fn unpack_ndarray_var_ids(unifier: &mut Unifier, ndarray: Type) -> (TypeVarId, TypeVarId) {
+    unpack_ndarray_tvars(unifier, ndarray).into_iter().map(|v| v.0).collect_tuple().unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Unpacks the type variables of `ndarray` into a tuple. The elements of the tuple corresponds to
+/// `dtype` (the element type) and `ndims` (the number of dimensions) of the `ndarray` respectively.
+pub fn unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier: &mut Unifier, ndarray: Type) -> (Type, Type) {
+    unpack_ndarray_tvars(unifier, ndarray).into_iter().map(|v| v.1).collect_tuple().unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__generic_class.snap

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 549
 expression: res_vec
-
 ---
 [
     "Class {\nname: \"Generic_A\",\nancestors: [\"Generic_A[V]\", \"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\", \"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"V\"]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [18]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(241)]\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__inheritance_override.snap

@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 549
 expression: res_vec
-
 ---
 [
     "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[t:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\"]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[t:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[c:C], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B[var7]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"var7\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B[typevar230]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar230\"]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"B[bool]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\", \"e\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__list_tuple_generic.snap

@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 549
 expression: res_vec
-
 ---
 [
     "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:list[int32], b:tuple[T, float]], A[B, bool]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T, V]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[v:V], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:T], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\", \"V\"]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[v:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [20]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [25]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"gfun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[float]]], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[v:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(243)]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(248)]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"gfun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[list[float], int32]], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__self1.snap

@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 549
 expression: res_vec
-
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[var6, var7]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"var6\", \"var7\"]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[bool, float], b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"A[int64, bool]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:B], B]\"), (\"bar\", \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[B]]], tuple[A[bool, virtual[A[B, int32]]], B]]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[typevar229, typevar230]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar229\", \"typevar230\"]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"A[int64, bool]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:B], B]\"), (\"bar\", \"fn[[a:A[list[B], int32]], tuple[A[virtual[A[B, int32]], bool], B]]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], B]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"B.bar\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[B]]], tuple[A[bool, virtual[A[B, int32]]], B]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"B.bar\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[list[B], int32]], tuple[A[virtual[A[B, int32]], bool], B]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__simple_class_compose.snap

@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 549
 expression: res_vec
-
 ---
 [
     "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [26]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(249)]\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"ff\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [34]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"ff\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(257)]\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs

@@ -1,19 +1,24 @@
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
+
+use indoc::indoc;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use test_case::test_case;
+
+use nac3parser::{
+    ast::{fold::Fold, FileName},
+    parser::parse_program,
+};
+
+use super::*;
 use crate::{
     codegen::CodeGenContext,
     symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
-    toplevel::DefinitionId,
+    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId},
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{Type, Unifier},
+        typedef::{into_var_map, Type, Unifier},
     },
 };
-use indoc::indoc;
-use nac3parser::{ast::fold::Fold, parser::parse_program};
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
-use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
-use test_case::test_case;
-
-use super::*;
 
 struct ResolverInternal {
     id_to_type: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
@@ -36,7 +41,7 @@ struct Resolver(Arc<ResolverInternal>);
 impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
     fn get_default_param_value(
         &self,
-        _: &nac3parser::ast::Expr,
+        _: &ast::Expr,
     ) -> Option<crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
@@ -52,20 +57,26 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
             .id_to_type
             .lock()
             .get(&str)
-            .cloned()
-            .ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", str))
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{str}`"))
     }
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         _: StrRef,
-        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
-        self.0.id_to_def.lock().get(&id).cloned().ok_or_else(|| "Unknown identifier".to_string())
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
+        self.0
+            .id_to_def
+            .lock()
+            .get(&id)
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from(["Unknown identifier".to_string()]))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
@@ -105,23 +116,41 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
                 def __init__(self):
                     self.c: int32 = 4
                     self.a: bool = True
-        "}
+        "},
     ];
     "register"
 )]
 fn test_simple_register(source: Vec<&str>) {
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let mut composer =
+        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
-        composer.register_top_level(ast, None, "".into()).unwrap();
+        composer.register_top_level(ast, None, "", false).unwrap();
     }
 }
 
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    indoc! {"
+        class A:
+            def foo(self):
+                pass
+        a = A()
+    "};
+    "register"
+)]
+fn test_simple_register_without_constructor(source: &str) {
+    let mut composer =
+        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
+    let ast = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
+    let ast = ast[0].clone();
+    composer.register_top_level(ast, None, "", true).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test_case(
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             def fun(a: int32) -> int32:
                 return a
@@ -135,35 +164,36 @@ fn test_simple_register(source: Vec<&str>) {
                 return 3
         "},
     ],
-    vec![
+    &[
         "fn[[a:0], 0]",
         "fn[[a:2], 4]",
         "fn[[b:1], 0]",
     ],
-    vec![
+    &[
         "fun",
         "foo",
         "f"
     ];
     "function compose"
 )]
-fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&str>) {
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
+    let mut composer =
+        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     let internal_resolver = Arc::new(ResolverInternal {
-        id_to_def: Default::default(),
-        id_to_type: Default::default(),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        id_to_def: Mutex::default(),
+        id_to_type: Mutex::default(),
+        class_names: Mutex::default(),
     });
     let resolver =
         Arc::new(Resolver(internal_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
         let (id, def_id, ty) =
-            composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "".into()).unwrap();
+            composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "", false).unwrap();
         internal_resolver.add_id_def(id, def_id);
         if let Some(ty) = ty {
             internal_resolver.add_id_type(id, ty);
@@ -189,7 +219,7 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
 }
 
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A():
                 a: int32
@@ -222,11 +252,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                 pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "simple class compose"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class Generic_A(Generic[V], B):
                 a: int64
@@ -244,11 +274,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "generic class"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             def foo(a: list[int32], b: tuple[T, float]) -> A[B, bool]:
                 pass
@@ -273,11 +303,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "list tuple generic"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T, V]):
                 a: A[float, bool]
@@ -298,11 +328,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "self1"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 a: int32
@@ -332,11 +362,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "inheritance_override"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -345,11 +375,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["application of type vars to generic class is not currently supported (at unknown: line 4 column 24)"];
+    &["application of type vars to generic class is not currently supported (at unknown:4:24)"];
     "err no type var in generic app"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(B):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -361,11 +391,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["cyclic inheritance detected"];
+    &["cyclic inheritance detected"];
     "cyclic1"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(B[bool, int64]):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -382,30 +412,30 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "},
     ],
-    vec!["cyclic inheritance detected"];
+    &["cyclic inheritance detected"];
     "cyclic2"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A:
                 pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["5: Class {\nname: \"A\",\ndef_id: DefinitionId(5),\nancestors: [CustomClassKind { id: DefinitionId(5), params: [] }],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}"];
+    &["5: Class {\nname: \"A\",\ndef_id: DefinitionId(5),\nancestors: [CustomClassKind { id: DefinitionId(5), params: [] }],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}"];
     "simple pass in class"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![indoc! {"
+    &[indoc! {"
         class A:
             def __init__():
                 pass
     "}],
-    vec!["__init__ method must have a `self` parameter (at unknown: line 2 column 5)"];
+    &["__init__ method must have a `self` parameter (at unknown:2:5)"];
     "err no self_1"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(B, Generic[T], C):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -423,11 +453,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
         "}
 
     ],
-    vec!["a class definition can only have at most one base class declaration and one generic declaration (at unknown: line 1 column 24)"];
+    &["a class definition can only have at most one base class declaration and one generic declaration (at unknown:1:24)"];
     "err multiple inheritance"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 a: int32
@@ -448,11 +478,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["method fun has same name as ancestors' method, but incompatible type"];
+    &["method fun has same name as ancestors' method, but incompatible type"];
     "err_incompatible_inheritance_method"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 a: int32
@@ -474,11 +504,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["field `a` has already declared in the ancestor classes"];
+    &["field `a` has already declared in the ancestor classes"];
     "err_incompatible_inheritance_field"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A:
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -491,12 +521,13 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["duplicate definition of class `A` (at unknown: line 1 column 1)"];
+    &["duplicate definition of class `A` (at unknown:1:1)"];
     "class same name"
 )]
-fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
+fn test_analyze(source: &[&str], res: &[&str]) {
     let print = false;
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let mut composer =
+        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     let internal_resolver = make_internal_resolver_with_tvar(
         vec![
@@ -511,15 +542,15 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
         Arc::new(Resolver(internal_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
         let (id, def_id, ty) = {
-            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "".into()) {
+            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "", false) {
                 Ok(x) => x,
                 Err(msg) => {
                     if print {
-                        println!("{}", msg);
+                        println!("{msg}");
                     } else {
                         assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
                     }
@@ -535,9 +566,9 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
 
     if let Err(msg) = composer.start_analysis(false) {
         if print {
-            println!("{}", msg);
+            println!("{}", msg.iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n"));
         } else {
-            assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
+            assert_eq!(res[0], msg.iter().next().unwrap());
         }
     } else {
         // skip 5 to skip primitives
@@ -565,7 +596,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                 return fib(n - 1)
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "simple function"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -598,7 +629,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                 return a.fun() + 2
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "simple class body"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -623,7 +654,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                 return [a, b]
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "type var fun"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -644,7 +675,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                     return ret if self.b else self.fun(self.a)
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "type var class"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -668,12 +699,13 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                         self.b = True
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "no_init_inst_check"
 )]
-fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
+fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: &[&str]) {
     let print = true;
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let mut composer =
+        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     let internal_resolver = make_internal_resolver_with_tvar(
         vec![
@@ -695,15 +727,15 @@ fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
         Arc::new(Resolver(internal_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
         let (id, def_id, ty) = {
-            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "".into()) {
+            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "", false) {
                 Ok(x) => x,
                 Err(msg) => {
                     if print {
-                        println!("{}", msg);
+                        println!("{msg}");
                     } else {
                         assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
                     }
@@ -719,16 +751,14 @@ fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
 
     if let Err(msg) = composer.start_analysis(true) {
         if print {
-            println!("{}", msg);
+            println!("{}", msg.iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n"));
         } else {
-            assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
+            assert_eq!(res[0], msg.iter().next().unwrap());
         }
     } else {
         // skip 5 to skip primitives
         let mut stringify_folder = TypeToStringFolder { unifier: &mut composer.unifier };
-        for (_i, (def, _)) in
-            composer.definition_ast_list.iter().skip(composer.builtin_num).enumerate()
-        {
+        for (def, _) in composer.definition_ast_list.iter().skip(composer.builtin_num) {
             let def = &*def.read();
 
             if let TopLevelDef::Function { instance_to_stmt, name, .. } = def {
@@ -737,7 +767,7 @@ fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                     name,
                     instance_to_stmt.len()
                 );
-                for inst in instance_to_stmt.iter() {
+                for inst in instance_to_stmt {
                     let ast = &inst.1.body;
                     for b in ast.iter() {
                         println!("{:?}", stringify_folder.fold_stmt(b.clone()).unwrap());
@@ -755,22 +785,29 @@ fn make_internal_resolver_with_tvar(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     print: bool,
 ) -> Arc<ResolverInternal> {
+    let list_elem_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+    let list = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+        fields: HashMap::new(),
+        params: into_var_map([list_elem_tvar]),
+    });
+
     let res: Arc<ResolverInternal> = ResolverInternal {
-        id_to_def: Default::default(),
+        id_to_def: Mutex::new(HashMap::from([("list".into(), PrimDef::List.id())])),
         id_to_type: tvars
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(name, range)| {
                 (name, {
-                    let (ty, id) = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(range.as_slice(), None, None);
+                    let tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(range.as_slice(), None, None);
                     if print {
-                        println!("{}: {:?}, tvar{}", name, ty, id);
+                        println!("{}: {:?}, typevar{}", name, tvar.ty, tvar.id);
                     }
-                    ty
+                    tvar.ty
                 })
             })
             .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>()
             .into(),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        class_names: Mutex::new(HashMap::from([("list".into(), list)])),
     }
     .into();
     if print {
@@ -790,8 +827,8 @@ impl<'a> Fold<Option<Type>> for TypeToStringFolder<'a> {
         Ok(if let Some(ty) = user {
             self.unifier.internal_stringify(
                 ty,
-                &mut |id| format!("class{}", id.to_string()),
-                &mut |id| format!("tvar{}", id.to_string()),
+                &mut |id| format!("class{id}"),
+                &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
                 &mut None,
             )
         } else {

nac3core/src/toplevel/type_annotation.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,13 @@
+use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::Constant;
+
 use super::*;
+use crate::{
+    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
+    toplevel::helper::{PrimDef, PrimDefDetails},
+    typecheck::typedef::VarMap,
+};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum TypeAnnotation {
@@ -12,7 +21,8 @@ pub enum TypeAnnotation {
     // can only be CustomClassKind
     Virtual(Box<TypeAnnotation>),
     TypeVar(Type),
-    List(Box<TypeAnnotation>),
+    /// A `Literal` allowing a subset of literals.
+    Literal(Vec<Constant>),
     Tuple(Vec<TypeAnnotation>),
 }
 
@@ -22,52 +32,57 @@ impl TypeAnnotation {
         match self {
             Primitive(ty) | TypeVar(ty) => unifier.stringify(*ty),
             CustomClass { id, params } => {
-                let class_name = match unifier.top_level {
-                    Some(ref top) => {
-                        if let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } =
-                            &*top.definitions.read()[id.0].read()
-                        {
+                let class_name = if let Some(ref top) = unifier.top_level {
+                    if let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } = &*top.definitions.read()[id.0].read() {
                         (*name).into()
                     } else {
                         unreachable!()
                     }
-                    }
-                    None => format!("class_def_{}", id.0),
-                };
-                format!(
-                    "{}{}",
-                    class_name,
-                    {
-                        let param_list = params.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", ");
-                        if param_list.is_empty() {
-                            "".into()
                 } else {
-                            format!("[{}]", param_list)
+                    format!("class_def_{}", id.0)
+                };
+                format!("{}{}", class_name, {
+                    let param_list =
+                        params.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", ");
+                    if param_list.is_empty() {
+                        String::new()
+                    } else {
+                        format!("[{param_list}]")
                     }
+                })
             }
-                )
+            Literal(values) => {
+                format!("Literal({})", values.iter().map(|v| format!("{v:?}")).join(", "))
             }
             Virtual(ty) => format!("virtual[{}]", ty.stringify(unifier)),
-            List(ty) => format!("list[{}]", ty.stringify(unifier)),
             Tuple(types) => {
-                format!("tuple[{}]", types.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", "))
+                format!(
+                    "tuple[{}]",
+                    types.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", ")
+                )
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
+/// Parses an AST expression `expr` into a [`TypeAnnotation`].
+///
+/// * `locked` - A [`HashMap`] containing the IDs of known definitions, mapped to a [`Vec`] of all
+///   generic variables associated with the definition.
+/// * `type_var` - The type variable associated with the type argument currently being parsed. Pass
+///   [`None`] when this function is invoked externally.
+pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T, S: std::hash::BuildHasher + Clone>(
     resolver: &(dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync),
     top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     expr: &ast::Expr<T>,
     // the key stores the type_var of this topleveldef::class, we only need this field here
-    locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>,
-) -> Result<TypeAnnotation, String> {
+    locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>, S>,
+) -> Result<TypeAnnotation, HashSet<String>> {
     let name_handle = |id: &StrRef,
                        unifier: &mut Unifier,
-                       locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>| {
+                       locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>, S>| {
         if id == &"int32".into() {
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.int32))
         } else if id == &"int64".into() {
@@ -83,7 +98,7 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
         } else if id == &"str".into() {
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.str))
         } else if id == &"Exception".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: DefinitionId(7), params: Default::default() })
+            Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: PrimDef::Exception.id(), params: Vec::default() })
         } else if let Ok(obj_id) = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id) {
             let type_vars = {
                 let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].try_read();
@@ -91,10 +106,10 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                     if let TopLevelDef::Class { type_vars, .. } = &*def_read {
                         type_vars.clone()
                     } else {
-                        return Err(format!(
+                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                             "function cannot be used as a type (at {})",
                             expr.location
-                        ));
+                        )]));
                     }
                 } else {
                     locked.get(&obj_id).unwrap().clone()
@@ -102,23 +117,29 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
             };
             // check param number here
             if !type_vars.is_empty() {
-                return Err(format!(
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                     "expect {} type variable parameter but got 0 (at {})",
                     type_vars.len(),
                     expr.location,
-                ));
+                )]));
             }
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params: vec![] })
         } else if let Ok(ty) = resolver.get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, *id) {
             if let TypeEnum::TVar { .. } = unifier.get_ty(ty).as_ref() {
-                let var = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some(*id), Some(expr.location)).0;
+                let var = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some(*id), Some(expr.location)).ty;
                 unifier.unify(var, ty).unwrap();
                 Ok(TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(ty))
             } else {
-                Err(format!("`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})", id, expr.location))
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                    "`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})",
+                    id, expr.location
+                )]))
             }
         } else {
-            Err(format!("`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})", id, expr.location))
+            Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                "`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})",
+                id, expr.location
+            )]))
         }
     };
 
@@ -126,20 +147,22 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
         |id: &StrRef,
          slice: &ast::Expr<T>,
          unifier: &mut Unifier,
-         mut locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>| {
-            if vec!["virtual".into(), "Generic".into(), "list".into(), "tuple".into()].contains(id)
-            {
-                return Err(format!("keywords cannot be class name (at {})", expr.location));
+         mut locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>, S>| {
+            if ["virtual".into(), "Generic".into(), "tuple".into(), "Option".into()].contains(id) {
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                    "keywords cannot be class name (at {})",
+                    expr.location
+                )]));
             }
             let obj_id = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id)?;
             let type_vars = {
                 let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].try_read();
                 if let Some(def_read) = def_read {
-                    if let TopLevelDef::Class { type_vars, .. } = &*def_read {
-                        type_vars.clone()
-                    } else {
+                    let TopLevelDef::Class { type_vars, .. } = &*def_read else {
                         unreachable!("must be class here")
-                    }
+                    };
+
+                    type_vars.clone()
                 } else {
                     locked.get(&obj_id).unwrap().clone()
                 }
@@ -152,12 +175,12 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                     vec![slice]
                 };
                 if type_vars.len() != params_ast.len() {
-                    return Err(format!(
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                         "expect {} type parameters but got {} (at {})",
                         type_vars.len(),
                         params_ast.len(),
                         params_ast[0].location,
-                    ));
+                    )]));
                 }
                 let result = params_ast
                     .iter()
@@ -181,15 +204,17 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                 if no_type_var {
                     result
                 } else {
-                    return Err(format!(
-                        "application of type vars to generic class \
-                    is not currently supported (at {})",
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([
+                        format!(
+                            "application of type vars to generic class is not currently supported (at {})",
                             params_ast[0].location
-                    ));
+                        ),
+                    ]));
                 }
             };
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params: param_type_infos })
         };
+
     match &expr.node {
         ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => name_handle(id, unifier, locked),
         // virtual
@@ -212,23 +237,6 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Virtual(def.into()))
         }
 
-        // list
-        ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. }
-            if {
-                matches!(&value.node, ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"list".into())
-            } =>
-        {
-            let def_ann = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
-                resolver,
-                top_level_defs,
-                unifier,
-                primitives,
-                slice.as_ref(),
-                locked,
-            )?;
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::List(def_ann.into()))
-        }
-
         // option
         ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. }
             if {
@@ -281,16 +289,70 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Tuple(type_annotations))
         }
 
+        // Literal
+        ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. }
+            if {
+                matches!(&value.node, ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"Literal".into())
+            } =>
+        {
+            let tup_elts = {
+                if let ast::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
+                    elts.as_slice()
+                } else {
+                    std::slice::from_ref(slice.as_ref())
+                }
+            };
+            let type_annotations = tup_elts
+                .iter()
+                .map(|e| match &e.node {
+                    ast::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => {
+                        Ok(TypeAnnotation::Literal(vec![value.clone()]))
+                    }
+                    _ => parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
+                        resolver,
+                        top_level_defs,
+                        unifier,
+                        primitives,
+                        e,
+                        locked.clone(),
+                    ),
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
+                .into_iter()
+                .flat_map(|type_ann| match type_ann {
+                    TypeAnnotation::Literal(values) => values,
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                })
+                .collect_vec();
+
+            if type_annotations.len() == 1 {
+                Ok(TypeAnnotation::Literal(type_annotations))
+            } else {
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                    "multiple literal bounds are currently unsupported (at {})",
+                    value.location
+                )]))
+            }
+        }
+
         // custom class
         ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. } => {
             if let ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = &value.node {
                 class_name_handle(id, slice, unifier, locked)
             } else {
-                Err(format!("unsupported expression type for class name (at {})", value.location))
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                    "unsupported expression type for class name (at {})",
+                    value.location
+                )]))
             }
         }
 
-        _ => Err(format!("unsupported expression for type annotation (at {})", expr.location)),
+        ast::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => Ok(TypeAnnotation::Literal(vec![value.clone()])),
+
+        _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+            "unsupported expression for type annotation (at {})",
+            expr.location
+        )])),
     }
 }
 
@@ -302,20 +364,24 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     ann: &TypeAnnotation,
-    subst_list: &mut Option<Vec<Type>>
-) -> Result<Type, String> {
+    subst_list: &mut Option<Vec<Type>>,
+) -> Result<Type, HashSet<String>> {
     match ann {
         TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params } => {
             let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].read();
-            let class_def: &TopLevelDef = def_read.deref();
-            if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = class_def {
+            let class_def: &TopLevelDef = &def_read;
+            let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = class_def else {
+                unreachable!("should be class def here")
+            };
+
             if type_vars.len() != params.len() {
-                    Err(format!(
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                     "unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got {}",
                     type_vars.len(),
                     params.len()
-                    ))
-                } else {
+                )]));
+            }
+
             let param_ty = params
                 .iter()
                 .map(|x| {
@@ -324,19 +390,52 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                         unifier,
                         primitives,
                         x,
-                                subst_list
+                        subst_list,
                     )
                 })
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
 
+            let ty = if let Some(prim_def) = PrimDef::iter().find(|prim| prim.id() == *obj_id) {
+                // Primitive TopLevelDefs do not contain all fields that are present in their Type
+                // counterparts, so directly perform subst on the Type instead.
+
+                let PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { get_ty_fn, .. } = prim_def.details() else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                };
+
+                let base_ty = get_ty_fn(primitives);
+                let params =
+                    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(base_ty) {
+                        params.clone()
+                    } else {
+                        unreachable!()
+                    };
+
+                unifier
+                    .subst(
+                        get_ty_fn(primitives),
+                        &params
+                            .iter()
+                            .zip(param_ty)
+                            .map(|(obj_tv, param)| (*obj_tv.0, param))
+                            .collect(),
+                    )
+                    .unwrap_or(base_ty)
+            } else {
                 let subst = {
                     // check for compatible range
                     // TODO: if allow type var to be applied(now this disallowed in the parse_to_type_annotation), need more check
-                        let mut result: HashMap<u32, Type> = HashMap::new();
+                    let mut result = VarMap::new();
                     for (tvar, p) in type_vars.iter().zip(param_ty) {
-                            if let TypeEnum::TVar { id, range, fields: None, name, loc } =
-                                unifier.get_ty(*tvar).as_ref()
-                            {
+                        match unifier.get_ty(*tvar).as_ref() {
+                            TypeEnum::TVar {
+                                id,
+                                range,
+                                fields: None,
+                                name,
+                                loc,
+                                is_const_generic: false,
+                            } => {
                                 let ok: bool = {
                                     // create a temp type var and unify to check compatibility
                                     p == *tvar || {
@@ -345,29 +444,54 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                                             *name,
                                             *loc,
                                         );
-                                        unifier.unify(temp.0, p).is_ok()
+                                        unifier.unify(temp.ty, p).is_ok()
                                     }
                                 };
                                 if ok {
                                     result.insert(*id, p);
                                 } else {
-                                    return Err(format!(
+                                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                                         "cannot apply type {} to type variable with id {:?}",
                                         unifier.internal_stringify(
                                             p,
-                                            &mut |id| format!("class{}", id),
-                                            &mut |id| format!("tvar{}", id),
+                                            &mut |id| format!("class{id}"),
+                                            &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
                                             &mut None
                                         ),
                                         *id
-                                    ));
+                                    )]));
                                 }
+                            }
+
+                            TypeEnum::TVar {
+                                id, range, name, loc, is_const_generic: true, ..
+                            } => {
+                                let ty = range[0];
+                                let ok: bool = {
+                                    // create a temp type var and unify to check compatibility
+                                    p == *tvar || {
+                                        let temp =
+                                            unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(ty, *name, *loc);
+                                        unifier.unify(temp.ty, p).is_ok()
+                                    }
+                                };
+                                if ok {
+                                    result.insert(*id, p);
                                 } else {
-                                unreachable!("must be generic type var")
+                                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                                        "cannot apply type {} to type variable {}",
+                                        unifier.stringify(p),
+                                        name.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("typevar{id}").into()),
+                                    )]));
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            _ => unreachable!("must be generic type var"),
                         }
                     }
                     result
                 };
+                // Class Attributes keep a copy with Class Definition and are not added to objects
                 let mut tobj_fields = methods
                     .iter()
                     .map(|(name, ty, _)| {
@@ -386,44 +510,53 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                     fields: tobj_fields,
                     params: subst,
                 });
+
                 if need_subst {
-                        subst_list.as_mut().map(|wl| wl.push(ty));
+                    if let Some(wl) = subst_list.as_mut() {
+                        wl.push(ty);
                     }
+                }
+
+                ty
+            };
+
             Ok(ty)
         }
-            } else {
-                unreachable!("should be class def here")
-            }
-        }
         TypeAnnotation::Primitive(ty) | TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(ty) => Ok(*ty),
+        TypeAnnotation::Literal(values) => {
+            let values = values
+                .iter()
+                .map(SymbolValue::from_constant_inferred)
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+                .map_err(|err| HashSet::from([err]))?;
+
+            let var = unifier.get_fresh_literal(values, None);
+            Ok(var)
+        }
         TypeAnnotation::Virtual(ty) => {
             let ty = get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                 top_level_defs,
                 unifier,
                 primitives,
                 ty.as_ref(),
-                subst_list
+                subst_list,
             )?;
             Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty }))
         }
-        TypeAnnotation::List(ty) => {
-            let ty = get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
-                top_level_defs,
-                unifier,
-                primitives,
-                ty.as_ref(),
-                subst_list
-            )?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }))
-        }
         TypeAnnotation::Tuple(tys) => {
             let tys = tys
                 .iter()
                 .map(|x| {
-                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, x, subst_list)
+                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
+                        top_level_defs,
+                        unifier,
+                        primitives,
+                        x,
+                        subst_list,
+                    )
                 })
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tys }))
+            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tys, is_vararg_ctx: false }))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -436,10 +569,11 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
 /// the type of `self` should be similar to `A[T, V]`, where `T`, `V`
 /// considered to be type variables associated with the class \
 /// \
-/// But note that here we do not make a duplication of `T`, `V`, we direclty
-/// use them as they are in the TopLevelDef::Class since those in the
-/// TopLevelDef::Class.type_vars will be substitute later when seeing applications/instantiations
+/// But note that here we do not make a duplication of `T`, `V`, we directly
+/// use them as they are in the [`TopLevelDef::Class`] since those in the
+/// `TopLevelDef::Class.type_vars` will be substitute later when seeing applications/instantiations
 /// the Type of their fields and methods will also be subst when application/instantiation
+#[must_use]
 pub fn make_self_type_annotation(type_vars: &[Type], object_id: DefinitionId) -> TypeAnnotation {
     TypeAnnotation::CustomClass {
         id: object_id,
@@ -450,27 +584,25 @@ pub fn make_self_type_annotation(type_vars: &[Type], object_id: DefinitionId) ->
 /// get all the occurences of type vars contained in a type annotation
 /// e.g. `A[int, B[T], V, virtual[C[G]]]` => [T, V, G]
 /// this function will not make a duplicate of type var
+#[must_use]
 pub fn get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(ann: &TypeAnnotation) -> Vec<TypeAnnotation> {
     let mut result: Vec<TypeAnnotation> = Vec::new();
     match ann {
         TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(..) => result.push(ann.clone()),
         TypeAnnotation::Virtual(ann) => {
-            result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(ann.as_ref()))
+            result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(ann.as_ref()));
         }
         TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { params, .. } => {
             for p in params {
                 result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(p));
             }
         }
-        TypeAnnotation::List(ann) => {
-            result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(ann.as_ref()))
-        }
         TypeAnnotation::Tuple(anns) => {
             for a in anns {
                 result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(a));
             }
         }
-        TypeAnnotation::Primitive(..) => {}
+        TypeAnnotation::Primitive(..) | TypeAnnotation::Literal { .. } => {}
     }
     result
 }
@@ -485,21 +617,20 @@ pub fn check_overload_type_annotation_compatible(
         (TypeAnnotation::Primitive(a), TypeAnnotation::Primitive(b)) => a == b,
         (TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(a), TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(b)) => {
             let a = unifier.get_ty(*a);
-            let a = a.deref();
+            let a = &*a;
             let b = unifier.get_ty(*b);
-            let b = b.deref();
-            if let (
+            let b = &*b;
+            let (
                 TypeEnum::TVar { id: a, fields: None, .. },
                 TypeEnum::TVar { id: b, fields: None, .. },
             ) = (a, b)
-            {
-                a == b
-            } else {
+            else {
                 unreachable!("must be type var")
+            };
+
+            a == b
         }
-        }
-        (TypeAnnotation::Virtual(a), TypeAnnotation::Virtual(b))
-        | (TypeAnnotation::List(a), TypeAnnotation::List(b)) => {
+        (TypeAnnotation::Virtual(a), TypeAnnotation::Virtual(b)) => {
             check_overload_type_annotation_compatible(a.as_ref(), b.as_ref(), unifier)
         }
 

nac3core/src/typecheck/function_check.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum;
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    iter::once,
+};
 
-use super::type_inferencer::Inferencer;
-use super::typedef::Type;
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, Expr, ExprKind, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef};
-use std::{collections::HashSet, iter::once};
+use nac3parser::ast::{
+    self, Constant, Expr, ExprKind,
+    Operator::{LShift, RShift},
+    Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef,
+};
+
+use super::{
+    type_inferencer::{DeclarationSource, IdentifierInfo, Inferencer},
+    typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
+};
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
 
 impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
-    fn should_have_value(&mut self, expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fn should_have_value(&mut self, expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
         if matches!(expr.custom, Some(ty) if self.unifier.unioned(ty, self.primitives.none)) {
-            Err(format!("Error at {}: cannot have value none", expr.location))
+            Err(HashSet::from([format!("Error at {}: cannot have value none", expr.location)]))
         } else {
             Ok(())
         }
@@ -17,40 +27,61 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
     fn check_pattern(
         &mut self,
         pattern: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+    ) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
         match &pattern.node {
-            ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() =>
-                Err(format!("cannot assign to a `none` (at {})", pattern.location)),
+            ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() => {
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!("cannot assign to a `none` (at {})", pattern.location)]))
+            }
             ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
-                if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
-                    defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
+                // If `id` refers to a declared symbol, reject this assignment if it is used in the
+                // context of an (implicit) global variable
+                if let Some(id_info) = defined_identifiers.get(id) {
+                    if matches!(
+                        id_info.source,
+                        DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(false) }
+                    ) {
+                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                            "cannot access local variable '{id}' before it is declared (at {})",
+                            pattern.location
+                        )]));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(id) {
+                    defined_identifiers.insert(*id, IdentifierInfo::default());
                 }
                 self.should_have_value(pattern)?;
                 Ok(())
             }
-            ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
-                for elt in elts.iter() {
+            ExprKind::List { elts, .. } | ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
+                for elt in elts {
                     self.check_pattern(elt, defined_identifiers)?;
                     self.should_have_value(elt)?;
                 }
                 Ok(())
             }
+            ExprKind::Starred { value, .. } => {
+                self.check_pattern(value, defined_identifiers)?;
+                self.should_have_value(value)?;
+                Ok(())
+            }
             ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. } => {
                 self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.should_have_value(value)?;
                 self.check_expr(slice, defined_identifiers)?;
                 if let TypeEnum::TTuple { .. } = &*self.unifier.get_ty(value.custom.unwrap()) {
-                    return Err(format!(
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                         "Error at {}: cannot assign to tuple element",
                         value.location
-                    ));
+                    )]));
                 }
                 Ok(())
             }
-            ExprKind::Constant { .. } => {
-                Err(format!("cannot assign to a constant (at {})", pattern.location))
-            }
+            ExprKind::Constant { .. } => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                "cannot assign to a constant (at {})",
+                pattern.location
+            )])),
             _ => self.check_expr(pattern, defined_identifiers),
         }
     }
@@ -58,16 +89,19 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
     fn check_expr(
         &mut self,
         expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+    ) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
         // there are some cases where the custom field is None
         if let Some(ty) = &expr.custom {
-            if !self.unifier.is_concrete(*ty, &self.function_data.bound_variables) {
-                return Err(format!(
+            if !matches!(&expr.node, ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Ellipsis, .. })
+                && !ty.obj_id(self.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id())
+                && !self.unifier.is_concrete(*ty, &self.function_data.bound_variables)
+            {
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                     "expected concrete type at {} but got {}",
                     expr.location,
                     self.unifier.get_ty(*ty).get_type_name()
-                ));
+                )]));
             }
         }
         match &expr.node {
@@ -76,7 +110,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
                 self.should_have_value(expr)?;
-                if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
+                if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(id) {
                     match self.function_data.resolver.get_symbol_type(
                         self.unifier,
                         &self.top_level.definitions.read(),
@@ -84,13 +118,28 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                         *id,
                     ) {
                         Ok(_) => {
-                            self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
+                            let is_global = self.is_id_global(*id);
+
+                            defined_identifiers.insert(
+                                *id,
+                                IdentifierInfo {
+                                    source: match is_global {
+                                        Some(true) => {
+                                            DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(false) }
+                                        }
+                                        Some(false) => {
+                                            DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: None }
+                                        }
+                                        None => DeclarationSource::Local,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            );
                         }
                         Err(e) => {
-                            return Err(format!(
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
                                 "type error at identifier `{}` ({}) at {}",
                                 id, e, expr.location
-                            ));
+                            )]))
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -98,7 +147,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
             ExprKind::List { elts, .. }
             | ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. }
             | ExprKind::BoolOp { values: elts, .. } => {
-                for elt in elts.iter() {
+                for elt in elts {
                     self.check_expr(elt, defined_identifiers)?;
                     self.should_have_value(elt)?;
                 }
@@ -107,11 +156,25 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.should_have_value(value)?;
             }
-            ExprKind::BinOp { left, right, .. } => {
+            ExprKind::BinOp { left, op, right } => {
                 self.check_expr(left, defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.check_expr(right, defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.should_have_value(left)?;
                 self.should_have_value(right)?;
+
+                // Check whether a bitwise shift has a negative RHS constant value
+                if *op == LShift || *op == RShift {
+                    if let ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } = &right.node {
+                        let Constant::Int(rhs_val) = value else { unreachable!() };
+
+                        if *rhs_val < 0 {
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                                "shift count is negative at {}",
+                                right.location
+                            )]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
             }
             ExprKind::UnaryOp { operand, .. } => {
                 self.check_expr(operand, defined_identifiers)?;
@@ -141,11 +204,9 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
             }
             ExprKind::Lambda { args, body } => {
                 let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-                for arg in args.args.iter() {
+                for arg in &args.args {
                     // TODO: should we check the types here?
-                    if !defined_identifiers.contains(&arg.node.arg) {
-                        defined_identifiers.insert(arg.node.arg);
-                    }
+                    defined_identifiers.entry(arg.node.arg).or_default();
                 }
                 self.check_expr(body, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
             }
@@ -179,24 +240,49 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Check that the return value is a non-`alloca` type, effectively only allowing primitive types.
+    ///
+    /// This is a workaround preventing the caller from using a variable `alloca`-ed in the body, which
+    /// is freed when the function returns.
+    fn check_return_value_ty(&mut self, ret_ty: Type) -> bool {
+        if cfg!(feature = "no-escape-analysis") {
+            true
+        } else {
+            match &*self.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ret_ty) {
+                TypeEnum::TObj { .. } => [
+                    self.primitives.int32,
+                    self.primitives.int64,
+                    self.primitives.uint32,
+                    self.primitives.uint64,
+                    self.primitives.float,
+                    self.primitives.bool,
+                ]
+                .iter()
+                .any(|allowed_ty| self.unifier.unioned(ret_ty, *allowed_ty)),
+                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, .. } => ty.iter().all(|t| self.check_return_value_ty(*t)),
+                _ => false,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     // check statements for proper identifier def-use and return on all paths
     fn check_stmt(
         &mut self,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<bool, String> {
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, HashSet<String>> {
         match &stmt.node {
             StmtKind::For { target, iter, body, orelse, .. } => {
                 self.check_expr(iter, defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.should_have_value(iter)?;
                 let mut local_defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-                for stmt in orelse.iter() {
+                for stmt in orelse {
                     self.check_stmt(stmt, &mut local_defined_identifiers)?;
                 }
                 let mut local_defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                 self.check_pattern(target, &mut local_defined_identifiers)?;
                 self.should_have_value(target)?;
-                for stmt in body.iter() {
+                for stmt in body {
                     self.check_stmt(stmt, &mut local_defined_identifiers)?;
                 }
                 Ok(false)
@@ -209,9 +295,11 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 let body_returned = self.check_block(body, &mut body_identifiers)?;
                 let orelse_returned = self.check_block(orelse, &mut orelse_identifiers)?;
 
-                for ident in body_identifiers.iter() {
-                    if !defined_identifiers.contains(ident) && orelse_identifiers.contains(ident) {
-                        defined_identifiers.insert(*ident);
+                for ident in body_identifiers.keys() {
+                    if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(ident)
+                        && orelse_identifiers.contains_key(ident)
+                    {
+                        defined_identifiers.insert(*ident, IdentifierInfo::default());
                     }
                 }
                 Ok(body_returned && orelse_returned)
@@ -226,7 +314,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
             }
             StmtKind::With { items, body, .. } => {
                 let mut new_defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-                for item in items.iter() {
+                for item in items {
                     self.check_expr(&item.context_expr, defined_identifiers)?;
                     if let Some(var) = item.optional_vars.as_ref() {
                         self.check_pattern(var, &mut new_defined_identifiers)?;
@@ -238,11 +326,11 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
             StmtKind::Try { body, handlers, orelse, finalbody, .. } => {
                 self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers.clone())?;
                 self.check_block(orelse, &mut defined_identifiers.clone())?;
-                for handler in handlers.iter() {
+                for handler in handlers {
                     let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                     let ast::ExcepthandlerKind::ExceptHandler { name, body, .. } = &handler.node;
                     if let Some(name) = name {
-                        defined_identifiers.insert(*name);
+                        defined_identifiers.insert(*name, IdentifierInfo::default());
                     }
                     self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
                 }
@@ -273,6 +361,30 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 if let Some(value) = value {
                     self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
                     self.should_have_value(value)?;
+
+                    // Check that the return value is a non-`alloca` type, effectively only allowing primitive types.
+                    // This is a workaround preventing the caller from using a variable `alloca`-ed in the body, which
+                    // is freed when the function returns.
+                    if let Some(ret_ty) = value.custom {
+                        // Explicitly allow ellipsis as a return value, as the type of the ellipsis is contextually
+                        // inferred and just generates an unconditional assertion
+                        if matches!(
+                            value.node,
+                            ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Ellipsis, .. }
+                        ) {
+                            return Ok(true);
+                        }
+
+                        if !self.check_return_value_ty(ret_ty) {
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([
+                                format!(
+                                    "return value of type {} must be a primitive or a tuple of primitives at {}",
+                                    self.unifier.stringify(ret_ty),
+                                    value.location,
+                                ),
+                            ]));
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 Ok(true)
             }
@@ -282,6 +394,44 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 }
                 Ok(true)
             }
+            StmtKind::Global { names, .. } => {
+                for id in names {
+                    if let Some(id_info) = defined_identifiers.get(id) {
+                        if id_info.source == DeclarationSource::Local {
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                                "name '{id}' is referenced prior to global declaration at {}",
+                                stmt.location,
+                            )]));
+                        }
+
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    match self.function_data.resolver.get_symbol_type(
+                        self.unifier,
+                        &self.top_level.definitions.read(),
+                        self.primitives,
+                        *id,
+                    ) {
+                        Ok(_) => {
+                            defined_identifiers.insert(
+                                *id,
+                                IdentifierInfo {
+                                    source: DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(true) },
+                                },
+                            );
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                                "type error at identifier `{}` ({}) at {}",
+                                id, e, stmt.location
+                            )]))
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Ok(false)
+            }
             // break, raise, etc.
             _ => Ok(false),
         }
@@ -290,12 +440,12 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
     pub fn check_block(
         &mut self,
         block: &[Stmt<Option<Type>>],
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<bool, String> {
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, HashSet<String>> {
         let mut ret = false;
         for stmt in block {
             if ret {
-                return Err(format!("dead code at {:?}", stmt.location));
+                eprintln!("warning: dead code at {}\n", stmt.location);
             }
             if self.check_stmt(stmt, defined_identifiers)? {
                 ret = true;

nac3core/src/typecheck/magic_methods.rs

@@ -1,69 +1,154 @@
-use crate::typecheck::{
+use std::{cmp::max, collections::HashMap, rc::Rc};
+
+use itertools::{iproduct, Itertools};
+use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Operator, StrRef, Unaryop};
+
+use crate::{
+    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
+    toplevel::{
+        helper::PrimDef,
+        numpy::{make_ndarray_ty, unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
+    },
+    typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::*,
-    typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
+    },
 };
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef};
-use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Operator, Unaryop};
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
-pub fn binop_name(op: &Operator) -> &'static str {
-    match op {
-        Operator::Add => "__add__",
-        Operator::Sub => "__sub__",
-        Operator::Div => "__truediv__",
-        Operator::Mod => "__mod__",
-        Operator::Mult => "__mul__",
-        Operator::Pow => "__pow__",
-        Operator::BitOr => "__or__",
-        Operator::BitXor => "__xor__",
-        Operator::BitAnd => "__and__",
-        Operator::LShift => "__lshift__",
-        Operator::RShift => "__rshift__",
-        Operator::FloorDiv => "__floordiv__",
-        Operator::MatMult => "__matmul__",
+/// The variant of a binary operator.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BinopVariant {
+    /// The normal variant.
+    /// For addition, it would be `+`.
+    Normal,
+    /// The "Augmented Assigning Operator" variant.
+    /// For addition, it would be `+=`.
+    AugAssign,
+}
+
+/// A binary operator with its variant.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Binop {
+    /// The base [`Operator`] of this binary operator.
+    pub base: Operator,
+    /// The variant of this binary operator.
+    pub variant: BinopVariant,
+}
+
+impl Binop {
+    /// Make a [`Binop`] of the normal variant from an [`Operator`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn normal(base: Operator) -> Self {
+        Binop { base, variant: BinopVariant::Normal }
+    }
+
+    /// Make a [`Binop`] of the aug assign variant from an [`Operator`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn aug_assign(base: Operator) -> Self {
+        Binop { base, variant: BinopVariant::AugAssign }
     }
 }
 
-pub fn binop_assign_name(op: &Operator) -> &'static str {
-    match op {
-        Operator::Add => "__iadd__",
-        Operator::Sub => "__isub__",
-        Operator::Div => "__itruediv__",
-        Operator::Mod => "__imod__",
-        Operator::Mult => "__imul__",
-        Operator::Pow => "__ipow__",
-        Operator::BitOr => "__ior__",
-        Operator::BitXor => "__ixor__",
-        Operator::BitAnd => "__iand__",
-        Operator::LShift => "__ilshift__",
-        Operator::RShift => "__irshift__",
-        Operator::FloorDiv => "__ifloordiv__",
-        Operator::MatMult => "__imatmul__",
-    }
+/// Details about an operator (unary, binary, etc...) in Python
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct OpInfo {
+    /// The method name of the binary operator.
+    /// For addition, this would be `__add__`, and `__iadd__` if
+    /// it is the augmented assigning variant.
+    pub method_name: &'static str,
+    /// The symbol of the binary operator.
+    /// For addition, this would be `+`, and `+=` if
+    /// it is the augmented assigning variant.
+    pub symbol: &'static str,
 }
 
-pub fn unaryop_name(op: &Unaryop) -> &'static str {
-    match op {
-        Unaryop::UAdd => "__pos__",
-        Unaryop::USub => "__neg__",
-        Unaryop::Not => "__not__",
-        Unaryop::Invert => "__inv__",
-    }
+/// Helper macro to conveniently build an [`OpInfo`].
+///
+/// Example usage: `make_info("add", "+")` generates `OpInfo { name: "__add__", symbol: "+" }`
+macro_rules! make_op_info {
+    ($name:expr, $symbol:expr) => {
+        OpInfo { method_name: concat!("__", $name, "__"), symbol: $symbol }
+    };
 }
 
-pub fn comparison_name(op: &Cmpop) -> Option<&'static str> {
+pub trait HasOpInfo {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo;
+}
+
+fn try_get_cmpop_info(op: Cmpop) -> Option<OpInfo> {
     match op {
-        Cmpop::Lt => Some("__lt__"),
-        Cmpop::LtE => Some("__le__"),
-        Cmpop::Gt => Some("__gt__"),
-        Cmpop::GtE => Some("__ge__"),
-        Cmpop::Eq => Some("__eq__"),
-        Cmpop::NotEq => Some("__ne__"),
+        Cmpop::Lt => Some(make_op_info!("lt", "<")),
+        Cmpop::LtE => Some(make_op_info!("le", "<=")),
+        Cmpop::Gt => Some(make_op_info!("gt", ">")),
+        Cmpop::GtE => Some(make_op_info!("ge", ">=")),
+        Cmpop::Eq => Some(make_op_info!("eq", "==")),
+        Cmpop::NotEq => Some(make_op_info!("ne", "!=")),
         _ => None,
     }
 }
 
+impl OpInfo {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn supports_cmpop(op: Cmpop) -> bool {
+        try_get_cmpop_info(op).is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasOpInfo for Cmpop {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo {
+        try_get_cmpop_info(*self).expect("{self:?} is not supported")
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasOpInfo for Binop {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo {
+        // Helper macro to generate both the normal variant [`OpInfo`] and the
+        // augmented assigning variant [`OpInfo`] for a binary operator conveniently.
+        macro_rules! info {
+            ($name:literal, $symbol:literal) => {
+                (
+                    make_op_info!($name, $symbol),
+                    make_op_info!(concat!("i", $name), concat!($symbol, "=")),
+                )
+            };
+        }
+
+        let (normal_variant, aug_assign_variant) = match self.base {
+            Operator::Add => info!("add", "+"),
+            Operator::Sub => info!("sub", "-"),
+            Operator::Div => info!("truediv", "/"),
+            Operator::Mod => info!("mod", "%"),
+            Operator::Mult => info!("mul", "*"),
+            Operator::Pow => info!("pow", "**"),
+            Operator::BitOr => info!("or", "|"),
+            Operator::BitXor => info!("xor", "^"),
+            Operator::BitAnd => info!("and", "&"),
+            Operator::LShift => info!("lshift", "<<"),
+            Operator::RShift => info!("rshift", ">>"),
+            Operator::FloorDiv => info!("floordiv", "//"),
+            Operator::MatMult => info!("matmul", "@"),
+        };
+
+        match self.variant {
+            BinopVariant::Normal => normal_variant,
+            BinopVariant::AugAssign => aug_assign_variant,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasOpInfo for Unaryop {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo {
+        match self {
+            Unaryop::UAdd => make_op_info!("pos", "+"),
+            Unaryop::USub => make_op_info!("neg", "-"),
+            Unaryop::Not => make_op_info!("not", "not"), // i.e., `not False`, so the symbol is just `not`.
+            Unaryop::Invert => make_op_info!("inv", "~"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub(super) fn with_fields<F>(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, f: F)
 where
     F: FnOnce(&mut Unifier, &mut HashMap<StrRef, (Type, bool)>),
@@ -83,26 +168,31 @@ where
 
 pub fn impl_binop(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
-    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    _store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
-    ops: &[ast::Operator],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+    ops: &[Operator],
 ) {
     with_fields(unifier, ty, |unifier, fields| {
         let (other_ty, other_var_id) = if other_ty.len() == 1 {
             (other_ty[0], None)
         } else {
-            let (ty, var_id) = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(other_ty, Some("N".into()), None);
-            (ty, Some(var_id))
+            let tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(other_ty, Some("N".into()), None);
+            (tvar.ty, Some(tvar.id))
         };
+
         let function_vars = if let Some(var_id) = other_var_id {
-            vec![(var_id, other_ty)].into_iter().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>()
+            vec![(var_id, other_ty)].into_iter().collect::<VarMap>()
         } else {
-            HashMap::new()
+            VarMap::new()
         };
-        for op in ops {
-            fields.insert(binop_name(op).into(), {
+
+        let ret_ty = ret_ty.unwrap_or_else(|| unifier.get_fresh_var(None, None).ty);
+
+        for (base_op, variant) in iproduct!(ops, [BinopVariant::Normal, BinopVariant::AugAssign]) {
+            let op = Binop { base: *base_op, variant };
+            fields.insert(op.op_info().method_name.into(), {
                 (
                     unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                         ret: ret_ty,
@@ -111,21 +201,7 @@ pub fn impl_binop(
                             ty: other_ty,
                             default_value: None,
                             name: "other".into(),
-                        }],
-                    })),
-                    false,
-                )
-            });
-
-            fields.insert(binop_assign_name(op).into(), {
-                (
-                    unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                        ret: store.none,
-                        vars: function_vars.clone(),
-                        args: vec![FuncArg {
-                            ty: other_ty,
-                            default_value: None,
-                            name: "other".into(),
+                            is_vararg: false,
                         }],
                     })),
                     false,
@@ -135,15 +211,17 @@ pub fn impl_binop(
     });
 }
 
-pub fn impl_unaryop(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, ret_ty: Type, ops: &[ast::Unaryop]) {
+pub fn impl_unaryop(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>, ops: &[Unaryop]) {
     with_fields(unifier, ty, |unifier, fields| {
+        let ret_ty = ret_ty.unwrap_or_else(|| unifier.get_fresh_var(None, None).ty);
+
         for op in ops {
             fields.insert(
-                unaryop_name(op).into(),
+                op.op_info().method_name.into(),
                 (
                     unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                         ret: ret_ty,
-                        vars: HashMap::new(),
+                        vars: VarMap::new(),
                         args: vec![],
                     })),
                     false,
@@ -155,23 +233,40 @@ pub fn impl_unaryop(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, ret_ty: Type, ops: &[ast::U
 
 pub fn impl_cmpop(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
-    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    _store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
-    other_ty: Type,
-    ops: &[ast::Cmpop],
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ops: &[Cmpop],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
     with_fields(unifier, ty, |unifier, fields| {
+        let (other_ty, other_var_id) = if other_ty.len() == 1 {
+            (other_ty[0], None)
+        } else {
+            let tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(other_ty, Some("N".into()), None);
+            (tvar.ty, Some(tvar.id))
+        };
+
+        let function_vars = if let Some(var_id) = other_var_id {
+            vec![(var_id, other_ty)].into_iter().collect::<VarMap>()
+        } else {
+            VarMap::new()
+        };
+
+        let ret_ty = ret_ty.unwrap_or_else(|| unifier.get_fresh_var(None, None).ty);
+
         for op in ops {
             fields.insert(
-                comparison_name(op).unwrap().into(),
+                op.op_info().method_name.into(),
                 (
                     unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                        ret: store.bool,
-                        vars: HashMap::new(),
+                        ret: ret_ty,
+                        vars: function_vars.clone(),
                         args: vec![FuncArg {
                             ty: other_ty,
                             default_value: None,
                             name: "other".into(),
+                            is_vararg: false,
                         }],
                     })),
                     false,
@@ -181,13 +276,13 @@ pub fn impl_cmpop(
     });
 }
 
-/// Add, Sub, Mult
+/// `Add`, `Sub`, `Mult`
 pub fn impl_basic_arithmetic(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
     impl_binop(
         unifier,
@@ -195,94 +290,407 @@ pub fn impl_basic_arithmetic(
         ty,
         other_ty,
         ret_ty,
-        &[ast::Operator::Add, ast::Operator::Sub, ast::Operator::Mult],
-    )
+        &[Operator::Add, Operator::Sub, Operator::Mult],
+    );
 }
 
-/// Pow
+/// `Pow`
 pub fn impl_pow(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[ast::Operator::Pow])
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::Pow]);
 }
 
-/// BitOr, BitXor, BitAnd
+/// `BitOr`, `BitXor`, `BitAnd`
 pub fn impl_bitwise_arithmetic(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
     impl_binop(
         unifier,
         store,
         ty,
         &[ty],
-        ty,
-        &[ast::Operator::BitAnd, ast::Operator::BitOr, ast::Operator::BitXor],
-    )
+        Some(ty),
+        &[Operator::BitAnd, Operator::BitOr, Operator::BitXor],
+    );
 }
 
-/// LShift, RShift
+/// `LShift`, `RShift`
 pub fn impl_bitwise_shift(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, &[ty], ty, &[ast::Operator::LShift, ast::Operator::RShift])
+    impl_binop(
+        unifier,
+        store,
+        ty,
+        &[store.int32, store.uint32],
+        Some(ty),
+        &[Operator::LShift, Operator::RShift],
+    );
 }
 
-/// Div
-pub fn impl_div(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, other_ty: &[Type]) {
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, store.float, &[ast::Operator::Div])
+/// `Div`
+pub fn impl_div(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::Div]);
 }
 
-/// FloorDiv
+/// `FloorDiv`
 pub fn impl_floordiv(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[ast::Operator::FloorDiv])
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::FloorDiv]);
 }
 
-/// Mod
+/// `Mod`
 pub fn impl_mod(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[ast::Operator::Mod])
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::Mod]);
 }
 
-/// UAdd, USub
-pub fn impl_sign(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
-    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ty, &[ast::Unaryop::UAdd, ast::Unaryop::USub])
+/// [`Operator::MatMult`]
+pub fn impl_matmul(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::MatMult]);
 }
 
-/// Invert
-pub fn impl_invert(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
-    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ty, &[ast::Unaryop::Invert])
+/// `UAdd`, `USub`
+pub fn impl_sign(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>) {
+    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ret_ty, &[Unaryop::UAdd, Unaryop::USub]);
 }
 
-/// Not
-pub fn impl_not(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
-    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, store.bool, &[ast::Unaryop::Not])
+/// `Invert`
+pub fn impl_invert(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>) {
+    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ret_ty, &[Unaryop::Invert]);
 }
 
-/// Lt, LtE, Gt, GtE
-pub fn impl_comparison(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, other_ty: Type) {
+/// `Not`
+pub fn impl_not(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>) {
+    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ret_ty, &[Unaryop::Not]);
+}
+
+/// `Lt`, `LtE`, `Gt`, `GtE`
+pub fn impl_comparison(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
     impl_cmpop(
         unifier,
         store,
         ty,
         other_ty,
-        &[ast::Cmpop::Lt, ast::Cmpop::Gt, ast::Cmpop::LtE, ast::Cmpop::GtE],
-    )
+        &[Cmpop::Lt, Cmpop::Gt, Cmpop::LtE, Cmpop::GtE],
+        ret_ty,
+    );
 }
 
-/// Eq, NotEq
-pub fn impl_eq(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
-    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, ty, ty, &[ast::Cmpop::Eq, ast::Cmpop::NotEq])
+/// `Eq`, `NotEq`
+pub fn impl_eq(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
+    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, &[Cmpop::Eq, Cmpop::NotEq], ret_ty);
+}
+
+/// Returns the expected return type of binary operations with at least one `ndarray` operand.
+pub fn typeof_ndarray_broadcast(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    left: Type,
+    right: Type,
+) -> Result<Type, String> {
+    let is_left_ndarray = left.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    let is_right_ndarray = right.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    assert!(is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray);
+
+    if is_left_ndarray && is_right_ndarray {
+        // Perform broadcasting on two ndarray operands.
+
+        let (left_ty_dtype, left_ty_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, left);
+        let (right_ty_dtype, right_ty_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, right);
+
+        assert!(unifier.unioned(left_ty_dtype, right_ty_dtype));
+
+        let left_ty_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(left_ty_ndims) {
+            TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => values.clone(),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        let right_ty_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(right_ty_ndims) {
+            TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => values.clone(),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+
+        let res_ndims = left_ty_ndims
+            .into_iter()
+            .cartesian_product(right_ty_ndims)
+            .map(|(left, right)| {
+                let left_val = u64::try_from(left).unwrap();
+                let right_val = u64::try_from(right).unwrap();
+
+                max(left_val, right_val)
+            })
+            .unique()
+            .map(SymbolValue::U64)
+            .collect_vec();
+        let res_ndims = unifier.get_fresh_literal(res_ndims, None);
+
+        Ok(make_ndarray_ty(unifier, primitives, Some(left_ty_dtype), Some(res_ndims)))
+    } else {
+        let (ndarray_ty, scalar_ty) = if is_left_ndarray { (left, right) } else { (right, left) };
+
+        let (ndarray_ty_dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ndarray_ty);
+
+        if unifier.unioned(ndarray_ty_dtype, scalar_ty) {
+            Ok(ndarray_ty)
+        } else {
+            let (expected_ty, actual_ty) = if is_left_ndarray {
+                (ndarray_ty_dtype, scalar_ty)
+            } else {
+                (scalar_ty, ndarray_ty_dtype)
+            };
+
+            Err(format!(
+                "Expected right-hand side operand to be {}, got {}",
+                unifier.stringify(expected_ty),
+                unifier.stringify(actual_ty),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the return type given a binary operator and its primitive operands.
+pub fn typeof_binop(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    op: Operator,
+    lhs: Type,
+    rhs: Type,
+) -> Result<Option<Type>, String> {
+    let op = Binop { base: op, variant: BinopVariant::Normal };
+
+    let is_left_list = lhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id());
+    let is_right_list = rhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id());
+    let is_left_ndarray = lhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    let is_right_ndarray = rhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    Ok(Some(match op.base {
+        Operator::Add | Operator::Sub | Operator::Mult | Operator::Mod | Operator::FloorDiv => {
+            if is_left_list || is_right_list {
+                if ![Operator::Add, Operator::Mult].contains(&op.base) {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "Binary operator {} not supported for list",
+                        op.op_info().symbol
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                if is_left_list {
+                    lhs
+                } else {
+                    rhs
+                }
+            } else if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+                typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?
+            } else if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+                lhs
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::MatMult => {
+            // NOTE: NumPy matmul's LHS and RHS must both be ndarrays. Scalars are not allowed.
+            match (&*unifier.get_ty(lhs), &*unifier.get_ty(rhs)) {
+                (
+                    TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: lhs_obj_id, .. },
+                    TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: rhs_obj_id, .. },
+                ) if *lhs_obj_id == primitives.ndarray.obj_id(unifier).unwrap()
+                    && *rhs_obj_id == primitives.ndarray.obj_id(unifier).unwrap() =>
+                {
+                    // LHS and RHS have valid types
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    let lhs_str = unifier.stringify(lhs);
+                    let rhs_str = unifier.stringify(rhs);
+                    return Err(format!("ndarray.__matmul__ only accepts ndarray operands, but left operand has type {lhs_str}, and right operand has type {rhs_str}"));
+                }
+            }
+
+            let (_, lhs_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, lhs);
+            let lhs_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(lhs_ndims) {
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                    assert_eq!(values.len(), 1);
+                    u64::try_from(values[0].clone()).unwrap()
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+            let (_, rhs_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, rhs);
+            let rhs_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(rhs_ndims) {
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                    assert_eq!(values.len(), 1);
+                    u64::try_from(values[0].clone()).unwrap()
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+
+            match (lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims) {
+                (2, 2) => typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?,
+                (lhs, rhs) if lhs == 0 || rhs == 0 => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                    "Input operand {} does not have enough dimensions (has {lhs}, requires {rhs})",
+                    u8::from(rhs == 0)
+                ))
+                }
+                (lhs, rhs) => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "ndarray.__matmul__ on {lhs}D and {rhs}D operands not supported"
+                    ))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::Div => {
+            if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+                typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?
+            } else if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+                primitives.float
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::Pow => {
+            if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+                typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?
+            } else if [
+                primitives.int32,
+                primitives.int64,
+                primitives.uint32,
+                primitives.uint64,
+                primitives.float,
+            ]
+            .into_iter()
+            .any(|ty| unifier.unioned(lhs, ty))
+            {
+                lhs
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::LShift | Operator::RShift => lhs,
+        Operator::BitOr | Operator::BitXor | Operator::BitAnd => {
+            if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+                lhs
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+    }))
+}
+
+pub fn typeof_unaryop(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    op: Unaryop,
+    operand: Type,
+) -> Result<Option<Type>, String> {
+    let operand_obj_id = operand.obj_id(unifier);
+
+    if op == Unaryop::Not
+        && operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == primitives.ndarray.obj_id(unifier).unwrap())
+    {
+        return Err(
+            "The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous".to_string()
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(match op {
+        Unaryop::Not => match operand_obj_id {
+            Some(v) if v == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => Some(operand),
+            Some(_) => Some(primitives.bool),
+            _ => None,
+        },
+
+        Unaryop::Invert => {
+            if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::Bool.id()) {
+                Some(primitives.int32)
+            } else if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| PrimDef::iter().any(|prim| id == prim.id())) {
+                Some(operand)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+
+        Unaryop::UAdd | Unaryop::USub => {
+            if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) {
+                let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, operand);
+                if dtype.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::Bool.id()) {
+                    return Err(if op == Unaryop::UAdd {
+                        "The ufunc 'positive' cannot be applied to ndarray[bool, N]".to_string()
+                    } else {
+                        "The numpy boolean negative, the `-` operator, is not supported, use the `~` operator function instead.".to_string()
+                    });
+                }
+
+                Some(operand)
+            } else if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::Bool.id()) {
+                Some(primitives.int32)
+            } else if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| PrimDef::iter().any(|prim| id == prim.id())) {
+                Some(operand)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// Returns the return type given a comparison operator and its primitive operands.
+pub fn typeof_cmpop(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    _op: Cmpop,
+    lhs: Type,
+    rhs: Type,
+) -> Result<Option<Type>, String> {
+    let is_left_ndarray = lhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    let is_right_ndarray = rhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    Ok(Some(if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+        let brd = typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?;
+        let (_, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, brd);
+
+        make_ndarray_ty(unifier, primitives, Some(primitives.bool), Some(ndims))
+    } else if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+        primitives.bool
+    } else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }))
 }
 
 pub fn set_primitives_magic_methods(store: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifier) {
@@ -293,38 +701,81 @@ pub fn set_primitives_magic_methods(store: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifie
         bool: bool_t,
         uint32: uint32_t,
         uint64: uint64_t,
+        str: str_t,
+        list: list_t,
+        ndarray: ndarray_t,
         ..
     } = *store;
+    let size_t = store.usize();
+
     /* int ======== */
     for t in [int32_t, int64_t, uint32_t, uint64_t] {
-        impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
-        impl_pow(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
+        let ndarray_int_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(t), None);
+        impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
+        impl_pow(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
         impl_bitwise_arithmetic(unifier, store, t);
         impl_bitwise_shift(unifier, store, t);
-        impl_div(unifier, store, t, &[t]);
-        impl_floordiv(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
-        impl_mod(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
-        impl_invert(unifier, store, t);
-        impl_not(unifier, store, t);
-        impl_comparison(unifier, store, t, t);
-        impl_eq(unifier, store, t);
+        impl_div(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
+        impl_floordiv(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
+        impl_mod(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
+        impl_invert(unifier, store, t, Some(t));
+        impl_not(unifier, store, t, Some(bool_t));
+        impl_comparison(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
+        impl_eq(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
     }
     for t in [int32_t, int64_t] {
-        impl_sign(unifier, store, t);
+        impl_sign(unifier, store, t, Some(t));
     }
 
     /* float ======== */
-    impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t], float_t);
-    impl_pow(unifier, store, float_t, &[int32_t, float_t], float_t);
-    impl_div(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t]);
-    impl_floordiv(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t], float_t);
-    impl_mod(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t], float_t);
-    impl_sign(unifier, store, float_t);
-    impl_not(unifier, store, float_t);
-    impl_comparison(unifier, store, float_t, float_t);
-    impl_eq(unifier, store, float_t);
+    let ndarray_float_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(float_t), None);
+    let ndarray_int32_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(int32_t), None);
+    impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_pow(unifier, store, float_t, &[int32_t, float_t, ndarray_int32_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_div(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_floordiv(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_mod(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_sign(unifier, store, float_t, Some(float_t));
+    impl_not(unifier, store, float_t, Some(bool_t));
+    impl_comparison(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_eq(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
 
     /* bool ======== */
-    impl_not(unifier, store, bool_t);
-    impl_eq(unifier, store, bool_t);
+    let ndarray_bool_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(bool_t), None);
+    impl_invert(unifier, store, bool_t, Some(int32_t));
+    impl_not(unifier, store, bool_t, Some(bool_t));
+    impl_sign(unifier, store, bool_t, Some(int32_t));
+    impl_eq(unifier, store, bool_t, &[bool_t, ndarray_bool_t], None);
+
+    /* str ========= */
+    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, str_t, &[str_t], &[Cmpop::Eq, Cmpop::NotEq], Some(bool_t));
+
+    /* list ======== */
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, list_t, &[list_t], Some(list_t), &[Operator::Add]);
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, list_t, &[int32_t, int64_t], Some(list_t), &[Operator::Mult]);
+    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, list_t, &[list_t], &[Cmpop::Eq, Cmpop::NotEq], Some(bool_t));
+
+    /* ndarray ===== */
+    let ndarray_usized_ndims_tvar =
+        unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(size_t, Some("ndarray_ndims".into()), None);
+    let ndarray_unsized_t =
+        make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, None, Some(ndarray_usized_ndims_tvar.ty));
+    let (ndarray_dtype_t, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ndarray_t);
+    let (ndarray_unsized_dtype_t, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ndarray_unsized_t);
+    impl_basic_arithmetic(
+        unifier,
+        store,
+        ndarray_t,
+        &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t],
+        None,
+    );
+    impl_pow(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_div(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_t, ndarray_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_floordiv(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_mod(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_matmul(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_t], Some(ndarray_t));
+    impl_sign(unifier, store, ndarray_t, Some(ndarray_t));
+    impl_invert(unifier, store, ndarray_t, Some(ndarray_t));
+    impl_eq(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_comparison(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
 }

nac3core/src/typecheck/type_error.rs

@@ -1,24 +1,46 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Display};
 
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum;
+use itertools::Itertools;
 
-use super::typedef::{RecordKey, Type, Unifier};
-use nac3parser::ast::{Location, StrRef};
+use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Location, StrRef};
+
+use super::{
+    magic_methods::Binop,
+    typedef::{RecordKey, Type, Unifier},
+};
+use crate::typecheck::{magic_methods::HasOpInfo, typedef::TypeEnum};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum TypeErrorKind {
-    TooManyArguments {
-        expected: usize,
-        got: usize,
+    GotMultipleValues {
+        name: StrRef,
+    },
+    TooManyArguments {
+        expected_min_count: usize,
+        expected_max_count: usize,
+        got_count: usize,
+    },
+    MissingArgs {
+        missing_arg_names: Vec<StrRef>,
     },
-    MissingArgs(String),
     UnknownArgName(StrRef),
     IncorrectArgType {
         name: StrRef,
         expected: Type,
         got: Type,
     },
+    UnsupportedBinaryOpTypes {
+        operator: Binop,
+        lhs_type: Type,
+        rhs_type: Type,
+        expected_rhs_type: Type,
+    },
+    UnsupportedComparsionOpTypes {
+        operator: Cmpop,
+        lhs_type: Type,
+        rhs_type: Type,
+        expected_rhs_type: Type,
+    },
     FieldUnificationError {
         field: RecordKey,
         types: (Type, Type),
@@ -34,6 +56,7 @@ pub enum TypeErrorKind {
     },
     RequiresTypeAnn,
     PolymorphicFunctionPointer,
+    NoSuchAttribute(RecordKey, Type),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -43,15 +66,18 @@ pub struct TypeError {
 }
 
 impl TypeError {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(kind: TypeErrorKind, loc: Option<Location>) -> TypeError {
         TypeError { kind, loc }
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn at(mut self, loc: Option<Location>) -> TypeError {
         self.loc = self.loc.or(loc);
         self
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn to_display(self, unifier: &Unifier) -> DisplayTypeError {
         DisplayTypeError { err: self, unifier }
     }
@@ -64,8 +90,8 @@ pub struct DisplayTypeError<'a> {
 
 fn loc_to_str(loc: Option<Location>) -> String {
     match loc {
-        Some(loc) => format!("(in {})", loc),
-        None => "".to_string(),
+        Some(loc) => format!("(in {loc})"),
+        None => String::new(),
     }
 }
 
@@ -74,23 +100,49 @@ impl<'a> Display for DisplayTypeError<'a> {
         use TypeErrorKind::*;
         let mut notes = Some(HashMap::new());
         match &self.err.kind {
-            TooManyArguments { expected, got } => {
-                write!(f, "Too many arguments. Expected {} but got {}", expected, got)
+            GotMultipleValues { name } => {
+                write!(f, "For multiple values for parameter {name}")
             }
-            MissingArgs(args) => {
-                write!(f, "Missing arguments: {}", args)
+            TooManyArguments { expected_min_count, expected_max_count, got_count } => {
+                debug_assert!(expected_min_count <= expected_max_count);
+                if expected_min_count == expected_max_count {
+                    let expected_count = expected_min_count; // or expected_max_count
+                    write!(f, "Too many arguments. Expected {expected_count} but got {got_count}")
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "Too many arguments. Expected {expected_min_count} to {expected_max_count} arguments but got {got_count}")
+                }
+            }
+            MissingArgs { missing_arg_names } => {
+                let args = missing_arg_names.iter().join(", ");
+                write!(f, "Missing arguments: {args}")
+            }
+            UnsupportedBinaryOpTypes { operator, lhs_type, rhs_type, expected_rhs_type } => {
+                let op_symbol = operator.op_info().symbol;
+
+                let lhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*lhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let rhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*rhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let expected_rhs_type_str =
+                    self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*expected_rhs_type, &mut notes);
+
+                write!(f, "Unsupported operand type(s) for {op_symbol}: '{lhs_type_str}' and '{rhs_type_str}' (right operand should have type {expected_rhs_type_str})")
+            }
+            UnsupportedComparsionOpTypes { operator, lhs_type, rhs_type, expected_rhs_type } => {
+                let op_symbol = operator.op_info().symbol;
+
+                let lhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*lhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let rhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*rhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let expected_rhs_type_str =
+                    self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*expected_rhs_type, &mut notes);
+
+                write!(f, "'{op_symbol}' not supported between instances of '{lhs_type_str}' and '{rhs_type_str}' (right operand should have type {expected_rhs_type_str})")
             }
             UnknownArgName(name) => {
-                write!(f, "Unknown argument name: {}", name)
+                write!(f, "Unknown argument name: {name}")
             }
             IncorrectArgType { name, expected, got } => {
                 let expected = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*expected, &mut notes);
                 let got = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*got, &mut notes);
-                write!(
-                    f,
-                    "Incorrect argument type for {}. Expected {}, but got {}",
-                    name, expected, got
-                )
+                write!(f, "Incorrect argument type for parameter {name}. Expected {expected}, but got {got}")
             }
             FieldUnificationError { field, types, loc } => {
                 let lhs = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(types.0, &mut notes);
@@ -126,22 +178,23 @@ impl<'a> Display for DisplayTypeError<'a> {
                         );
                         if let Some(loc) = loc {
                             result?;
-                            write!(f, " (in {})", loc)?;
+                            write!(f, " (in {loc})")?;
                             return Ok(());
                         }
                         result
                     }
-                    (TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2 })
-                        if ty1.len() != ty2.len() =>
-                    {
+                    (
+                        TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1, is_vararg_ctx: is_vararg1 },
+                        TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2, is_vararg_ctx: is_vararg2 },
+                    ) if !is_vararg1 && !is_vararg2 && ty1.len() != ty2.len() => {
                         let t1 = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t1, &mut notes);
                         let t2 = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t2, &mut notes);
-                        write!(f, "Tuple length mismatch: got {} and {}", t1, t2)
+                        write!(f, "Tuple length mismatch: got {t1} and {t2}")
                     }
                     _ => {
                         let t1 = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t1, &mut notes);
                         let t2 = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t2, &mut notes);
-                        write!(f, "Incompatible types: {} and {}", t1, t2)
+                        write!(f, "Incompatible types: {t1} and {t2}")
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -150,18 +203,21 @@ impl<'a> Display for DisplayTypeError<'a> {
                     write!(f, "Cannot assign to an element of a tuple")
                 } else {
                     let t = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t, &mut notes);
-                    write!(f, "Cannot assign to field {} of {}, which is immutable", name, t)
+                    write!(f, "Cannot assign to field {name} of {t}, which is immutable")
                 }
             }
             NoSuchField(name, t) => {
                 let t = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t, &mut notes);
-                write!(f, "`{}::{}` field/method does not exist", t, name)
+                write!(f, "`{t}::{name}` field/method does not exist")
+            }
+            NoSuchAttribute(name, t) => {
+                let t = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t, &mut notes);
+                write!(f, "`{t}::{name}` is not a class attribute")
             }
             TupleIndexOutOfBounds { index, len } => {
                 write!(
                     f,
-                    "Tuple index out of bounds. Got {} but tuple has only {} elements",
-                    index, len
+                    "Tuple index out of bounds. Got {index} but tuple has only {len} elements"
                 )
             }
             RequiresTypeAnn => {
@@ -172,13 +228,13 @@ impl<'a> Display for DisplayTypeError<'a> {
             }
         }?;
         if let Some(loc) = self.err.loc {
-            write!(f, " at {}", loc)?;
+            write!(f, " at {loc}")?;
         }
         let notes = notes.unwrap();
         if !notes.is_empty() {
             write!(f, "\n\nNotes:")?;
             for line in notes.values() {
-                write!(f, "\n    {}", line)?;
+                write!(f, "\n    {line}")?;
             }
         }
         Ok(())

nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/test.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
-use super::super::{magic_methods::with_fields, typedef::*};
-use super::*;
-use crate::{
-    codegen::CodeGenContext,
-    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
-};
+use std::iter::zip;
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use indoc::indoc;
-use itertools::zip;
-use nac3parser::parser::parse_program;
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use test_case::test_case;
 
+use nac3parser::{ast::FileName, parser::parse_program};
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
+    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
+    typecheck::{magic_methods::with_fields, typedef::*},
+};
+
 struct Resolver {
     id_to_type: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
     id_to_def: HashMap<StrRef, DefinitionId>,
@@ -20,7 +24,7 @@ struct Resolver {
 impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
     fn get_default_param_value(
         &self,
-        _: &nac3parser::ast::Expr,
+        _: &ast::Expr,
     ) -> Option<crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
@@ -32,19 +36,23 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         _: &PrimitiveStore,
         str: StrRef,
     ) -> Result<Type, String> {
-        self.id_to_type.get(&str).cloned().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", str))
+        self.id_to_type.get(&str).copied().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{str}`"))
     }
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         _: StrRef,
-        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
-        self.id_to_def.get(&id).cloned().ok_or_else(|| "Unknown identifier".to_string())
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
+        self.id_to_def
+            .get(&id)
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from(["Unknown identifier".to_string()]))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
@@ -62,7 +70,7 @@ struct TestEnvironment {
     pub primitives: PrimitiveStore,
     pub id_to_name: HashMap<usize, StrRef>,
     pub identifier_mapping: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
-    pub virtual_checks: Vec<(Type, Type, nac3parser::ast::Location)>,
+    pub virtual_checks: Vec<(Type, Type, Location)>,
     pub calls: HashMap<CodeLocation, CallId>,
     pub top_level: TopLevelContext,
 }
@@ -72,67 +80,86 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         let mut unifier = Unifier::new();
 
         let int32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(0),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         with_fields(&mut unifier, int32, |unifier, fields| {
             let add_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                args: vec![FuncArg { name: "other".into(), ty: int32, default_value: None }],
+                args: vec![FuncArg {
+                    name: "other".into(),
+                    ty: int32,
+                    default_value: None,
+                    is_vararg: false,
+                }],
                 ret: int32,
-                vars: HashMap::new(),
+                vars: VarMap::new(),
             }));
             fields.insert("__add__".into(), (add_ty, false));
         });
         let int64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(1),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let float = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(2),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Float.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let bool = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(3),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Bool.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let none = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(4),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::None.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let range = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(5),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Range.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let str = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(6),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Str.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let exception = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(7),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Exception.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(8),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(9),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let option = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(10),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Option.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
+        });
+        let list_elem_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+        let list = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: into_var_map([list_elem_tvar]),
+        });
+        let ndarray_dtype_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("ndarray_dtype".into()), None);
+        let ndarray_ndims_tvar =
+            unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(uint64, Some("ndarray_ndims".into()), None);
+        let ndarray = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::NDArray.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: into_var_map([ndarray_dtype_tvar, ndarray_ndims_tvar]),
         });
         let primitives = PrimitiveStore {
             int32,
@@ -146,10 +173,14 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             uint32,
             uint64,
             option,
+            list,
+            ndarray,
+            size_t: 64,
         };
+        unifier.put_primitive_store(&primitives);
         set_primitives_magic_methods(&primitives, &mut unifier);
 
-        let id_to_name = [
+        let id_to_name: HashMap<_, _> = [
             (0, "int32".into()),
             (1, "int64".into()),
             (2, "float".into()),
@@ -159,23 +190,21 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             (6, "str".into()),
             (7, "exception".into()),
         ]
-        .iter()
-        .cloned()
-        .collect();
+        .into();
 
         let mut identifier_mapping = HashMap::new();
         identifier_mapping.insert("None".into(), none);
 
         let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver {
             id_to_type: identifier_mapping.clone(),
-            id_to_def: Default::default(),
-            class_names: Default::default(),
+            id_to_def: HashMap::default(),
+            class_names: HashMap::default(),
         }) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
         TestEnvironment {
             top_level: TopLevelContext {
-                definitions: Default::default(),
-                unifiers: Default::default(),
+                definitions: Arc::default(),
+                unifiers: Arc::default(),
                 personality_symbol: None,
             },
             unifier,
@@ -197,70 +226,100 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         let mut identifier_mapping = HashMap::new();
         let mut top_level_defs: Vec<Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>> = Vec::new();
         let int32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(0),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         with_fields(&mut unifier, int32, |unifier, fields| {
             let add_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                args: vec![FuncArg { name: "other".into(), ty: int32, default_value: None }],
+                args: vec![FuncArg {
+                    name: "other".into(),
+                    ty: int32,
+                    default_value: None,
+                    is_vararg: false,
+                }],
                 ret: int32,
-                vars: HashMap::new(),
+                vars: VarMap::new(),
             }));
             fields.insert("__add__".into(), (add_ty, false));
         });
         let int64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(1),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let float = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(2),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Float.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let bool = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(3),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Bool.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let none = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(4),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::None.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let range = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(5),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Range.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let str = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(6),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Str.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let exception = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(7),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Exception.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(8),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(9),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let option = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(10),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Option.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
+        });
+        let list_elem_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+        let list = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: into_var_map([list_elem_tvar]),
+        });
+        let ndarray = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::NDArray.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         identifier_mapping.insert("None".into(), none);
-        for (i, name) in ["int32", "int64", "float", "bool", "none", "range", "str", "Exception"]
+        for (i, name) in [
+            "int32",
+            "int64",
+            "float",
+            "bool",
+            "none",
+            "range",
+            "str",
+            "Exception",
+            "uint32",
+            "uint64",
+            "Option",
+            "list",
+            "ndarray",
+        ]
         .iter()
         .enumerate()
         {
@@ -268,10 +327,11 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                 RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                     name: (*name).into(),
                     object_id: DefinitionId(i),
-                    type_vars: Default::default(),
-                    fields: Default::default(),
-                    methods: Default::default(),
-                    ancestors: Default::default(),
+                    type_vars: Vec::default(),
+                    fields: Vec::default(),
+                    attributes: Vec::default(),
+                    methods: Vec::default(),
+                    ancestors: Vec::default(),
                     resolver: None,
                     constructor: None,
                     loc: None,
@@ -279,7 +339,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                 .into(),
             );
         }
-        let defs = 7;
+        let defs = 12;
 
         let primitives = PrimitiveStore {
             int32,
@@ -293,23 +353,29 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             uint32,
             uint64,
             option,
+            list,
+            ndarray,
+            size_t: 64,
         };
 
-        let (v0, id) = unifier.get_dummy_var();
+        unifier.put_primitive_store(&primitives);
+
+        let tvar = unifier.get_dummy_var();
 
         let foo_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
             obj_id: DefinitionId(defs + 1),
-            fields: [("a".into(), (v0, true))].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-            params: [(id, v0)].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+            fields: [("a".into(), (tvar.ty, true))].into(),
+            params: into_var_map([tvar]),
         });
         top_level_defs.push(
             RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                 name: "Foo".into(),
                 object_id: DefinitionId(defs + 1),
-                type_vars: vec![v0],
-                fields: [("a".into(), v0, true)].into(),
-                methods: Default::default(),
-                ancestors: Default::default(),
+                type_vars: vec![tvar.ty],
+                fields: [("a".into(), tvar.ty, true)].into(),
+                attributes: Vec::default(),
+                methods: Vec::default(),
+                ancestors: Vec::default(),
                 resolver: None,
                 constructor: None,
                 loc: None,
@@ -322,31 +388,29 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: vec![],
                 ret: foo_ty,
-                vars: [(id, v0)].iter().cloned().collect(),
+                vars: into_var_map([tvar]),
             })),
         );
 
         let fun = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
             args: vec![],
             ret: int32,
-            vars: Default::default(),
+            vars: IndexMap::default(),
         }));
         let bar = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
             obj_id: DefinitionId(defs + 2),
-            fields: [("a".into(), (int32, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, true))]
-                .iter()
-                .cloned()
-                .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-            params: Default::default(),
+            fields: [("a".into(), (int32, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, true))].into(),
+            params: IndexMap::default(),
         });
         top_level_defs.push(
             RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                 name: "Bar".into(),
                 object_id: DefinitionId(defs + 2),
-                type_vars: Default::default(),
+                type_vars: Vec::default(),
                 fields: [("a".into(), int32, true), ("b".into(), fun, true)].into(),
-                methods: Default::default(),
-                ancestors: Default::default(),
+                attributes: Vec::default(),
+                methods: Vec::default(),
+                ancestors: Vec::default(),
                 resolver: None,
                 constructor: None,
                 loc: None,
@@ -358,26 +422,24 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: vec![],
                 ret: bar,
-                vars: Default::default(),
+                vars: IndexMap::default(),
             })),
         );
 
         let bar2 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
             obj_id: DefinitionId(defs + 3),
-            fields: [("a".into(), (bool, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, false))]
-                .iter()
-                .cloned()
-                .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-            params: Default::default(),
+            fields: [("a".into(), (bool, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, false))].into(),
+            params: IndexMap::default(),
         });
         top_level_defs.push(
             RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                 name: "Bar2".into(),
                 object_id: DefinitionId(defs + 3),
-                type_vars: Default::default(),
+                type_vars: Vec::default(),
                 fields: [("a".into(), bool, true), ("b".into(), fun, false)].into(),
-                methods: Default::default(),
-                ancestors: Default::default(),
+                attributes: Vec::default(),
+                methods: Vec::default(),
+                ancestors: Vec::default(),
                 resolver: None,
                 constructor: None,
                 loc: None,
@@ -389,10 +451,10 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: vec![],
                 ret: bar2,
-                vars: Default::default(),
+                vars: IndexMap::default(),
             })),
         );
-        let class_names = [("Bar".into(), bar), ("Bar2".into(), bar2)].iter().cloned().collect();
+        let class_names: HashMap<_, _> = [("Bar".into(), bar), ("Bar2".into(), bar2)].into();
 
         let id_to_name = [
             "int32".into(),
@@ -403,18 +465,22 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             "range".into(),
             "str".into(),
             "exception".into(),
+            "uint32".into(),
+            "uint64".into(),
+            "option".into(),
+            "list".into(),
+            "ndarray".into(),
             "Foo".into(),
             "Bar".into(),
             "Bar2".into(),
         ]
-        .iter()
+        .into_iter()
         .enumerate()
-        .map(|(a, b)| (a, *b))
         .collect();
 
         let top_level = TopLevelContext {
             definitions: Arc::new(top_level_defs.into()),
-            unifiers: Default::default(),
+            unifiers: Arc::default(),
             personality_symbol: None,
         };
 
@@ -425,9 +491,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                 ("Bar".into(), DefinitionId(defs + 2)),
                 ("Bar2".into(), DefinitionId(defs + 3)),
             ]
-            .iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect(),
+            .into(),
             class_names,
         }) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
@@ -452,11 +516,11 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             top_level: &self.top_level,
             function_data: &mut self.function_data,
             unifier: &mut self.unifier,
-            variable_mapping: Default::default(),
+            variable_mapping: HashMap::default(),
             primitives: &mut self.primitives,
             virtual_checks: &mut self.virtual_checks,
             calls: &mut self.calls,
-            defined_identifiers: Default::default(),
+            defined_identifiers: HashMap::default(),
             in_handler: false,
         }
     }
@@ -468,7 +532,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         c = 1.234
         d = True
     "},
-    [("a", "int32"), ("b", "int64"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "bool")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "int32"), ("b", "int64"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "bool")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "primitives test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -477,7 +541,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         c = 1.234
         d = b(c)
     "},
-    [("a", "fn[[x:float, y:float], float]"), ("b", "fn[[x:float], float]"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "float")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "fn[[x:float, y:float], float]"), ("b", "fn[[x:float], float]"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "float")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "lambda test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -486,7 +550,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         a = b
         c = b(1)
     "},
-    [("a", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "int32")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "int32")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "lambda test 2")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -502,15 +566,15 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         b(123)
 
     "},
-    [("a", "fn[[x:bool], bool]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "bool"),
-     ("d", "int32"), ("foo1", "Foo[bool]"), ("foo2", "Foo[int32]")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "fn[[x:bool], bool]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "bool"),
+     ("d", "int32"), ("foo1", "Foo[bool]"), ("foo2", "Foo[int32]")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "obj test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
         a = [1, 2, 3]
         b = [x + x for x in a]
     "},
-    [("a", "list[int32]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "list[int32]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "listcomp test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -518,25 +582,26 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         b = a.b()
         a = virtual(Bar2())
     "},
-    [("a", "virtual[Bar]"), ("b", "int32")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "virtual[Bar]"), ("b", "int32")].into(),
     &[("Bar", "Bar"), ("Bar2", "Bar")]
     ; "virtual test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
         a = [virtual(Bar(), Bar), virtual(Bar2())]
         b = [x.b() for x in a]
     "},
-    [("a", "list[virtual[Bar]]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "list[virtual[Bar]]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].into(),
     &[("Bar", "Bar"), ("Bar2", "Bar")]
     ; "virtual list test")]
-fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &str)]) {
-    println!("source:\n{}", source);
+fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: &HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &str)]) {
+    println!("source:\n{source}");
     let mut env = TestEnvironment::new();
     let id_to_name = std::mem::take(&mut env.id_to_name);
-    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().cloned().collect();
-    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into());
+    let mut defined_identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).collect();
+    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into(), IdentifierInfo::default());
     let mut inferencer = env.get_inferencer();
-    inferencer.defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-    let statements = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    inferencer.defined_identifiers.clone_from(&defined_identifiers);
+    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
     let statements = statements
         .into_iter()
         .map(|v| inferencer.fold_stmt(v))
@@ -545,37 +610,37 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
 
     inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut defined_identifiers).unwrap();
 
-    for (k, v) in inferencer.variable_mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in &inferencer.variable_mapping {
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *v,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        println!("{}: {}", k, name);
+        println!("{k}: {name}");
     }
-    for (k, v) in mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in mapping {
         let ty = inferencer.variable_mapping.get(&(*k).into()).unwrap();
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *ty,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        assert_eq!(format!("{}: {}", k, v), format!("{}: {}", k, name));
+        assert_eq!(format!("{k}: {v}"), format!("{k}: {name}"));
     }
     assert_eq!(inferencer.virtual_checks.len(), virtuals.len());
     for ((a, b, _), (x, y)) in zip(inferencer.virtual_checks.iter(), virtuals) {
         let a = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *a,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
         let b = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *b,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
 
@@ -594,14 +659,14 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         g = a // b
         h = a % b
     "},
-    [("a", "int32"),
+    &[("a", "int32"),
     ("b", "int32"),
     ("c", "int32"),
     ("d", "int32"),
     ("e", "int32"),
     ("f", "float"),
     ("g", "int32"),
-    ("h", "int32")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("h", "int32")].into()
     ; "int32")]
 #[test_case(
     indoc! {"
@@ -617,7 +682,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         ii = 3
         j = a ** b
     "},
-    [("a", "float"),
+    &[("a", "float"),
     ("b", "float"),
     ("c", "float"),
     ("d", "float"),
@@ -627,7 +692,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
     ("h", "float"),
     ("i", "float"),
     ("ii", "int32"),
-    ("j", "float")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("j", "float")].into()
     ; "float"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -645,7 +710,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         k = a < b
         l = a != b
     "},
-    [("a", "int64"),
+    &[("a", "int64"),
     ("b", "int64"),
     ("c", "int64"),
     ("d", "int64"),
@@ -656,7 +721,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
     ("i", "bool"),
     ("j", "bool"),
     ("k", "bool"),
-    ("l", "bool")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("l", "bool")].into()
     ; "int64"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -667,22 +732,23 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         d = not a
         e = a != b
     "},
-    [("a", "bool"),
+    &[("a", "bool"),
     ("b", "bool"),
     ("c", "bool"),
     ("d", "bool"),
-    ("e", "bool")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("e", "bool")].into()
     ; "boolean"
 )]
-fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>) {
-    println!("source:\n{}", source);
+fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: &HashMap<&str, &str>) {
+    println!("source:\n{source}");
     let mut env = TestEnvironment::basic_test_env();
     let id_to_name = std::mem::take(&mut env.id_to_name);
-    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().cloned().collect();
-    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into());
+    let mut defined_identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).collect();
+    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into(), IdentifierInfo::default());
     let mut inferencer = env.get_inferencer();
-    inferencer.defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-    let statements = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    inferencer.defined_identifiers.clone_from(&defined_identifiers);
+    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
     let statements = statements
         .into_iter()
         .map(|v| inferencer.fold_stmt(v))
@@ -691,23 +757,23 @@ fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>) {
 
     inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut defined_identifiers).unwrap();
 
-    for (k, v) in inferencer.variable_mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in &inferencer.variable_mapping {
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *v,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        println!("{}: {}", k, name);
+        println!("{k}: {name}");
     }
-    for (k, v) in mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in mapping {
         let ty = inferencer.variable_mapping.get(&(*k).into()).unwrap();
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *ty,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        assert_eq!(format!("{}: {}", k, v), format!("{}: {}", k, name));
+        assert_eq!(format!("{k}: {v}"), format!("{k}: {name}"));
     }
 }

nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/test.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-use super::super::magic_methods::with_fields;
-use super::*;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
 use indoc::indoc;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use test_case::test_case;
 
+use super::*;
+use crate::typecheck::magic_methods::with_fields;
+
 impl Unifier {
     /// Check whether two types are equal.
     fn eq(&mut self, a: Type, b: Type) -> bool {
@@ -28,32 +30,32 @@ impl Unifier {
                 TypeEnum::TVar { fields: Some(map1), .. },
                 TypeEnum::TVar { fields: Some(map2), .. },
             ) => self.map_eq2(map1, map2),
-            (TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2 }) => {
+            (
+                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1, is_vararg_ctx: false },
+                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2, is_vararg_ctx: false },
+            ) => {
                 ty1.len() == ty2.len()
                     && ty1.iter().zip(ty2.iter()).all(|(t1, t2)| self.eq(*t1, *t2))
             }
-            (TypeEnum::TList { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TList { ty: ty2 })
-            | (TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty2 }) => {
-                self.eq(*ty1, *ty2)
-            }
+            (TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty2 }) => self.eq(*ty1, *ty2),
             (
                 TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: id1, params: params1, .. },
                 TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: id2, params: params2, .. },
             ) => id1 == id2 && self.map_eq(params1, params2),
-            // TCall and TFunc are not yet implemented
+            // TLiteral, TCall and TFunc are not yet implemented
             _ => false,
         }
     }
 
-    fn map_eq<K>(&mut self, map1: &Mapping<K>, map2: &Mapping<K>) -> bool
+    fn map_eq<K>(&mut self, map1: &IndexMapping<K>, map2: &IndexMapping<K>) -> bool
     where
-        K: std::hash::Hash + std::cmp::Eq + std::clone::Clone,
+        K: std::hash::Hash + Eq + Clone,
     {
         if map1.len() != map2.len() {
             return false;
         }
-        for (k, v) in map1.iter() {
-            if !map2.get(k).map(|v1| self.eq(*v, *v1)).unwrap_or(false) {
+        for (k, v) in map1 {
+            if !map2.get(k).is_some_and(|v1| self.eq(*v, *v1)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -62,13 +64,13 @@ impl Unifier {
 
     fn map_eq2<K>(&mut self, map1: &Mapping<K, RecordField>, map2: &Mapping<K, RecordField>) -> bool
     where
-        K: std::hash::Hash + std::cmp::Eq + std::clone::Clone,
+        K: std::hash::Hash + Eq + Clone,
     {
         if map1.len() != map2.len() {
             return false;
         }
-        for (k, v) in map1.iter() {
-            if !map2.get(k).map(|v1| self.eq(v.ty, v1.ty)).unwrap_or(false) {
+        for (k, v) in map1 {
+            if !map2.get(k).is_some_and(|v1| self.eq(v.ty, v1.ty)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(0),
                 fields: HashMap::new(),
-                params: HashMap::new(),
+                params: VarMap::new(),
             }),
         );
         type_mapping.insert(
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(1),
                 fields: HashMap::new(),
-                params: HashMap::new(),
+                params: VarMap::new(),
             }),
         );
         type_mapping.insert(
@@ -107,16 +109,25 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(2),
                 fields: HashMap::new(),
-                params: HashMap::new(),
+                params: VarMap::new(),
             }),
         );
-        let (v0, id) = unifier.get_dummy_var();
+        let tvar = unifier.get_dummy_var();
         type_mapping.insert(
             "Foo".into(),
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(3),
-                fields: [("a".into(), (v0, true))].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-                params: [(id, v0)].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                fields: [("a".into(), (tvar.ty, true))].into(),
+                params: into_var_map([tvar]),
+            }),
+        );
+        let tvar = unifier.get_dummy_var();
+        type_mapping.insert(
+            "list".into(),
+            unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+                obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+                fields: HashMap::new(),
+                params: into_var_map([tvar]),
             }),
         );
 
@@ -129,34 +140,54 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         result.0
     }
 
-    fn internal_parse<'a, 'b>(
-        &'a mut self,
-        typ: &'b str,
-        mapping: &Mapping<String>,
-    ) -> (Type, &'b str) {
+    fn internal_parse<'b>(&mut self, typ: &'b str, mapping: &Mapping<String>) -> (Type, &'b str) {
         // for testing only, so we can just panic when the input is malformed
-        let end = typ.find(|c| ['[', ',', ']', '='].contains(&c)).unwrap_or_else(|| typ.len());
+        let end = typ.find(|c| ['[', ',', ']', '='].contains(&c)).unwrap_or(typ.len());
         match &typ[..end] {
-            "tuple" => {
+            "list" => {
                 let mut s = &typ[end..];
-                assert!(&s[0..1] == "[");
+                assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
                 let mut ty = Vec::new();
                 while &s[0..1] != "]" {
                     let result = self.internal_parse(&s[1..], mapping);
                     ty.push(result.0);
                     s = result.1;
                 }
-                (self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty }), &s[1..])
+
+                assert_eq!(ty.len(), 1);
+
+                let list_elem_tvar = if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } =
+                    &*self.unifier.get_ty_immutable(self.type_mapping["list"])
+                {
+                    iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap()
+                } else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                };
+
+                (
+                    self.unifier
+                        .subst(
+                            self.type_mapping["list"],
+                            &into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: ty[0] }]),
+                        )
+                        .unwrap(),
+                    &s[1..],
+                )
             }
-            "list" => {
-                assert!(&typ[end..end + 1] == "[");
-                let (ty, s) = self.internal_parse(&typ[end + 1..], mapping);
-                assert!(&s[0..1] == "]");
-                (self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }), &s[1..])
+            "tuple" => {
+                let mut s = &typ[end..];
+                assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
+                let mut ty = Vec::new();
+                while &s[0..1] != "]" {
+                    let result = self.internal_parse(&s[1..], mapping);
+                    ty.push(result.0);
+                    s = result.1;
+                }
+                (self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx: false }), &s[1..])
             }
             "Record" => {
                 let mut s = &typ[end..];
-                assert!(&s[0..1] == "[");
+                assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
                 let mut fields = HashMap::new();
                 while &s[0..1] != "]" {
                     let eq = s.find('=').unwrap();
@@ -169,14 +200,14 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             }
             x => {
                 let mut s = &typ[end..];
-                let ty = mapping.get(x).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let ty = mapping.get(x).copied().unwrap_or_else(|| {
                     // mapping should be type variables, type_mapping should be concrete types
                     // we should not resolve the type of type variables.
                     let mut ty = *self.type_mapping.get(x).unwrap();
                     let te = self.unifier.get_ty(ty);
-                    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*te.as_ref() {
+                    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*te {
                         if !params.is_empty() {
-                            assert!(&s[0..1] == "[");
+                            assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
                             let mut p = Vec::new();
                             while &s[0..1] != "]" {
                                 let result = self.internal_parse(&s[1..], mapping);
@@ -186,7 +217,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                             s = &s[1..];
                             ty = self
                                 .unifier
-                                .subst(ty, &params.keys().cloned().zip(p.into_iter()).collect())
+                                .subst(ty, &params.keys().copied().zip(p).collect())
                                 .unwrap_or(ty);
                         }
                     }
@@ -250,12 +281,12 @@ fn test_unify(
         let mut mapping = HashMap::new();
         for i in 1..=variable_count {
             let v = env.unifier.get_dummy_var();
-            mapping.insert(format!("v{}", i), v.0);
+            mapping.insert(format!("v{i}"), v.ty);
         }
         // unification may have side effect when we do type resolution, so freeze the types
         // before doing unification.
         let mut pairs = Vec::new();
-        for (a, b) in perm.iter() {
+        for (a, b) in &perm {
             let t1 = env.parse(a, &mapping);
             let t2 = env.parse(b, &mapping);
             pairs.push((t1, t2));
@@ -263,8 +294,8 @@ fn test_unify(
         for (t1, t2) in pairs {
             env.unifier.unify(t1, t2).unwrap();
         }
-        for (a, b) in verify_pairs.iter() {
-            println!("{} = {}", a, b);
+        for (a, b) in verify_pairs {
+            println!("{a} = {b}");
             let t1 = env.parse(a, &mapping);
             let t2 = env.parse(b, &mapping);
             println!("a = {}, b = {}", env.unifier.stringify(t1), env.unifier.stringify(t2));
@@ -278,7 +309,7 @@ fn test_unify(
         ("v1", "tuple[int]"),
         ("v2", "list[int]"),
     ],
-    (("v1", "v2"), "Incompatible types: list[0] and tuple[0]")
+    (("v1", "v2"), "Incompatible types: 11[0] and tuple[0]")
     ; "type mismatch"
 )]
 #[test_case(2,
@@ -286,7 +317,7 @@ fn test_unify(
         ("v1", "tuple[int]"),
         ("v2", "tuple[float]"),
     ],
-    (("v1", "v2"), "Incompatible types: 0 and 1")
+    (("v1", "v2"), "Incompatible types: tuple[0] and tuple[1]")
     ; "tuple parameter mismatch"
 )]
 #[test_case(2,
@@ -302,35 +333,35 @@ fn test_unify(
         ("v1", "Record[a=float,b=int]"),
         ("v2", "Foo[v3]"),
     ],
-    (("v1", "v2"), "`3[var4]::b` field/method does not exist")
+    (("v1", "v2"), "`3[typevar5]::b` field/method does not exist")
     ; "record obj merge"
 )]
 /// Test cases for invalid unifications.
 fn test_invalid_unification(
     variable_count: u32,
     unify_pairs: &[(&'static str, &'static str)],
-    errornous_pair: ((&'static str, &'static str), &'static str),
+    erroneous_pair: ((&'static str, &'static str), &'static str),
 ) {
     let mut env = TestEnvironment::new();
     let mut mapping = HashMap::new();
     for i in 1..=variable_count {
         let v = env.unifier.get_dummy_var();
-        mapping.insert(format!("v{}", i), v.0);
+        mapping.insert(format!("v{i}"), v.ty);
     }
     // unification may have side effect when we do type resolution, so freeze the types
     // before doing unification.
     let mut pairs = Vec::new();
-    for (a, b) in unify_pairs.iter() {
+    for (a, b) in unify_pairs {
         let t1 = env.parse(a, &mapping);
         let t2 = env.parse(b, &mapping);
         pairs.push((t1, t2));
     }
     let (t1, t2) =
-        (env.parse(errornous_pair.0 .0, &mapping), env.parse(errornous_pair.0 .1, &mapping));
+        (env.parse(erroneous_pair.0 .0, &mapping), env.parse(erroneous_pair.0 .1, &mapping));
     for (a, b) in pairs {
         env.unifier.unify(a, b).unwrap();
     }
-    assert_eq!(env.unify(t1, t2), Err(errornous_pair.1.to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(env.unify(t1, t2), Err(erroneous_pair.1.to_string()));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -339,23 +370,17 @@ fn test_recursive_subst() {
     let int = *env.type_mapping.get("int").unwrap();
     let foo_id = *env.type_mapping.get("Foo").unwrap();
     let foo_ty = env.unifier.get_ty(foo_id);
-    let mapping: HashMap<_, _>;
     with_fields(&mut env.unifier, foo_id, |_unifier, fields| {
         fields.insert("rec".into(), (foo_id, true));
     });
-    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*foo_ty {
-        mapping = params.iter().map(|(id, _)| (*id, int)).collect();
-    } else {
-        unreachable!()
-    }
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*foo_ty else { unreachable!() };
+    let mapping = params.iter().map(|(id, _)| (*id, int)).collect();
     let instantiated = env.unifier.subst(foo_id, &mapping).unwrap();
     let instantiated_ty = env.unifier.get_ty(instantiated);
-    if let TypeEnum::TObj { fields, .. } = &*instantiated_ty {
+
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { fields, .. } = &*instantiated_ty else { unreachable!() };
     assert!(env.unifier.unioned(fields.get(&"a".into()).unwrap().0, int));
     assert!(env.unifier.unioned(fields.get(&"rec".into()).unwrap().0, instantiated));
-    } else {
-        unreachable!()
-    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -365,36 +390,27 @@ fn test_virtual() {
     let fun = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
         args: vec![],
         ret: int,
-        vars: HashMap::new(),
+        vars: VarMap::new(),
     }));
     let bar = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
         obj_id: DefinitionId(5),
-        fields: [("f".into(), (fun, false)), ("a".into(), (int, false))]
-            .iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<HashMap<StrRef, _>>(),
-        params: HashMap::new(),
+        fields: [("f".into(), (fun, false)), ("a".into(), (int, false))].into(),
+        params: VarMap::new(),
     });
-    let v0 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
-    let v1 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
+    let v0 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
+    let v1 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
 
     let a = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: bar });
     let b = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: v0 });
-    let c = env
-        .unifier
-        .add_record([("f".into(), RecordField::new(v1, false, None))].iter().cloned().collect());
+    let c = env.unifier.add_record([("f".into(), RecordField::new(v1, false, None))].into());
     env.unifier.unify(a, b).unwrap();
     env.unifier.unify(b, c).unwrap();
     assert!(env.unifier.eq(v1, fun));
 
-    let d = env
-        .unifier
-        .add_record([("a".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].iter().cloned().collect());
+    let d = env.unifier.add_record([("a".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].into());
     assert_eq!(env.unify(b, d), Err("`virtual[5]::a` field/method does not exist".to_string()));
 
-    let d = env
-        .unifier
-        .add_record([("b".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].iter().cloned().collect());
+    let d = env.unifier.add_record([("b".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].into());
     assert_eq!(env.unify(b, d), Err("`virtual[5]::b` field/method does not exist".to_string()));
 }
 
@@ -407,85 +423,132 @@ fn test_typevar_range() {
     let int_list = env.parse("list[int]", &HashMap::new());
     let float_list = env.parse("list[float]", &HashMap::new());
 
+    let list_elem_tvar = if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } =
+        &*env.unifier.get_ty_immutable(env.type_mapping["list"])
+    {
+        iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap()
+    } else {
+        unreachable!()
+    };
+
     // unification between v and int
     // where v in (int, bool)
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(int, v).unwrap();
 
     // unification between v and list[int]
     // where v in (int, bool)
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(int_list, v),
-        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 2, but got list[0]".to_string())
+        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 2, but got 11[0]".to_string())
     );
 
     // unification between v and float
     // where v in (int, bool)
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(float, v),
         Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 2, but got 1".to_string())
     );
 
-    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
-    let v1_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: v1 });
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).0;
+    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
+    let v1_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: v1 }]),
+    });
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).ty;
     // unification between v and int
     // where v in (int, list[v1]), v1 in (int, bool)
     env.unifier.unify(int, v).unwrap();
 
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).ty;
     // unification between v and list[int]
     // where v in (int, list[v1]), v1 in (int, bool)
     env.unifier.unify(int_list, v).unwrap();
 
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).ty;
     // unification between v and list[float]
     // where v in (int, list[v1]), v1 in (int, bool)
+    println!("float_list: {}, v: {}", env.unifier.stringify(float_list), env.unifier.stringify(v));
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(float_list, v),
-        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, list[var5], but got list[1]\n\nNotes:\n    var5 ∈ {0, 2}".to_string())
+        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 11[typevar6], but got 11[1]\n\nNotes:\n    typevar6 ∈ {0, 2}".to_string())
     );
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(a, b).unwrap();
     env.unifier.unify(a, float).unwrap();
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(a, b).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(env.unify(a, int), Err("Expected any one of these types: 1, but got 0".into()));
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
-    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
-    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).0;
-    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: b });
-    let b_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[b_list], None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
+    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).ty;
+    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: b }]),
+    });
+    let b_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[b_list], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, b_list).unwrap();
-    let float_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: float });
+    let float_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: float }]),
+    });
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, float_list).unwrap();
     // previous unifications should not affect a and b
     env.unifier.unify(a, int).unwrap();
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
-    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
-    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: b });
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
+    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: b }]),
+    });
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, b_list).unwrap();
-    let int_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: int });
+    let int_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: int }]),
+    });
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(a_list, int_list),
-        Err("Expected any one of these types: 1, but got 0".into())
+        Err("Incompatible types: 11[typevar23] and 11[0]\
+            \n\nNotes:\n    typevar23 ∈ {1}"
+            .into())
     );
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
-    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
-    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).0;
-    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: b });
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
+    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).ty;
+    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: b }]),
+    });
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, b_list).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(b, boolean),
@@ -496,17 +559,29 @@ fn test_typevar_range() {
 #[test]
 fn test_rigid_var() {
     let mut env = TestEnvironment::new();
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).0;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).0;
-    let x = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
-    let list_a = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
-    let list_x = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: x });
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).ty;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).ty;
+    let x = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
+    let list_elem_tvar = env.unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+    let list_a = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let list_x = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: x }]),
+    });
     let int = env.parse("int", &HashMap::new());
     let list_int = env.parse("list[int]", &HashMap::new());
 
-    assert_eq!(env.unify(a, b), Err("Incompatible types: var3 and var2".to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(env.unify(a, b), Err("Incompatible types: typevar4 and typevar3".to_string()));
     env.unifier.unify(list_a, list_x).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(env.unify(list_x, list_int), Err("Incompatible types: 0 and var2".to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(
+        env.unify(list_x, list_int),
+        Err("Incompatible types: 11[typevar3] and 11[0]".to_string())
+    );
 
     env.unifier.replace_rigid_var(a, int);
     env.unifier.unify(list_x, list_int).unwrap();
@@ -520,16 +595,26 @@ fn test_instantiation() {
     let float = env.parse("float", &HashMap::new());
     let list_int = env.parse("list[int]", &HashMap::new());
 
-    let obj_map: HashMap<_, _> =
-        [(0usize, "int"), (1, "float"), (2, "bool")].iter().cloned().collect();
+    let list_elem_tvar = if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } =
+        &*env.unifier.get_ty_immutable(env.type_mapping["list"])
+    {
+        iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap()
+    } else {
+        unreachable!()
+    };
 
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
-    let list_v = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: v });
-    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_v, int], None, None).0;
-    let v2 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_int, float], None, None).0;
-    let t = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
-    let tuple = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![v, v1, v2] });
-    let v3 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[tuple, t], None, None).0;
+    let obj_map: HashMap<_, _> = [(0usize, "int"), (1, "float"), (2, "bool"), (11, "list")].into();
+
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
+    let list_v = env
+        .unifier
+        .subst(env.type_mapping["list"], &into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: v }]))
+        .unwrap();
+    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_v, int], None, None).ty;
+    let v2 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let t = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
+    let tuple = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![v, v1, v2], is_vararg_ctx: false });
+    let v3 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[tuple, t], None, None).ty;
     // t = TypeVar('t')
     // v = TypeVar('v', int, bool)
     // v1 = TypeVar('v1', 'list[v]', int)
@@ -551,7 +636,7 @@ fn test_instantiation() {
         tuple[int, list[bool], list[int]]
         tuple[int, list[int], float]
         tuple[int, list[int], list[int]]
-        v5"
+        v6"
     }
     .split('\n')
     .collect_vec();
@@ -560,8 +645,8 @@ fn test_instantiation() {
         .map(|ty| {
             env.unifier.internal_stringify(
                 *ty,
-                &mut |i| obj_map.get(&i).unwrap().to_string(),
-                &mut |i| format!("v{}", i),
+                &mut |i| (*obj_map.get(&i).unwrap()).to_string(),
+                &mut |i| format!("v{i}"),
                 &mut None,
             )
         })

nac3core/src/typecheck/unification_table.rs

@@ -16,21 +16,10 @@ pub struct UnificationTable<V> {
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 enum Action<V> {
-    Parent {
-        key: usize,
-        original_parent: usize,
-    },
-    Value {
-        key: usize,
-        original_value: Option<V>,
-    },
-    Rank {
-        key: usize,
-        original_rank: u32,
-    },
-    Marker {
-        generation: u32,
-    }
+    Parent { key: usize, original_parent: usize },
+    Value { key: usize, original_value: Option<V> },
+    Rank { key: usize, original_rank: u32 },
+    Marker { generation: u32 },
 }
 
 impl<V> Default for UnificationTable<V> {
@@ -41,7 +30,13 @@ impl<V> Default for UnificationTable<V> {
 
 impl<V> UnificationTable<V> {
     pub fn new() -> UnificationTable<V> {
-        UnificationTable { parents: Vec::new(), ranks: Vec::new(), values: Vec::new(), log: Vec::new(), generation: 0 }
+        UnificationTable {
+            parents: Vec::new(),
+            ranks: Vec::new(),
+            values: Vec::new(),
+            log: Vec::new(),
+            generation: 0,
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn new_key(&mut self, v: V) -> UnificationKey {
@@ -125,7 +120,10 @@ impl<V> UnificationTable<V> {
     pub fn restore_snapshot(&mut self, snapshot: (usize, u32)) {
         let (log_len, generation) = snapshot;
         assert!(self.log.len() >= log_len, "snapshot restoration error");
-        assert!(matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if gen == generation), "snapshot restoration error");
+        assert!(
+            matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if gen == generation),
+            "snapshot restoration error"
+        );
         for action in self.log.drain(log_len - 1..).rev() {
             match action {
                 Action::Parent { key, original_parent } => {
@@ -145,7 +143,10 @@ impl<V> UnificationTable<V> {
     pub fn discard_snapshot(&mut self, snapshot: (usize, u32)) {
         let (log_len, generation) = snapshot;
         assert!(self.log.len() >= log_len, "snapshot discard error");
-        assert!(matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if gen == generation), "snapshot discard error");
+        assert!(
+            matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if gen == generation),
+            "snapshot discard error"
+        );
         self.log.clear();
     }
 }
@@ -159,11 +160,23 @@ where
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(i, (v, p))| if *p == i { v.as_ref().map(|v| v.as_ref().clone()) } else { None })
             .collect();
-        UnificationTable { parents: self.parents.clone(), ranks: self.ranks.clone(), values, log: Vec::new(), generation: 0 }
+        UnificationTable {
+            parents: self.parents.clone(),
+            ranks: self.ranks.clone(),
+            values,
+            log: Vec::new(),
+            generation: 0,
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn from_send(table: &UnificationTable<V>) -> UnificationTable<Rc<V>> {
         let values = table.values.iter().cloned().map(|v| v.map(Rc::new)).collect();
-        UnificationTable { parents: table.parents.clone(), ranks: table.ranks.clone(), values, log: Vec::new(), generation: 0 }
+        UnificationTable {
+            parents: table.parents.clone(),
+            ranks: table.ranks.clone(),
+            values,
+            log: Vec::new(),
+            generation: 0,
+        }
     }
 }

nac3ld/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "nac3ld"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["M-Labs"]
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+byteorder = { version = "1.5", default-features = false }

nac3ld/src/dwarf.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+#![allow(non_camel_case_types, non_upper_case_globals)]
+
+use std::mem;
+
+use byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian};
+
+pub const DW_EH_PE_omit: u8 = 0xFF;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_absptr: u8 = 0x00;
+
+pub const DW_EH_PE_uleb128: u8 = 0x01;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_udata2: u8 = 0x02;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_udata4: u8 = 0x03;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_udata8: u8 = 0x04;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_sleb128: u8 = 0x09;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_sdata2: u8 = 0x0A;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_sdata4: u8 = 0x0B;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_sdata8: u8 = 0x0C;
+
+pub const DW_EH_PE_pcrel: u8 = 0x10;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_textrel: u8 = 0x20;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_datarel: u8 = 0x30;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_funcrel: u8 = 0x40;
+pub const DW_EH_PE_aligned: u8 = 0x50;
+
+pub const DW_EH_PE_indirect: u8 = 0x80;
+
+pub struct DwarfReader<'a> {
+    pub slice: &'a [u8],
+    pub virt_addr: u32,
+    base_slice: &'a [u8],
+    base_virt_addr: u32,
+}
+
+impl<'a> DwarfReader<'a> {
+    pub fn new(slice: &[u8], virt_addr: u32) -> DwarfReader {
+        DwarfReader { slice, virt_addr, base_slice: slice, base_virt_addr: virt_addr }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new instance from another instance of [DwarfReader], optionally removing any
+    /// offsets previously applied to the other instance.
+    pub fn from_reader(other: &DwarfReader<'a>, reset_offset: bool) -> DwarfReader<'a> {
+        if reset_offset {
+            DwarfReader::new(other.base_slice, other.base_virt_addr)
+        } else {
+            DwarfReader::new(other.slice, other.virt_addr)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn offset(&mut self, offset: u32) {
+        self.slice = &self.slice[offset as usize..];
+        self.virt_addr = self.virt_addr.wrapping_add(offset);
+    }
+
+    /// ULEB128 and SLEB128 encodings are defined in Section 7.6 - "Variable Length Data" of the
+    /// [DWARF-4 Manual](https://dwarfstd.org/doc/DWARF4.pdf).
+    pub fn read_uleb128(&mut self) -> u64 {
+        let mut shift: usize = 0;
+        let mut result: u64 = 0;
+        let mut byte: u8;
+        loop {
+            byte = self.read_u8();
+            result |= u64::from(byte & 0x7F) << shift;
+            shift += 7;
+            if byte & 0x80 == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_sleb128(&mut self) -> i64 {
+        let mut shift: u32 = 0;
+        let mut result: u64 = 0;
+        let mut byte: u8;
+        loop {
+            byte = self.read_u8();
+            result |= u64::from(byte & 0x7F) << shift;
+            shift += 7;
+            if byte & 0x80 == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        // sign-extend
+        if shift < u64::BITS && (byte & 0x40) != 0 {
+            result |= (!0u64) << shift;
+        }
+        result as i64
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_u8(&mut self) -> u8 {
+        let val = self.slice[0];
+        self.slice = &self.slice[1..];
+        val
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_read_fn {
+    ( $($type: ty, $byteorder_fn: ident);* ) => {
+        impl<'a> DwarfReader<'a> {
+            $(
+                pub fn $byteorder_fn(&mut self) -> $type {
+                    let val = LittleEndian::$byteorder_fn(self.slice);
+                    self.slice = &self.slice[mem::size_of::<$type>()..];
+                    val
+                }
+            )*
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl_read_fn!(
+    u16,    read_u16;
+    u32,    read_u32;
+    u64,    read_u64;
+    i16,    read_i16;
+    i32,    read_i32;
+    i64,    read_i64
+);
+
+pub struct DwarfWriter<'a> {
+    pub slice: &'a mut [u8],
+    pub offset: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> DwarfWriter<'a> {
+    pub fn new(slice: &mut [u8]) -> DwarfWriter {
+        DwarfWriter { slice, offset: 0 }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_u8(&mut self, data: u8) {
+        self.slice[self.offset] = data;
+        self.offset += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_u32(&mut self, data: u32) {
+        LittleEndian::write_u32(&mut self.slice[self.offset..], data);
+        self.offset += 4;
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_encoded_pointer(reader: &mut DwarfReader, encoding: u8) -> Result<usize, ()> {
+    if encoding == DW_EH_PE_omit {
+        return Err(());
+    }
+
+    // DW_EH_PE_aligned implies it's an absolute pointer value
+    // However, we are linking library for 32-bits architecture
+    // The size of variable should be 4 bytes instead
+    if encoding == DW_EH_PE_aligned {
+        let shifted_virt_addr = round_up(reader.virt_addr as usize, mem::size_of::<u32>())?;
+        let addr_inc = shifted_virt_addr - reader.virt_addr as usize;
+
+        reader.slice = &reader.slice[addr_inc..];
+        reader.virt_addr = shifted_virt_addr as u32;
+        return Ok(reader.read_u32() as usize);
+    }
+
+    match encoding & 0x0F {
+        DW_EH_PE_absptr | DW_EH_PE_udata4 => Ok(reader.read_u32() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_uleb128 => Ok(reader.read_uleb128() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_udata2 => Ok(reader.read_u16() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_udata8 => Ok(reader.read_u64() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_sleb128 => Ok(reader.read_sleb128() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_sdata2 => Ok(reader.read_i16() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_sdata4 => Ok(reader.read_i32() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_sdata8 => Ok(reader.read_i64() as usize),
+        _ => Err(()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_encoded_pointer_with_pc(reader: &mut DwarfReader, encoding: u8) -> Result<usize, ()> {
+    let entry_virt_addr = reader.virt_addr;
+    let mut result = read_encoded_pointer(reader, encoding)?;
+
+    // DW_EH_PE_aligned implies it's an absolute pointer value
+    if encoding == DW_EH_PE_aligned {
+        return Ok(result);
+    }
+
+    result = match encoding & 0x70 {
+        DW_EH_PE_pcrel => result.wrapping_add(entry_virt_addr as usize),
+
+        // .eh_frame normally would not have these kinds of relocations
+        // These would not be supported by a dedicated linker relocation schemes for RISC-V
+        DW_EH_PE_textrel | DW_EH_PE_datarel | DW_EH_PE_funcrel | DW_EH_PE_aligned => {
+            unimplemented!()
+        }
+
+        // Other values should be impossible
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    };
+
+    if encoding & DW_EH_PE_indirect != 0 {
+        // There should not be a need for indirect addressing, as assembly code from
+        // the dynamic library should not be freely moved relative to the EH frame.
+        unreachable!()
+    }
+
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn round_up(unrounded: usize, align: usize) -> Result<usize, ()> {
+    if align.is_power_of_two() {
+        Ok((unrounded + align - 1) & !(align - 1))
+    } else {
+        Err(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Minimalistic structure to store everything needed for parsing FDEs to synthesize `.eh_frame_hdr`
+/// section.
+///
+/// Refer to [The Linux Standard Base Core Specification, Generic Part](https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/ehframechpt.html)
+/// for more information.
+pub struct EH_Frame<'a> {
+    reader: DwarfReader<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> EH_Frame<'a> {
+    /// Creates an [EH_Frame] using the bytes in the `.eh_frame` section and its address in the ELF
+    /// file.
+    pub fn new(eh_frame_slice: &[u8], eh_frame_addr: u32) -> EH_Frame {
+        EH_Frame { reader: DwarfReader::new(eh_frame_slice, eh_frame_addr) }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an [Iterator] over all Call Frame Information (CFI) records.
+    pub fn cfi_records(&self) -> CFI_Records<'a> {
+        let reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(&self.reader, true);
+        let len = reader.slice.len();
+
+        CFI_Records { reader, available: len }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A single Call Frame Information (CFI) record.
+///
+/// From the [specification](https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/ehframechpt.html):
+///
+/// > Each CFI record contains a Common Information Entry (CIE) record followed by 1 or more Frame
+/// > Description Entry (FDE) records.
+pub struct CFI_Record<'a> {
+    // It refers to the augmentation data that corresponds to 'R' in the augmentation string
+    fde_pointer_encoding: u8,
+    fde_reader: DwarfReader<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> CFI_Record<'a> {
+    pub fn from_reader(cie_reader: &mut DwarfReader<'a>) -> Result<CFI_Record<'a>, ()> {
+        let length = cie_reader.read_u32();
+        let fde_reader = match length {
+            // eh_frame with 0 lengths means the CIE is terminated
+            0 => panic!("Cannot create an EH_Frame from a termination CIE"),
+
+            // length == u32::MAX means that the length is only representable with 64 bits,
+            // which does not make sense in a system with 32-bit address.
+            0xFFFF_FFFF => unimplemented!(),
+
+            _ => {
+                let mut fde_reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(cie_reader, false);
+                fde_reader.offset(length);
+                fde_reader
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Routine check on the .eh_frame well-formness, in terms of CIE ID & Version args.
+        let cie_ptr = cie_reader.read_u32();
+        assert_eq!(cie_ptr, 0);
+        assert_eq!(cie_reader.read_u8(), 1);
+
+        // Parse augmentation string
+        // The first character must be 'z', there is no way to proceed otherwise
+        assert_eq!(cie_reader.read_u8(), b'z');
+
+        // Establish a pointer that skips ahead of the string
+        // Skip code/data alignment factors & return address register along the way as well
+        // We only tackle the case where 'z' and 'R' are part of the augmentation string, otherwise
+        // we cannot get the addresses to make .eh_frame_hdr
+        let mut aug_data_reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(cie_reader, false);
+        let mut aug_str_len = 0;
+        loop {
+            if aug_data_reader.read_u8() == b'\0' {
+                break;
+            }
+            aug_str_len += 1;
+        }
+        if aug_str_len == 0 {
+            unimplemented!();
+        }
+        aug_data_reader.read_uleb128(); // Code alignment factor
+        aug_data_reader.read_sleb128(); // Data alignment factor
+        aug_data_reader.read_uleb128(); // Return address register
+        aug_data_reader.read_uleb128(); // Augmentation data length
+        let mut fde_pointer_encoding = DW_EH_PE_omit;
+        for _ in 0..aug_str_len {
+            match cie_reader.read_u8() {
+                b'L' => {
+                    aug_data_reader.read_u8();
+                }
+
+                b'P' => {
+                    let encoding = aug_data_reader.read_u8();
+                    read_encoded_pointer(&mut aug_data_reader, encoding)?;
+                }
+
+                b'R' => {
+                    fde_pointer_encoding = aug_data_reader.read_u8();
+                }
+
+                // Other characters are not supported
+                _ => unimplemented!(),
+            }
+        }
+        assert_ne!(fde_pointer_encoding, DW_EH_PE_omit);
+
+        Ok(CFI_Record { fde_pointer_encoding, fde_reader })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a [DwarfReader] initialized to the first Frame Description Entry (FDE) of this CFI
+    /// record.
+    pub fn get_fde_reader(&self) -> DwarfReader<'a> {
+        DwarfReader::from_reader(&self.fde_reader, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an [Iterator] over all Frame Description Entries (FDEs).
+    pub fn fde_records(&self) -> FDE_Records<'a> {
+        let reader = self.get_fde_reader();
+        let len = reader.slice.len();
+
+        FDE_Records { pointer_encoding: self.fde_pointer_encoding, reader, available: len }
+    }
+}
+
+/// [Iterator] over Call Frame Information (CFI) records in an
+/// [Exception Handling (EH) frame][EH_Frame].
+pub struct CFI_Records<'a> {
+    reader: DwarfReader<'a>,
+    available: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for CFI_Records<'a> {
+    type Item = CFI_Record<'a>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        loop {
+            if self.available == 0 {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let mut this_reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(&self.reader, false);
+
+            // Remove the length of the header and the content from the counter
+            let length = self.reader.read_u32();
+            let length = match length {
+                // eh_frame with 0-length means the CIE is terminated
+                0 => return None,
+                0xFFFF_FFFF => unimplemented!("CIE entries larger than 4 bytes not supported"),
+                other => other,
+            } as usize;
+
+            // Remove the length of the header and the content from the counter
+            self.available -= length + mem::size_of::<u32>();
+            let mut next_reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(&self.reader, false);
+            next_reader.offset(length as u32);
+
+            let cie_ptr = self.reader.read_u32();
+
+            self.reader = next_reader;
+
+            // Skip this record if it is a FDE
+            if cie_ptr == 0 {
+                // Rewind back to the start of the CFI Record
+                return Some(CFI_Record::from_reader(&mut this_reader).ok().unwrap());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// [Iterator] over Frame Description Entries (FDEs) in an
+/// [Exception Handling (EH) frame][EH_Frame].
+pub struct FDE_Records<'a> {
+    pointer_encoding: u8,
+    reader: DwarfReader<'a>,
+    available: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for FDE_Records<'a> {
+    type Item = (u32, u32);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        // Parse each FDE to obtain the starting address that the FDE applies to
+        // Send the FDE offset and the mentioned address to a callback that write up the
+        // .eh_frame_hdr section
+
+        if self.available == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // Remove the length of the header and the content from the counter
+        let length = match self.reader.read_u32() {
+            // eh_frame with 0-length means the CIE is terminated
+            0 => return None,
+            0xFFFF_FFFF => unimplemented!("CIE entries larger than 4 bytes not supported"),
+            other => other,
+        } as usize;
+
+        // Remove the length of the header and the content from the counter
+        self.available -= length + mem::size_of::<u32>();
+        let mut next_fde_reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(&self.reader, false);
+        next_fde_reader.offset(length as u32);
+
+        let cie_ptr = self.reader.read_u32();
+        let next_val = if cie_ptr != 0 {
+            let pc_begin = read_encoded_pointer_with_pc(&mut self.reader, self.pointer_encoding)
+                .expect("Failed to read PC Begin");
+            Some((pc_begin as u32, self.reader.virt_addr))
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        self.reader = next_fde_reader;
+
+        next_val
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct EH_Frame_Hdr<'a> {
+    fde_writer: DwarfWriter<'a>,
+    eh_frame_hdr_addr: u32,
+    fdes: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> EH_Frame_Hdr<'a> {
+    /// Create a [EH_Frame_Hdr] object, and write out the fixed fields of `.eh_frame_hdr` to memory.
+    ///
+    /// Load address is not known at this point.
+    pub fn new(
+        eh_frame_hdr_slice: &mut [u8],
+        eh_frame_hdr_addr: u32,
+        eh_frame_addr: u32,
+    ) -> EH_Frame_Hdr {
+        let mut writer = DwarfWriter::new(eh_frame_hdr_slice);
+
+        writer.write_u8(1); // version
+        writer.write_u8(0x1B); // eh_frame_ptr_enc - PC-relative 4-byte signed value
+        writer.write_u8(0x03); // fde_count_enc - 4-byte unsigned value
+        writer.write_u8(0x3B); // table_enc - .eh_frame_hdr section-relative 4-byte signed value
+
+        let eh_frame_offset = eh_frame_addr.wrapping_sub(
+            eh_frame_hdr_addr + writer.offset as u32 + ((mem::size_of::<u8>() as u32) * 4),
+        );
+        writer.write_u32(eh_frame_offset); // eh_frame_ptr
+        writer.write_u32(0); // `fde_count`, will be written in finalize_fde
+
+        EH_Frame_Hdr { fde_writer: writer, eh_frame_hdr_addr, fdes: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// The offset of the `fde_count` value relative to the start of the `.eh_frame_hdr` section in
+    /// bytes.
+    fn fde_count_offset() -> usize {
+        8
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_fde(&mut self, init_loc: u32, addr: u32) {
+        self.fdes.push((
+            init_loc.wrapping_sub(self.eh_frame_hdr_addr),
+            addr.wrapping_sub(self.eh_frame_hdr_addr),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    pub fn finalize_fde(mut self) {
+        self.fdes
+            .sort_by(|(left_init_loc, _), (right_init_loc, _)| left_init_loc.cmp(right_init_loc));
+        for (init_loc, addr) in &self.fdes {
+            self.fde_writer.write_u32(*init_loc);
+            self.fde_writer.write_u32(*addr);
+        }
+        LittleEndian::write_u32(
+            &mut self.fde_writer.slice[Self::fde_count_offset()..],
+            self.fdes.len() as u32,
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub fn size_from_eh_frame(eh_frame: &[u8]) -> usize {
+        // The virtual address of the EH frame does not matter in this case
+        // Calculation of size does not involve modifying any headers
+        let mut reader = DwarfReader::new(eh_frame, 0);
+        let mut fde_count = 0;
+        while !reader.slice.is_empty() {
+            // The original length field should be able to hold the entire value.
+            // The device memory space is limited to 32-bits addresses anyway.
+            let entry_length = reader.read_u32();
+            if entry_length == 0 || entry_length == 0xFFFF_FFFF {
+                unimplemented!()
+            }
+
+            // This slot stores the CIE ID (for CIE)/CIE Pointer (for FDE).
+            // This value must be non-zero for FDEs.
+            let cie_ptr = reader.read_u32();
+            if cie_ptr != 0 {
+                fde_count += 1;
+            }
+
+            reader.offset(entry_length - mem::size_of::<u32>() as u32);
+        }
+
+        12 + fde_count * 8
+    }
+}

nac3parser/Cargo.toml

@@ -5,20 +5,20 @@ description = "Parser for python code."
 authors = [ "RustPython Team", "M-Labs" ]
 build = "build.rs"
 license = "MIT"
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 
 [build-dependencies]
-lalrpop = "0.19.6"
+lalrpop = "0.22"
 
 [dependencies]
 nac3ast = { path = "../nac3ast" }
-lalrpop-util = "0.19.6"
-log = "0.4.1"
+lalrpop-util = "0.22"
+log = "0.4"
 unic-emoji-char = "0.9"
 unic-ucd-ident  = "0.9"
-unicode_names2 = "0.4"
-phf = { version = "0.9", features = ["macros"] }
-ahash = "0.7.2"
+unicode_names2 = "1.3"
+phf = { version = "0.11", features = ["macros"] }
+ahash = "0.8"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 insta = "=1.11.0"

nac3parser/src/config_comment_helper.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
+use crate::{
+    ast::{Ident, Location},
+    error::*,
+    token::Tok,
+};
 use lalrpop_util::ParseError;
+
 use nac3ast::*;
-use crate::ast::Ident;
-use crate::ast::Location;
-use crate::token::Tok;
-use crate::error::*;
 
 pub fn make_config_comment(
     com_loc: Location,
     stmt_loc: Location,
     nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, Tok)>,
-    nac3com_end: Option<Ident>
+    nac3com_end: Option<Ident>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<Ident>, ParseError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> {
     if com_loc.column() != stmt_loc.column() && !nac3com_above.is_empty() {
         return Err(ParseError::User {
@@ -17,24 +19,25 @@ pub fn make_config_comment(
                 location: com_loc,
                 error: LexicalErrorType::OtherError(
                     format!(
-                        "config comment at top must have the same indentation with what it applies (comment at {}, statement at {})",
-                        com_loc,
-                        stmt_loc,
+                        "config comment at top must have the same indentation with what it applies (comment at {com_loc}, statement at {stmt_loc})",
                     )
                 )
             }
-        })
+        });
     };
-    Ok(
-        nac3com_above
+    Ok(nac3com_above
         .into_iter()
         .map(|(com, _)| com)
         .chain(nac3com_end.map_or_else(|| vec![].into_iter(), |com| vec![com].into_iter()))
-            .collect()
-    )
+        .collect())
 }
 
-pub fn handle_small_stmt<U>(stmts: &mut [Stmt<U>], nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, Tok)>, nac3com_end: Option<Ident>, com_above_loc: Location) -> Result<(), ParseError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> {
+pub fn handle_small_stmt<U>(
+    stmts: &mut [Stmt<U>],
+    nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, Tok)>,
+    nac3com_end: Option<Ident>,
+    com_above_loc: Location,
+) -> Result<(), ParseError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> {
     if com_above_loc.column() != stmts[0].location.column() && !nac3com_above.is_empty() {
         return Err(ParseError::User {
             error: LexicalError {
@@ -47,17 +50,12 @@ pub fn handle_small_stmt<U>(stmts: &mut [Stmt<U>], nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, To
                     )
                 )
             }
-        })
+        });
     }
-    apply_config_comments(
-        &mut stmts[0],
-        nac3com_above
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(com, _)| com).collect()
-    );
+    apply_config_comments(&mut stmts[0], nac3com_above.into_iter().map(|(com, _)| com).collect());
     apply_config_comments(
         stmts.last_mut().unwrap(),
-        nac3com_end.map_or_else(Vec::new, |com| vec![com])
+        nac3com_end.map_or_else(Vec::new, |com| vec![com]),
     );
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -80,6 +78,8 @@ fn apply_config_comments<U>(stmt: &mut Stmt<U>, comments: Vec<Ident>) {
         | StmtKind::Nonlocal { config_comment, .. }
         | StmtKind::Assert { config_comment, .. } => config_comment.extend(comments),
 
-        _ => { unreachable!("only small statements should call this function") }
+        _ => {
+            unreachable!("only small statements should call this function")
+        }
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/error.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 //! Define internal parse error types
 //! The goal is to provide a matching and a safe error API, maksing errors from LALR
-use lalrpop_util::ParseError as LalrpopError;
-
-use crate::ast::Location;
-use crate::token::Tok;
-
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt;
 
+use lalrpop_util::ParseError as LalrpopError;
+
+use crate::{ast::Location, token::Tok};
+
 /// Represents an error during lexical scanning.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct LexicalError {
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for LexicalErrorType {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
             LexicalErrorType::StringError => write!(f, "Got unexpected string"),
-            LexicalErrorType::FStringError(error) => write!(f, "Got error in f-string: {}", error),
+            LexicalErrorType::FStringError(error) => write!(f, "Got error in f-string: {error}"),
             LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError => write!(f, "Got unexpected unicode"),
             LexicalErrorType::NestingError => write!(f, "Got unexpected nesting"),
             LexicalErrorType::IndentationError => {
@@ -59,13 +58,13 @@ impl fmt::Display for LexicalErrorType {
                 write!(f, "positional argument follows keyword argument")
             }
             LexicalErrorType::UnrecognizedToken { tok } => {
-                write!(f, "Got unexpected token {}", tok)
+                write!(f, "Got unexpected token {tok}")
             }
             LexicalErrorType::LineContinuationError => {
                 write!(f, "unexpected character after line continuation character")
             }
             LexicalErrorType::Eof => write!(f, "unexpected EOF while parsing"),
-            LexicalErrorType::OtherError(msg) => write!(f, "{}", msg),
+            LexicalErrorType::OtherError(msg) => write!(f, "{msg}"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for FStringErrorType {
             FStringErrorType::UnopenedRbrace => write!(f, "Unopened '}}'"),
             FStringErrorType::ExpectedRbrace => write!(f, "Expected '}}' after conversion flag."),
             FStringErrorType::InvalidExpression(error) => {
-                write!(f, "Invalid expression: {}", error)
+                write!(f, "Invalid expression: {error}")
             }
             FStringErrorType::InvalidConversionFlag => write!(f, "Invalid conversion flag"),
             FStringErrorType::EmptyExpression => write!(f, "Empty expression"),
@@ -144,36 +143,27 @@ pub enum ParseErrorType {
 impl From<LalrpopError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> for ParseError {
     fn from(err: LalrpopError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>) -> Self {
         match err {
-            // TODO: Are there cases where this isn't an EOF?
-            LalrpopError::InvalidToken { location } => ParseError {
-                error: ParseErrorType::Eof,
-                location,
-            },
-            LalrpopError::ExtraToken { token } => ParseError {
-                error: ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(token.1),
-                location: token.0,
-            },
-            LalrpopError::User { error } => ParseError {
-                error: ParseErrorType::Lexical(error.error),
-                location: error.location,
-            },
+            LalrpopError::ExtraToken { token } => {
+                ParseError { error: ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(token.1), location: token.0 }
+            }
+            LalrpopError::User { error } => {
+                ParseError { error: ParseErrorType::Lexical(error.error), location: error.location }
+            }
             LalrpopError::UnrecognizedToken { token, expected } => {
                 // Hacky, but it's how CPython does it. See PyParser_AddToken,
                 // in particular "Only one possible expected token" comment.
-                let expected = if expected.len() == 1 {
-                    Some(expected[0].clone())
-                } else {
-                    None
-                };
+                let expected = if expected.len() == 1 { Some(expected[0].clone()) } else { None };
                 ParseError {
                     error: ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(token.1, expected),
                     location: token.0,
                 }
             }
-            LalrpopError::UnrecognizedEOF { location, .. } => ParseError {
-                error: ParseErrorType::Eof,
-                location,
-            },
+
+            LalrpopError::UnrecognizedEof { location, .. }
+            // TODO: Are there cases where this isn't an EOF?
+            | LalrpopError::InvalidToken { location } => {
+                ParseError { error: ParseErrorType::Eof, location }
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -188,7 +178,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ParseErrorType {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             ParseErrorType::Eof => write!(f, "Got unexpected EOF"),
-            ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(ref tok) => write!(f, "Got extraneous token: {:?}", tok),
+            ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(ref tok) => write!(f, "Got extraneous token: {tok:?}"),
             ParseErrorType::InvalidToken => write!(f, "Got invalid token"),
             ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(ref tok, ref expected) => {
                 if *tok == Tok::Indent {
@@ -196,10 +186,10 @@ impl fmt::Display for ParseErrorType {
                 } else if expected.as_deref() == Some("Indent") {
                     write!(f, "expected an indented block")
                 } else {
-                    write!(f, "Got unexpected token {}", tok)
+                    write!(f, "Got unexpected token {tok}")
                 }
             }
-            ParseErrorType::Lexical(ref error) => write!(f, "{}", error),
+            ParseErrorType::Lexical(ref error) => write!(f, "{error}"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -207,6 +197,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ParseErrorType {
 impl Error for ParseErrorType {}
 
 impl ParseErrorType {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn is_indentation_error(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::IndentationError) => true,
@@ -216,11 +207,11 @@ impl ParseErrorType {
             _ => false,
         }
     }
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn is_tab_error(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(
             self,
-            ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::TabError)
-                | ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::TabsAfterSpaces)
+            ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::TabError | LexicalErrorType::TabsAfterSpaces)
         )
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/fstring.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-use std::iter;
-use std::mem;
-use std::str;
-
-use crate::ast::{Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr, ExprKind, Location};
-use crate::error::{FStringError, FStringErrorType, ParseError};
-use crate::parser::parse_expression;
+use std::{iter, mem, str};
 
 use self::FStringErrorType::*;
+use crate::{
+    ast::{Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr, ExprKind, Location},
+    error::{FStringError, FStringErrorType, ParseError},
+    parser::parse_expression,
+};
 
 struct FStringParser<'a> {
     chars: iter::Peekable<str::Chars<'a>>,
@@ -15,10 +14,7 @@ struct FStringParser<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
     fn new(source: &'a str, str_location: Location) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            chars: source.chars().peekable(),
-            str_location,
-        }
+        Self { chars: source.chars().peekable(), str_location }
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -133,10 +129,10 @@ impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
                         )
                     } else {
                         Box::new(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
-                            value: spec_expression.to_owned().into(),
+                            value: spec_expression.clone().into(),
                             kind: None,
                         }))
-                    })
+                    });
                 }
                 '(' | '{' | '[' => {
                     expression.push(ch);
@@ -251,17 +247,11 @@ impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
         }
 
         if !content.is_empty() {
-            values.push(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
-                value: content.into(),
-                kind: None,
-            }))
+            values.push(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant { value: content.into(), kind: None }));
         }
 
         let s = match values.len() {
-            0 => self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
-                value: String::new().into(),
-                kind: None,
-            }),
+            0 => self.expr(ExprKind::Constant { value: String::new().into(), kind: None }),
             1 => values.into_iter().next().unwrap(),
             _ => self.expr(ExprKind::JoinedStr { values }),
         };
@@ -270,16 +260,14 @@ impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
 }
 
 fn parse_fstring_expr(source: &str) -> Result<Expr, ParseError> {
-    let fstring_body = format!("({})", source);
+    let fstring_body = format!("({source})");
     parse_expression(&fstring_body)
 }
 
 /// Parse an fstring from a string, located at a certain position in the sourcecode.
 /// In case of errors, we will get the location and the error returned.
 pub fn parse_located_fstring(source: &str, location: Location) -> Result<Expr, FStringError> {
-    FStringParser::new(source, location)
-        .parse()
-        .map_err(|error| FStringError { error, location })
+    FStringParser::new(source, location).parse().map_err(|error| FStringError { error, location })
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -293,7 +281,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring() {
         let source = "{a}{ b }{{foo}}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -301,7 +289,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_nested_spec() {
         let source = "{foo:{spec}}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -309,7 +297,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_not_nested_spec() {
         let source = "{foo:spec}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -322,7 +310,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_base() {
         let src = "{user=}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&src).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -330,7 +318,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_base_more() {
         let src = "mix {user=} with text and {second=}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&src).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -338,7 +326,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_format() {
         let src = "{user=:>10}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&src).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -371,35 +359,35 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_not_equals() {
         let source = "{1 != 2}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_equals() {
         let source = "{42 == 42}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_selfdoc_prec_space() {
         let source = "{x   =}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_selfdoc_trailing_space() {
         let source = "{x=   }";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_yield_expr() {
         let source = "{yield}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/function.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
-use ahash::RandomState;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
-use crate::ast;
-use crate::error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};
+use ahash::RandomState;
+
+use crate::{
+    ast,
+    error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType},
+};
 
 pub struct ArgumentList {
     pub args: Vec<ast::Expr>,
@@ -54,8 +57,7 @@ pub fn parse_args(func_args: Vec<FunctionArgument>) -> Result<ArgumentList, Lexi
 
     let mut keyword_names = HashSet::with_capacity_and_hasher(func_args.len(), RandomState::new());
     for (name, value) in func_args {
-        match name {
-            Some((location, name)) => {
+        if let Some((location, name)) = name {
             if let Some(keyword_name) = &name {
                 if keyword_names.contains(keyword_name) {
                     return Err(LexicalError {
@@ -69,13 +71,9 @@ pub fn parse_args(func_args: Vec<FunctionArgument>) -> Result<ArgumentList, Lexi
 
             keywords.push(ast::Keyword::new(
                 location,
-                    ast::KeywordData {
-                        arg: name.map(|name| name.into()),
-                        value: Box::new(value),
-                    },
+                ast::KeywordData { arg: name.map(String::into), value: Box::new(value) },
             ));
-            }
-            None => {
+        } else {
             // Allow starred args after keyword arguments.
             if !keywords.is_empty() && !is_starred(&value) {
                 return Err(LexicalError {
@@ -87,7 +85,6 @@ pub fn parse_args(func_args: Vec<FunctionArgument>) -> Result<ArgumentList, Lexi
             args.push(value);
         }
     }
-    }
     Ok(ArgumentList { args, keywords })
 }
 

nac3parser/src/lexer.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 //! This module takes care of lexing python source text.
 //!
 //! This means source code is translated into separate tokens.
+use std::{char, cmp::Ordering, num::IntErrorKind, str::FromStr};
 
-pub use super::token::Tok;
-use crate::ast::{Location, FileName};
-use crate::error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};
-use std::char;
-use std::cmp::Ordering;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-use std::num::IntErrorKind;
 use unic_emoji_char::is_emoji_presentation;
 use unic_ucd_ident::{is_xid_continue, is_xid_start};
 
+pub use super::token::Tok;
+use crate::{
+    ast::{FileName, Location},
+    error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType},
+};
+
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Default)]
 struct IndentationLevel {
     tabs: usize,
@@ -32,20 +32,14 @@ impl IndentationLevel {
                 if self.spaces <= other.spaces {
                     Ok(Ordering::Less)
                 } else {
-                    Err(LexicalError {
-                        location,
-                        error: LexicalErrorType::TabError,
-                    })
+                    Err(LexicalError { location, error: LexicalErrorType::TabError })
                 }
             }
             Ordering::Greater => {
                 if self.spaces >= other.spaces {
                     Ok(Ordering::Greater)
                 } else {
-                    Err(LexicalError {
-                        location,
-                        error: LexicalErrorType::TabError,
-                    })
+                    Err(LexicalError { location, error: LexicalErrorType::TabError })
                 }
             }
             Ordering::Equal => Ok(self.spaces.cmp(&other.spaces)),
@@ -63,7 +57,7 @@ pub struct Lexer<T: Iterator<Item = char>> {
     chr1: Option<char>,
     chr2: Option<char>,
     location: Location,
-    config_comment_prefix: Option<&'static str>
+    config_comment_prefix: Option<&'static str>,
 }
 
 pub static KEYWORDS: phf::Map<&'static str, Tok> = phf::phf_map! {
@@ -136,11 +130,7 @@ where
     T: Iterator<Item = char>,
 {
     pub fn new(source: T) -> Self {
-        let mut nlh = NewlineHandler {
-            source,
-            chr0: None,
-            chr1: None,
-        };
+        let mut nlh = NewlineHandler { source, chr0: None, chr1: None };
         nlh.shift();
         nlh.shift();
         nlh
@@ -169,7 +159,7 @@ where
                     self.shift();
                 } else {
                     // Transform MAC EOL into \n
-                    self.chr0 = Some('\n')
+                    self.chr0 = Some('\n');
                 }
             } else {
                 break;
@@ -189,13 +179,13 @@ where
             chars: input,
             at_begin_of_line: true,
             nesting: 0,
-            indentation_stack: vec![Default::default()],
+            indentation_stack: vec![IndentationLevel::default()],
             pending: Vec::new(),
             chr0: None,
             location: start,
             chr1: None,
             chr2: None,
-            config_comment_prefix: Some(" nac3:")
+            config_comment_prefix: Some(" nac3:"),
         };
         lxr.next_char();
         lxr.next_char();
@@ -217,11 +207,9 @@ where
         let mut saw_f = false;
         loop {
             // Detect r"", f"", b"" and u""
-            if !(saw_b || saw_u || saw_f) && matches!(self.chr0, Some('b') | Some('B')) {
+            if !(saw_b || saw_u || saw_f) && matches!(self.chr0, Some('b' | 'B')) {
                 saw_b = true;
-            } else if !(saw_b || saw_r || saw_u || saw_f)
-                && matches!(self.chr0, Some('u') | Some('U'))
-            {
+            } else if !(saw_b || saw_r || saw_u || saw_f) && matches!(self.chr0, Some('u' | 'U')) {
                 saw_u = true;
             } else if !(saw_r || saw_u) && (self.chr0 == Some('r') || self.chr0 == Some('R')) {
                 saw_r = true;
@@ -287,15 +275,15 @@ where
         let end_pos = self.get_pos();
         let value = match i128::from_str_radix(&value_text, radix) {
             Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(e) => {
-                match e.kind() {
+            Err(e) => match e.kind() {
                 IntErrorKind::PosOverflow | IntErrorKind::NegOverflow => i128::MAX,
-                    _ => return Err(LexicalError {
-                        error: LexicalErrorType::OtherError(format!("{:?}", e)),
+                _ => {
+                    return Err(LexicalError {
+                        error: LexicalErrorType::OtherError(format!("{e:?}")),
                         location: start_pos,
-                    }),
-                }
+                    })
                 }
+            },
         };
         Ok((start_pos, Tok::Int { value }, end_pos))
     }
@@ -338,14 +326,7 @@ where
             if self.chr0 == Some('j') || self.chr0 == Some('J') {
                 self.next_char();
                 let end_pos = self.get_pos();
-                Ok((
-                    start_pos,
-                    Tok::Complex {
-                        real: 0.0,
-                        imag: value,
-                    },
-                    end_pos,
-                ))
+                Ok((start_pos, Tok::Complex { real: 0.0, imag: value }, end_pos))
             } else {
                 let end_pos = self.get_pos();
                 Ok((start_pos, Tok::Float { value }, end_pos))
@@ -364,7 +345,7 @@ where
                 let value = value_text.parse::<i128>().ok();
                 let nonzero = match value {
                     Some(value) => value != 0i128,
-                    None => true
+                    None => true,
                 };
                 if start_is_zero && nonzero {
                     return Err(LexicalError {
@@ -379,7 +360,7 @@ where
 
     /// Consume a sequence of numbers with the given radix,
     /// the digits can be decorated with underscores
-    /// like this: '1_2_3_4' == '1234'
+    /// like this: `'1_2_3_4'` == `'1234'`
     fn radix_run(&mut self, radix: u32) -> String {
         let mut value_text = String::new();
 
@@ -412,7 +393,7 @@ where
             2 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='1')),
             8 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='7')),
             10 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='9')),
-            16 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='9') | Some('a'..='f') | Some('A'..='F')),
+            16 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='9' | 'a'..='f' | 'A'..='F')),
             other => unimplemented!("Radix not implemented: {}", other),
         }
     }
@@ -420,8 +401,8 @@ where
     /// Test if we face '[eE][-+]?[0-9]+'
     fn at_exponent(&self) -> bool {
         match self.chr0 {
-            Some('e') | Some('E') => match self.chr1 {
-                Some('+') | Some('-') => matches!(self.chr2, Some('0'..='9')),
+            Some('e' | 'E') => match self.chr1 {
+                Some('+' | '-') => matches!(self.chr2, Some('0'..='9')),
                 Some('0'..='9') => true,
                 _ => false,
             },
@@ -433,19 +414,17 @@ where
     fn lex_comment(&mut self) -> Option<Spanned> {
         self.next_char();
         // if possibly nac3 pseudocomment, special handling for `# nac3:`
-        let (mut prefix, mut is_comment) = self
-            .config_comment_prefix
-            .map_or_else(|| ("".chars(), false), |v| (v.chars(), true));
+        let (mut prefix, mut is_comment) =
+            self.config_comment_prefix.map_or_else(|| ("".chars(), false), |v| (v.chars(), true));
         // for the correct location of config comment
         let mut start_loc = self.location;
         start_loc.go_left();
         loop {
             match self.chr0 {
-                Some('\n') => return None,
-                None => return None,
+                Some('\n') | None => return None,
                 Some(c) => {
                     if let (true, Some(p)) = (is_comment, prefix.next()) {
-                        is_comment = is_comment && c == p
+                        is_comment = is_comment && c == p;
                     } else {
                         // done checking prefix, if is comment then return the spanned
                         if is_comment {
@@ -460,22 +439,20 @@ where
                             return Some((
                                 start_loc,
                                 Tok::ConfigComment { content: content.trim().into() },
-                                self.location
+                                self.location,
                             ));
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
             self.next_char();
-        };
+        }
     }
 
     fn unicode_literal(&mut self, literal_number: usize) -> Result<char, LexicalError> {
         let mut p: u32 = 0u32;
-        let unicode_error = LexicalError {
-            error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError,
-            location: self.get_pos(),
-        };
+        let unicode_error =
+            LexicalError { error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError, location: self.get_pos() };
         for i in 1..=literal_number {
             match self.next_char() {
                 Some(c) => match c.to_digit(16) {
@@ -486,8 +463,8 @@ where
             }
         }
         match p {
-            0xD800..=0xDFFF => Ok(std::char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER),
-            _ => std::char::from_u32(p).ok_or(unicode_error),
+            0xD800..=0xDFFF => Ok(char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER),
+            _ => char::from_u32(p).ok_or(unicode_error),
         }
     }
 
@@ -496,7 +473,7 @@ where
         octet_content.push(first);
         while octet_content.len() < 3 {
             if let Some('0'..='7') = self.chr0 {
-                octet_content.push(self.next_char().unwrap())
+                octet_content.push(self.next_char().unwrap());
             } else {
                 break;
             }
@@ -530,10 +507,8 @@ where
                 }
             }
         }
-        unicode_names2::character(&name).ok_or(LexicalError {
-            error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError,
-            location: start_pos,
-        })
+        unicode_names2::character(&name)
+            .ok_or(LexicalError { error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError, location: start_pos })
     }
 
     fn lex_string(
@@ -566,7 +541,7 @@ where
                     } else if is_raw {
                         string_content.push('\\');
                         if let Some(c) = self.next_char() {
-                            string_content.push(c)
+                            string_content.push(c);
                         } else {
                             return Err(LexicalError {
                                 error: LexicalErrorType::StringError,
@@ -599,7 +574,7 @@ where
                             Some('u') if !is_bytes => string_content.push(self.unicode_literal(4)?),
                             Some('U') if !is_bytes => string_content.push(self.unicode_literal(8)?),
                             Some('N') if !is_bytes => {
-                                string_content.push(self.parse_unicode_name()?)
+                                string_content.push(self.parse_unicode_name()?);
                             }
                             Some(c) => {
                                 string_content.push('\\');
@@ -650,20 +625,15 @@ where
         let end_pos = self.get_pos();
 
         let tok = if is_bytes {
-            Tok::Bytes {
-                value: string_content.chars().map(|c| c as u8).collect(),
-            }
+            Tok::Bytes { value: string_content.chars().map(|c| c as u8).collect() }
         } else {
-            Tok::String {
-                value: string_content,
-                is_fstring,
-            }
+            Tok::String { value: string_content, is_fstring }
         };
 
         Ok((start_pos, tok, end_pos))
     }
 
-    fn is_identifier_start(&self, c: char) -> bool {
+    fn is_identifier_start(c: char) -> bool {
         match c {
             '_' | 'a'..='z' | 'A'..='Z' => true,
             '+' | '-' | '*' | '/' | '=' | ' ' | '<' | '>' => false,
@@ -835,18 +805,14 @@ where
         // Check if we have some character:
         if let Some(c) = self.chr0 {
             // First check identifier:
-            if self.is_identifier_start(c) {
+            if Self::is_identifier_start(c) {
                 let identifier = self.lex_identifier()?;
                 self.emit(identifier);
             } else if is_emoji_presentation(c) {
                 let tok_start = self.get_pos();
                 self.next_char();
                 let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                self.emit((
-                    tok_start,
-                    Tok::Name { name: c.to_string().into() },
-                    tok_end,
-                ));
+                self.emit((tok_start, Tok::Name { name: c.to_string().into() }, tok_end));
             } else {
                 self.consume_character(c)?;
             }
@@ -899,18 +865,15 @@ where
             '=' => {
                 let tok_start = self.get_pos();
                 self.next_char();
-                match self.chr0 {
-                    Some('=') => {
+                if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
                     self.next_char();
                     let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                     self.emit((tok_start, Tok::EqEqual, tok_end));
-                    }
-                    _ => {
+                } else {
                     let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                     self.emit((tok_start, Tok::Equal, tok_end));
                 }
             }
-            }
             '+' => {
                 let tok_start = self.get_pos();
                 self.next_char();
@@ -934,18 +897,15 @@ where
                     }
                     Some('*') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
                             self.next_char();
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleStarEqual, tok_end));
-                            }
-                            _ => {
+                        } else {
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleStar, tok_end));
                         }
                     }
-                    }
                     _ => {
                         let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                         self.emit((tok_start, Tok::Star, tok_end));
@@ -963,18 +923,15 @@ where
                     }
                     Some('/') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
                             self.next_char();
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleSlashEqual, tok_end));
-                            }
-                            _ => {
+                        } else {
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleSlash, tok_end));
                         }
                     }
-                    }
                     _ => {
                         let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                         self.emit((tok_start, Tok::Slash, tok_end));
@@ -1141,18 +1098,15 @@ where
                 match self.chr0 {
                     Some('<') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
                             self.next_char();
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::LeftShiftEqual, tok_end));
-                            }
-                            _ => {
+                        } else {
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::LeftShift, tok_end));
                         }
                     }
-                    }
                     Some('=') => {
                         self.next_char();
                         let tok_end = self.get_pos();
@@ -1170,18 +1124,15 @@ where
                 match self.chr0 {
                     Some('>') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
                             self.next_char();
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::RightShiftEqual, tok_end));
-                            }
-                            _ => {
+                        } else {
                             let tok_end = self.get_pos();
                             self.emit((tok_start, Tok::RightShift, tok_end));
                         }
                     }
-                    }
                     Some('=') => {
                         self.next_char();
                         let tok_end = self.get_pos();
@@ -1333,13 +1284,14 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::{make_tokenizer, NewlineHandler, Tok};
+    use nac3ast::FileName;
 
     const WINDOWS_EOL: &str = "\r\n";
     const MAC_EOL: &str = "\r";
     const UNIX_EOL: &str = "\n";
 
     pub fn lex_source(source: &str) -> Vec<Tok> {
-        let lexer = make_tokenizer(source, Default::default());
+        let lexer = make_tokenizer(source, FileName::default());
         lexer.map(|x| x.unwrap().1).collect()
     }
 
@@ -1419,7 +1371,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
                 Dedent,
                 Dedent
             ]
-        )
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1439,14 +1391,8 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: "\\\\".to_owned(),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: "\\".to_owned(),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
+                Tok::String { value: "\\\\".to_owned(), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: "\\".to_owned(), is_fstring: false },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1459,27 +1405,13 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 47i128,
-                },
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 13i128,
-                },
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 0i128,
-                },
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 123i128,
-                },
+                Tok::Int { value: 47i128 },
+                Tok::Int { value: 13i128 },
+                Tok::Int { value: 0i128 },
+                Tok::Int { value: 123i128 },
                 Tok::Float { value: 0.2 },
-                Tok::Complex {
-                    real: 0.0,
-                    imag: 2.0,
-                },
-                Tok::Complex {
-                    real: 0.0,
-                    imag: 2.2,
-                },
+                Tok::Complex { real: 0.0, imag: 2.0 },
+                Tok::Complex { real: 0.0, imag: 2.2 },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1539,21 +1471,13 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::Name {
-                    name: String::from("avariable").into(),
-                },
+                Tok::Name { name: String::from("avariable").into() },
                 Tok::Equal,
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 99i128
-                },
+                Tok::Int { value: 99i128 },
                 Tok::Plus,
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 2i128
-                },
+                Tok::Int { value: 2i128 },
                 Tok::Minus,
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 0i128
-                },
+                Tok::Int { value: 0i128 },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1740,42 +1664,15 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("double"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("single"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("can't"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\\\""),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\t\r\n"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\\g"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("raw\\'"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("Đ"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\u{80}\u{0}a"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("double"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("single"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("can't"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\\\""), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\t\r\n"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\\g"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("raw\\'"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("Đ"), is_fstring: false },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\u{80}\u{0}a"), is_fstring: false },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1830,7 +1727,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
     #[test]
     fn test_escape_char_in_byte_literal() {
         // backslash does not escape
-        let source = r##"b"omkmok\Xaa""##;
+        let source = r#"b"omkmok\Xaa""#;
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
         let res = vec![111, 109, 107, 109, 111, 107, 92, 88, 97, 97];
         assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: res }, Tok::Newline]);
@@ -1840,41 +1737,17 @@ class Foo(A, B):
     fn test_raw_byte_literal() {
         let source = r"rb'\x1z'";
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
-        assert_eq!(
-            tokens,
-            vec![
-                Tok::Bytes {
-                    value: b"\\x1z".to_vec()
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        );
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: b"\\x1z".to_vec() }, Tok::Newline]);
         let source = r"rb'\\'";
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
-        assert_eq!(
-            tokens,
-            vec![
-                Tok::Bytes {
-                    value: b"\\\\".to_vec()
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        )
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: b"\\\\".to_vec() }, Tok::Newline]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_escape_octet() {
-        let source = r##"b'\43a\4\1234'"##;
+        let source = r"b'\43a\4\1234'";
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
-        assert_eq!(
-            tokens,
-            vec![
-                Tok::Bytes {
-                    value: b"#a\x04S4".to_vec()
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        )
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: b"#a\x04S4".to_vec() }, Tok::Newline]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1883,13 +1756,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
-            vec![
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: "\u{2002}".to_owned(),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        )
+            vec![Tok::String { value: "\u{2002}".to_owned(), is_fstring: false }, Tok::Newline]
+        );
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/lib.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,24 @@
 //!
 //! ```
 
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    clippy::enum_glob_use,
+    clippy::fn_params_excessive_bools,
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
+
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate log;
 use lalrpop_util::lalrpop_mod;
@@ -27,9 +45,16 @@ pub mod lexer;
 pub mod mode;
 pub mod parser;
 lalrpop_mod!(
-    #[allow(clippy::all)]
-    #[allow(unused)]
+    #[allow(
+        future_incompatible,
+        let_underscore,
+        nonstandard_style,
+        rust_2024_compatibility,
+        unused,
+        clippy::all,
+        clippy::pedantic
+    )]
     python
 );
-pub mod token;
 pub mod config_comment_helper;
+pub mod token;

nac3parser/src/parser.rs

@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@
 
 use std::iter;
 
-use crate::ast::{self, FileName};
-use crate::error::ParseError;
-use crate::lexer;
+use nac3ast::Location;
+
 pub use crate::mode::Mode;
-use crate::python;
+use crate::{
+    ast::{self, FileName},
+    error::ParseError,
+    lexer, python,
+};
 
 /*
  * Parse python code.
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@ pub fn parse_program(source: &str, file: FileName) -> Result<ast::Suite, ParseEr
 ///
 /// ```
 pub fn parse_expression(source: &str) -> Result<ast::Expr, ParseError> {
-    parse(source, Mode::Expression, Default::default()).map(|top| match top {
+    parse(source, Mode::Expression, FileName::default()).map(|top| match top {
         ast::Mod::Expression { body } => *body,
         _ => unreachable!(),
     })
@@ -72,12 +75,10 @@ pub fn parse_expression(source: &str) -> Result<ast::Expr, ParseError> {
 // Parse a given source code
 pub fn parse(source: &str, mode: Mode, file: FileName) -> Result<ast::Mod, ParseError> {
     let lxr = lexer::make_tokenizer(source, file);
-    let marker_token = (Default::default(), mode.to_marker(), Default::default());
+    let marker_token = (Location::default(), mode.to_marker(), Location::default());
     let tokenizer = iter::once(Ok(marker_token)).chain(lxr);
 
-    python::TopParser::new()
-        .parse(tokenizer)
-        .map_err(ParseError::from)
+    python::TopParser::new().parse(tokenizer).map_err(ParseError::from)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -86,42 +87,42 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_empty() {
-        let parse_ast = parse_program("", Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program("", FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_print_hello() {
         let source = String::from("print('Hello world')");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_print_2() {
         let source = String::from("print('Hello world', 2)");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_kwargs() {
         let source = String::from("my_func('positional', keyword=2)");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_if_elif_else() {
         let source = String::from("if 1: 10\nelif 2: 20\nelse: 30");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_lambda() {
         let source = "lambda x, y: x * y"; // lambda(x, y): x * y";
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_parse_tuples() {
         let source = "a, b = 4, 5";
 
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
   pass
  def method_with_default(self, arg='default'):
   pass";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ while i < 2: # nac3: 4
     # nac3: if1
     if 1: # nac3: if2
         3";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ while test: # nac3: while3
     # nac3: simple assign0 
     a = 3 # nac3: simple assign1
 ";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ if a: # nac3: small2
 for i in a: # nac3: for1
     pass
 ";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -224,6 +225,6 @@ for i in a: # nac3: for1
 if a: # nac3: something
 a = 3
 ";
-        assert!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).is_err());
+        assert!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).is_err());
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/token.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! Different token definitions.
 //! Loosely based on token.h from CPython source:
 use std::fmt::{self, Write};
+
 use crate::ast;
 
 /// Python source code can be tokenized in a sequence of these tokens.
@@ -111,15 +112,23 @@ impl fmt::Display for Tok {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         use Tok::*;
         match self {
-            Name { name } => write!(f, "'{}'", ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *name)),
-            Int { value } => if *value != i128::MAX { write!(f, "'{}'", value) } else { write!(f, "'#OFL#'") },
-            Float { value } => write!(f, "'{}'", value),
-            Complex { real, imag } => write!(f, "{}j{}", real, imag),
+            Name { name } => {
+                write!(f, "'{}'", ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *name))
+            }
+            Int { value } => {
+                if *value == i128::MAX {
+                    write!(f, "'#OFL#'")
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "'{value}'")
+                }
+            }
+            Float { value } => write!(f, "'{value}'"),
+            Complex { real, imag } => write!(f, "{real}j{imag}"),
             String { value, is_fstring } => {
                 if *is_fstring {
-                    write!(f, "f")?
+                    write!(f, "f")?;
                 }
-                write!(f, "{:?}", value)
+                write!(f, "{value:?}")
             }
             Bytes { value } => {
                 write!(f, "b\"")?;
@@ -129,12 +138,16 @@ impl fmt::Display for Tok {
                         10 => f.write_str("\\n")?,
                         13 => f.write_str("\\r")?,
                         32..=126 => f.write_char(*i as char)?,
-                        _ => write!(f, "\\x{:02x}", i)?,
+                        _ => write!(f, "\\x{i:02x}")?,
                     }
                 }
                 f.write_str("\"")
             }
-            ConfigComment { content } => write!(f, "ConfigComment: '{}'", ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *content)),
+            ConfigComment { content } => write!(
+                f,
+                "ConfigComment: '{}'",
+                ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *content)
+            ),
             Newline => f.write_str("Newline"),
             Indent => f.write_str("Indent"),
             Dedent => f.write_str("Dedent"),

nac3standalone/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@
 name = "nac3standalone"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["M-Labs"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[features]
+no-escape-analysis = ["nac3core/no-escape-analysis"]
 
 [dependencies]
-parking_lot = "0.11.1"
-nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
+parking_lot = "0.12"
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }
 
-[dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.1.0-beta.4"
-default-features = false
-features = ["llvm13-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+[dependencies.clap]
+version = "4.5"
+features = ["derive"]

nac3standalone/demo/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.bc
+*.ll
+*.o
+/demo

nac3standalone/demo/check_demo.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -e
+
+if [ -z "$1" ]; then
+    echo "No argument supplied"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+declare -a nac3args
+while [ $# -gt 1 ]; do
+  case "$1" in
+    --help)
+      echo "Usage: check_demo.sh [--debug] [-i686] -- [NAC3ARGS...] demo"
+      exit
+      ;;
+    --debug)
+      debug=1
+      ;;
+    -i686)
+      i686=1
+      ;;
+    --)
+      shift
+      break
+      ;;
+    *)
+      echo "Unrecognized argument \"$1\""
+      exit 1
+      ;;
+  esac
+  shift
+done
+
+while [ $# -gt 1 ]; do
+  nac3args+=("$1")
+  shift
+done
+demo="$1"
+
+
+echo "### Checking $demo..."
+
+echo ">>>>>> Running $demo with the Python interpreter"
+./interpret_demo.py "$demo" > interpreted.log
+
+if [ -n "$i686" ]; then
+  echo "...... Trying NAC3's 32-bit code generator output"
+  if [ -n "$debug" ]; then
+    ./run_demo.sh --debug -i686 --out run_32.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
+  else
+    ./run_demo.sh -i686 --out run_32.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
+  fi
+  diff -Nau interpreted.log run_32.log
+fi
+
+echo "...... Trying NAC3's 64-bit code generator output"
+if [ -n "$debug" ]; then
+  ./run_demo.sh --debug --out run_64.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
+else
+  ./run_demo.sh --out run_64.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
+fi
+diff -Nau interpreted.log run_64.log
+
+echo "...... OK"
+
+rm -f interpreted.log \
+  run_32.log run_64.log

nac3standalone/demo/check_demos.sh

@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@
 
 set -e
 
+if [ "$1" == "--help" ]; then
+    echo "Usage: check_demos.sh [CHECKARGS...] [--] [NAC3ARGS...]"
+    exit
+fi
+
 count=0
 for demo in src/*.py; do
-    echo -n "checking $demo... "
-    ./interpret_demo.py $demo > interpreted.log
-    ./run_demo.sh $demo > run.log
-    diff -Nau interpreted.log run.log
-    echo "ok"
-    let "count+=1"
+  ./check_demo.sh "$@" "$demo"
+  ((count += 1))
 done
 
 echo "Ran $count demo checks - PASSED"

nac3standalone/demo/demo.c

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+double dbl_nan(void) {
+    return NAN;
+}
+
+double dbl_inf(void) {
+    return INFINITY;
+}
+
+void output_bool(bool x) {
+    puts(x ? "True" : "False");
+}
+
+void output_int32(int32_t x) {
+    printf("%" PRId32 "\n", x);
+}
+
+void output_int64(int64_t x) {
+    printf("%" PRId64 "\n", x);
+}
+
+void output_uint32(uint32_t x) {
+    printf("%" PRIu32 "\n", x);
+}
+
+void output_uint64(uint64_t x) {
+    printf("%" PRIu64 "\n", x);
+}
+
+void output_float64(double x) {
+    if (isnan(x)) {
+        puts("nan");
+    } else {
+        printf("%f\n", x);
+    }
+}
+
+void output_range(int32_t range[3]) {
+    printf("range(");
+    printf("%d, %d", range[0], range[1]);
+    if (range[2] != 1) {
+        printf(", %d", range[2]);
+    }
+    puts(")");
+}
+
+void output_asciiart(int32_t x) {
+    static const char* chars = " .,-:;i+hHM$*#@    ";
+    if (x < 0) {
+        putchar('\n');
+    } else {
+        putchar(chars[x]);
+    }
+}
+
+struct cslice {
+    void* data;
+    size_t len;
+};
+
+void output_int32_list(struct cslice* slice) {
+    const int32_t* data = (int32_t*)slice->data;
+
+    putchar('[');
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
+        if (i == slice->len - 1) {
+            printf("%d", data[i]);
+        } else {
+            printf("%d, ", data[i]);
+        }
+    }
+    putchar(']');
+    putchar('\n');
+}
+
+void output_str(struct cslice* slice) {
+    const char* data = (const char*)slice->data;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
+        putchar(data[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+void output_strln(struct cslice* slice) {
+    output_str(slice);
+    putchar('\n');
+}
+
+uint64_t dbg_stack_address(__attribute__((unused)) struct cslice* slice) {
+    int i;
+    void* ptr = (void*)&i;
+    return (uintptr_t)ptr;
+}
+
+uint32_t __nac3_personality(uint32_t state, uint32_t exception_object, uint32_t context) {
+    printf("__nac3_personality(state: %u, exception_object: %u, context: %u)\n", state, exception_object, context);
+    exit(101);
+    __builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
+// See `struct Exception<'a>` in
+// https://github.com/m-labs/artiq/blob/master/artiq/firmware/libeh/eh_artiq.rs
+struct Exception {
+    uint32_t id;
+    struct cslice file;
+    uint32_t line;
+    uint32_t column;
+    struct cslice function;
+    struct cslice message;
+    int64_t param[3];
+};
+
+uint32_t __nac3_raise(struct Exception* e) {
+    printf("__nac3_raise called. Exception details:\n");
+    printf("          ID: %" PRIu32 "\n", e->id);
+    printf("    Location: %*s:%" PRIu32 ":%" PRIu32 "\n", (int)e->file.len, (const char*)e->file.data, e->line,
+           e->column);
+    printf("    Function: %*s\n", (int)e->function.len, (const char*)e->function.data);
+    printf("     Message: \"%*s\"\n", (int)e->message.len, (const char*)e->message.data);
+    printf("      Params: {0}=%" PRId64 ", {1}=%" PRId64 ", {2}=%" PRId64 "\n", e->param[0], e->param[1], e->param[2]);
+    exit(101);
+    __builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
+void __nac3_end_catch(void) {}
+
+extern int32_t run(void);
+
+int main(void) {
+    run();
+}

nac3standalone/demo/demo.rs

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-mod cslice {
-    // copied from https://github.com/dherman/cslice
-    use std::marker::PhantomData;
-    use std::slice;
-
-    #[repr(C)]
-    #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-    pub struct CSlice<'a, T> {
-        base: *const T,
-        len: usize,
-        marker: PhantomData<&'a ()>,
-    }
-
-    impl<'a, T> AsRef<[T]> for CSlice<'a, T> {
-        fn as_ref(&self) -> &[T] {
-            unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(self.base, self.len) }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_int32(x: i32) {
-    println!("{}", x);
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_int64(x: i64) {
-    println!("{}", x);
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_uint32(x: u32) {
-    println!("{}", x);
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_uint64(x: u64) {
-    println!("{}", x);
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_float64(x: f64) {
-    // debug output to preserve the digits after the decimal points
-    // to match python `print` function
-    println!("{:?}", x);
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_asciiart(x: i32) {
-    let chars = " .,-:;i+hHM$*#@  ";
-    if x < 0 {
-        println!("");
-    } else {
-        print!("{}", chars.chars().nth(x as usize).unwrap());
-    }
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn output_int32_list(x: &cslice::CSlice<i32>) {
-    print!("[");
-    let mut it = x.as_ref().iter().peekable();
-    while let Some(e) = it.next() {
-        if it.peek().is_none() {
-            print!("{}", e);
-        } else {
-            print!("{}, ", e);
-        }
-    }
-    println!("]");
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn __nac3_personality(_state: u32, _exception_object: u32, _context: u32) -> u32 {
-    unimplemented!();
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn __nac3_raise(_state: u32, _exception_object: u32, _context: u32) -> u32 {
-    unimplemented!();
-}
-
-extern "C" {
-    fn run() -> i32;
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    unsafe {
-        run();
-    }
-}

nac3standalone/demo/interpret_demo.py

@@ -3,10 +3,15 @@
 import sys
 import importlib.util
 import importlib.machinery
+import math
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
+import scipy as sp
 import pathlib
 
 from numpy import int32, int64, uint32, uint64
-from typing import TypeVar, Generic
+from scipy import special
+from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Literal, Union
 
 T = TypeVar('T')
 class Option(Generic[T]):
@@ -41,26 +46,99 @@ def Some(v: T) -> Option[T]:
 
 none = Option(None)
 
+class _ConstGenericMarker:
+    pass
+
+def ConstGeneric(name, constraint):
+    return TypeVar(name, _ConstGenericMarker, constraint)
+
+N = TypeVar("N", bound=np.uint64)
+class _NDArrayDummy(Generic[T, N]):
+    pass
+
+# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/67803260/how-to-create-a-type-alias-with-a-throw-away-generic
+NDArray = Union[npt.NDArray[T], _NDArrayDummy[T, N]]
+
+def _bool(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.bool_(x)
+    else:
+        return bool(x)
+
+def _float(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.float_(x)
+    else:
+        return float(x)
+
+def round_away_zero(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.vectorize(round_away_zero)(x)
+    else:
+        if x >= 0.0:
+            return math.floor(x + 0.5)
+        else:
+            return math.ceil(x - 0.5)
+
+def _floor(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.vectorize(_floor)(x)
+    else:
+        return math.floor(x)
+
+def _ceil(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.vectorize(_ceil)(x)
+    else:
+        return math.ceil(x)
+
 def patch(module):
+    def dbl_nan():
+        return np.nan
+
+    def dbl_inf():
+        return np.inf
+
     def output_asciiart(x):
         if x < 0:
             sys.stdout.write("\n")
         else:
             sys.stdout.write(" .,-:;i+hHM$*#@  "[x])
 
+    def output_float(x):
+        print("%f" % x)
+
+    def output_strln(x):
+        print(x, end='')
+
+    def dbg_stack_address(_):
+        return 0
+
     def extern(fun):
         name = fun.__name__
-        if name == "output_asciiart":
+        if name == "dbl_nan":
+            return dbl_nan
+        elif name == "dbl_inf":
+            return dbl_inf
+        elif name == "output_asciiart":
             return output_asciiart
+        elif name == "output_float64":
+            return output_float
+        elif name == "output_str":
+            return output_strln
         elif name in {
+            "output_bool",
             "output_int32",
             "output_int64",
             "output_int32_list",
             "output_uint32",
             "output_uint64",
-            "output_float64"
+            "output_strln",
+            "output_range",
         }:
             return print
+        elif name == "dbg_stack_address":
+            return dbg_stack_address
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -68,13 +146,102 @@ def patch(module):
     module.int64 = int64
     module.uint32 = uint32
     module.uint64 = uint64
+    module.bool = _bool
+    module.float = _float
     module.TypeVar = TypeVar
+    module.ConstGeneric = ConstGeneric
     module.Generic = Generic
+    module.Literal = Literal
     module.extern = extern
     module.Option = Option
     module.Some = Some
     module.none = none
 
+    # Builtin Math functions
+    module.round = round_away_zero
+    module.round64 = round_away_zero
+    module.np_round = np.round
+    module.floor = _floor
+    module.floor64 = _floor
+    module.np_floor = np.floor
+    module.ceil = _ceil
+    module.ceil64 = _ceil
+    module.np_ceil = np.ceil
+
+    # NumPy NDArray factory functions
+    module.ndarray = NDArray
+    module.np_ndarray = np.ndarray
+    module.np_empty = np.empty
+    module.np_zeros = np.zeros
+    module.np_ones = np.ones
+    module.np_full = np.full
+    module.np_eye = np.eye
+    module.np_identity = np.identity
+    module.np_array = np.array
+
+    # NumPy Math functions
+    module.np_isnan = np.isnan
+    module.np_isinf = np.isinf
+    module.np_min = np.min
+    module.np_minimum = np.minimum
+    module.np_argmin = np.argmin
+    module.np_max = np.max
+    module.np_maximum = np.maximum
+    module.np_argmax = np.argmax
+    module.np_sin = np.sin
+    module.np_cos = np.cos
+    module.np_exp = np.exp
+    module.np_exp2 = np.exp2
+    module.np_log = np.log
+    module.np_log10 = np.log10
+    module.np_log2 = np.log2
+    module.np_fabs = np.fabs
+    module.np_trunc = np.trunc
+    module.np_sqrt = np.sqrt
+    module.np_rint = np.rint
+    module.np_tan = np.tan
+    module.np_arcsin = np.arcsin
+    module.np_arccos = np.arccos
+    module.np_arctan = np.arctan
+    module.np_sinh = np.sinh
+    module.np_cosh = np.cosh
+    module.np_tanh = np.tanh
+    module.np_arcsinh = np.arcsinh
+    module.np_arccosh = np.arccosh
+    module.np_arctanh = np.arctanh
+    module.np_expm1 = np.expm1
+    module.np_cbrt = np.cbrt
+    module.np_arctan2 = np.arctan2
+    module.np_copysign = np.copysign
+    module.np_fmax = np.fmax
+    module.np_fmin = np.fmin
+    module.np_ldexp = np.ldexp
+    module.np_hypot = np.hypot
+    module.np_nextafter = np.nextafter
+    module.np_transpose = np.transpose
+    module.np_reshape = np.reshape
+
+    # SciPy Math functions
+    module.sp_spec_erf = special.erf
+    module.sp_spec_erfc = special.erfc
+    module.sp_spec_gamma = special.gamma
+    module.sp_spec_gammaln = special.gammaln
+    module.sp_spec_j0 = special.j0
+    module.sp_spec_j1 = special.j1
+
+    # Linalg functions
+    module.np_dot = np.dot
+    module.np_linalg_cholesky = np.linalg.cholesky
+    module.np_linalg_qr = np.linalg.qr
+    module.np_linalg_svd = np.linalg.svd
+    module.np_linalg_inv = np.linalg.inv
+    module.np_linalg_pinv = np.linalg.pinv
+    module.np_linalg_matrix_power = np.linalg.matrix_power
+    module.np_linalg_det = np.linalg.det
+    
+    module.sp_linalg_lu = lambda x: sp.linalg.lu(x, True)
+    module.sp_linalg_schur = sp.linalg.schur
+    module.sp_linalg_hessenberg = lambda x: sp.linalg.hessenberg(x, True)
 
 def file_import(filename, prefix="file_import_"):
     filename = pathlib.Path(filename)

nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 3
+
+[[package]]
+name = "approx"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cab112f0a86d568ea0e627cc1d6be74a1e9cd55214684db5561995f6dad897c6"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "autocfg"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0c4b4d0bd25bd0b74681c0ad21497610ce1b7c91b1022cd21c80c6fbdd9476b0"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cslice"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0f8cb7306107e4b10e64994de6d3274bd08996a7c1322a27b86482392f96be0a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libm"
+version = "0.2.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4ec2a862134d2a7d32d7983ddcdd1c4923530833c9f2ea1a44fc5fa473989058"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "linalg"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "cslice",
+ "nalgebra",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "nalgebra"
+version = "0.32.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7b5c17de023a86f59ed79891b2e5d5a94c705dbe904a5b5c9c952ea6221b03e4"
+dependencies = [
+ "approx",
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-rational",
+ "num-traits",
+ "simba",
+ "typenum",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-complex"
+version = "0.4.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "73f88a1307638156682bada9d7604135552957b7818057dcef22705b4d509495"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-integer"
+version = "0.1.46"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7969661fd2958a5cb096e56c8e1ad0444ac2bbcd0061bd28660485a44879858f"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-rational"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f83d14da390562dca69fc84082e73e548e1ad308d24accdedd2720017cb37824"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-traits"
+version = "0.2.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "071dfc062690e90b734c0b2273ce72ad0ffa95f0c74596bc250dcfd960262841"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "libm",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "paste"
+version = "1.0.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "simba"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "061507c94fc6ab4ba1c9a0305018408e312e17c041eb63bef8aa726fa33aceae"
+dependencies = [
+ "approx",
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-traits",
+ "paste",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "typenum"
+version = "1.17.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "42ff0bf0c66b8238c6f3b578df37d0b7848e55df8577b3f74f92a69acceeb825"

nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[package]
+name = "linalg"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+nalgebra = {version = "0.32.6", default-features = false, features = ["libm", "alloc"]}
+cslice = "0.3.0"
+
+[workspace]

nac3standalone/demo/linalg/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+// Uses `nalgebra` crate to invoke `np_linalg` and `sp_linalg` functions
+// When converting between `nalgebra::Matrix` and `NDArray` following considerations are necessary
+//
+// * Both `nalgebra::Matrix` and `NDArray` require their content to be stored in row-major order
+// * `NDArray` data pointer can be directly read and converted to `nalgebra::Matrix` (row and column number must be known)
+// * `nalgebra::Matrix::as_slice` returns the content of matrix in column-major order and initial data needs to be transposed before storing it in `NDArray` data pointer
+
+use core::slice;
+use nalgebra::DMatrix;
+
+fn report_error(
+    error_name: &str,
+    fn_name: &str,
+    file_name: &str,
+    line_num: u32,
+    col_num: u32,
+    err_msg: &str,
+) -> ! {
+    panic!(
+        "Exception {} from {} in {}:{}:{}, message: {}",
+        error_name, fn_name, file_name, line_num, col_num, err_msg
+    );
+}
+
+pub struct InputMatrix {
+    pub ndims: usize,
+    pub dims: *const usize,
+    pub data: *mut f64,
+}
+impl InputMatrix {
+    fn get_dims(&mut self) -> Vec<usize> {
+        let dims = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(self.dims, self.ndims) };
+        dims.to_vec()
+    }
+}
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_cholesky(mat1: *mut InputMatrix, out: *mut InputMatrix) {
+    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out = out.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
+        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
+        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_cholesky", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+
+    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
+    if dim1[0] != dim1[1] {
+        let err_msg =
+            format!("last 2 dimensions of the array must be square: {0} != {1}", dim1[0], dim1[1]);
+        report_error("LinAlgError", "np_linalg_cholesky", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+
+    let outdim = out.get_dims();
+    let out_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out.data, outdim[0] * outdim[1]) };
+    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
+
+    let matrix1 = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
+    let result = matrix1.cholesky();
+    match result {
+        Some(res) => {
+            out_slice.copy_from_slice(res.unpack().transpose().as_slice());
+        }
+        None => {
+            report_error(
+                "LinAlgError",
+                "np_linalg_cholesky",
+                file!(),
+                line!(),
+                column!(),
+                "Matrix is not positive definite",
+            );
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_qr(
+    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
+    out_q: *mut InputMatrix,
+    out_r: *mut InputMatrix,
+) {
+    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out_q = out_q.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out_r = out_r.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
+        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
+        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_cholesky", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+
+    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
+    let outq_dim = (*out_q).get_dims();
+    let outr_dim = (*out_r).get_dims();
+
+    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
+    let out_q_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_q.data, outq_dim[0] * outq_dim[1]) };
+    let out_r_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_r.data, outr_dim[0] * outr_dim[1]) };
+
+    // Refer to https://github.com/dimforge/nalgebra/issues/735
+    let matrix1 = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
+
+    let res = matrix1.qr();
+    let (q, r) = res.unpack();
+
+    // Uses different algo need to match numpy
+    out_q_slice.copy_from_slice(q.transpose().as_slice());
+    out_r_slice.copy_from_slice(r.transpose().as_slice());
+}
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_svd(
+    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
+    outu: *mut InputMatrix,
+    outs: *mut InputMatrix,
+    outvh: *mut InputMatrix,
+) {
+    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let outu = outu.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let outs = outs.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let outvh = outvh.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
+        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
+        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_svd", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+
+    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
+    let outu_dim = (*outu).get_dims();
+    let outs_dim = (*outs).get_dims();
+    let outvh_dim = (*outvh).get_dims();
+
+    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
+    let out_u_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(outu.data, outu_dim[0] * outu_dim[1]) };
+    let out_s_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(outs.data, outs_dim[0]) };
+    let out_vh_slice =
+        unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(outvh.data, outvh_dim[0] * outvh_dim[1]) };
+
+    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
+    let result = matrix.svd(true, true);
+    out_u_slice.copy_from_slice(result.u.unwrap().transpose().as_slice());
+    out_s_slice.copy_from_slice(result.singular_values.as_slice());
+    out_vh_slice.copy_from_slice(result.v_t.unwrap().transpose().as_slice());
+}
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_inv(mat1: *mut InputMatrix, out: *mut InputMatrix) {
+    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out = out.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
+        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
+        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_inv", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
+
+    if dim1[0] != dim1[1] {
+        let err_msg =
+            format!("last 2 dimensions of the array must be square: {0} != {1}", dim1[0], dim1[1]);
+        report_error("LinAlgError", "np_linalg_inv", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+
+    let outdim = out.get_dims();
+    let out_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out.data, outdim[0] * outdim[1]) };
+    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
+
+    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
+    if !matrix.is_invertible() {
+        report_error(
+            "LinAlgError",
+            "np_linalg_inv",
+            file!(),
+            line!(),
+            column!(),
+            "no inverse for Singular Matrix",
+        );
+    }
+    let inv = matrix.try_inverse().unwrap();
+    out_slice.copy_from_slice(inv.transpose().as_slice());
+}
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_pinv(mat1: *mut InputMatrix, out: *mut InputMatrix) {
+    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out = out.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
+        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
+        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_pinv", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
+    let outdim = out.get_dims();
+    let out_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out.data, outdim[0] * outdim[1]) };
+    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
+
+    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
+    let svd = matrix.svd(true, true);
+    let inv = svd.pseudo_inverse(1e-15);
+
+    match inv {
+        Ok(m) => {
+            out_slice.copy_from_slice(m.transpose().as_slice());
+        }
+        Err(err_msg) => {
+            report_error("LinAlgError", "np_linalg_pinv", file!(), line!(), column!(), err_msg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_matrix_power(
+    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
+    mat2: *mut InputMatrix,
+    out: *mut InputMatrix,
+) {
+    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let mat2 = mat2.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out = out.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
+        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D", mat1.ndims);
+        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_matrix_power", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+
+    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
+    let power = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat2.data, 1) };
+    let power = power[0];
+    let outdim = out.get_dims();
+    let out_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out.data, outdim[0] * outdim[1]) };
+    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
+
+    let abs_pow = power.abs();
+    let matrix1 = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
+    let mut result = matrix1.pow(abs_pow as u32);
+
+    if power < 0.0 {
+        if !result.is_invertible() {
+            report_error(
+                "LinAlgError",
+                "np_linalg_inv",
+                file!(),
+                line!(),
+                column!(),
+                "no inverse for Singular Matrix",
+            );
+        }
+        result = result.try_inverse().unwrap();
+    }
+    out_slice.copy_from_slice(result.transpose().as_slice());
+}
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_det(mat1: *mut InputMatrix, out: *mut InputMatrix) {
+    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out = out.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
+        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
+        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_det", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
+    let out_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out.data, 1) };
+    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
+
+    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
+    if !matrix.is_square() {
+        let err_msg =
+            format!("last 2 dimensions of the array must be square: {0} != {1}", dim1[0], dim1[1]);
+        report_error("LinAlgError", "np_linalg_inv", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+    out_slice[0] = matrix.determinant();
+}
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn sp_linalg_lu(
+    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
+    out_l: *mut InputMatrix,
+    out_u: *mut InputMatrix,
+) {
+    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out_l = out_l.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out_u = out_u.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
+        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
+        report_error("ValueError", "sp_linalg_lu", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+
+    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
+    let outl_dim = (*out_l).get_dims();
+    let outu_dim = (*out_u).get_dims();
+
+    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
+    let out_l_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_l.data, outl_dim[0] * outl_dim[1]) };
+    let out_u_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_u.data, outu_dim[0] * outu_dim[1]) };
+
+    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
+    let (_, l, u) = matrix.lu().unpack();
+
+    out_l_slice.copy_from_slice(l.transpose().as_slice());
+    out_u_slice.copy_from_slice(u.transpose().as_slice());
+}
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn sp_linalg_schur(
+    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
+    out_t: *mut InputMatrix,
+    out_z: *mut InputMatrix,
+) {
+    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out_t = out_t.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out_z = out_z.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
+        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
+        report_error("ValueError", "sp_linalg_schur", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+
+    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
+
+    if dim1[0] != dim1[1] {
+        let err_msg =
+            format!("last 2 dimensions of the array must be square: {0} != {1}", dim1[0], dim1[1]);
+        report_error("LinAlgError", "np_linalg_schur", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+
+    let out_t_dim = (*out_t).get_dims();
+    let out_z_dim = (*out_z).get_dims();
+
+    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
+    let out_t_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_t.data, out_t_dim[0] * out_t_dim[1]) };
+    let out_z_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_z.data, out_z_dim[0] * out_z_dim[1]) };
+
+    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
+    let (z, t) = matrix.schur().unpack();
+
+    out_t_slice.copy_from_slice(t.transpose().as_slice());
+    out_z_slice.copy_from_slice(z.transpose().as_slice());
+}
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn sp_linalg_hessenberg(
+    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
+    out_h: *mut InputMatrix,
+    out_q: *mut InputMatrix,
+) {
+    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out_h = out_h.as_mut().unwrap();
+    let out_q = out_q.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
+        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
+        report_error("ValueError", "sp_linalg_hessenberg", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+
+    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
+
+    if dim1[0] != dim1[1] {
+        let err_msg =
+            format!("last 2 dimensions of the array must be square: {} != {}", dim1[0], dim1[1]);
+        report_error("LinAlgError", "sp_linalg_hessenberg", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
+    }
+
+    let out_h_dim = (*out_h).get_dims();
+    let out_q_dim = (*out_q).get_dims();
+
+    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
+    let out_h_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_h.data, out_h_dim[0] * out_h_dim[1]) };
+    let out_q_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_q.data, out_q_dim[0] * out_q_dim[1]) };
+
+    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
+    let (q, h) = matrix.hessenberg().unpack();
+
+    out_h_slice.copy_from_slice(h.transpose().as_slice());
+    out_q_slice.copy_from_slice(q.transpose().as_slice());
+}

nac3standalone/demo/run_demo.sh

@@ -2,19 +2,71 @@
 
 set -e
 
+: "${DEMO_LINALG_STUB:=linalg/target/release/liblinalg.a}"
+: "${DEMO_LINALG_STUB32:=linalg/target/i686-unknown-linux-gnu/release/liblinalg.a}"
+
 if [ -z "$1" ]; then
     echo "No argument supplied"
     exit 1
 fi
 
-if [ -e ../../target/release/nac3standalone ]; then
+declare -a nac3args
+while [ $# -ge 1 ]; do
+  case "$1" in
+    --help)
+      echo "Usage: run_demo.sh [--help] [--out OUTFILE] [--debug] [-i686] -- [NAC3ARGS...] demo"
+      exit
+      ;;
+    --out)
+      shift
+      outfile="$1"
+      ;;
+    --debug)
+      debug=1
+      ;;
+    -i686)
+      i686=1
+      ;;
+    --)
+      shift
+      break
+      ;;
+    *)
+      echo "Unrecognized argument \"$1\""
+      exit 1
+      ;;
+  esac
+  shift
+done
+
+while [ $# -ge 1 ]; do
+  nac3args+=("$1")
+  shift
+done
+
+if [ -n "$debug" ] && [ -e ../../target/debug/nac3standalone ]; then
+    nac3standalone=../../target/debug/nac3standalone
+elif [ -e ../../target/release/nac3standalone ]; then
     nac3standalone=../../target/release/nac3standalone
 else
     # used by Nix builds
     nac3standalone=../../target/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/release/nac3standalone
 fi
 
-rm -f *.o
-$nac3standalone $1
-rustc -o demo demo.rs -Crelocation-model=static -Clink-arg=./module.o
-./demo
+rm -f ./*.o ./*.bc demo
+
+if [ -z "$i686" ]; then
+  $nac3standalone "${nac3args[@]}"
+  clang -c -std=gnu11 -Wall -Wextra -O3 -o demo.o demo.c
+  clang -o demo module.o demo.o $DEMO_LINALG_STUB -lm -Wl,--no-warn-search-mismatch
+else
+  $nac3standalone --triple i686-unknown-linux-gnu --target-features +sse2 "${nac3args[@]}"
+  clang -m32 -c -std=gnu11 -Wall -Wextra -O3 -msse2 -o demo.o demo.c
+  clang -m32 -o demo module.o demo.o $DEMO_LINALG_STUB32 -lm -Wl,--no-warn-search-mismatch
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$outfile" ]; then
+  ./demo
+else
+  ./demo > "$outfile"
+fi