cargo: update dependencies

Last of the functions that need to be ported over to strided-ndarray.

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
 # See https://pre-commit.com for more information
 # See https://pre-commit.com/hooks.html for more hooks
 
-default_stages: [commit]
+default_stages: [pre-commit]
 
 repos:
   - repo: local
     hooks:
       - id: nac3-cargo-fmt
         name: nac3 cargo format
-        entry: cargo
+        entry: nix
         language: system
         types: [file, rust]
         pass_filenames: false
         description: Runs cargo fmt on the codebase.
-        args: [fmt]
+        args: [develop, -c, cargo, fmt, --all]
       - id: nac3-cargo-clippy
         name: nac3 cargo clippy
-        entry: cargo
+        entry: nix
         language: system
         types: [file, rust]
         pass_filenames: false
         description: Runs cargo clippy on the codebase.
-        args: [clippy, --tests]
+        args: [develop, -c, cargo, clippy, --tests]

Cargo.toml

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ members = [
   "nac3ast",
   "nac3parser",
   "nac3core",
+  "nac3core/nac3core_derive",
   "nac3standalone",
   "nac3artiq",
   "runkernel",

flake.lock

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
   "nodes": {
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1723637854,
-        "narHash": "sha256-med8+5DSWa2UnOqtdICndjDAEjxr5D7zaIiK4pn0Q7c=",
+        "lastModified": 1733940404,
+        "narHash": "sha256-Pj39hSoUA86ZePPF/UXiYHHM7hMIkios8TYG29kQT4g=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "c3aa7b8938b17aebd2deecf7be0636000d62a2b9",
+        "rev": "5d67ea6b4b63378b9c13be21e2ec9d1afc921713",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {

flake.nix

@@ -107,18 +107,18 @@
             (pkgs.fetchFromGitHub {
               owner = "m-labs";
               repo = "sipyco";
-              rev = "939f84f9b5eef7efbf7423c735d1834783b6140e";
-              sha256 = "sha256-15Nun4EY35j+6SPZkjzZtyH/ncxLS60KuGJjFh5kSTc=";
+              rev = "094a6cd63ffa980ef63698920170e50dc9ba77fd";
+              sha256 = "sha256-PPnAyDedUQ7Og/Cby9x5OT9wMkNGTP8GS53V6N/dk4w=";
             })
             (pkgs.fetchFromGitHub {
               owner = "m-labs";
               repo = "artiq";
-              rev = "923ca3377d42c815f979983134ec549dc39d3ca0";
-              sha256 = "sha256-oJoEeNEeNFSUyh6jXG8Tzp6qHVikeHS0CzfE+mODPgw=";
+              rev = "28c9de3e251daa89a8c9fd79d5ab64a3ec03bac6";
+              sha256 = "sha256-vAvpbHc5B+1wtG8zqN7j9dQE1ON+i22v+uqA+tw6Gak=";
             })
           ];
           buildInputs = [
-            (python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ps.jsonschema ps.lmdb nac3artiq-instrumented ]))
+            (python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ps.jsonschema ps.lmdb ps.platformdirs nac3artiq-instrumented ]))
             pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out
           ];
           phases = [ "buildPhase" "installPhase" ];

nac3artiq/Cargo.toml

@@ -12,16 +12,10 @@ crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 itertools = "0.13"
 pyo3 = { version = "0.21", features = ["extension-module", "gil-refs"] }
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-tempfile = "3.10"
-nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
+tempfile = "3.13"
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }
 nac3ld = { path = "../nac3ld" }
 
-[dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.4"
-default-features = false
-features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
-
 [features]
 init-llvm-profile = []
 no-escape-analysis = ["nac3core/no-escape-analysis"]

nac3artiq/demo/embedding_map.py

@@ -7,33 +7,6 @@ class EmbeddingMap:
         self.function_map = {}
         self.attributes_writeback = []
 
-        # preallocate exception names
-        self.preallocate_runtime_exception_names(["RuntimeError",
-                                          "RTIOUnderflow",
-                                          "RTIOOverflow",
-                                          "RTIODestinationUnreachable",
-                                          "DMAError",
-                                          "I2CError",
-                                          "CacheError",
-                                          "SPIError",
-                                          "0:ZeroDivisionError",
-                                          "0:IndexError",
-                                          "0:ValueError",
-                                          "0:RuntimeError",
-                                          "0:AssertionError",
-                                          "0:KeyError",
-                                          "0:NotImplementedError",
-                                          "0:OverflowError",
-                                          "0:IOError",
-                                          "0:UnwrapNoneError"])
-
-    def preallocate_runtime_exception_names(self, names):
-        for i, name in enumerate(names):
-            if ":" not in name:
-                name = "0:artiq.coredevice.exceptions." + name
-            exn_id = self.store_str(name)
-            assert exn_id == i
-
     def store_function(self, key, fun):
         self.function_map[key] = fun
         return key

nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py

@@ -112,10 +112,15 @@ def extern(function):
     register_function(function)
     return function
 
-def rpc(function):
-    """Decorates a function declaration defined by the core device runtime."""
-    register_function(function)
-    return function
+
+def rpc(arg=None, flags={}):
+    """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the host interpreter."""
+    if arg is None:
+        def inner_decorator(function):
+            return rpc(function, flags)
+        return inner_decorator
+    register_function(arg)
+    return arg
 
 def kernel(function_or_method):
     """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the core device."""
@@ -201,7 +206,7 @@ class Core:
         embedding = EmbeddingMap()
 
         if allow_registration:
-            compiler.analyze(registered_functions, registered_classes)
+            compiler.analyze(registered_functions, registered_classes, set())
             allow_registration = False
 
         if hasattr(method, "__self__"):

nac3artiq/src/codegen.rs

@@ -1,39 +1,3 @@
-use nac3core::{
-    codegen::{
-        classes::{
-            ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayType,
-            NDArrayValue, ProxyType, ProxyValue, RangeValue, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
-        },
-        expr::{destructure_range, gen_call},
-        irrt::call_ndarray_calc_size,
-        llvm_intrinsics::{call_int_smax, call_memcpy_generic, call_stackrestore, call_stacksave},
-        stmt::{gen_block, gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_if_callback, gen_with},
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-    },
-    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
-    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys, DefinitionId, GenCall},
-    typecheck::typedef::{iter_type_vars, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, VarMap},
-};
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, ExprKind, Located, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef};
-
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    module::Linkage,
-    types::{BasicType, IntType},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, PointerValue, StructValue},
-    AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
-};
-
-use pyo3::{
-    types::{PyDict, PyList},
-    PyObject, PyResult, Python,
-};
-
-use crate::{symbol_resolver::InnerResolver, timeline::TimeFns};
-
-use inkwell::values::IntValue;
-use itertools::Itertools;
 use std::{
     collections::{hash_map::DefaultHasher, HashMap},
     hash::{Hash, Hasher},
@@ -42,6 +6,43 @@ use std::{
     sync::Arc,
 };
 
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use pyo3::{
+    types::{PyDict, PyList},
+    PyObject, PyResult, Python,
+};
+
+use super::{symbol_resolver::InnerResolver, timeline::TimeFns};
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::{
+        expr::{destructure_range, gen_call},
+        llvm_intrinsics::{call_int_smax, call_memcpy, call_stackrestore, call_stacksave},
+        stmt::{gen_block, gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_if_callback, gen_with},
+        type_aligned_alloca,
+        types::ndarray::NDArrayType,
+        values::{
+            ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, ProxyValue, RangeValue,
+            UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+        },
+        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+    },
+    inkwell::{
+        context::Context,
+        module::Linkage,
+        types::{BasicType, IntType},
+        values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
+        AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
+    },
+    nac3parser::ast::{Expr, ExprKind, Located, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
+    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
+    toplevel::{
+        helper::{extract_ndims, PrimDef},
+        numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
+        DefinitionId, GenCall,
+    },
+    typecheck::typedef::{iter_type_vars, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, VarMap},
+};
+
 /// The parallelism mode within a block.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 enum ParallelMode {
@@ -460,52 +461,49 @@ fn format_rpc_arg<'ctx>(
             let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();
             let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
 
-            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, arg_ty);
-            let llvm_arg_ty =
-                NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty));
-            let llvm_arg = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(arg.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+            let (elem_ty, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, arg_ty);
+            let ndims = extract_ndims(&ctx.unifier, ndims);
+            let dtype = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
+            let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype, Some(ndims))
+                .map_value(arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
 
-            let llvm_usize_sizeof = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(llvm_arg_ty.size_type().size_of(), llvm_usize, "")
-                .unwrap();
-            let llvm_pdata_sizeof = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(
-                    llvm_arg_ty.element_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).size_of(),
-                    llvm_usize,
-                    "",
-                )
-                .unwrap();
+            let ndims = llvm_usize.const_int(ndims, false);
 
-            let dims_buf_sz =
-                ctx.builder.build_int_mul(llvm_arg.load_ndims(ctx), llvm_usize_sizeof, "").unwrap();
+            // `ndarray.data` is possibly not contiguous, and we need it to be contiguous for
+            // the reader.
+            // Turning it into a ContiguousNDArray to get a `data` that is contiguous.
+            let carray = ndarray.make_contiguous_ndarray(generator, ctx);
 
-            let buffer_size =
-                ctx.builder.build_int_add(dims_buf_sz, llvm_pdata_sizeof, "").unwrap();
+            let sizeof_usize = llvm_usize.size_of();
+            let sizeof_usize =
+                ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(sizeof_usize, llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
 
-            let buffer = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i8, buffer_size, "rpc.arg").unwrap();
-            let buffer = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(buffer, buffer_size, Some("rpc.arg"));
+            let sizeof_pdata = dtype.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).size_of();
+            let sizeof_pdata =
+                ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(sizeof_pdata, llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
 
-            call_memcpy_generic(
-                ctx,
-                buffer.base_ptr(ctx, generator),
-                llvm_arg.ptr_to_data(ctx),
-                llvm_pdata_sizeof,
-                llvm_i1.const_zero(),
-            );
+            let sizeof_buf_shape = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(sizeof_usize, ndims, "").unwrap();
+            let sizeof_buf = ctx.builder.build_int_add(sizeof_buf_shape, sizeof_pdata, "").unwrap();
 
-            let pbuffer_dims_begin =
-                unsafe { buffer.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_pdata_sizeof, None) };
-            call_memcpy_generic(
-                ctx,
-                pbuffer_dims_begin,
-                llvm_arg.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator),
-                dims_buf_sz,
-                llvm_i1.const_zero(),
-            );
+            // buf = { data: void*, shape: [size_t; ndims]; }
+            let buf = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i8, sizeof_buf, "rpc.arg").unwrap();
+            let buf = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(buf, sizeof_buf, Some("rpc.arg"));
+            let buf_data = buf.base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+            let buf_shape =
+                unsafe { buf.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &sizeof_pdata, None) };
 
-            buffer.base_ptr(ctx, generator)
+            // Write to `buf->data`
+            let carray_data = carray.load_data(ctx);
+            let carray_data = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(carray_data, llvm_pi8, "").unwrap();
+            call_memcpy(ctx, buf_data, carray_data, sizeof_pdata, llvm_i1.const_zero());
+
+            // Write to `buf->shape`
+            let carray_shape = ndarray.shape().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+            let carray_shape_i8 =
+                ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(carray_shape, llvm_pi8, "").unwrap();
+            call_memcpy(ctx, buf_shape, carray_shape_i8, sizeof_buf_shape, llvm_i1.const_zero());
+
+            buf.base_ptr(ctx, generator)
         }
 
         _ => {
@@ -515,7 +513,7 @@ fn format_rpc_arg<'ctx>(
             ctx.builder.build_store(arg_slot, arg).unwrap();
 
             ctx.builder
-                .build_bitcast(arg_slot, llvm_pi8, "rpc.arg")
+                .build_bit_cast(arg_slot, llvm_pi8, "rpc.arg")
                 .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
                 .unwrap()
         }
@@ -546,6 +544,8 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
     let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
     let llvm_i8_8 = ctx.ctx.struct_type(&[llvm_i8.array_type(8).into()], false);
     let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
 
     let rpc_recv = ctx.module.get_function("rpc_recv").unwrap_or_else(|| {
         ctx.module.add_function("rpc_recv", llvm_i32.fn_type(&[llvm_pi8.into()], false), None)
@@ -566,8 +566,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
 
     let result = match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ret_ty) {
         TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
-            let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();
-            let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+            let num_0 = llvm_usize.const_zero();
 
             // Round `val` up to its modulo `power_of_two`
             let round_up = |ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
@@ -593,79 +592,49 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
                     .unwrap()
             };
 
-            // Setup types
-            let (elem_ty, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ret_ty);
-            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
-            let llvm_ret_ty = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, llvm_elem_ty);
-
             // Allocate the resulting ndarray
             // A condition after format_rpc_ret ensures this will not be popped this off.
-            let ndarray = llvm_ret_ty.new_value(generator, ctx, Some("rpc.result"));
+            let (dtype, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ret_ty);
+            let dtype_llvm = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+            let ndims = extract_ndims(&ctx.unifier, ndims);
+            let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype_llvm, Some(ndims))
+                .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);
 
-            // Setup ndims
-            let ndims =
-                if let TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndims) {
-                    assert_eq!(values.len(), 1);
+            // NOTE: Current content of `ndarray`:
+            //   - * `data` - **NOT YET** allocated.
+            //   - * `itemsize` - initialized to be size_of(dtype).
+            //   - * `ndims` - initialized.
+            //   - * `shape` - allocated; has uninitialized values.
+            //   - * `strides` - allocated; has uninitialized values.
 
-                    u64::try_from(values[0].clone()).unwrap()
-                } else {
-                    unreachable!();
-                };
-            // Set `ndarray.ndims`
-            ndarray.store_ndims(ctx, generator, llvm_usize.const_int(ndims, false));
-            // Allocate `ndarray.shape` [size_t; ndims]
-            ndarray.create_dim_sizes(ctx, llvm_usize, ndarray.load_ndims(ctx));
-
-            /*
-                ndarray now:
-                  - .ndims: initialized
-                  - .shape: allocated but uninitialized .shape
-                  - .data: uninitialized
-            */
-
-            let llvm_usize_sizeof = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(llvm_usize.size_of(), llvm_usize, "")
-                .unwrap();
-            let llvm_pdata_sizeof = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(
-                    llvm_ret_ty.element_type().size_of().unwrap(),
-                    llvm_usize,
-                    "",
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-            let llvm_elem_sizeof = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(llvm_elem_ty.size_of().unwrap(), llvm_usize, "")
-                .unwrap();
+            let itemsize = ndarray.load_itemsize(ctx); // Same as doing a `ctx.get_llvm_type` on `dtype` and get its `size_of()`.
 
             // Allocates a buffer for the initial RPC'ed object, which is guaranteed to be
             // (4 + 4 * ndims) bytes with 8-byte alignment
-            let sizeof_dims =
-                ctx.builder.build_int_mul(ndarray.load_ndims(ctx), llvm_usize_sizeof, "").unwrap();
+            let sizeof_usize = llvm_usize.size_of();
+            let sizeof_usize =
+                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(sizeof_usize, llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
+
+            let sizeof_ptr = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).size_of();
+            let sizeof_ptr =
+                ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(sizeof_ptr, llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
+
+            let sizeof_shape =
+                ctx.builder.build_int_mul(ndarray.load_ndims(ctx), sizeof_usize, "").unwrap();
+
+            // Size of the buffer for the initial `rpc_recv()`.
             let unaligned_buffer_size =
-                ctx.builder.build_int_add(sizeof_dims, llvm_pdata_sizeof, "").unwrap();
-            let buffer_size = round_up(ctx, unaligned_buffer_size, llvm_usize.const_int(8, false));
+                ctx.builder.build_int_add(sizeof_ptr, sizeof_shape, "").unwrap();
 
             let stackptr = call_stacksave(ctx, None);
-            // Just to be absolutely sure, alloca in [i8 x 8] slices to force 8-byte alignment
-            let buffer = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_array_alloca(
-                    llvm_i8_8,
-                    ctx.builder
-                        .build_int_unsigned_div(buffer_size, llvm_usize.const_int(8, false), "")
-                        .unwrap(),
-                    "rpc.buffer",
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-            let buffer = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_bitcast(buffer, llvm_pi8, "")
-                .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
-                .unwrap();
-            let buffer = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(buffer, buffer_size, None);
+            let buffer = type_aligned_alloca(
+                generator,
+                ctx,
+                llvm_i8_8,
+                unaligned_buffer_size,
+                Some("rpc.buffer"),
+            );
+            let buffer = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(buffer, unaligned_buffer_size, None);
 
             // The first call to `rpc_recv` reads the top-level ndarray object: [pdata, shape]
             //
@@ -673,7 +642,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
             let ndarray_nbytes = ctx
                 .build_call_or_invoke(
                     rpc_recv,
-                    &[buffer.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()], // Reads [usize; ndims]. NOTE: We are allocated [size_t; ndims].
+                    &[buffer.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()], // Reads [usize; ndims]
                     "rpc.size.next",
                 )
                 .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
@@ -681,16 +650,14 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
 
             // debug_assert(ndarray_nbytes > 0)
             if ctx.registry.llvm_options.opt_level == OptimizationLevel::None {
+                let cmp = ctx
+                    .builder
+                    .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::UGT, ndarray_nbytes, num_0, "")
+                    .unwrap();
+
                 ctx.make_assert(
                     generator,
-                    ctx.builder
-                        .build_int_compare(
-                            IntPredicate::UGT,
-                            ndarray_nbytes,
-                            ndarray_nbytes.get_type().const_zero(),
-                            "",
-                        )
-                        .unwrap(),
+                    cmp,
                     "0:AssertionError",
                     "Unexpected RPC termination for ndarray - Expected data buffer next",
                     [None, None, None],
@@ -699,49 +666,50 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
             }
 
             // Copy shape from the buffer to `ndarray.shape`.
-            let pbuffer_dims =
-                unsafe { buffer.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_pdata_sizeof, None) };
+            // We need to skip the first `sizeof(uint8_t*)` bytes to skip the `pdata` in `[pdata, shape]`.
+            let pbuffer_shape =
+                unsafe { buffer.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &sizeof_ptr, None) };
+            let pbuffer_shape =
+                ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(pbuffer_shape, llvm_pusize, "").unwrap();
+
+            // Copy shape from buffer to `ndarray.shape`
+            ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, pbuffer_shape);
 
-            call_memcpy_generic(
-                ctx,
-                ndarray.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator),
-                pbuffer_dims,
-                sizeof_dims,
-                llvm_i1.const_zero(),
-            );
             // Restore stack from before allocation of buffer
             call_stackrestore(ctx, stackptr);
 
             // Allocate `ndarray.data`.
             // `ndarray.shape` must be initialized beforehand in this implementation
             //   (for ndarray.create_data() to know how many elements to allocate)
-            let num_elements =
-                call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &ndarray.dim_sizes(), (None, None));
+            unsafe { ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx) }; // NOTE: the strides of `ndarray` has also been set to contiguous in `create_data`.
 
             // debug_assert(nelems * sizeof(T) >= ndarray_nbytes)
             if ctx.registry.llvm_options.opt_level == OptimizationLevel::None {
-                let sizeof_data =
-                    ctx.builder.build_int_mul(num_elements, llvm_elem_sizeof, "").unwrap();
+                let num_elements = ndarray.size(generator, ctx);
+
+                let expected_ndarray_nbytes =
+                    ctx.builder.build_int_mul(num_elements, itemsize, "").unwrap();
+                let cmp = ctx
+                    .builder
+                    .build_int_compare(
+                        IntPredicate::UGE,
+                        expected_ndarray_nbytes,
+                        ndarray_nbytes,
+                        "",
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
 
                 ctx.make_assert(
                     generator,
-                    ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::UGE,
-                        sizeof_data,
-                        ndarray_nbytes,
-                        "",
-                    ).unwrap(),
+                    cmp,
                     "0:AssertionError",
                     "Unexpected allocation size request for ndarray data - Expected up to {0} bytes, got {1} bytes",
-                    [Some(sizeof_data), Some(ndarray_nbytes), None],
+                    [Some(expected_ndarray_nbytes), Some(ndarray_nbytes), None],
                     ctx.current_loc,
                 );
             }
 
-            ndarray.create_data(ctx, llvm_elem_ty, num_elements);
-
             let ndarray_data = ndarray.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-            let ndarray_data_i8 =
-                ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(ndarray_data, llvm_pi8, "").unwrap();
 
             // NOTE: Currently on `prehead_bb`
             ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();
@@ -750,7 +718,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
             ctx.builder.position_at_end(head_bb);
 
             let phi = ctx.builder.build_phi(llvm_pi8, "rpc.ptr").unwrap();
-            phi.add_incoming(&[(&ndarray_data_i8, prehead_bb)]);
+            phi.add_incoming(&[(&ndarray_data, prehead_bb)]);
 
             let alloc_size = ctx
                 .build_call_or_invoke(rpc_recv, &[phi.as_basic_value()], "rpc.size.next")
@@ -765,12 +733,13 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
 
             ctx.builder.position_at_end(alloc_bb);
             // Align the allocation to sizeof(T)
-            let alloc_size = round_up(ctx, alloc_size, llvm_elem_sizeof);
+            let alloc_size = round_up(ctx, alloc_size, itemsize);
+            // TODO(Derppening): Candidate for refactor into type_aligned_alloca
             let alloc_ptr = ctx
                 .builder
                 .build_array_alloca(
-                    llvm_elem_ty,
-                    ctx.builder.build_int_unsigned_div(alloc_size, llvm_elem_sizeof, "").unwrap(),
+                    dtype_llvm,
+                    ctx.builder.build_int_unsigned_div(alloc_size, itemsize, "").unwrap(),
                     "rpc.alloc",
                 )
                 .unwrap();
@@ -785,7 +754,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
 
         _ => {
             let slot = ctx.builder.build_alloca(llvm_ret_ty, "rpc.ret.slot").unwrap();
-            let slotgen = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(slot, llvm_pi8, "rpc.ret.ptr").unwrap();
+            let slotgen = ctx.builder.build_bit_cast(slot, llvm_pi8, "rpc.ret.ptr").unwrap();
             ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();
             ctx.builder.position_at_end(head_bb);
 
@@ -806,7 +775,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
             let alloc_ptr =
                 ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_pi8, alloc_size, "rpc.alloc").unwrap();
             let alloc_ptr =
-                ctx.builder.build_bitcast(alloc_ptr, llvm_pi8, "rpc.alloc.ptr").unwrap();
+                ctx.builder.build_bit_cast(alloc_ptr, llvm_pi8, "rpc.alloc.ptr").unwrap();
             phi.add_incoming(&[(&alloc_ptr, alloc_bb)]);
             ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();
 
@@ -824,6 +793,7 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
     fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
     args: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
     generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+    is_async: bool,
 ) -> Result<Option<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>, String> {
     let int8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
     let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
@@ -932,42 +902,72 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
     }
 
     // call
-    let rpc_send = ctx.module.get_function("rpc_send").unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        ctx.module.add_function(
-            "rpc_send",
-            ctx.ctx.void_type().fn_type(
-                &[
-                    int32.into(),
-                    tag_ptr_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
-                    ptr_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
-                ],
-                false,
-            ),
-            None,
-        )
-    });
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(rpc_send, &[service_id.into(), tag_ptr.into(), args_ptr.into()], "rpc.send")
-        .unwrap();
+    if is_async {
+        let rpc_send_async = ctx.module.get_function("rpc_send_async").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            ctx.module.add_function(
+                "rpc_send_async",
+                ctx.ctx.void_type().fn_type(
+                    &[
+                        int32.into(),
+                        tag_ptr_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
+                        ptr_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
+                    ],
+                    false,
+                ),
+                None,
+            )
+        });
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(
+                rpc_send_async,
+                &[service_id.into(), tag_ptr.into(), args_ptr.into()],
+                "rpc.send",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+    } else {
+        let rpc_send = ctx.module.get_function("rpc_send").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            ctx.module.add_function(
+                "rpc_send",
+                ctx.ctx.void_type().fn_type(
+                    &[
+                        int32.into(),
+                        tag_ptr_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
+                        ptr_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
+                    ],
+                    false,
+                ),
+                None,
+            )
+        });
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(rpc_send, &[service_id.into(), tag_ptr.into(), args_ptr.into()], "rpc.send")
+            .unwrap();
+    }
 
     // reclaim stack space used by arguments
     call_stackrestore(ctx, stackptr);
 
-    let result = format_rpc_ret(generator, ctx, fun.0.ret);
+    if is_async {
+        // async RPCs do not return any values
+        Ok(None)
+    } else {
+        let result = format_rpc_ret(generator, ctx, fun.0.ret);
 
-    if !result.is_some_and(|res| res.get_type().is_pointer_type()) {
-        // An RPC returning an NDArray would not touch here.
-        call_stackrestore(ctx, stackptr);
+        if !result.is_some_and(|res| res.get_type().is_pointer_type()) {
+            // An RPC returning an NDArray would not touch here.
+            call_stackrestore(ctx, stackptr);
+        }
+
+        Ok(result)
     }
-
-    Ok(result)
 }
 
-pub fn attributes_writeback(
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
+pub fn attributes_writeback<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     inner_resolver: &InnerResolver,
     host_attributes: &PyObject,
+    return_obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<Result<(), String>> {
         let host_attributes: &PyList = host_attributes.downcast(py)?;
@@ -977,6 +977,11 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
         let zero = int32.const_zero();
         let mut values = Vec::new();
         let mut scratch_buffer = Vec::new();
+
+        if let Some((ty, obj)) = return_obj {
+            values.push((ty, obj.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ty).unwrap()));
+        }
+
         for val in (*globals).values() {
             let val = val.as_ref(py);
             let ty = inner_resolver.get_obj_type(
@@ -1055,7 +1060,7 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
         let args: Vec<_> =
             values.into_iter().map(|(_, val)| (None, ValueEnum::Dynamic(val))).collect();
         if let Err(e) =
-            rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, None, (&fun, PrimDef::Int32.id()), args, generator)
+            rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, None, (&fun, PrimDef::Int32.id()), args, generator, true)
         {
             return Ok(Err(e));
         }
@@ -1065,9 +1070,9 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn rpc_codegen_callback() -> Arc<GenCall> {
-    Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(|ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
-        rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, obj, fun, args, generator)
+pub fn rpc_codegen_callback(is_async: bool) -> Arc<GenCall> {
+    Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(move |ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
+        rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, obj, fun, args, generator, is_async)
     })))
 }
 
@@ -1281,7 +1286,8 @@ fn polymorphic_print<'ctx>(
                 fmt.push('[');
                 flush(ctx, generator, &mut fmt, &mut args);
 
-                let val = ListValue::from_ptr_val(value.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+                let val =
+                    ListValue::from_pointer_value(value.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
                 let len = val.load_size(ctx, None);
                 let last =
                     ctx.builder.build_int_sub(len, llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), "").unwrap();
@@ -1332,56 +1338,50 @@ fn polymorphic_print<'ctx>(
             }
 
             TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
-                let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);
-
                 fmt.push_str("array([");
                 flush(ctx, generator, &mut fmt, &mut args);
 
-                let val = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(value.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
-                let len = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &val.dim_sizes(), (None, None));
-                let last =
-                    ctx.builder.build_int_sub(len, llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), "").unwrap();
+                let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);
+                let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, ty)
+                    .map_value(value.into_pointer_value(), None);
 
-                gen_for_callback_incrementing(
-                    generator,
-                    ctx,
-                    None,
-                    llvm_usize.const_zero(),
-                    (len, false),
-                    |generator, ctx, _, i| {
-                        let elem = unsafe { val.data().get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &i, None) };
+                let num_0 = llvm_usize.const_zero();
 
-                        polymorphic_print(
-                            ctx,
-                            generator,
-                            &[(elem_ty, elem.into())],
-                            "",
-                            None,
-                            true,
-                            as_rtio,
-                        )?;
+                // Print `ndarray` as a flat list delimited by interspersed with ", \0"
+                ndarray.foreach(generator, ctx, |generator, ctx, _, hdl| {
+                    let i = hdl.get_index(ctx);
+                    let scalar = hdl.get_scalar(ctx);
 
-                        gen_if_callback(
-                            generator,
-                            ctx,
-                            |_, ctx| {
-                                Ok(ctx
-                                    .builder
-                                    .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::ULT, i, last, "")
-                                    .unwrap())
-                            },
-                            |generator, ctx| {
-                                printf(ctx, generator, ", \0".into(), Vec::default());
+                    // if (i != 0) puts(", ");
+                    gen_if_callback(
+                        generator,
+                        ctx,
+                        |_, ctx| {
+                            let not_first = ctx
+                                .builder
+                                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, i, num_0, "")
+                                .unwrap();
+                            Ok(not_first)
+                        },
+                        |generator, ctx| {
+                            printf(ctx, generator, ", \0".into(), Vec::default());
+                            Ok(())
+                        },
+                        |_, _| Ok(()),
+                    )?;
 
-                                Ok(())
-                            },
-                            |_, _| Ok(()),
-                        )?;
-
-                        Ok(())
-                    },
-                    llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
-                )?;
+                    // Print element
+                    polymorphic_print(
+                        ctx,
+                        generator,
+                        &[(dtype, scalar.into())],
+                        "",
+                        None,
+                        true,
+                        as_rtio,
+                    )?;
+                    Ok(())
+                })?;
 
                 fmt.push_str(")]");
                 flush(ctx, generator, &mut fmt, &mut args);
@@ -1391,7 +1391,7 @@ fn polymorphic_print<'ctx>(
                 fmt.push_str("range(");
                 flush(ctx, generator, &mut fmt, &mut args);
 
-                let val = RangeValue::from_ptr_val(value.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                let val = RangeValue::from_pointer_value(value.into_pointer_value(), None);
 
                 let (start, stop, step) = destructure_range(ctx, val);
 

nac3artiq/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-#![deny(
-    future_incompatible,
-    let_underscore,
-    nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
-    clippy::all
-)]
+#![deny(future_incompatible, let_underscore, nonstandard_style, clippy::all)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn,
@@ -16,64 +10,65 @@
     clippy::wildcard_imports
 )]
 
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::fs;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::process::Command;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
-    module::{Linkage, Module},
-    passes::PassBuilderOptions,
-    support::is_multithreaded,
-    targets::*,
-    OptimizationLevel,
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    fs,
+    io::Write,
+    process::Command,
+    rc::Rc,
+    sync::Arc,
 };
+
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use nac3core::codegen::{gen_func_impl, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions};
-use nac3core::toplevel::builtins::get_exn_constructor;
-use nac3core::typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap};
-use nac3parser::{
-    ast::{ExprKind, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
-    parser::parse_program,
-};
-use pyo3::create_exception;
-use pyo3::prelude::*;
-use pyo3::{exceptions, types::PyBytes, types::PyDict, types::PySet};
-
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
+use pyo3::{
+    create_exception, exceptions,
+    prelude::*,
+    types::{PyBytes, PyDict, PyNone, PySet},
+};
+use tempfile::{self, TempDir};
 
 use nac3core::{
-    codegen::irrt::load_irrt,
-    codegen::{concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, CodeGenTask, WithCall, WorkerRegistry},
+    codegen::{
+        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, gen_func_impl, irrt::load_irrt, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
+        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, CodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+    },
+    inkwell::{
+        context::Context,
+        memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
+        module::{FlagBehavior, Linkage, Module},
+        passes::PassBuilderOptions,
+        support::is_multithreaded,
+        targets::*,
+        OptimizationLevel,
+    },
+    nac3parser::{
+        ast::{Constant, ExprKind, Located, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
+        parser::parse_program,
+    },
     symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver,
     toplevel::{
+        builtins::get_exn_constructor,
         composer::{BuiltinFuncCreator, BuiltinFuncSpec, ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
         DefinitionId, GenCall, TopLevelDef,
     },
-    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg},
-    typecheck::{type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore, typedef::Type},
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
+        typedef::{into_var_map, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
+    },
 };
-
 use nac3ld::Linker;
 
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        attributes_writeback, gen_core_log, gen_rtio_log, rpc_codegen_callback, ArtiqCodeGenerator,
-    },
-    symbol_resolver::{DeferredEvaluationStore, InnerResolver, PythonHelper, Resolver},
+use codegen::{
+    attributes_writeback, gen_core_log, gen_rtio_log, rpc_codegen_callback, ArtiqCodeGenerator,
 };
-use tempfile::{self, TempDir};
+use symbol_resolver::{DeferredEvaluationStore, InnerResolver, PythonHelper, Resolver};
+use timeline::TimeFns;
 
 mod codegen;
 mod symbol_resolver;
 mod timeline;
 
-use timeline::TimeFns;
-
 #[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
 enum Isa {
     Host,
@@ -147,14 +142,32 @@ impl Nac3 {
         module: &PyObject,
         registered_class_ids: &HashSet<u64>,
     ) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let (module_name, source_file) = Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<(String, String)> {
-            let module: &PyAny = module.extract(py)?;
-            Ok((module.getattr("__name__")?.extract()?, module.getattr("__file__")?.extract()?))
-        })?;
+        let (module_name, source_file, source) =
+            Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<(String, String, String)> {
+                let module: &PyAny = module.extract(py)?;
+                let source_file = module.getattr("__file__");
+                let (source_file, source) = if let Ok(source_file) = source_file {
+                    let source_file = source_file.extract()?;
+                    (
+                        source_file,
+                        fs::read_to_string(source_file).map_err(|e| {
+                            exceptions::PyIOError::new_err(format!(
+                                "failed to read input file: {e}"
+                            ))
+                        })?,
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    // kernels submitted by content have no file
+                    // but still can provide source by StringLoader
+                    let get_src_fn = module
+                        .getattr("__loader__")?
+                        .extract::<PyObject>()?
+                        .getattr(py, "get_source")?;
+                    ("<expcontent>", get_src_fn.call1(py, (PyNone::get(py),))?.extract(py)?)
+                };
+                Ok((module.getattr("__name__")?.extract()?, source_file.to_string(), source))
+            })?;
 
-        let source = fs::read_to_string(&source_file).map_err(|e| {
-            exceptions::PyIOError::new_err(format!("failed to read input file: {e}"))
-        })?;
         let parser_result = parse_program(&source, source_file.into())
             .map_err(|e| exceptions::PySyntaxError::new_err(format!("parse error: {e}")))?;
 
@@ -194,10 +207,8 @@ impl Nac3 {
                     body.retain(|stmt| {
                         if let StmtKind::FunctionDef { ref decorator_list, .. } = stmt.node {
                             decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                                if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
-                                    id.to_string() == "kernel"
-                                        || id.to_string() == "portable"
-                                        || id.to_string() == "rpc"
+                                if let Some(id) = decorator_id_string(decorator) {
+                                    id == "kernel" || id == "portable" || id == "rpc"
                                 } else {
                                     false
                                 }
@@ -210,9 +221,8 @@ impl Nac3 {
                 }
                 StmtKind::FunctionDef { ref decorator_list, .. } => {
                     decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                        if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
-                            let id = id.to_string();
-                            id == "extern" || id == "portable" || id == "kernel" || id == "rpc"
+                        if let Some(id) = decorator_id_string(decorator) {
+                            id == "extern" || id == "kernel" || id == "portable" || id == "rpc"
                         } else {
                             false
                         }
@@ -478,9 +488,25 @@ impl Nac3 {
 
             match &stmt.node {
                 StmtKind::FunctionDef { decorator_list, .. } => {
-                    if decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| matches!(decorator.node, ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == "rpc".into())) {
-                        store_fun.call1(py, (def_id.0.into_py(py), module.getattr(py, name.to_string().as_str()).unwrap())).unwrap();
-                        rpc_ids.push((None, def_id));
+                    if decorator_list
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|decorator| decorator_id_string(decorator) == Some("rpc".to_string()))
+                    {
+                        store_fun
+                            .call1(
+                                py,
+                                (
+                                    def_id.0.into_py(py),
+                                    module.getattr(py, name.to_string().as_str()).unwrap(),
+                                ),
+                            )
+                            .unwrap();
+                        let is_async = decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
+                            decorator_get_flags(decorator)
+                                .iter()
+                                .any(|constant| *constant == Constant::Str("async".into()))
+                        });
+                        rpc_ids.push((None, def_id, is_async));
                     }
                 }
                 StmtKind::ClassDef { name, body, .. } => {
@@ -488,19 +514,26 @@ impl Nac3 {
                     let class_obj = module.getattr(py, class_name.as_str()).unwrap();
                     for stmt in body {
                         if let StmtKind::FunctionDef { name, decorator_list, .. } = &stmt.node {
-                            if decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| matches!(decorator.node, ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == "rpc".into())) {
+                            if decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
+                                decorator_id_string(decorator) == Some("rpc".to_string())
+                            }) {
+                                let is_async = decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
+                                    decorator_get_flags(decorator)
+                                        .iter()
+                                        .any(|constant| *constant == Constant::Str("async".into()))
+                                });
                                 if name == &"__init__".into() {
                                     return Err(CompileError::new_err(format!(
                                         "compilation failed\n----------\nThe constructor of class {} should not be decorated with rpc decorator (at {})",
                                         class_name, stmt.location
                                     )));
                                 }
-                                rpc_ids.push((Some((class_obj.clone(), *name)), def_id));
+                                rpc_ids.push((Some((class_obj.clone(), *name)), def_id, is_async));
                             }
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                _ => ()
+                _ => (),
             }
 
             let id = *name_to_pyid.get(&name).unwrap();
@@ -544,7 +577,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
             field_to_val: RwLock::default(),
             name_to_pyid,
             module: module.to_object(py),
-            helper,
+            helper: helper.clone(),
             string_store: self.string_store.clone(),
             exception_ids: self.exception_ids.clone(),
             deferred_eval_store: self.deferred_eval_store.clone(),
@@ -556,7 +589,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
             .unwrap();
 
         // Process IRRT
-        let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+        let context = Context::create();
         let irrt = load_irrt(&context, resolver.as_ref());
 
         let fun_signature =
@@ -596,13 +629,12 @@ impl Nac3 {
         let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
 
         {
-            let rpc_codegen = rpc_codegen_callback();
             let defs = top_level.definitions.read();
-            for (class_data, id) in &rpc_ids {
+            for (class_data, id, is_async) in &rpc_ids {
                 let mut def = defs[id.0].write();
                 match &mut *def {
                     TopLevelDef::Function { codegen_callback, .. } => {
-                        *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen.clone());
+                        *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen_callback(*is_async));
                     }
                     TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } => {
                         let (class_def, method_name) = class_data.as_ref().unwrap();
@@ -613,7 +645,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
                             if let TopLevelDef::Function { codegen_callback, .. } =
                                 &mut *defs[id.0].write()
                             {
-                                *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen.clone());
+                                *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen_callback(*is_async));
                                 store_fun
                                     .call1(
                                         py,
@@ -628,6 +660,11 @@ impl Nac3 {
                             }
                         }
                     }
+                    TopLevelDef::Variable { .. } => {
+                        return Err(CompileError::new_err(String::from(
+                            "Unsupported @rpc annotation on global variable",
+                        )))
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -648,33 +685,12 @@ impl Nac3 {
         let task = CodeGenTask {
             subst: Vec::default(),
             symbol_name: "__modinit__".to_string(),
-            body: instance.body,
-            signature,
-            resolver: resolver.clone(),
-            store,
-            unifier_index: instance.unifier_id,
-            calls: instance.calls,
-            id: 0,
-        };
-
-        let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
-        let mut cache = HashMap::new();
-        let signature = store.from_signature(
-            &mut composer.unifier,
-            &self.primitive,
-            &fun_signature,
-            &mut cache,
-        );
-        let signature = store.add_cty(signature);
-        let attributes_writeback_task = CodeGenTask {
-            subst: Vec::default(),
-            symbol_name: "attributes_writeback".to_string(),
             body: Arc::new(Vec::default()),
             signature,
             resolver,
             store,
             unifier_index: instance.unifier_id,
-            calls: Arc::new(HashMap::default()),
+            calls: instance.calls,
             id: 0,
         };
 
@@ -687,7 +703,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
             let buffer = buffer.as_slice().into();
             membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
         })));
-        let size_t = Context::create()
+        let size_t = context
             .ptr_sized_int_type(&self.get_llvm_target_machine().get_target_data(), None)
             .get_bit_width();
         let num_threads = if is_multithreaded() { 4 } else { 1 };
@@ -698,19 +714,27 @@ impl Nac3 {
             .collect();
 
         let membuffer = membuffers.clone();
+        let mut has_return = false;
         py.allow_threads(|| {
             let (registry, handles) =
                 WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level.clone(), &self.llvm_options, &f);
-            registry.add_task(task);
-            registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 
-            let mut generator =
-                ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("attributes_writeback".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
-            let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
-            let module = context.create_module("attributes_writeback");
+            let mut generator = ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("main".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
+            let context = Context::create();
+            let module = context.create_module("main");
             let target_machine = self.llvm_options.create_target_machine().unwrap();
             module.set_data_layout(&target_machine.get_target_data().get_data_layout());
             module.set_triple(&target_machine.get_triple());
+            module.add_basic_value_flag(
+                "Debug Info Version",
+                FlagBehavior::Warning,
+                context.i32_type().const_int(3, false),
+            );
+            module.add_basic_value_flag(
+                "Dwarf Version",
+                FlagBehavior::Warning,
+                context.i32_type().const_int(4, false),
+            );
             let builder = context.create_builder();
             let (_, module, _) = gen_func_impl(
                 &context,
@@ -718,9 +742,27 @@ impl Nac3 {
                 &registry,
                 builder,
                 module,
-                attributes_writeback_task,
+                task,
                 |generator, ctx| {
-                    attributes_writeback(ctx, generator, inner_resolver.as_ref(), &host_attributes)
+                    assert_eq!(instance.body.len(), 1, "toplevel module should have 1 statement");
+                    let StmtKind::Expr { value: ref expr, .. } = instance.body[0].node else {
+                        unreachable!("toplevel statement must be an expression")
+                    };
+                    let ExprKind::Call { .. } = expr.node else {
+                        unreachable!("toplevel expression must be a function call")
+                    };
+
+                    let return_obj =
+                        generator.gen_expr(ctx, expr)?.map(|value| (expr.custom.unwrap(), value));
+                    has_return = return_obj.is_some();
+                    registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
+                    attributes_writeback(
+                        ctx,
+                        generator,
+                        inner_resolver.as_ref(),
+                        &host_attributes,
+                        return_obj,
+                    )
                 },
             )
             .unwrap();
@@ -729,35 +771,23 @@ impl Nac3 {
             membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
         });
 
+        embedding_map.setattr("expects_return", has_return).unwrap();
+
         // Link all modules into `main`.
         let buffers = membuffers.lock();
         let main = context
-            .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(&buffers[0], "main"))
+            .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(
+                buffers.last().unwrap(),
+                "main",
+            ))
             .unwrap();
-        for buffer in buffers.iter().skip(1) {
+        for buffer in buffers.iter().rev().skip(1) {
             let other = context
                 .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(buffer, "main"))
                 .unwrap();
 
             main.link_in_module(other).map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
         }
-        let builder = context.create_builder();
-        let modinit_return = main
-            .get_function("__modinit__")
-            .unwrap()
-            .get_last_basic_block()
-            .unwrap()
-            .get_terminator()
-            .unwrap();
-        builder.position_before(&modinit_return);
-        builder
-            .build_call(
-                main.get_function("attributes_writeback").unwrap(),
-                &[],
-                "attributes_writeback",
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
         main.link_in_module(irrt).map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
 
         let mut function_iter = main.get_first_function();
@@ -792,6 +822,20 @@ impl Nac3 {
             panic!("Failed to run optimization for module `main`: {}", err.to_string());
         }
 
+        Python::with_gil(|py| {
+            let string_store = self.string_store.read();
+            let mut string_store_vec = string_store.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            string_store_vec.sort_by(|(_s1, key1), (_s2, key2)| key1.cmp(key2));
+            for (s, key) in string_store_vec {
+                let embed_key: i32 = helper.store_str.call1(py, (s,)).unwrap().extract(py).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(
+                    embed_key, *key,
+                    "string {s} is out of sync between embedding map (key={embed_key}) and \
+                    the internal string store (key={key})"
+                );
+            }
+        });
+
         link_fn(&main)
     }
 
@@ -844,6 +888,41 @@ impl Nac3 {
     }
 }
 
+/// Retrieves the Name.id from a decorator, supports decorators with arguments.
+fn decorator_id_string(decorator: &Located<ExprKind>) -> Option<String> {
+    if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
+        // Bare decorator
+        return Some(id.to_string());
+    } else if let ExprKind::Call { func, .. } = &decorator.node {
+        // Decorators that are calls (e.g. "@rpc()") have Call for the node,
+        // need to extract the id from within.
+        if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = func.node {
+            return Some(id.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+/// Retrieves flags from a decorator, if any.
+fn decorator_get_flags(decorator: &Located<ExprKind>) -> Vec<Constant> {
+    let mut flags = vec![];
+    if let ExprKind::Call { keywords, .. } = &decorator.node {
+        for keyword in keywords {
+            if keyword.node.arg != Some("flags".into()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if let ExprKind::Set { elts } = &keyword.node.value.node {
+                for elt in elts {
+                    if let ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } = &elt.node {
+                        flags.push(value.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    flags
+}
+
 fn link_with_lld(elf_filename: String, obj_filename: String) -> PyResult<()> {
     let linker_args = vec![
         "-shared".to_string(),
@@ -1006,6 +1085,48 @@ impl Nac3 {
         let working_directory = tempfile::Builder::new().prefix("nac3-").tempdir().unwrap();
         fs::write(working_directory.path().join("kernel.ld"), include_bytes!("kernel.ld")).unwrap();
 
+        let mut string_store: HashMap<String, i32> = HashMap::default();
+
+        // Keep this list of exceptions in sync with `EXCEPTION_ID_LOOKUP` in `artiq::firmware::ksupport::eh_artiq`
+        // The exceptions declared here must be defined in `artiq.coredevice.exceptions`
+        // Verify synchronization by running the test cases in `artiq.test.coredevice.test_exceptions`
+        let runtime_exception_names = [
+            "RTIOUnderflow",
+            "RTIOOverflow",
+            "RTIODestinationUnreachable",
+            "DMAError",
+            "I2CError",
+            "CacheError",
+            "SPIError",
+            "SubkernelError",
+            "0:AssertionError",
+            "0:AttributeError",
+            "0:IndexError",
+            "0:IOError",
+            "0:KeyError",
+            "0:NotImplementedError",
+            "0:OverflowError",
+            "0:RuntimeError",
+            "0:TimeoutError",
+            "0:TypeError",
+            "0:ValueError",
+            "0:ZeroDivisionError",
+            "0:LinAlgError",
+            "UnwrapNoneError",
+        ];
+
+        // Preallocate runtime exception names
+        for (i, name) in runtime_exception_names.iter().enumerate() {
+            let exn_name = if name.find(':').is_none() {
+                format!("0:artiq.coredevice.exceptions.{name}")
+            } else {
+                (*name).to_string()
+            };
+
+            let id = i32::try_from(i).unwrap();
+            string_store.insert(exn_name, id);
+        }
+
         Ok(Nac3 {
             isa,
             time_fns,
@@ -1015,7 +1136,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
             top_levels: Vec::default(),
             pyid_to_def: Arc::default(),
             working_directory,
-            string_store: Arc::default(),
+            string_store: Arc::new(string_store.into()),
             exception_ids: Arc::default(),
             deferred_eval_store: DeferredEvaluationStore::new(),
             llvm_options: CodeGenLLVMOptions {
@@ -1025,7 +1146,12 @@ impl Nac3 {
         })
     }
 
-    fn analyze(&mut self, functions: &PySet, classes: &PySet) -> PyResult<()> {
+    fn analyze(
+        &mut self,
+        functions: &PySet,
+        classes: &PySet,
+        content_modules: &PySet,
+    ) -> PyResult<()> {
         let (modules, class_ids) =
             Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<(HashMap<u64, PyObject>, HashSet<u64>)> {
                 let mut modules: HashMap<u64, PyObject> = HashMap::new();
@@ -1035,14 +1161,22 @@ impl Nac3 {
                 let getmodule_fn = PyModule::import(py, "inspect")?.getattr("getmodule")?;
 
                 for function in functions {
-                    let module = getmodule_fn.call1((function,))?.extract()?;
-                    modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module);
+                    let module: PyObject = getmodule_fn.call1((function,))?.extract()?;
+                    if !module.is_none(py) {
+                        modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module);
+                    }
                 }
                 for class in classes {
-                    let module = getmodule_fn.call1((class,))?.extract()?;
-                    modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module);
+                    let module: PyObject = getmodule_fn.call1((class,))?.extract()?;
+                    if !module.is_none(py) {
+                        modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module);
+                    }
                     class_ids.insert(id_fn.call1((class,))?.extract()?);
                 }
+                for module in content_modules {
+                    let module: PyObject = module.extract()?;
+                    modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module);
+                }
                 Ok((modules, class_ids))
             })?;
 

nac3artiq/src/symbol_resolver.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,32 @@
-use crate::PrimitivePythonId;
-use inkwell::{
-    module::Linkage,
-    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
-    values::BasicValueEnum,
-    AddressSpace,
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering::Relaxed},
+        Arc,
+    },
 };
+
 use itertools::Itertools;
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use pyo3::{
+    types::{PyDict, PyTuple},
+    PyAny, PyErr, PyObject, PyResult, Python,
+};
+
+use super::PrimitivePythonId;
 use nac3core::{
     codegen::{
-        classes::{NDArrayType, ProxyType},
+        types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, ProxyType},
+        values::ndarray::make_contiguous_strides,
         CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
     },
+    inkwell::{
+        module::Linkage,
+        types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
+        values::BasicValueEnum,
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+    nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef},
     symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver, SymbolValue, ValueEnum},
     toplevel::{
         helper::PrimDef,
@@ -22,19 +38,6 @@ use nac3core::{
         typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVar, Unifier, VarMap},
     },
 };
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef};
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-use pyo3::{
-    types::{PyDict, PyTuple},
-    PyAny, PyObject, PyResult, Python,
-};
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering::Relaxed},
-        Arc,
-    },
-};
 
 pub enum PrimitiveValue {
     I32(i32),
@@ -1082,18 +1085,19 @@ impl InnerResolver {
             } else {
                 unreachable!("must be ndarray")
             };
-            let (ndarray_dtype, ndarray_ndims) =
-                unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ndarray_ty);
+            let (ndarray_dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ndarray_ty);
 
+            let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+            let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
             let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-            let ndarray_dtype_llvm_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, ndarray_dtype);
-            let ndarray_llvm_ty = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ndarray_dtype_llvm_ty);
+            let llvm_ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, ndarray_ty);
+            let dtype = llvm_ndarray.element_type();
 
             {
                 if self.global_value_ids.read().contains_key(&id) {
                     let global = ctx.module.get_global(&id_str).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                         ctx.module.add_global(
-                            ndarray_llvm_ty.as_underlying_type(),
+                            llvm_ndarray.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type(),
                             Some(AddressSpace::default()),
                             &id_str,
                         )
@@ -1103,40 +1107,41 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                 self.global_value_ids.write().insert(id, obj.into());
             }
 
-            let TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndarray_ndims)
-            else {
-                unreachable!("Expected Literal for ndarray_ndims")
-            };
-
-            let ndarray_ndims = if values.len() == 1 {
-                values[0].clone()
-            } else {
-                todo!("Unpacking literal of more than one element unimplemented")
-            };
-            let Ok(ndarray_ndims) = u64::try_from(ndarray_ndims) else {
-                unreachable!("Expected u64 value for ndarray_ndims")
-            };
+            let ndims = llvm_ndarray.ndims().unwrap();
 
             // Obtain the shape of the ndarray
             let shape_tuple: &PyTuple = obj.getattr("shape")?.downcast()?;
-            assert_eq!(shape_tuple.len(), ndarray_ndims as usize);
-            let shape_values: Result<Option<Vec<_>>, _> = shape_tuple
+            assert_eq!(shape_tuple.len(), ndims as usize);
+
+            // The Rust type inferencer cannot figure this out
+            let shape_values = shape_tuple
                 .iter()
                 .enumerate()
                 .map(|(i, elem)| {
-                    self.get_obj_value(py, elem, ctx, generator, ctx.primitives.usize()).map_err(
-                        |e| super::CompileError::new_err(format!("Error getting element {i}: {e}")),
-                    )
+                    let value = self
+                        .get_obj_value(py, elem, ctx, generator, ctx.primitives.usize())
+                        .map_err(|e| {
+                            super::CompileError::new_err(format!("Error getting element {i}: {e}"))
+                        })?
+                        .unwrap();
+                    let value = value.into_int_value();
+                    Ok(value)
                 })
-                .collect();
-            let shape_values = shape_values?.unwrap();
-            let shape_values = llvm_usize.const_array(
-                &shape_values.into_iter().map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value).collect_vec(),
-            );
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, PyErr>>()?;
+
+            // Also use this opportunity to get the constant values of `shape_values` for calculating strides.
+            let shape_u64s = shape_values
+                .iter()
+                .map(|dim| {
+                    assert!(dim.is_const());
+                    dim.get_zero_extended_constant().unwrap()
+                })
+                .collect_vec();
+            let shape_values = llvm_usize.const_array(&shape_values);
 
             // create a global for ndarray.shape and initialize it using the shape
             let shape_global = ctx.module.add_global(
-                llvm_usize.array_type(ndarray_ndims as u32),
+                llvm_usize.array_type(ndims as u32),
                 Some(AddressSpace::default()),
                 &(id_str.clone() + ".shape"),
             );
@@ -1144,17 +1149,25 @@ impl InnerResolver {
 
             // Obtain the (flattened) elements of the ndarray
             let sz: usize = obj.getattr("size")?.extract()?;
-            let data: Result<Option<Vec<_>>, _> = (0..sz)
+            let data: Vec<_> = (0..sz)
                 .map(|i| {
                     obj.getattr("flat")?.get_item(i).and_then(|elem| {
-                        self.get_obj_value(py, elem, ctx, generator, ndarray_dtype).map_err(|e| {
-                            super::CompileError::new_err(format!("Error getting element {i}: {e}"))
-                        })
+                        let value = self
+                            .get_obj_value(py, elem, ctx, generator, ndarray_dtype)
+                            .map_err(|e| {
+                                super::CompileError::new_err(format!(
+                                    "Error getting element {i}: {e}"
+                                ))
+                            })?
+                            .unwrap();
+
+                        assert_eq!(value.get_type(), dtype);
+                        Ok(value)
                     })
                 })
-                .collect();
-            let data = data?.unwrap().into_iter();
-            let data = match ndarray_dtype_llvm_ty {
+                .try_collect()?;
+            let data = data.into_iter();
+            let data = match dtype {
                 BasicTypeEnum::ArrayType(ty) => {
                     ty.const_array(&data.map(BasicValueEnum::into_array_value).collect_vec())
                 }
@@ -1179,34 +1192,68 @@ impl InnerResolver {
             };
 
             // create a global for ndarray.data and initialize it using the elements
+            //
+            // NOTE: NDArray's `data` is `u8*`. Here, `data_global` is an array of `dtype`.
+            // We will have to cast it to an `u8*` later.
             let data_global = ctx.module.add_global(
-                ndarray_dtype_llvm_ty.array_type(sz as u32),
+                dtype.array_type(sz as u32),
                 Some(AddressSpace::default()),
                 &(id_str.clone() + ".data"),
             );
             data_global.set_initializer(&data);
 
-            // create a global for the ndarray object and initialize it
-            let value = ndarray_llvm_ty.as_underlying_type().const_named_struct(&[
-                llvm_usize.const_int(ndarray_ndims, false).into(),
-                shape_global
-                    .as_pointer_value()
-                    .const_cast(llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))
-                    .into(),
-                data_global
-                    .as_pointer_value()
-                    .const_cast(ndarray_dtype_llvm_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))
-                    .into(),
-            ]);
+            // Get the constant itemsize.
+            let itemsize = dtype.size_of().unwrap();
+            let itemsize = itemsize.get_zero_extended_constant().unwrap();
 
-            let ndarray = ctx.module.add_global(
-                ndarray_llvm_ty.as_underlying_type(),
+            // Create the strides needed for ndarray.strides
+            let strides = make_contiguous_strides(itemsize, ndims, &shape_u64s);
+            let strides =
+                strides.into_iter().map(|stride| llvm_usize.const_int(stride, false)).collect_vec();
+            let strides = llvm_usize.const_array(&strides);
+
+            // create a global for ndarray.strides and initialize it
+            let strides_global = ctx.module.add_global(
+                llvm_i8.array_type(ndims as u32),
+                Some(AddressSpace::default()),
+                &format!("${id_str}.strides"),
+            );
+            strides_global.set_initializer(&strides);
+
+            // create a global for the ndarray object and initialize it
+
+            // NOTE: data_global is an array of dtype, we want a `u8*`.
+            let ndarray_data = data_global.as_pointer_value();
+            let ndarray_data = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(ndarray_data, llvm_pi8, "").unwrap();
+
+            let ndarray_itemsize = llvm_usize.const_int(itemsize, false);
+
+            let ndarray_ndims = llvm_usize.const_int(ndims, false);
+
+            let ndarray_shape = shape_global.as_pointer_value();
+
+            let ndarray_strides = strides_global.as_pointer_value();
+
+            let ndarray = llvm_ndarray
+                .as_base_type()
+                .get_element_type()
+                .into_struct_type()
+                .const_named_struct(&[
+                    ndarray_itemsize.into(),
+                    ndarray_ndims.into(),
+                    ndarray_shape.into(),
+                    ndarray_strides.into(),
+                    ndarray_data.into(),
+                ]);
+
+            let ndarray_global = ctx.module.add_global(
+                llvm_ndarray.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type(),
                 Some(AddressSpace::default()),
                 &id_str,
             );
-            ndarray.set_initializer(&value);
+            ndarray_global.set_initializer(&ndarray);
 
-            Ok(Some(ndarray.as_pointer_value().into()))
+            Ok(Some(ndarray_global.as_pointer_value().into()))
         } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.tuple {
             let expected_ty_enum = ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(expected_ty);
             let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx: false } = expected_ty_enum.as_ref() else {
@@ -1467,6 +1514,7 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         &self,
         id: StrRef,
         _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         let sym_value = {
             let id_to_val = self.0.id_to_pyval.read();
@@ -1528,10 +1576,7 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         if let Some(id) = string_store.get(s) {
             *id
         } else {
-            let id = Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<i32> {
-                self.0.helper.store_str.call1(py, (s,))?.extract(py)
-            })
-            .unwrap();
+            let id = i32::try_from(string_store.len()).unwrap();
             string_store.insert(s.into(), id);
             id
         }

nac3artiq/src/timeline.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue},
-    AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering,
-};
 use itertools::Either;
-use nac3core::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::CodeGenContext,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue},
+        AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering,
+    },
+};
 
 /// Functions for manipulating the timeline.
 pub trait TimeFns {
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
         let now_hiptr = ctx
             .builder
-            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
             .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -80,7 +83,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
         let now_hiptr = ctx
             .builder
-            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
             .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -109,7 +112,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
         let now_hiptr = ctx
             .builder
-            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
             .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -207,7 +210,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
         let now_hiptr = ctx
             .builder
-            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
             .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -258,7 +261,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
         let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
         let now_hiptr = ctx
             .builder
-            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
             .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
             .unwrap();
 

nac3ast/Cargo.toml

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ constant-optimization = ["fold"]
 fold = []
 
 [dependencies]
-lazy_static = "1.5"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
 string-interner = "0.17"
 fxhash = "0.2"

nac3ast/src/ast_gen.rs

@@ -5,14 +5,12 @@ pub use crate::location::Location;
 
 use fxhash::FxBuildHasher;
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, MutexGuard};
-use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, fmt};
+use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, fmt, sync::LazyLock};
 use string_interner::{symbol::SymbolU32, DefaultBackend, StringInterner};
 
 pub type Interner = StringInterner<DefaultBackend, FxBuildHasher>;
-lazy_static! {
-    static ref INTERNER: Mutex<Interner> =
-        Mutex::new(StringInterner::with_hasher(FxBuildHasher::default()));
-}
+static INTERNER: LazyLock<Mutex<Interner>> =
+    LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(StringInterner::with_hasher(FxBuildHasher::default())));
 
 thread_local! {
     static LOCAL_INTERNER: RefCell<HashMap<String, StrRef>> = RefCell::default();

nac3ast/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-#![deny(
-    future_incompatible,
-    let_underscore,
-    nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
-    clippy::all
-)]
+#![deny(future_incompatible, let_underscore, nonstandard_style, clippy::all)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     clippy::missing_errors_doc,
@@ -14,9 +8,6 @@
     clippy::wildcard_imports
 )]
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate lazy_static;
-
 mod ast_gen;
 mod constant;
 #[cfg(feature = "fold")]

nac3core/Cargo.toml

@@ -5,22 +5,25 @@ authors = ["M-Labs"]
 edition = "2021"
 
 [features]
+default = ["derive"]
+derive = ["dep:nac3core_derive"]
 no-escape-analysis = []
 
 [dependencies]
 itertools = "0.13"
 crossbeam = "0.8"
-indexmap = "2.2"
+indexmap = "2.6"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-rayon = "1.8"
+rayon = "1.10"
+nac3core_derive = { path = "nac3core_derive", optional = true }
 nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
 strum = "0.26"
 strum_macros = "0.26"
 
 [dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.4"
+version = "0.5"
 default-features = false
-features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+features = ["llvm14-0-prefer-dynamic", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 test-case = "1.2.0"

nac3core/build.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use regex::Regex;
 use std::{
     env,
     fs::File,
@@ -7,6 +6,8 @@ use std::{
     process::{Command, Stdio},
 };
 
+use regex::Regex;
+
 fn main() {
     let out_dir = env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap();
     let out_dir = Path::new(&out_dir);
@@ -55,9 +56,8 @@ fn main() {
     let output = Command::new("clang-irrt")
         .args(flags)
         .output()
-        .map(|o| {
+        .inspect(|o| {
             assert!(o.status.success(), "{}", std::str::from_utf8(&o.stderr).unwrap());
-            o
         })
         .unwrap();
 

nac3core/irrt/irrt.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "irrt/exception.hpp"
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
 #include "irrt/list.hpp"
 #include "irrt/math.hpp"
 #include "irrt/ndarray.hpp"
@@ -9,8 +8,3 @@
 #include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
 #include "irrt/ndarray/iter.hpp"
 #include "irrt/ndarray/indexing.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/array.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/reshape.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/broadcast.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/transpose.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/matmul.hpp"

nac3core/irrt/irrt/cslice.hpp

@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@
 
 template<typename SizeT>
 struct CSlice {
-    uint8_t* base;
+    void* base;
     SizeT len;
 };

nac3core/irrt/irrt/exception.hpp

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 /**
  * @brief The int type of ARTIQ exception IDs.
  */
-typedef int32_t ExceptionId;
+using ExceptionId = int32_t;
 
 /*
  * Set of exceptions C++ IRRT can use.
@@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ void _raise_exception_helper(ExceptionId id,
                              int64_t param2) {
     Exception<SizeT> e = {
         .id = id,
-        .filename = {.base = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(const_cast<char*>(filename)),
-                     .len = static_cast<int32_t>(__builtin_strlen(filename))},
+        .filename = {.base = reinterpret_cast<void*>(const_cast<char*>(filename)),
+                     .len = static_cast<SizeT>(__builtin_strlen(filename))},
         .line = line,
         .column = 0,
-        .function = {.base = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(const_cast<char*>(function)),
-                     .len = static_cast<int32_t>(__builtin_strlen(function))},
-        .msg = {.base = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(const_cast<char*>(msg)),
-                .len = static_cast<int32_t>(__builtin_strlen(msg))},
+        .function = {.base = reinterpret_cast<void*>(const_cast<char*>(function)),
+                     .len = static_cast<SizeT>(__builtin_strlen(function))},
+        .msg = {.base = reinterpret_cast<void*>(const_cast<char*>(msg)),
+                .len = static_cast<SizeT>(__builtin_strlen(msg))},
     };
     e.params[0] = param0;
     e.params[1] = param1;
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ void _raise_exception_helper(ExceptionId id,
     __nac3_raise(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&e));
     __builtin_unreachable();
 }
+}  // namespace
 
 /**
  * @brief Raise an exception with location details (location in the IRRT source files).
@@ -82,4 +83,3 @@ void _raise_exception_helper(ExceptionId id,
  */
 #define raise_exception(SizeT, id, msg, param0, param1, param2) \
     _raise_exception_helper<SizeT>(id, __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__, msg, param0, param1, param2)
-}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/int_types.hpp

@@ -1,13 +1,27 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 202000
 using int8_t = _BitInt(8);
 using uint8_t = unsigned _BitInt(8);
 using int32_t = _BitInt(32);
 using uint32_t = unsigned _BitInt(32);
 using int64_t = _BitInt(64);
 using uint64_t = unsigned _BitInt(64);
+#else
+
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-type"
+using int8_t = _ExtInt(8);
+using uint8_t = unsigned _ExtInt(8);
+using int32_t = _ExtInt(32);
+using uint32_t = unsigned _ExtInt(32);
+using int64_t = _ExtInt(64);
+using uint64_t = unsigned _ExtInt(64);
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+
+#endif
 
 // NDArray indices are always `uint32_t`.
 using NDIndexInt = uint32_t;
 // The type of an index or a value describing the length of a range/slice is always `int32_t`.
-using SliceIndex = int32_t;
+using SliceIndex = int32_t;

nac3core/irrt/irrt/list.hpp

@@ -2,21 +2,6 @@
 
 #include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
 #include "irrt/math_util.hpp"
-#include "irrt/slice.hpp"
-
-namespace {
-/**
- * @brief A list in NAC3.
- *
- * The `items` field is opaque. You must rely on external contexts to
- * know how to interpret it.
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-struct List {
-    uint8_t* items;
-    SizeT len;
-};
-}  // namespace
 
 extern "C" {
 // Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
@@ -28,12 +13,12 @@ extern "C" {
 SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
                                              SliceIndex dest_end,
                                              SliceIndex dest_step,
-                                             uint8_t* dest_arr,
+                                             void* dest_arr,
                                              SliceIndex dest_arr_len,
                                              SliceIndex src_start,
                                              SliceIndex src_end,
                                              SliceIndex src_step,
-                                             uint8_t* src_arr,
+                                             void* src_arr,
                                              SliceIndex src_arr_len,
                                              const SliceIndex size) {
     /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
@@ -44,11 +29,13 @@ SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
         const SliceIndex src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
         const SliceIndex dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
         if (src_len > 0) {
-            __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + dest_start * size, src_arr + src_start * size, src_len * size);
+            __builtin_memmove(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_start * size,
+                              static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_start * size, src_len * size);
         }
         if (dest_len > 0) {
             /* dropping */
-            __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size, dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+            __builtin_memmove(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + (dest_start + src_len) * size,
+                              static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + (dest_end + 1) * size,
                               (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
         }
         /* shrink size */
@@ -59,7 +46,7 @@ SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
                           && !(max(dest_start, dest_end) < min(src_start, src_end)
                                || max(src_start, src_end) < min(dest_start, dest_end));
     if (need_alloca) {
-        uint8_t* tmp = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(__builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size));
+        void* tmp = __builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size);
         __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
         src_arr = tmp;
     }
@@ -68,20 +55,24 @@ SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
     for (; (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end); src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step) {
         /* for constant optimization */
         if (size == 1) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind, static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind, 1);
         } else if (size == 4) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * 4,
+                             static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind * 4, 4);
         } else if (size == 8) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * 8,
+                             static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind * 8, 8);
         } else {
             /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * size,
+                             static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind * size, size);
         }
     }
     /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
     /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
     if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
-        __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+        __builtin_memmove(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * size,
+                          static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + (dest_end + 1) * size,
                           (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
         return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
     }

nac3core/irrt/irrt/math.hpp

@@ -90,4 +90,4 @@ double __nac3_j0(double x) {
 
     return j0(x);
 }
-}
+}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray.hpp

@@ -148,4 +148,4 @@ void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64(const uint64_t* src_dims,
                                          NDIndexInt* out_idx) {
     __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
 }
-}
+}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/array.hpp

@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "irrt/debug.hpp"
-#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-#include "irrt/list.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/basic.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
-
-namespace {
-namespace ndarray {
-namespace array {
-/**
- * @brief In the context of `np.array(<list>)`, deduce the ndarray's shape produced by `<list>` and raise
- * an exception if there is anything wrong with `<shape>` (e.g., inconsistent dimensions `np.array([[1.0, 2.0],
- * [3.0]])`)
- *
- * If this function finds no issues with `<list>`, the deduced shape is written to `shape`. The caller has the
- * responsibility to allocate `[SizeT; ndims]` for `shape`. The caller must also initialize `shape` with `-1`s because
- * of implementation details.
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-void set_and_validate_list_shape_helper(SizeT axis, List<SizeT>* list, SizeT ndims, SizeT* shape) {
-    if (shape[axis] == -1) {
-        // Dimension is unspecified. Set it.
-        shape[axis] = list->len;
-    } else {
-        // Dimension is specified. Check.
-        if (shape[axis] != list->len) {
-            // Mismatch, throw an error.
-            // NOTE: NumPy's error message is more complex and needs more PARAMS to display.
-            raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR,
-                            "The requested array has an inhomogenous shape "
-                            "after {0} dimension(s).",
-                            axis, shape[axis], list->len);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (axis + 1 == ndims) {
-        // `list` has type `list[ItemType]`
-        // Do nothing
-    } else {
-        // `list` has type `list[list[...]]`
-        List<SizeT>** lists = (List<SizeT>**)(list->items);
-        for (SizeT i = 0; i < list->len; i++) {
-            set_and_validate_list_shape_helper<SizeT>(axis + 1, lists[i], ndims, shape);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief See `set_and_validate_list_shape_helper`.
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-void set_and_validate_list_shape(List<SizeT>* list, SizeT ndims, SizeT* shape) {
-    for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndims; axis++) {
-        shape[axis] = -1;  // Sentinel to say this dimension is unspecified.
-    }
-    set_and_validate_list_shape_helper<SizeT>(0, list, ndims, shape);
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief In the context of `np.array(<list>)`, copied the contents stored in `list` to `ndarray`.
- *
- * `list` is assumed to be "legal". (i.e., no inconsistent dimensions)
- *
- * # Notes on `ndarray`
- * The caller is responsible for allocating space for `ndarray`.
- * Here is what this function expects from `ndarray` when called:
- *   - `ndarray->data` has to be allocated, contiguous, and may contain uninitialized values.
- *   - `ndarray->itemsize` has to be initialized.
- *   - `ndarray->ndims` has to be initialized.
- *   - `ndarray->shape` has to be initialized.
- *   - `ndarray->strides` is ignored, but note that `ndarray->data` is contiguous.
- * When this function call ends:
- *   - `ndarray->data` is written with contents from `<list>`.
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-void write_list_to_array_helper(SizeT axis, SizeT* index, List<SizeT>* list, NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
-    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, list->len, ndarray->shape[axis]);
-    if (IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL) {
-        if (!ndarray::basic::is_c_contiguous(ndarray)) {
-            raise_debug_assert(SizeT, "ndarray is not C-contiguous", ndarray->strides[0], ndarray->strides[1],
-                               NO_PARAM);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (axis + 1 == ndarray->ndims) {
-        // `list` has type `list[scalar]`
-        // `ndarray` is contiguous, so we can do this, and this is fast.
-        uint8_t* dst = ndarray->data + (ndarray->itemsize * (*index));
-        __builtin_memcpy(dst, list->items, ndarray->itemsize * list->len);
-        *index += list->len;
-    } else {
-        // `list` has type `list[list[...]]`
-        List<SizeT>** lists = (List<SizeT>**)(list->items);
-
-        for (SizeT i = 0; i < list->len; i++) {
-            write_list_to_array_helper<SizeT>(axis + 1, index, lists[i], ndarray);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief See `write_list_to_array_helper`.
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-void write_list_to_array(List<SizeT>* list, NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
-    SizeT index = 0;
-    write_list_to_array_helper<SizeT>((SizeT)0, &index, list, ndarray);
-}
-}  // namespace array
-}  // namespace ndarray
-}  // namespace
-
-extern "C" {
-using namespace ndarray::array;
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape(List<int32_t>* list, int32_t ndims, int32_t* shape) {
-    set_and_validate_list_shape(list, ndims, shape);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape64(List<int64_t>* list, int64_t ndims, int64_t* shape) {
-    set_and_validate_list_shape(list, ndims, shape);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array(List<int32_t>* list, NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
-    write_list_to_array(list, ndarray);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array64(List<int64_t>* list, NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
-    write_list_to_array(list, ndarray);
-}
-}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/basic.hpp

@@ -113,12 +113,13 @@ SizeT nbytes(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
  */
 template<typename SizeT>
 SizeT len(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
-    // numpy prohibits `__len__` on unsized objects
-    if (ndarray->ndims == 0) {
-        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_TYPE_ERROR, "len() of unsized object", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
-    } else {
+    if (ndarray->ndims != 0) {
         return ndarray->shape[0];
     }
+
+    // numpy prohibits `__len__` on unsized objects
+    raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_TYPE_ERROR, "len() of unsized object", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
+    __builtin_unreachable();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -178,10 +179,10 @@ bool is_c_contiguous(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
  * This function does no bound check.
  */
 template<typename SizeT>
-uint8_t* get_pelement_by_indices(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, const SizeT* indices) {
-    uint8_t* element = ndarray->data;
+void* get_pelement_by_indices(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, const SizeT* indices) {
+    void* element = ndarray->data;
     for (SizeT dim_i = 0; dim_i < ndarray->ndims; dim_i++)
-        element += indices[dim_i] * ndarray->strides[dim_i];
+        element = static_cast<uint8_t*>(element) + indices[dim_i] * ndarray->strides[dim_i];
     return element;
 }
 
@@ -191,12 +192,12 @@ uint8_t* get_pelement_by_indices(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, const SizeT* ind
  * This function does no bound check.
  */
 template<typename SizeT>
-uint8_t* get_nth_pelement(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, SizeT nth) {
-    uint8_t* element = ndarray->data;
+void* get_nth_pelement(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, SizeT nth) {
+    void* element = ndarray->data;
     for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndarray->ndims; i++) {
         SizeT axis = ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
         SizeT dim = ndarray->shape[axis];
-        element += ndarray->strides[axis] * (nth % dim);
+        element = static_cast<uint8_t*>(element) + ndarray->strides[axis] * (nth % dim);
         nth /= dim;
     }
     return element;
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ void set_strides_by_shape(NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
  * @param pvalue Pointer to the value `pelement` will be set to.
  */
 template<typename SizeT>
-void set_pelement_value(NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, uint8_t* pelement, const uint8_t* pvalue) {
+void set_pelement_value(NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, void* pelement, const void* pvalue) {
     __builtin_memcpy(pelement, pvalue, ndarray->itemsize);
 }
 
@@ -307,19 +308,19 @@ bool __nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
     return is_c_contiguous(ndarray);
 }
 
-uint8_t* __nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement(const NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, int32_t nth) {
+void* __nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement(const NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, int32_t nth) {
     return get_nth_pelement(ndarray, nth);
 }
 
-uint8_t* __nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement64(const NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray, int64_t nth) {
+void* __nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement64(const NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray, int64_t nth) {
     return get_nth_pelement(ndarray, nth);
 }
 
-uint8_t* __nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices(const NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, int32_t* indices) {
+void* __nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices(const NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, int32_t* indices) {
     return get_pelement_by_indices(ndarray, indices);
 }
 
-uint8_t* __nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices64(const NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray, int64_t* indices) {
+void* __nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices64(const NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray, int64_t* indices) {
     return get_pelement_by_indices(ndarray, indices);
 }
 

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/broadcast.hpp

@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
-#include "irrt/slice.hpp"
-
-namespace {
-template<typename SizeT>
-struct ShapeEntry {
-    SizeT ndims;
-    SizeT* shape;
-};
-}  // namespace
-
-namespace {
-namespace ndarray {
-namespace broadcast {
-/**
- * @brief Return true if `src_shape` can broadcast to `dst_shape`.
- *
- * See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/basics.broadcasting.html
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-bool can_broadcast_shape_to(SizeT target_ndims, const SizeT* target_shape, SizeT src_ndims, const SizeT* src_shape) {
-    if (src_ndims > target_ndims) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    for (SizeT i = 0; i < src_ndims; i++) {
-        SizeT target_dim = target_shape[target_ndims - i - 1];
-        SizeT src_dim = src_shape[src_ndims - i - 1];
-        if (!(src_dim == 1 || target_dim == src_dim)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Performs `np.broadcast_shapes(<shapes>)`
- *
- * @param num_shapes Number of entries in `shapes`
- * @param shapes The list of shape to do `np.broadcast_shapes` on.
- * @param dst_ndims The length of `dst_shape`.
- *   `dst_ndims` must be `max([shape.ndims for shape in shapes])`, but the caller has to calculate it/provide it.
- *   for this function since they should already know in order to allocate `dst_shape` in the first place.
- * @param dst_shape The resulting shape. Must be pre-allocated by the caller. This function calculate the result
- *   of `np.broadcast_shapes` and write it here.
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-void broadcast_shapes(SizeT num_shapes, const ShapeEntry<SizeT>* shapes, SizeT dst_ndims, SizeT* dst_shape) {
-    for (SizeT dst_axis = 0; dst_axis < dst_ndims; dst_axis++) {
-        dst_shape[dst_axis] = 1;
-    }
-
-#ifdef IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT
-    SizeT max_ndims_found = 0;
-#endif
-
-    for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_shapes; i++) {
-        ShapeEntry<SizeT> entry = shapes[i];
-
-        // Check pre-condition: `dst_ndims` must be `max([shape.ndims for shape in shapes])`
-        debug_assert(SizeT, entry.ndims <= dst_ndims);
-
-#ifdef IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT
-        max_ndims_found = max(max_ndims_found, entry.ndims);
-#endif
-
-        for (SizeT j = 0; j < entry.ndims; j++) {
-            SizeT entry_axis = entry.ndims - j - 1;
-            SizeT dst_axis = dst_ndims - j - 1;
-
-            SizeT entry_dim = entry.shape[entry_axis];
-            SizeT dst_dim = dst_shape[dst_axis];
-
-            if (dst_dim == 1) {
-                dst_shape[dst_axis] = entry_dim;
-            } else if (entry_dim == 1 || entry_dim == dst_dim) {
-                // Do nothing
-            } else {
-                raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR,
-                                "shape mismatch: objects cannot be broadcast "
-                                "to a single shape.",
-                                NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Check pre-condition: `dst_ndims` must be `max([shape.ndims for shape in shapes])`
-    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, max_ndims_found, dst_ndims);
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Perform `np.broadcast_to(<ndarray>, <target_shape>)` and appropriate assertions.
- *
- * This function attempts to broadcast `src_ndarray` to a new shape defined by `dst_ndarray.shape`,
- * and return the result by modifying `dst_ndarray`.
- *
- * # Notes on `dst_ndarray`
- * The caller is responsible for allocating space for the resulting ndarray.
- * Here is what this function expects from `dst_ndarray` when called:
- *   - `dst_ndarray->data` does not have to be initialized.
- *   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` does not have to be initialized.
- *   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` must be initialized, determining the length of `dst_ndarray->shape`
- *   - `dst_ndarray->shape` must be allocated, and must contain the desired target broadcast shape.
- *   - `dst_ndarray->strides` must be allocated, through it can contain uninitialized values.
- * When this function call ends:
- *   - `dst_ndarray->data` is set to `src_ndarray->data` (`dst_ndarray` is just a view to `src_ndarray`)
- *   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` is set to `src_ndarray->itemsize`
- *   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` is unchanged.
- *   - `dst_ndarray->shape` is unchanged.
- *   - `dst_ndarray->strides` is updated accordingly by how ndarray broadcast_to works.
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-void broadcast_to(const NDArray<SizeT>* src_ndarray, NDArray<SizeT>* dst_ndarray) {
-    if (!ndarray::broadcast::can_broadcast_shape_to(dst_ndarray->ndims, dst_ndarray->shape, src_ndarray->ndims,
-                                                    src_ndarray->shape)) {
-        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "operands could not be broadcast together", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM,
-                        NO_PARAM);
-    }
-
-    dst_ndarray->data = src_ndarray->data;
-    dst_ndarray->itemsize = src_ndarray->itemsize;
-
-    for (SizeT i = 0; i < dst_ndarray->ndims; i++) {
-        SizeT src_axis = src_ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
-        SizeT dst_axis = dst_ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
-        if (src_axis < 0 || (src_ndarray->shape[src_axis] == 1 && dst_ndarray->shape[dst_axis] != 1)) {
-            // Freeze the steps in-place
-            dst_ndarray->strides[dst_axis] = 0;
-        } else {
-            dst_ndarray->strides[dst_axis] = src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
-        }
-    }
-}
-}  // namespace broadcast
-}  // namespace ndarray
-}  // namespace
-
-extern "C" {
-using namespace ndarray::broadcast;
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to(NDArray<int32_t>* src_ndarray, NDArray<int32_t>* dst_ndarray) {
-    broadcast_to(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to64(NDArray<int64_t>* src_ndarray, NDArray<int64_t>* dst_ndarray) {
-    broadcast_to(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes(int32_t num_shapes,
-                                     const ShapeEntry<int32_t>* shapes,
-                                     int32_t dst_ndims,
-                                     int32_t* dst_shape) {
-    broadcast_shapes(num_shapes, shapes, dst_ndims, dst_shape);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes64(int64_t num_shapes,
-                                       const ShapeEntry<int64_t>* shapes,
-                                       int64_t dst_ndims,
-                                       int64_t* dst_shape) {
-    broadcast_shapes(num_shapes, shapes, dst_ndims, dst_shape);
-}
-}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/def.hpp

@@ -7,15 +7,16 @@ namespace {
  * @brief The NDArray object
  *
  * Official numpy implementation:
- * https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/735a477f0bc2b5b84d0e72d92f224bde78d4e069/doc/source/reference/c-api/types-and-structures.rst
+ * https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/735a477f0bc2b5b84d0e72d92f224bde78d4e069/doc/source/reference/c-api/types-and-structures.rst#pyarrayinterface
+ *
+ * Note that this implementation is based on `PyArrayInterface` rather of `PyArrayObject`. The
+ * difference between `PyArrayInterface` and `PyArrayObject` (relevant to our implementation) is
+ * that `PyArrayInterface` *has* `itemsize` and uses `void*` for its `data`, whereas `PyArrayObject`
+ * does not require `itemsize` (probably using `strides[-1]` instead) and uses `char*` for its
+ * `data`. There are also minor differences in the struct layout.
  */
 template<typename SizeT>
 struct NDArray {
-    /**
-     * @brief The underlying data this `ndarray` is pointing to.
-     */
-    uint8_t* data;
-
     /**
      * @brief The number of bytes of a single element in `data`.
      */
@@ -41,5 +42,10 @@ struct NDArray {
      * Note that `strides` can have negative values or contain 0.
      */
     SizeT* strides;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief The underlying data this `ndarray` is pointing to.
+     */
+    void* data;
 };
 }  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/indexing.hpp

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ void index(SizeT num_indices, const NDIndex* indices, const NDArray<SizeT>* src_
                                 input, src_axis, src_ndarray->shape[src_axis]);
             }
 
-            dst_ndarray->data += k * src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
+            dst_ndarray->data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(dst_ndarray->data) + k * src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
 
             src_axis++;
         } else if (index->type == ND_INDEX_TYPE_SLICE) {
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ void index(SizeT num_indices, const NDIndex* indices, const NDArray<SizeT>* src_
 
             Range<int32_t> range = slice->indices_checked<SizeT>(src_ndarray->shape[src_axis]);
 
-            dst_ndarray->data += (SizeT)range.start * src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
+            dst_ndarray->data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(dst_ndarray->data) + (SizeT)range.start * src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
             dst_ndarray->strides[dst_axis] = ((SizeT)range.step) * src_ndarray->strides[src_axis];
             dst_ndarray->shape[dst_axis] = (SizeT)range.len<SizeT>();
 

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/iter.hpp

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ struct NDIter {
      *
      * Initially this points to first element of the ndarray.
      */
-    uint8_t* element;
+    void* element;
 
     /**
      * @brief Cache for the product of shape.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ struct NDIter {
      */
     SizeT size;
 
-    void initialize(SizeT ndims, SizeT* shape, SizeT* strides, uint8_t* element, SizeT* indices) {
+    void initialize(SizeT ndims, SizeT* shape, SizeT* strides, void* element, SizeT* indices) {
         this->ndims = ndims;
         this->shape = shape;
         this->strides = strides;
@@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ struct NDIter {
                 // TODO: There is something called backstrides to speedup iteration.
                 // See https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-1/, and
                 // https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/c-api.types-and-structures.html#c.PyArrayIterObject.PyArrayIterObject.backstrides.
-                element -= strides[axis] * (shape[axis] - 1);
+                element = static_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(element) - strides[axis] * (shape[axis] - 1));
             } else {
-                element += strides[axis];
+                element = static_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(element) + strides[axis]);
                 break;
             }
         }

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/matmul.hpp

@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "irrt/debug.hpp"
-#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/basic.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/broadcast.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/iter.hpp"
-
-// NOTE: Everything would be much easier and elegant if einsum is implemented.
-
-namespace {
-namespace ndarray {
-namespace matmul {
-
-/**
- * @brief Perform the broadcast in `np.einsum("...ij,...jk->...ik", a, b)`.
- *
- * Example:
- *   Suppose      `a_shape ==      [1, 97, 4, 2]`
- *       and      `b_shape == [99, 98,  1, 2, 5]`,
- *
- *   ...then  `new_a_shape == [99, 98, 97, 4, 2]`,
- *            `new_b_shape == [99, 98, 97, 2, 5]`,
- *      and     `dst_shape == [99, 98, 97, 4, 5]`.
- *                             ^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^
- *                          (broadcasted)  (4x2 @ 2x5 => 4x5)
- *
- * @param a_ndims Length of `a_shape`.
- * @param a_shape Shape of `a`.
- * @param b_ndims Length of `b_shape`.
- * @param b_shape Shape of `b`.
- * @param final_ndims Should be equal to `max(a_ndims, b_ndims)`. This is the length of `new_a_shape`,
- * `new_b_shape`, and `dst_shape` - the number of dimensions after broadcasting.
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-void calculate_shapes(SizeT a_ndims,
-                      SizeT* a_shape,
-                      SizeT b_ndims,
-                      SizeT* b_shape,
-                      SizeT final_ndims,
-                      SizeT* new_a_shape,
-                      SizeT* new_b_shape,
-                      SizeT* dst_shape) {
-    debug_assert(SizeT, a_ndims >= 2);
-    debug_assert(SizeT, b_ndims >= 2);
-    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, max(a_ndims, b_ndims), final_ndims);
-
-    // Check that a and b are compatible for matmul
-    if (a_shape[a_ndims - 1] != b_shape[b_ndims - 2]) {
-        // This is a custom error message. Different from NumPy.
-        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "Cannot multiply LHS (shape ?x{0}) with RHS (shape {1}x?})",
-                        a_shape[a_ndims - 1], b_shape[b_ndims - 2], NO_PARAM);
-    }
-
-    const SizeT num_entries = 2;
-    ShapeEntry<SizeT> entries[num_entries] = {{.ndims = a_ndims - 2, .shape = a_shape},
-                                              {.ndims = b_ndims - 2, .shape = b_shape}};
-
-    // TODO: Optimize this
-    ndarray::broadcast::broadcast_shapes<SizeT>(num_entries, entries, final_ndims - 2, new_a_shape);
-    ndarray::broadcast::broadcast_shapes<SizeT>(num_entries, entries, final_ndims - 2, new_b_shape);
-    ndarray::broadcast::broadcast_shapes<SizeT>(num_entries, entries, final_ndims - 2, dst_shape);
-
-    new_a_shape[final_ndims - 2] = a_shape[a_ndims - 2];
-    new_a_shape[final_ndims - 1] = a_shape[a_ndims - 1];
-    new_b_shape[final_ndims - 2] = b_shape[b_ndims - 2];
-    new_b_shape[final_ndims - 1] = b_shape[b_ndims - 1];
-    dst_shape[final_ndims - 2] = a_shape[a_ndims - 2];
-    dst_shape[final_ndims - 1] = b_shape[b_ndims - 1];
-}
-}  // namespace matmul
-}  // namespace ndarray
-}  // namespace
-
-extern "C" {
-using namespace ndarray::matmul;
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes(int32_t a_ndims,
-                                            int32_t* a_shape,
-                                            int32_t b_ndims,
-                                            int32_t* b_shape,
-                                            int32_t final_ndims,
-                                            int32_t* new_a_shape,
-                                            int32_t* new_b_shape,
-                                            int32_t* dst_shape) {
-    calculate_shapes(a_ndims, a_shape, b_ndims, b_shape, final_ndims, new_a_shape, new_b_shape, dst_shape);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes64(int64_t a_ndims,
-                                              int64_t* a_shape,
-                                              int64_t b_ndims,
-                                              int64_t* b_shape,
-                                              int64_t final_ndims,
-                                              int64_t* new_a_shape,
-                                              int64_t* new_b_shape,
-                                              int64_t* dst_shape) {
-    calculate_shapes(a_ndims, a_shape, b_ndims, b_shape, final_ndims, new_a_shape, new_b_shape, dst_shape);
-}
-}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/reshape.hpp

@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
-
-namespace {
-namespace ndarray {
-namespace reshape {
-/**
- * @brief Perform assertions on and resolve unknown dimensions in `new_shape` in `np.reshape(<ndarray>, new_shape)`
- *
- * If `new_shape` indeed contains unknown dimensions (specified with `-1`, just like numpy), `new_shape` will be
- * modified to contain the resolved dimension.
- *
- * To perform assertions on and resolve unknown dimensions in `new_shape`, we don't need the actual
- * `<ndarray>` object itself, but only the `.size` of the `<ndarray>`.
- *
- * @param size The `.size` of `<ndarray>`
- * @param new_ndims Number of elements in `new_shape`
- * @param new_shape Target shape to reshape to
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-void resolve_and_check_new_shape(SizeT size, SizeT new_ndims, SizeT* new_shape) {
-    // Is there a -1 in `new_shape`?
-    bool neg1_exists = false;
-    // Location of -1, only initialized if `neg1_exists` is true
-    SizeT neg1_axis_i;
-    // The computed ndarray size of `new_shape`
-    SizeT new_size = 1;
-
-    for (SizeT axis_i = 0; axis_i < new_ndims; axis_i++) {
-        SizeT dim = new_shape[axis_i];
-        if (dim < 0) {
-            if (dim == -1) {
-                if (neg1_exists) {
-                    // Multiple `-1` found. Throw an error.
-                    raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "can only specify one unknown dimension", NO_PARAM,
-                                    NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
-                } else {
-                    neg1_exists = true;
-                    neg1_axis_i = axis_i;
-                }
-            } else {
-                // TODO: What? In `np.reshape` any negative dimensions is
-                // treated like its `-1`.
-                //
-                // Try running `np.zeros((3, 4)).reshape((-999, 2))`
-                //
-                // It is not documented by numpy.
-                // Throw an error for now...
-
-                raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "Found non -1 negative dimension {0} on axis {1}", dim, axis_i,
-                                NO_PARAM);
-            }
-        } else {
-            new_size *= dim;
-        }
-    }
-
-    bool can_reshape;
-    if (neg1_exists) {
-        // Let `x` be the unknown dimension
-        // Solve `x * <new_size> = <size>`
-        if (new_size == 0 && size == 0) {
-            // `x` has infinitely many solutions
-            can_reshape = false;
-        } else if (new_size == 0 && size != 0) {
-            // `x` has no solutions
-            can_reshape = false;
-        } else if (size % new_size != 0) {
-            // `x` has no integer solutions
-            can_reshape = false;
-        } else {
-            can_reshape = true;
-            new_shape[neg1_axis_i] = size / new_size;  // Resolve dimension
-        }
-    } else {
-        can_reshape = (new_size == size);
-    }
-
-    if (!can_reshape) {
-        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "cannot reshape array of size {0} into given shape", size, NO_PARAM,
-                        NO_PARAM);
-    }
-}
-}  // namespace reshape
-}  // namespace ndarray
-}  // namespace
-
-extern "C" {
-void __nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape(int32_t size, int32_t new_ndims, int32_t* new_shape) {
-    ndarray::reshape::resolve_and_check_new_shape(size, new_ndims, new_shape);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape64(int64_t size, int64_t new_ndims, int64_t* new_shape) {
-    ndarray::reshape::resolve_and_check_new_shape(size, new_ndims, new_shape);
-}
-}

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/transpose.hpp

@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "irrt/debug.hpp"
-#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray/def.hpp"
-#include "irrt/slice.hpp"
-
-/*
- * Notes on `np.transpose(<array>, <axes>)`
- *
- * TODO: `axes`, if specified, can actually contain negative indices,
- * but it is not documented in numpy.
- *
- * Supporting it for now.
- */
-
-namespace {
-namespace ndarray {
-namespace transpose {
-/**
- * @brief Do assertions on `<axes>` in `np.transpose(<array>, <axes>)`.
- *
- * Note that `np.transpose`'s `<axe>` argument is optional. If the argument
- * is specified but the user, use this function to do assertions on it.
- *
- * @param ndims The number of dimensions of `<array>`
- * @param num_axes Number of elements in `<axes>` as specified by the user.
- *   This should be equal to `ndims`. If not, a "ValueError: axes don't match array" is thrown.
- * @param axes The user specified `<axes>`.
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-void assert_transpose_axes(SizeT ndims, SizeT num_axes, const SizeT* axes) {
-    if (ndims != num_axes) {
-        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "axes don't match array", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
-    }
-
-    // TODO: Optimize this
-    bool* axe_specified = (bool*)__builtin_alloca(sizeof(bool) * ndims);
-    for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++)
-        axe_specified[i] = false;
-
-    for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
-        SizeT axis = slice::resolve_index_in_length(ndims, axes[i]);
-        if (axis == -1) {
-            // TODO: numpy actually throws a `numpy.exceptions.AxisError`
-            raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "axis {0} is out of bounds for array of dimension {1}", axis, ndims,
-                            NO_PARAM);
-        }
-
-        if (axe_specified[axis]) {
-            raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR, "repeated axis in transpose", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
-        }
-
-        axe_specified[axis] = true;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Create a transpose view of `src_ndarray` and perform proper assertions.
- *
- * This function is very similar to doing `dst_ndarray = np.transpose(src_ndarray, <axes>)`.
- * If `<axes>` is supposed to be `None`, caller can pass in a `nullptr` to `<axes>`.
- *
- * The transpose view created is returned by modifying `dst_ndarray`.
- *
- * The caller is responsible for setting up `dst_ndarray` before calling this function.
- * Here is what this function expects from `dst_ndarray` when called:
- *   - `dst_ndarray->data` does not have to be initialized.
- *   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` does not have to be initialized.
- *   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` must be initialized, must be equal to `src_ndarray->ndims`.
- *   - `dst_ndarray->shape` must be allocated, through it can contain uninitialized values.
- *   - `dst_ndarray->strides` must be allocated, through it can contain uninitialized values.
- * When this function call ends:
- *   - `dst_ndarray->data` is set to `src_ndarray->data` (`dst_ndarray` is just a view to `src_ndarray`)
- *   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` is set to `src_ndarray->itemsize`
- *   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` is unchanged
- *   - `dst_ndarray->shape` is updated according to how `np.transpose` works
- *   - `dst_ndarray->strides` is updated according to how `np.transpose` works
- *
- * @param src_ndarray The NDArray to build a transpose view on
- * @param dst_ndarray The resulting NDArray after transpose. Further details in the comments above,
- * @param num_axes Number of elements in axes. Unused if `axes` is nullptr.
- * @param axes Axes permutation. Set it to `nullptr` if `<axes>` is `None`.
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-void transpose(const NDArray<SizeT>* src_ndarray, NDArray<SizeT>* dst_ndarray, SizeT num_axes, const SizeT* axes) {
-    debug_assert_eq(SizeT, src_ndarray->ndims, dst_ndarray->ndims);
-    const auto ndims = src_ndarray->ndims;
-
-    if (axes != nullptr)
-        assert_transpose_axes(ndims, num_axes, axes);
-
-    dst_ndarray->data = src_ndarray->data;
-    dst_ndarray->itemsize = src_ndarray->itemsize;
-
-    // Check out https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-2/ to see how `np.transpose` works behind the scenes.
-    if (axes == nullptr) {
-        // `np.transpose(<array>, axes=None)`
-
-        /*
-         * Minor note: `np.transpose(<array>, axes=None)` is equivalent to
-         * `np.transpose(<array>, axes=[N-1, N-2, ..., 0])` - basically it
-         * is reversing the order of strides and shape.
-         *
-         * This is a fast implementation to handle this special (but very common) case.
-         */
-
-        for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndims; axis++) {
-            dst_ndarray->shape[axis] = src_ndarray->shape[ndims - axis - 1];
-            dst_ndarray->strides[axis] = src_ndarray->strides[ndims - axis - 1];
-        }
-    } else {
-        // `np.transpose(<array>, <axes>)`
-
-        // Permute strides and shape according to `axes`, while resolving negative indices in `axes`
-        for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndims; axis++) {
-            // `i` cannot be OUT_OF_BOUNDS because of assertions
-            SizeT i = slice::resolve_index_in_length(ndims, axes[axis]);
-
-            dst_ndarray->shape[axis] = src_ndarray->shape[i];
-            dst_ndarray->strides[axis] = src_ndarray->strides[i];
-        }
-    }
-}
-}  // namespace transpose
-}  // namespace ndarray
-}  // namespace
-
-extern "C" {
-using namespace ndarray::transpose;
-void __nac3_ndarray_transpose(const NDArray<int32_t>* src_ndarray,
-                              NDArray<int32_t>* dst_ndarray,
-                              int32_t num_axes,
-                              const int32_t* axes) {
-    transpose(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray, num_axes, axes);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_transpose64(const NDArray<int64_t>* src_ndarray,
-                                NDArray<int64_t>* dst_ndarray,
-                                int64_t num_axes,
-                                const int64_t* axes) {
-    transpose(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray, num_axes, axes);
-}
-}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[package]
+name = "nac3core_derive"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
+
+[[test]]
+name = "structfields_tests"
+path = "tests/structfields_test.rs"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+nac3core = { path = ".." }
+trybuild = { version = "1.0", features = ["diff"] }
+
+[dependencies]
+proc-macro2 = "1.0"
+proc-macro-error = "1.0"
+syn = "2.0"
+quote = "1.0"

nac3core/nac3core_derive/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, proc_macro_error};
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{
+    parse_macro_input, spanned::Spanned, Data, DataStruct, Expr, ExprField, ExprMethodCall,
+    ExprPath, GenericArgument, Ident, LitStr, Path, PathArguments, Type, TypePath,
+};
+
+/// Extracts all generic arguments of a [`Type`] into a [`Vec`].
+///
+/// Returns [`Some`] of a possibly-empty [`Vec`] if the path of `ty` matches with
+/// `expected_ty_name`, otherwise returns [`None`].
+fn extract_generic_args(expected_ty_name: &'static str, ty: &Type) -> Option<Vec<GenericArgument>> {
+    let Type::Path(TypePath { qself: None, path, .. }) = ty else {
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    let segments = &path.segments;
+    if segments.len() != 1 {
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    let segment = segments.iter().next().unwrap();
+    if segment.ident != expected_ty_name {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let PathArguments::AngleBracketed(path_args) = &segment.arguments else {
+        return Some(Vec::new());
+    };
+    let args = &path_args.args;
+
+    Some(args.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>())
+}
+
+/// Maps a `path` matching one of the `target_idents` into the `replacement` [`Ident`].
+fn map_path_to_ident(path: &Path, target_idents: &[&str], replacement: &str) -> Option<Ident> {
+    path.require_ident()
+        .ok()
+        .filter(|ident| target_idents.iter().any(|target| ident == target))
+        .map(|ident| Ident::new(replacement, ident.span()))
+}
+
+/// Extracts the left-hand side of a dot-expression.
+fn extract_dot_operand(expr: &Expr) -> Option<&Expr> {
+    match expr {
+        Expr::MethodCall(ExprMethodCall { receiver: operand, .. })
+        | Expr::Field(ExprField { base: operand, .. }) => Some(operand),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Replaces the top-level receiver of a dot-expression with an [`Ident`], returning `Some(&mut expr)` if the
+/// replacement is performed.
+///
+/// The top-level receiver is the left-most receiver expression, e.g. the top-level receiver of `a.b.c.foo()` is `a`.
+fn replace_top_level_receiver(expr: &mut Expr, ident: Ident) -> Option<&mut Expr> {
+    if let Expr::MethodCall(ExprMethodCall { receiver: operand, .. })
+    | Expr::Field(ExprField { base: operand, .. }) = expr
+    {
+        return if extract_dot_operand(operand).is_some() {
+            if replace_top_level_receiver(operand, ident).is_some() {
+                Some(expr)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            *operand = Box::new(Expr::Path(ExprPath {
+                attrs: Vec::default(),
+                qself: None,
+                path: ident.into(),
+            }));
+
+            Some(expr)
+        };
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+/// Iterates all operands to the left-hand side of the `.` of an [expression][`Expr`], i.e. the container operand of all
+/// [`Expr::Field`] and the receiver operand of all [`Expr::MethodCall`].
+///
+/// The iterator will return the operand expressions in reverse order of appearance. For example, `a.b.c.func()` will
+/// return `vec![c, b, a]`.
+fn iter_dot_operands(expr: &Expr) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Expr> {
+    let mut o = extract_dot_operand(expr);
+
+    std::iter::from_fn(move || {
+        let this = o;
+        o = o.as_ref().and_then(|o| extract_dot_operand(o));
+
+        this
+    })
+}
+
+/// Normalizes a value expression for use when creating an instance of this structure, returning a
+/// [`proc_macro2::TokenStream`] of tokens representing the normalized expression.
+fn normalize_value_expr(expr: &Expr) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    match &expr {
+        Expr::Path(ExprPath { qself: None, path, .. }) => {
+            if let Some(ident) = map_path_to_ident(path, &["usize", "size_t"], "llvm_usize") {
+                quote! { #ident }
+            } else {
+                abort!(
+                    path,
+                    format!(
+                        "Expected one of `size_t`, `usize`, or an implicit call expression in #[value_type(...)], found {}", 
+                        quote!(#expr).to_string(),
+                    )
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        Expr::Call(_) => {
+            quote! { ctx.#expr }
+        }
+
+        Expr::MethodCall(_) => {
+            let base_receiver = iter_dot_operands(expr).last();
+
+            match base_receiver {
+                // `usize.{...}`, `size_t.{...}` -> Rewrite the identifiers to `llvm_usize`
+                Some(Expr::Path(ExprPath { qself: None, path, .. }))
+                    if map_path_to_ident(path, &["usize", "size_t"], "llvm_usize").is_some() =>
+                {
+                    let ident =
+                        map_path_to_ident(path, &["usize", "size_t"], "llvm_usize").unwrap();
+
+                    let mut expr = expr.clone();
+                    let expr = replace_top_level_receiver(&mut expr, ident).unwrap();
+
+                    quote!(#expr)
+                }
+
+                // `ctx.{...}`, `context.{...}` -> Rewrite the identifiers to `ctx`
+                Some(Expr::Path(ExprPath { qself: None, path, .. }))
+                    if map_path_to_ident(path, &["ctx", "context"], "ctx").is_some() =>
+                {
+                    let ident = map_path_to_ident(path, &["ctx", "context"], "ctx").unwrap();
+
+                    let mut expr = expr.clone();
+                    let expr = replace_top_level_receiver(&mut expr, ident).unwrap();
+
+                    quote!(#expr)
+                }
+
+                // No reserved identifier prefix -> Prepend `ctx.` to the entire expression
+                _ => quote! { ctx.#expr },
+            }
+        }
+
+        _ => {
+            abort!(
+                expr,
+                format!(
+                    "Expected one of `size_t`, `usize`, or an implicit call expression in #[value_type(...)], found {}", 
+                    quote!(#expr).to_string(),
+                )
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Derives an implementation of `codegen::types::structure::StructFields`.
+///
+/// The benefit of using `#[derive(StructFields)]` is that all index- or order-dependent logic required by
+/// `impl StructFields` is automatically generated by this implementation, including the field index as required by
+/// `StructField::new` and the fields as returned by `StructFields::to_vec`.
+///
+/// # Prerequisites
+///
+/// In order to derive from [`StructFields`], you must implement (or derive) [`Eq`] and [`Copy`] as required by
+/// `StructFields`.
+///
+/// Moreover, `#[derive(StructFields)]` can only be used for `struct`s with named fields, and may only contain fields
+/// with either `StructField` or [`PhantomData`] types.
+///
+/// # Attributes for [`StructFields`]
+///
+/// Each `StructField` field must be declared with the `#[value_type(...)]` attribute. The argument of `value_type`
+/// accepts one of the following:
+///
+/// - An expression returning an instance of `inkwell::types::BasicType` (with or without the receiver `ctx`/`context`).
+/// For example, `context.i8_type()`, `ctx.i8_type()`, and `i8_type()` all refer to `i8`.
+/// - The reserved identifiers `usize` and `size_t` referring to an `inkwell::types::IntType` of the platform-dependent
+/// integer size. `usize` and `size_t` can also be used as the receiver to other method calls, e.g.
+/// `usize.array_type(3)`.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// The following is an example of an LLVM slice implemented using `#[derive(StructFields)]`.
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// use nac3core::{
+///     codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+///     inkwell::{
+///         values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+///         AddressSpace,
+///     },
+/// };
+/// use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+///
+/// // All classes that implement StructFields must also implement Eq and Copy
+/// #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+/// pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+///     // Declares ptr have a value type of i8*
+///     //
+///     // Can also be written as `ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(...)` or `context.i8_type().ptr_type(...)`
+///     #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+///     ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+///
+///     // Declares len have a value type of usize, depending on the target compilation platform
+///     #[value_type(usize)]
+///     len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[proc_macro_derive(StructFields, attributes(value_type))]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn derive(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input = parse_macro_input!(input as syn::DeriveInput);
+    let ident = &input.ident;
+
+    let Data::Struct(DataStruct { fields, .. }) = &input.data else {
+        abort!(input, "Only structs with named fields are supported");
+    };
+    if let Err(err_span) =
+        fields
+            .iter()
+            .try_for_each(|field| if field.ident.is_some() { Ok(()) } else { Err(field.span()) })
+    {
+        abort!(err_span, "Only structs with named fields are supported");
+    };
+
+    // Check if struct<'ctx>
+    if input.generics.params.len() != 1 {
+        abort!(input.generics, "Expected exactly 1 generic parameter")
+    }
+
+    let phantom_info = fields
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|field| extract_generic_args("PhantomData", &field.ty).is_some())
+        .map(|field| field.ident.as_ref().unwrap())
+        .cloned()
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let field_info = fields
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|field| extract_generic_args("PhantomData", &field.ty).is_none())
+        .map(|field| {
+            let ident = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let ty = &field.ty;
+
+            let Some(_) = extract_generic_args("StructField", ty) else {
+                abort!(field, "Only StructField and PhantomData are allowed")
+            };
+
+            let attrs = &field.attrs;
+            let Some(value_type_attr) =
+                attrs.iter().find(|attr| attr.path().is_ident("value_type"))
+            else {
+                abort!(field, "Expected #[value_type(...)] attribute for field");
+            };
+
+            let Ok(value_type_expr) = value_type_attr.parse_args::<Expr>() else {
+                abort!(value_type_attr, "Expected expression in #[value_type(...)]");
+            };
+
+            let value_expr_toks = normalize_value_expr(&value_type_expr);
+
+            (ident.clone(), value_expr_toks)
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    // `<*>::new` impl of `StructField` and `PhantomData` for `StructFields::new`
+    let phantoms_create = phantom_info
+        .iter()
+        .map(|id| quote! { #id: ::std::marker::PhantomData })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let fields_create = field_info
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(id, ty)| {
+            let id_lit = LitStr::new(&id.to_string(), id.span());
+            quote! {
+                #id: ::nac3core::codegen::types::structure::StructField::create(
+                    &mut counter,
+                    #id_lit,
+                    #ty,
+                )
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    // `.into()` impl of `StructField` for `StructFields::to_vec`
+    let fields_into =
+        field_info.iter().map(|(id, _)| quote! { self.#id.into() }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let impl_block = quote! {
+        impl<'ctx> ::nac3core::codegen::types::structure::StructFields<'ctx> for #ident<'ctx> {
+            fn new(ctx: impl ::nac3core::inkwell::context::AsContextRef<'ctx>, llvm_usize: ::nac3core::inkwell::types::IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+                let ctx = unsafe { ::nac3core::inkwell::context::ContextRef::new(ctx.as_ctx_ref()) };
+
+                let mut counter = ::nac3core::codegen::types::structure::FieldIndexCounter::default();
+
+                #ident {
+                    #(#fields_create),*
+                    #(#phantoms_create),*
+                }
+            }
+
+            fn to_vec(&self) -> ::std::vec::Vec<(&'static str, ::nac3core::inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)> {
+                vec![
+                    #(#fields_into),*
+                ]
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    impl_block.into()
+}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_empty.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct EmptyValue<'ctx> {
+    _phantom: PhantomData<&'ctx ()>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_ndarray.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    ndims: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    shape: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    data: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice_context.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(context.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice_ctx.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice_sizet.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(size_t)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_empty() {
+    let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_empty.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice_ctx.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice_context.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice_sizet.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_ndarray.rs");
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/concrete_type.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
+
 use crate::{
     symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
     toplevel::DefinitionId,
@@ -9,10 +15,6 @@ use crate::{
     },
 };
 
-use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
 pub struct ConcreteTypeStore {
     store: Vec<ConcreteTypeEnum>,
 }

nac3core/src/codegen/extern_fns.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-use inkwell::attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc};
-use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue};
+use inkwell::{
+    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
+};
 use itertools::Either;
 
-use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+use super::CodeGenContext;
 
 /// Macro to generate extern function
 /// Both function return type and function parameter type are `FloatValue`

nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, classes::ArraySliceValue, expr::*, stmt::*, CodeGenContext},
-    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
-    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},
-};
 use inkwell::{
     context::Context,
     types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
     values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
 };
+
 use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Stmt, StrRef};
 
+use super::{bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, expr::*, stmt::*, values::ArraySliceValue, CodeGenContext};
+use crate::{
+    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
+    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
+    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},
+};
+
 pub trait CodeGenerator {
     /// Return the module name for the code generator.
     fn get_name(&self) -> &str;

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/list.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::BasicTypeEnum,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use super::calculate_len_for_slice_range;
+use crate::codegen::{
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    values::{ArrayLikeValue, ListValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// This function handles 'end' **inclusively**.
+/// Order of tuples `assign_idx` and `value_idx` is ('start', 'end', 'step').
+/// Negative index should be handled before entering this function
+pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    dest_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
+    dest_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
+    src_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
+    src_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
+) {
+    let size_ty = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let int8_ptr = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let (fun_symbol, elem_ptr_type) = ("__nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size", int8_ptr);
+    let slice_assign_fun = {
+        let ty_vec = vec![
+            int32.into(),         // dest start idx
+            int32.into(),         // dest end idx
+            int32.into(),         // dest step
+            elem_ptr_type.into(), // dest arr ptr
+            int32.into(),         // dest arr len
+            int32.into(),         // src start idx
+            int32.into(),         // src end idx
+            int32.into(),         // src step
+            elem_ptr_type.into(), // src arr ptr
+            int32.into(),         // src arr len
+            int32.into(),         // size
+        ];
+        ctx.module.get_function(fun_symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_t = int32.fn_type(ty_vec.as_slice(), false);
+            ctx.module.add_function(fun_symbol, fn_t, None)
+        })
+    };
+
+    let zero = int32.const_zero();
+    let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
+    let dest_arr_ptr = dest_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let dest_arr_ptr =
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(dest_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "dest_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
+    let dest_len = dest_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("dest.len"));
+    let dest_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(dest_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
+    let src_arr_ptr = src_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let src_arr_ptr =
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(src_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "src_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
+    let src_len = src_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("src.len"));
+    let src_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(src_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
+
+    // index in bound and positive should be done
+    // assert if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest), and
+    // throw exception if not satisfied
+    let src_end = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_select(
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(src_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(src_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
+            "final_e",
+        )
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
+    let dest_end = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_select(
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, dest_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(dest_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(dest_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
+            "final_e",
+        )
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
+    let src_slice_len =
+        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, src_idx.0, src_end, src_idx.2);
+    let dest_slice_len =
+        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, dest_idx.0, dest_end, dest_idx.2);
+    let src_eq_dest = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_eq_dest")
+        .unwrap();
+    let src_slt_dest = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_slt_dest")
+        .unwrap();
+    let dest_step_eq_one = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(
+            IntPredicate::EQ,
+            dest_idx.2,
+            dest_idx.2.get_type().const_int(1, false),
+            "slice_dest_step_eq_one",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    let cond_1 = ctx.builder.build_and(dest_step_eq_one, src_slt_dest, "slice_cond_1").unwrap();
+    let cond = ctx.builder.build_or(src_eq_dest, cond_1, "slice_cond").unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        cond,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "attempt to assign sequence of size {0} to slice of size {1} with step size {2}",
+        [Some(src_slice_len), Some(dest_slice_len), Some(dest_idx.2)],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
+
+    let new_len = {
+        let args = vec![
+            dest_idx.0.into(),   // dest start idx
+            dest_idx.1.into(),   // dest end idx
+            dest_idx.2.into(),   // dest step
+            dest_arr_ptr.into(), // dest arr ptr
+            dest_len.into(),     // dest arr len
+            src_idx.0.into(),    // src start idx
+            src_idx.1.into(),    // src end idx
+            src_idx.2.into(),    // src step
+            src_arr_ptr.into(),  // src arr ptr
+            src_len.into(),      // src arr len
+            {
+                let s = match ty {
+                    BasicTypeEnum::FloatType(t) => t.size_of(),
+                    BasicTypeEnum::IntType(t) => t.size_of(),
+                    BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(t) => t.size_of(),
+                    BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => t.size_of().unwrap(),
+                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                };
+                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size").unwrap()
+            }
+            .into(),
+        ];
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(slice_assign_fun, args.as_slice(), "slice_assign")
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    // update length
+    let need_update =
+        ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, new_len, dest_len, "need_update").unwrap();
+    let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();
+    let update_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "update");
+    let cont_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "cont");
+    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(need_update, update_bb, cont_bb).unwrap();
+    ctx.builder.position_at_end(update_bb);
+    let new_len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, size_ty, "new_len").unwrap();
+    dest_arr.store_size(ctx, generator, new_len);
+    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
+    ctx.builder.position_at_end(cont_bb);
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/math.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+
+// repeated squaring method adapted from GNU Scientific Library:
+// https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
+pub fn integer_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    base: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    signed: bool,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let symbol = match (base.get_type().get_bit_width(), exp.get_type().get_bit_width(), signed) {
+        (32, 32, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int32_t",
+        (64, 64, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int64_t",
+        (32, 32, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint32_t",
+        (64, 64, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint64_t",
+        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+    };
+    let base_type = base.get_type();
+    let pow_fun = ctx.module.get_function(symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = base_type.fn_type(&[base_type.into(), base_type.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function(symbol, fn_type, None)
+    });
+    // throw exception when exp < 0
+    let ge_zero = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(
+            IntPredicate::SGE,
+            exp,
+            exp.get_type().const_zero(),
+            "assert_int_pow_ge_0",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        ge_zero,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "integer power must be positive or zero",
+        [None, None, None],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(pow_fun, &[base.into(), exp.into()], "call_int_pow")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `isinf` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
+pub fn call_isinf<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isinf").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type().fn_type(&[ctx.ctx.f64_type().into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isinf", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isinf")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `isnan` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
+pub fn call_isnan<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isnan").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type().fn_type(&[ctx.ctx.f64_type().into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isnan", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isnan")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `gamma` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_gamma<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gamma").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gamma", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gamma")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `gammaln` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_gammaln<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gammaln").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gammaln", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gammaln")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `j0` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_j0<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_j0").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_j0", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "j0")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/basic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    expr::{create_and_call_function, infer_and_call_function},
+    irrt::get_usize_dependent_function_name,
+    types::ProxyType,
+    values::{ndarray::NDArrayValue, ProxyValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    shape: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        "__nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative",
+    );
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
+        &[(llvm_usize.into(), ndims.into()), (llvm_pusize.into(), shape.into())],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray_ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ndarray_shape: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    output_ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    output_shape: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        "__nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same",
+    );
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
+        &[
+            (llvm_usize.into(), ndarray_ndims.into()),
+            (llvm_pusize.into(), ndarray_shape.into()),
+            (llvm_usize.into(), output_ndims.into()),
+            (llvm_pusize.into(), output_shape.into()),
+        ],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_size<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_size");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        Some("size"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_nbytes");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        Some("nbytes"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_len<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_len");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        Some("len"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_i1.into()),
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        Some("is_c_contiguous"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    index: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_pi8.into()),
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into()), (llvm_usize.into(), index.into())],
+        Some("pelement"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name =
+        get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(llvm_pi8.into()),
+        &[
+            (llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into()),
+            (llvm_pusize.into(), indices.into()),
+        ],
+        Some("pelement"),
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+
+    let name =
+        get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_copy_data<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    src_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    dst_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_copy_data");
+
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[src_ndarray.as_base_value().into(), dst_ndarray.as_base_value().into()],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/indexing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+use crate::codegen::{
+    expr::infer_and_call_function,
+    irrt::get_usize_dependent_function_name,
+    values::{ndarray::NDArrayValue, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_index<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    indices: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
+    src_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    dst_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_index");
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[
+            indices.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+            indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            src_ndarray.as_base_value().into(),
+            dst_ndarray.as_base_value().into(),
+        ],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/iter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    expr::{create_and_call_function, infer_and_call_function},
+    irrt::get_usize_dependent_function_name,
+    types::ProxyType,
+    values::{
+        ndarray::{NDArrayValue, NDIterValue},
+        ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+pub fn call_nac3_nditer_initialize<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    iter: NDIterValue<'ctx>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_nditer_initialize");
+
+    create_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        None,
+        &[
+            (iter.get_type().as_base_type().into(), iter.as_base_value().into()),
+            (ndarray.get_type().as_base_type().into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into()),
+            (llvm_pusize.into(), indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()),
+        ],
+        None,
+        None,
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_nditer_has_element<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    iter: NDIterValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_nditer_has_element");
+
+    infer_and_call_function(
+        ctx,
+        &name,
+        Some(ctx.ctx.bool_type().into()),
+        &[iter.as_base_value().into()],
+        None,
+        None,
+    )
+    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_nditer_next<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    iter: NDIterValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_nditer_next");
+
+    infer_and_call_function(ctx, &name, None, &[iter.as_base_value().into()], None, None);
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::IntType,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    llvm_intrinsics,
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
+    values::{
+        ndarray::NDArrayValue, ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue,
+        TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeAdapter, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+pub use basic::*;
+pub use indexing::*;
+pub use iter::*;
+
+mod basic;
+mod indexing;
+mod iter;
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_size`. Returns an [`IntValue`] representing the
+/// calculated total size.
+///
+/// * `dims` - An [`ArrayLikeIndexer`] containing the size of each dimension.
+/// * `range` - The dimension index to begin and end (exclusively) calculating the dimensions for,
+///   or [`None`] if starting from the first dimension and ending at the last dimension
+///   respectively.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_size<'ctx, G, Dims>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dims: &Dims,
+    (begin, end): (Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, Option<IntValue<'ctx>>),
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Dims: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_t = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+        &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+        false,
+    );
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name, ndarray_calc_size_fn_t, None)
+        });
+
+    let begin = begin.unwrap_or_else(|| llvm_usize.const_zero());
+    let end = end.unwrap_or_else(|| dims.size(ctx, generator));
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_size_fn,
+            &[
+                dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                dims.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+                begin.into(),
+                end.into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices`. Returns a [`TypeArrayLikeAdpater`]
+/// containing `i32` indices of the flattened index.
+///
+/// * `index` - The index to compute the multidimensional index for.
+/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+///   `NDArray`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_nd_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    index: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.shape();
+
+    let indices = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, ndarray_num_dims, "").unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn,
+            &[
+                index.into(),
+                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+                indices.into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(indices, ndarray_num_dims, None),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}
+
+fn call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl<'ctx, G, Indices>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &Indices,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Indices: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        IntType::try_from(indices.element_type(ctx, generator))
+            .map(IntType::get_bit_width)
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        llvm_i32.get_bit_width(),
+        "Expected i32 value for argument `indices` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+    );
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        indices.size(ctx, generator).get_type().get_bit_width(),
+        llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
+        "Expected usize integer value for argument `indices_size` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+    );
+
+    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.shape();
+
+    let index = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_flatten_index_fn,
+            &[
+                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+                indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                indices.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    index
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index`. Returns the flattened index for the
+/// multidimensional index.
+///
+/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+///   `NDArray`.
+/// * `indices` - The multidimensional index to compute the flattened index for.
+pub fn call_ndarray_flatten_index<'ctx, G, Index>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &Index,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Index: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(generator, ctx, ndarray, indices)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast`. Returns a tuple containing the number of
+/// dimension and size of each dimension of the resultant `ndarray`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    lhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    rhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                    llvm_usize.into(),
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                    llvm_usize.into(),
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let min_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umin(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+
+    gen_for_callback_incrementing(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        None,
+        llvm_usize.const_zero(),
+        (min_ndims, false),
+        |generator, ctx, _, idx| {
+            let idx = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(min_ndims, idx, "").unwrap();
+            let (lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz) = unsafe {
+                (
+                    lhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+                    rhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+                )
+            };
+
+            let llvm_usize_const_one = llvm_usize.const_int(1, false);
+            let lhs_eqz = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+                .unwrap();
+            let rhs_eqz = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, rhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+                .unwrap();
+            let lhs_or_rhs_eqz = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_eqz, rhs_eqz, "").unwrap();
+
+            let lhs_eq_rhs = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz, "")
+                .unwrap();
+
+            let is_compatible = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_or_rhs_eqz, lhs_eq_rhs, "").unwrap();
+
+            ctx.make_assert(
+                generator,
+                is_compatible,
+                "0:ValueError",
+                "operands could not be broadcast together",
+                [None, None, None],
+                ctx.current_loc,
+            );
+
+            Ok(())
+        },
+        llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let max_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umax(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+    let lhs_dims = lhs.shape().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let rhs_dims = rhs.shape().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let out_dims = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_usize, max_ndims, "").unwrap();
+    let out_dims = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_dims, max_ndims, None);
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+            &[
+                lhs_dims.into(),
+                lhs_ndims.into(),
+                rhs_dims.into(),
+                rhs_ndims.into(),
+                out_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        out_dims,
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx`. Returns an [`ArrayAllocaValue`]
+/// containing the indices used for accessing `array` corresponding to the index of the broadcasted
+/// array `broadcast_idx`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index<
+    'ctx,
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    BroadcastIdx: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>,
+>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    array: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    broadcast_idx: &BroadcastIdx,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let broadcast_size = broadcast_idx.size(ctx, generator);
+    let out_idx = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, broadcast_size, "").unwrap();
+
+    let array_dims = array.shape().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let array_ndims = array.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let broadcast_idx_ptr = unsafe {
+        broadcast_idx.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+    };
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+            &[array_dims.into(), array_ndims.into(), broadcast_idx_ptr.into(), out_idx.into()],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_idx, broadcast_size, None),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/range.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue},
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+
+pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    start: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    end: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    step: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_range_slice_len";
+    let len_func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let fn_t = i32_t.fn_type(&[i32_t.into(), i32_t.into(), i32_t.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
+    });
+
+    // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
+    let not_zero = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, step, step.get_type().const_zero(), "range_step_ne")
+        .unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        not_zero,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "step must not be zero",
+        [None, None, None],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(len_func, &[start.into(), end.into(), step.into()], "calc_len")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/slice.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use nac3parser::ast::Expr;
+
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    typecheck::typedef::Type,
+};
+
+/// this function allows index out of range, since python
+/// allows index out of range in slice (`a = [1,2,3]; a[1:10] == [2,3]`).
+pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
+    i: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    generator: &mut G,
+    length: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> Result<Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, String> {
+    const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_slice_index_bound";
+    let func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let fn_t = i32_t.fn_type(&[i32_t.into(), i32_t.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
+    });
+
+    let i = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, i)? {
+        v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, i.custom.unwrap())?
+    } else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    Ok(Some(
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(func, &[i.into(), length.into()], "bounded_ind")
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap(),
+    ))
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/llvm_intrinsics.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
-use inkwell::context::Context;
-use inkwell::intrinsics::Intrinsic;
-use inkwell::types::AnyTypeEnum::IntType;
-use inkwell::types::FloatType;
-use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue};
-use inkwell::AddressSpace;
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    intrinsics::Intrinsic,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum::IntType, FloatType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
 use itertools::Either;
 
+use super::CodeGenContext;
+
 /// Returns the string representation for the floating-point type `ft` when used in intrinsic
 /// functions.
 fn get_float_intrinsic_repr(ctx: &Context, ft: FloatType) -> &'static str {
@@ -183,7 +185,7 @@ pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
         dest
     } else {
         ctx.builder
-            .build_bitcast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .build_bit_cast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
             .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
             .unwrap()
     };
@@ -191,7 +193,7 @@ pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
         src
     } else {
         ctx.builder
-            .build_bitcast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .build_bit_cast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
             .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
             .unwrap()
     };
@@ -199,6 +201,49 @@ pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
     call_memcpy(ctx, dest, src, len, is_volatile);
 }
 
+/// Invokes the `llvm.memcpy` intrinsic.
+///
+/// Unlike [`call_memcpy`], this function accepts any type of pointer value. If `dest` or `src` is
+/// not a pointer to an integer, the pointer(s) will be cast to `i8*` before invoking `memcpy`.
+/// Moreover, `len` now refers to the number of elements to copy (rather than number of bytes to
+/// copy).
+pub fn call_memcpy_generic_array<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dest: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_volatile: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_sizeof_expr_t = llvm_i8.size_of().get_type();
+
+    let dest_elem_t = dest.get_type().get_element_type();
+    let src_elem_t = src.get_type().get_element_type();
+
+    let dest = if matches!(dest_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        dest
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bit_cast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    let src = if matches!(src_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        src
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bit_cast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+
+    let len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(len, llvm_sizeof_expr_t, "").unwrap();
+    let len = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(len, src_elem_t.size_of().unwrap(), "").unwrap();
+
+    call_memcpy(ctx, dest, src, len, is_volatile);
+}
+
 /// Macro to find and generate build call for llvm intrinsic (body of llvm intrinsic function)
 ///
 /// Arguments:
@@ -341,3 +386,25 @@ pub fn call_float_powi<'ctx>(
         .map(Either::unwrap_left)
         .unwrap()
 }
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.ctpop`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-ctpop-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+pub fn call_int_ctpop<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    src: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.ctpop";
+
+    let llvm_src_t = src.get_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[llvm_src_t.into()]))
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[src.into()], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/mod.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-use crate::{
-    codegen::classes::{ListType, ProxyType, RangeType},
-    symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver},
-    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef},
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{CodeLocation, PrimitiveStore},
-        typedef::{CallId, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+        Arc,
     },
+    thread,
 };
+
 use crossbeam::channel::{unbounded, Receiver, Sender};
 use inkwell::{
     attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
@@ -24,36 +24,41 @@ use inkwell::{
     AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use model::*;
-use nac3parser::ast::{Location, Stmt, StrRef};
-use object::ndarray::NDArray;
 use parking_lot::{Condvar, Mutex};
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::sync::{
-    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
-    Arc,
+
+use nac3parser::ast::{Location, Stmt, StrRef};
+
+use crate::{
+    symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver},
+    toplevel::{
+        helper::{extract_ndims, PrimDef},
+        numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
+        TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
+    },
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::{CodeLocation, PrimitiveStore},
+        typedef::{CallId, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+    },
 };
-use std::thread;
+use concrete_type::{ConcreteType, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore};
+pub use generator::{CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator};
+use types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, ListType, ProxyType, RangeType};
 
 pub mod builtin_fns;
-pub mod classes;
 pub mod concrete_type;
 pub mod expr;
 pub mod extern_fns;
 mod generator;
 pub mod irrt;
 pub mod llvm_intrinsics;
-pub mod model;
 pub mod numpy;
-pub mod object;
 pub mod stmt;
+pub mod types;
+pub mod values;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
 
-use concrete_type::{ConcreteType, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore};
-pub use generator::{CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator};
-
 mod macros {
     /// Codegen-variant of [`std::unreachable`] which accepts an instance of [`CodeGenContext`] as
     /// its first argument to provide Python source information to indicate the codegen location
@@ -509,7 +514,13 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                         }
 
                         TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
-                            Ptr(Struct(NDArray)).llvm_type(generator, ctx).as_basic_type_enum()
+                            let (dtype, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ty);
+                            let ndims = extract_ndims(unifier, ndims);
+                            let element_type = get_llvm_type(
+                                ctx, module, generator, unifier, top_level, type_cache, dtype,
+                            );
+
+                            NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx, element_type, Some(ndims)).as_base_type().into()
                         }
 
                         _ => unreachable!(
@@ -847,10 +858,9 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<
     builder.position_at_end(init_bb);
     let body_bb = context.append_basic_block(fn_val, "body");
 
+    // Store non-vararg argument values into local variables
     let mut var_assignment = HashMap::new();
     let offset = u32::from(has_sret);
-
-    // Store non-vararg argument values into local variables
     for (n, arg) in args.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, arg)| !arg.is_vararg) {
         let param = fn_val.get_nth_param((n as u32) + offset).unwrap();
         let local_type = get_llvm_type(
@@ -1114,3 +1124,106 @@ fn gen_in_range_check<'ctx>(
 fn get_va_count_arg_name(arg_name: StrRef) -> StrRef {
     format!("__{}_va_count", &arg_name).into()
 }
+
+/// Returns the alignment of the type.
+///
+/// This is necessary as `get_alignment` is not implemented as part of [`BasicType`].
+pub fn get_type_alignment<'ctx>(ty: impl Into<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    match ty.into() {
+        BasicTypeEnum::ArrayType(ty) => ty.get_alignment(),
+        BasicTypeEnum::FloatType(ty) => ty.get_alignment(),
+        BasicTypeEnum::IntType(ty) => ty.get_alignment(),
+        BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) => ty.get_alignment(),
+        BasicTypeEnum::StructType(ty) => ty.get_alignment(),
+        BasicTypeEnum::VectorType(ty) => ty.get_alignment(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Inserts an `alloca` instruction with allocation `size` given in bytes and the alignment of the
+/// given type.
+///
+/// The returned [`PointerValue`] will have a type of `i8*`, a size of at least `size`, and will be
+/// aligned with the alignment of `align_ty`.
+pub fn type_aligned_alloca<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    align_ty: impl Into<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
+    size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    /// Round `val` up to its modulo `power_of_two`.
+    fn round_up<'ctx>(
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        val: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        power_of_two: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            val.get_type().get_bit_width(),
+            power_of_two.get_type().get_bit_width(),
+            "`val` ({}) and `power_of_two` ({}) must be the same type",
+            val.get_type(),
+            power_of_two.get_type(),
+        );
+
+        let llvm_val_t = val.get_type();
+
+        let max_rem =
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(power_of_two, llvm_val_t.const_int(1, false), "").unwrap();
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_and(
+                ctx.builder.build_int_add(val, max_rem, "").unwrap(),
+                ctx.builder.build_not(max_rem, "").unwrap(),
+                "",
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let align_ty = align_ty.into();
+
+    let size = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(size, llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
+
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        size.get_type().get_bit_width(),
+        llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
+        "Expected size_t ({}) for parameter `size` of `aligned_alloca`, got {}",
+        llvm_usize,
+        size.get_type(),
+    );
+
+    let alignment = get_type_alignment(align_ty);
+    let alignment = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(alignment, llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
+
+    if ctx.registry.llvm_options.opt_level == OptimizationLevel::None {
+        let alignment_bitcount = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_ctpop(ctx, alignment, None);
+
+        ctx.make_assert(
+            generator,
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_int_compare(
+                    IntPredicate::EQ,
+                    alignment_bitcount,
+                    alignment_bitcount.get_type().const_int(1, false),
+                    "",
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+            "0:AssertionError",
+            "Expected power-of-two alignment for aligned_alloca, got {0}",
+            [Some(alignment), None, None],
+            ctx.current_loc,
+        );
+    }
+
+    let buffer_size = round_up(ctx, size, alignment);
+    let aligned_slices = ctx.builder.build_int_unsigned_div(buffer_size, alignment, "").unwrap();
+
+    // Just to be absolutely sure, alloca in [i8 x alignment] slices
+    let buffer = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(align_ty, aligned_slices, "").unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_bit_cast(buffer, llvm_pi8, name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/model/any.rs

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
-    values::BasicValueEnum,
-};
-
-use crate::codegen::CodeGenerator;
-
-use super::*;
-
-/// A [`Model`] of any [`BasicTypeEnum`].
-///
-/// Use this when it is infeasible to use model abstractions.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct Any<'ctx>(pub BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>);
-
-impl<'ctx> Model<'ctx> for Any<'ctx> {
-    type Value = BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
-    type Type = BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>;
-
-    fn llvm_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        _generator: &G,
-        _ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Self::Type {
-        self.0
-    }
-
-    fn check_type<T: BasicType<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        _generator: &mut G,
-        _ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        ty: T,
-    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
-        let ty = ty.as_basic_type_enum();
-        if ty == self.0 {
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting {}, but got {}", self.0, ty)))
-        }
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/model/array.rs

@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-use std::fmt;
-
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{ArrayType, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
-    values::{ArrayValue, IntValue},
-};
-
-use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
-
-use super::*;
-
-/// Trait for Rust structs identifying length values for [`Array`].
-pub trait ArrayLen: fmt::Debug + Clone + Copy {
-    fn length(&self) -> u32;
-}
-
-/// A statically known length.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Len<const N: u32>;
-
-/// A dynamically known length.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct AnyLen(pub u32);
-
-impl<const N: u32> ArrayLen for Len<N> {
-    fn length(&self) -> u32 {
-        N
-    }
-}
-
-impl ArrayLen for AnyLen {
-    fn length(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.0
-    }
-}
-
-/// A Model for an [`ArrayType`].
-///
-/// `Len` should be of a [`LenKind`] and `Item` should be a of [`Model`].
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Array<Len, Item> {
-    /// Length of this array.
-    pub len: Len,
-    /// [`Model`] of the array items.
-    pub item: Item,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, Len: ArrayLen, Item: Model<'ctx>> Model<'ctx> for Array<Len, Item> {
-    type Value = ArrayValue<'ctx>;
-    type Type = ArrayType<'ctx>;
-
-    fn llvm_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Self::Type {
-        self.item.llvm_type(generator, ctx).array_type(self.len.length())
-    }
-
-    fn check_type<T: BasicType<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        ty: T,
-    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
-        let ty = ty.as_basic_type_enum();
-        let BasicTypeEnum::ArrayType(ty) = ty else {
-            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting ArrayType, but got {ty:?}")));
-        };
-
-        if ty.len() != self.len.length() {
-            return Err(ModelError(format!(
-                "Expecting ArrayType with size {}, but got an ArrayType with size {}",
-                ty.len(),
-                self.len.length()
-            )));
-        }
-
-        self.item
-            .check_type(generator, ctx, ty.get_element_type())
-            .map_err(|err| err.under_context("an ArrayType"))?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, Len: ArrayLen, Item: Model<'ctx>> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Array<Len, Item>>> {
-    /// Get the pointer to the `i`-th (0-based) array element.
-    pub fn gep(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        i: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
-        let zero = ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_zero();
-        let ptr = unsafe { ctx.builder.build_in_bounds_gep(self.value, &[zero, i], "").unwrap() };
-
-        unsafe { Ptr(self.model.0.item).believe_value(ptr) }
-    }
-
-    /// Like `gep` but `i` is a constant.
-    pub fn gep_const(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, i: u64) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
-        assert!(
-            i < u64::from(self.model.0.len.length()),
-            "Index {i} is out of bounds. Array length = {}",
-            self.model.0.len.length()
-        );
-
-        let i = ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_int(i, false);
-        self.gep(ctx, i)
-    }
-
-    /// Convenience function equivalent to `.gep(...).load(...)`.
-    pub fn get<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        i: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Item> {
-        self.gep(ctx, i).load(generator, ctx)
-    }
-
-    /// Like `get` but `i` is a constant.
-    pub fn get_const<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        i: u64,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Item> {
-        self.gep_const(ctx, i).load(generator, ctx)
-    }
-
-    /// Convenience function equivalent to `.gep(...).store(...)`.
-    pub fn set(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        i: IntValue<'ctx>,
-        value: Instance<'ctx, Item>,
-    ) {
-        self.gep(ctx, i).store(ctx, value);
-    }
-
-    /// Like `set` but `i` is a constant.
-    pub fn set_const(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, i: u64, value: Instance<'ctx, Item>) {
-        self.gep_const(ctx, i).store(ctx, value);
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/model/core.rs

@@ -1,207 +0,0 @@
-use std::fmt;
-
-use inkwell::{context::Context, types::*, values::*};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-
-use super::*;
-use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
-
-/// A error type for reporting any [`Model`]-related error (e.g., a [`BasicType`] mismatch).
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct ModelError(pub String);
-
-impl ModelError {
-    /// Append a context message to the error.
-    pub(super) fn under_context(mut self, context: &str) -> Self {
-        self.0.push_str(" ... in ");
-        self.0.push_str(context);
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-/// Trait for Rust structs identifying [`BasicType`]s in the context of a known [`CodeGenerator`] and [`CodeGenContext`].
-///
-/// For instance,
-/// - [`Int<Int32>`] identifies an [`IntType`] with 32-bits.
-/// - [`Int<SizeT>`] identifies an [`IntType`] with bit-width [`CodeGenerator::get_size_type`].
-/// - [`Ptr<Int<SizeT>>`] identifies a [`PointerType`] that points to an [`IntType`] with bit-width [`CodeGenerator::get_size_type`].
-/// - [`Int<AnyInt>`] identifies an [`IntType`] with bit-width of whatever is set in the [`AnyInt`] object.
-/// - [`Any`] identifies a [`BasicType`] set in the [`Any`] object itself.
-///
-/// You can get the [`BasicType`] out of a model with [`Model::get_type`].
-///
-/// Furthermore, [`Instance<'ctx, M>`] is a simple structure that carries a [`BasicValue`] with [`BasicType`] identified by model `M`.
-///
-/// The main purpose of this abstraction is to have a more Rust type-safe way to use Inkwell and give type-hints for programmers.
-///
-/// ### Notes on `Default` trait
-///
-/// For some models like [`Int<Int32>`] or [`Int<SizeT>`], they have a [`Default`] trait since just by looking at their types, it is possible
-/// to tell the [`BasicType`]s they are identifying.
-///
-/// This can be used to create strongly-typed interfaces accepting only values of a specific [`BasicType`] without having to worry about
-/// writing debug assertions to check, for example, if the programmer has passed in an [`IntValue`] with the wrong bit-width.
-/// ```ignore
-/// fn give_me_i32_and_get_a_size_t_back<'ctx>(i32: Instance<'ctx, Int<Int32>>) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>> {
-///     // code...
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// ### Notes on converting between Inkwell and model/ge.
-///
-/// Suppose you have an [`IntValue`], and you want to pass it into a function that takes a [`Instance<'ctx, Int<Int32>>`]. You can do use
-/// [`Model::check_value`] or [`Model::believe_value`].
-/// ```ignore
-/// let my_value: IntValue<'ctx>;
-///
-/// let my_value = Int(Int32).check_value(my_value).unwrap(); // Panics if `my_value` is not 32-bit with a descriptive error message.
-///
-/// // or, if you are absolutely certain that `my_value` is 32-bit and doing extra checks is a waste of time:
-/// let my_value = Int(Int32).believe_value(my_value);
-/// ```
-pub trait Model<'ctx>: fmt::Debug + Clone + Copy {
-    /// The [`BasicType`] *variant* this model is identifying.
-    type Type: BasicType<'ctx>;
-
-    /// The [`BasicValue`] type of the [`BasicType`] of this model.
-    type Value: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>;
-
-    /// Return the [`BasicType`] of this model.
-    #[must_use]
-    fn llvm_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(&self, generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context)
-        -> Self::Type;
-
-    /// Get the number of bytes of the [`BasicType`] of this model.
-    fn size_of<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).size_of().unwrap()
-    }
-
-    /// Check if a [`BasicType`] matches the [`BasicType`] of this model.
-    fn check_type<T: BasicType<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        ty: T,
-    ) -> Result<(), ModelError>;
-
-    /// Create an instance from a value.
-    ///
-    /// # Safety
-    ///
-    /// Caller must make sure the type of `value` and the type of this `model` are equivalent.
-    #[must_use]
-    unsafe fn believe_value(&self, value: Self::Value) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        Instance { model: *self, value }
-    }
-
-    /// Check if a [`BasicValue`]'s type is equivalent to the type of this model.
-    /// Wrap the [`BasicValue`] into an [`Instance`] if it is.
-    fn check_value<V: BasicValue<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        value: V,
-    ) -> Result<Instance<'ctx, Self>, ModelError> {
-        let value = value.as_basic_value_enum();
-        self.check_type(generator, ctx, value.get_type())
-            .map_err(|err| err.under_context(format!("the value {value:?}").as_str()))?;
-
-        let Ok(value) = Self::Value::try_from(value) else {
-            unreachable!("check_type() has bad implementation")
-        };
-        unsafe { Ok(self.believe_value(value)) }
-    }
-
-    // Allocate a value on the stack and return its pointer.
-    fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Self>> {
-        let p = ctx.builder.build_alloca(self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { Ptr(*self).believe_value(p) }
-    }
-
-    // Allocate an array on the stack and return its pointer.
-    fn array_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        len: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Self>> {
-        let p =
-            ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), len, "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { Ptr(*self).believe_value(p) }
-    }
-
-    fn var_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        name: Option<&str>,
-    ) -> Result<Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Self>>, String> {
-        let ty = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx).as_basic_type_enum();
-        let p = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, ty, name)?;
-        unsafe { Ok(Ptr(*self).believe_value(p)) }
-    }
-
-    fn array_var_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        len: IntValue<'ctx>,
-        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
-    ) -> Result<Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Self>>, String> {
-        // TODO: Remove ArraySliceValue
-        let ty = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx).as_basic_type_enum();
-        let p = generator.gen_array_var_alloc(ctx, ty, len, name)?;
-        unsafe { Ok(Ptr(*self).believe_value(PointerValue::from(p))) }
-    }
-
-    /// Allocate a constant array.
-    fn const_array<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        values: &[Instance<'ctx, Self>],
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Array<AnyLen, Self>> {
-        macro_rules! make {
-            ($t:expr, $into_value:expr) => {
-                $t.const_array(
-                    &values
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|x| $into_value(x.value.as_basic_value_enum()))
-                        .collect_vec(),
-                )
-            };
-        }
-
-        let value = match self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).as_basic_type_enum() {
-            BasicTypeEnum::ArrayType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_array_value),
-            BasicTypeEnum::IntType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_int_value),
-            BasicTypeEnum::FloatType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_float_value),
-            BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value),
-            BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_struct_value),
-            BasicTypeEnum::VectorType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_vector_value),
-        };
-
-        Array { len: AnyLen(values.len() as u32), item: *self }
-            .check_value(generator, ctx, value)
-            .unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct Instance<'ctx, M: Model<'ctx>> {
-    /// The model of this instance.
-    pub model: M,
-
-    /// The value of this instance.
-    ///
-    /// It is guaranteed the [`BasicType`] of `value` is consistent with that of `model`.
-    pub value: M::Value,
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/model/float.rs

@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-use std::fmt;
-
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{BasicType, FloatType},
-    values::FloatValue,
-};
-
-use crate::codegen::CodeGenerator;
-
-use super::*;
-
-pub trait FloatKind<'ctx>: fmt::Debug + Clone + Copy {
-    fn get_float_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> FloatType<'ctx>;
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Float32;
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Float64;
-
-impl<'ctx> FloatKind<'ctx> for Float32 {
-    fn get_float_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        _generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> FloatType<'ctx> {
-        ctx.f32_type()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> FloatKind<'ctx> for Float64 {
-    fn get_float_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        _generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> FloatType<'ctx> {
-        ctx.f64_type()
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct AnyFloat<'ctx>(FloatType<'ctx>);
-
-impl<'ctx> FloatKind<'ctx> for AnyFloat<'ctx> {
-    fn get_float_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        _generator: &G,
-        _ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> FloatType<'ctx> {
-        self.0
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Float<N>(pub N);
-
-impl<'ctx, N: FloatKind<'ctx>> Model<'ctx> for Float<N> {
-    type Value = FloatValue<'ctx>;
-    type Type = FloatType<'ctx>;
-
-    fn llvm_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Self::Type {
-        self.0.get_float_type(generator, ctx)
-    }
-
-    fn check_type<T: BasicType<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        ty: T,
-    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
-        let ty = ty.as_basic_type_enum();
-        let Ok(ty) = FloatType::try_from(ty) else {
-            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting FloatType, but got {ty:?}")));
-        };
-
-        let exp_ty = self.0.get_float_type(generator, ctx);
-
-        // TODO: Inkwell does not have get_bit_width for FloatType?
-        if ty != exp_ty {
-            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting {exp_ty:?}, but got {ty:?}")));
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/model/function.rs

@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
-    types::{BasicMetadataTypeEnum, BasicType, FunctionType},
-    values::{AnyValue, BasicMetadataValueEnum, BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue},
-};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-
-use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
-
-use super::*;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-struct Arg<'ctx> {
-    ty: BasicMetadataTypeEnum<'ctx>,
-    val: BasicMetadataValueEnum<'ctx>,
-}
-
-/// A convenience structure to construct & call an LLVM function.
-///
-/// ### Usage
-///
-/// The syntax is like this:
-/// ```ignore
-/// let result = CallFunction::begin("my_function_name")
-///   .attrs(...)
-///   .arg(arg1)
-///   .arg(arg2)
-///   .arg(arg3)
-///   .returning("my_function_result", Int32);
-/// ```
-///
-/// The function `my_function_name` is called when `.returning()` (or its variants) is called, returning
-/// the result as an `Instance<'ctx, Int<Int32>>`.
-///
-/// If `my_function_name` has not been declared in `ctx.module`, once `.returning()` is called, a function
-/// declaration of `my_function_name` is added to `ctx.module`, where the [`FunctionType`] is deduced from
-/// the argument types and returning type.
-pub struct FnCall<'ctx, 'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized> {
-    generator: &'d mut G,
-    ctx: &'b CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-    /// Function name
-    name: &'c str,
-    /// Call arguments
-    args: Vec<Arg<'ctx>>,
-    /// LLVM function Attributes
-    attrs: Vec<&'static str>,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, 'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized> FnCall<'ctx, 'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, G> {
-    pub fn builder(generator: &'d mut G, ctx: &'b CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, name: &'c str) -> Self {
-        FnCall { generator, ctx, name, args: Vec::new(), attrs: Vec::new() }
-    }
-
-    /// Push a list of LLVM function attributes to the function declaration.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn attrs(mut self, attrs: Vec<&'static str>) -> Self {
-        self.attrs = attrs;
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Push a call argument to the function call.
-    #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn arg<M: Model<'ctx>>(mut self, arg: Instance<'ctx, M>) -> Self {
-        let arg = Arg {
-            ty: arg.model.llvm_type(self.generator, self.ctx.ctx).as_basic_type_enum().into(),
-            val: arg.value.as_basic_value_enum().into(),
-        };
-        self.args.push(arg);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Call the function and expect the function to return a value of type of `return_model`.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn returning<M: Model<'ctx>>(self, name: &str, return_model: M) -> Instance<'ctx, M> {
-        let ret_ty = return_model.llvm_type(self.generator, self.ctx.ctx);
-
-        let ret = self.call(|tys| ret_ty.fn_type(tys, false), name);
-        let ret = BasicValueEnum::try_from(ret.as_any_value_enum()).unwrap(); // Must work
-        let ret = return_model.check_value(self.generator, self.ctx.ctx, ret).unwrap(); // Must work
-        ret
-    }
-
-    /// Like [`CallFunction::returning_`] but `return_model` is automatically inferred.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn returning_auto<M: Model<'ctx> + Default>(self, name: &str) -> Instance<'ctx, M> {
-        self.returning(name, M::default())
-    }
-
-    /// Call the function and expect the function to return a void-type.
-    pub fn returning_void(self) {
-        let ret_ty = self.ctx.ctx.void_type();
-
-        let _ = self.call(|tys| ret_ty.fn_type(tys, false), "");
-    }
-
-    fn call<F>(&self, make_fn_type: F, return_value_name: &str) -> CallSiteValue<'ctx>
-    where
-        F: FnOnce(&[BasicMetadataTypeEnum<'ctx>]) -> FunctionType<'ctx>,
-    {
-        // Get the LLVM function.
-        let func = self.ctx.module.get_function(self.name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            // Declare the function if it doesn't exist.
-            let tys = self.args.iter().map(|arg| arg.ty).collect_vec();
-
-            let func_type = make_fn_type(&tys);
-            let func = self.ctx.module.add_function(self.name, func_type, None);
-
-            for attr in &self.attrs {
-                func.add_attribute(
-                    AttributeLoc::Function,
-                    self.ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
-                );
-            }
-
-            func
-        });
-
-        let vals = self.args.iter().map(|arg| arg.val).collect_vec();
-        self.ctx.builder.build_call(func, &vals, return_value_name).unwrap()
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/model/int.rs

@@ -1,422 +0,0 @@
-use std::{cmp::Ordering, fmt};
-
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{BasicType, IntType},
-    values::IntValue,
-    IntPredicate,
-};
-
-use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
-
-use super::*;
-
-pub trait IntKind<'ctx>: fmt::Debug + Clone + Copy {
-    fn get_int_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> IntType<'ctx>;
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Bool;
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Byte;
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Int32;
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Int64;
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct SizeT;
-
-impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for Bool {
-    fn get_int_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        _generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> IntType<'ctx> {
-        ctx.bool_type()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for Byte {
-    fn get_int_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        _generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> IntType<'ctx> {
-        ctx.i8_type()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for Int32 {
-    fn get_int_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        _generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> IntType<'ctx> {
-        ctx.i32_type()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for Int64 {
-    fn get_int_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        _generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> IntType<'ctx> {
-        ctx.i64_type()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for SizeT {
-    fn get_int_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> IntType<'ctx> {
-        generator.get_size_type(ctx)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct AnyInt<'ctx>(pub IntType<'ctx>);
-
-impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for AnyInt<'ctx> {
-    fn get_int_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        _generator: &G,
-        _ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> IntType<'ctx> {
-        self.0
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Int<N>(pub N);
-
-impl<'ctx, N: IntKind<'ctx>> Model<'ctx> for Int<N> {
-    type Value = IntValue<'ctx>;
-    type Type = IntType<'ctx>;
-
-    fn llvm_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Self::Type {
-        self.0.get_int_type(generator, ctx)
-    }
-
-    fn check_type<T: BasicType<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        ty: T,
-    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
-        let ty = ty.as_basic_type_enum();
-        let Ok(ty) = IntType::try_from(ty) else {
-            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting IntType, but got {ty:?}")));
-        };
-
-        let exp_ty = self.0.get_int_type(generator, ctx);
-        if ty.get_bit_width() != exp_ty.get_bit_width() {
-            return Err(ModelError(format!(
-                "Expecting IntType to have {} bit(s), but got {} bit(s)",
-                exp_ty.get_bit_width(),
-                ty.get_bit_width()
-            )));
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, N: IntKind<'ctx>> Int<N> {
-    pub fn const_int<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        value: u64,
-        sign_extend: bool,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        let value = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).const_int(value, sign_extend);
-        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    pub fn const_0<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        let value = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).const_zero();
-        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    pub fn const_1<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        self.const_int(generator, ctx, 1, false)
-    }
-
-    pub fn const_all_ones<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        let value = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).const_all_ones();
-        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    pub fn s_extend_or_bit_cast<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        assert!(
-            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
-                <= self.0.get_int_type(generator, ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
-        );
-        let value = ctx
-            .builder
-            .build_int_s_extend_or_bit_cast(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "")
-            .unwrap();
-        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    pub fn s_extend<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        assert!(
-            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
-                < self.0.get_int_type(generator, ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
-        );
-        let value =
-            ctx.builder.build_int_s_extend(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    pub fn z_extend_or_bit_cast<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        assert!(
-            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
-                <= self.0.get_int_type(generator, ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
-        );
-        let value = ctx
-            .builder
-            .build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "")
-            .unwrap();
-        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    pub fn z_extend<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        assert!(
-            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
-                < self.0.get_int_type(generator, ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
-        );
-        let value =
-            ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    pub fn truncate_or_bit_cast<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        assert!(
-            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
-                >= self.0.get_int_type(generator, ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
-        );
-        let value = ctx
-            .builder
-            .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "")
-            .unwrap();
-        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    pub fn truncate<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        assert!(
-            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
-                > self.0.get_int_type(generator, ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
-        );
-        let value =
-            ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    /// `sext` or `trunc` an int to this model's int type. Does nothing if equal bit-widths.
-    pub fn s_extend_or_truncate<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        let their_width = value.get_type().get_bit_width();
-        let our_width = self.0.get_int_type(generator, ctx.ctx).get_bit_width();
-        match their_width.cmp(&our_width) {
-            Ordering::Less => self.s_extend(generator, ctx, value),
-            Ordering::Equal => unsafe { self.believe_value(value) },
-            Ordering::Greater => self.truncate(generator, ctx, value),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// `zext` or `trunc` an int to this model's int type. Does nothing if equal bit-widths.
-    pub fn z_extend_or_truncate<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        let their_width = value.get_type().get_bit_width();
-        let our_width = self.0.get_int_type(generator, ctx.ctx).get_bit_width();
-        match their_width.cmp(&our_width) {
-            Ordering::Less => self.z_extend(generator, ctx, value),
-            Ordering::Equal => unsafe { self.believe_value(value) },
-            Ordering::Greater => self.truncate(generator, ctx, value),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Int<Bool> {
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn const_false<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        self.const_int(generator, ctx, 0, false)
-    }
-
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn const_true<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        self.const_int(generator, ctx, 1, false)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, N: IntKind<'ctx>> Instance<'ctx, Int<N>> {
-    pub fn s_extend_or_bit_cast<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        to_int_kind: NewN,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<NewN>> {
-        Int(to_int_kind).s_extend_or_bit_cast(generator, ctx, self.value)
-    }
-
-    pub fn s_extend<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        to_int_kind: NewN,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<NewN>> {
-        Int(to_int_kind).s_extend(generator, ctx, self.value)
-    }
-
-    pub fn z_extend_or_bit_cast<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        to_int_kind: NewN,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<NewN>> {
-        Int(to_int_kind).z_extend_or_bit_cast(generator, ctx, self.value)
-    }
-
-    pub fn z_extend<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        to_int_kind: NewN,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<NewN>> {
-        Int(to_int_kind).z_extend(generator, ctx, self.value)
-    }
-
-    pub fn truncate_or_bit_cast<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        to_int_kind: NewN,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<NewN>> {
-        Int(to_int_kind).truncate_or_bit_cast(generator, ctx, self.value)
-    }
-
-    pub fn truncate<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        to_int_kind: NewN,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<NewN>> {
-        Int(to_int_kind).truncate(generator, ctx, self.value)
-    }
-
-    pub fn s_extend_or_truncate<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        to_int_kind: NewN,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<NewN>> {
-        Int(to_int_kind).s_extend_or_truncate(generator, ctx, self.value)
-    }
-
-    pub fn z_extend_or_truncate<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        to_int_kind: NewN,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<NewN>> {
-        Int(to_int_kind).z_extend_or_truncate(generator, ctx, self.value)
-    }
-
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn add(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, other: Self) -> Self {
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_int_add(self.value, other.value, "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { self.model.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn sub(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, other: Self) -> Self {
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(self.value, other.value, "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { self.model.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn mul(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, other: Self) -> Self {
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(self.value, other.value, "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { self.model.believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    pub fn compare(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        op: IntPredicate,
-        other: Self,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<Bool>> {
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(op, self.value, other.value, "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { Int(Bool).believe_value(value) }
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/model/mod.rs

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-mod any;
-mod array;
-mod core;
-mod float;
-pub mod function;
-mod int;
-mod ptr;
-mod structure;
-pub mod util;
-
-pub use any::*;
-pub use array::*;
-pub use core::*;
-pub use float::*;
-pub use int::*;
-pub use ptr::*;
-pub use structure::*;

nac3core/src/codegen/model/ptr.rs

@@ -1,223 +0,0 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, PointerType},
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
-    AddressSpace,
-};
-
-use crate::codegen::{llvm_intrinsics::call_memcpy_generic, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
-
-use super::*;
-
-/// A model for [`PointerType`].
-///
-/// `Item` is the element type this pointer is pointing to, and should be of a [`Model`].
-///
-// TODO: LLVM 15: `Item` is a Rust type-hint for the LLVM type of value the `.store()/.load()` family
-// of functions return. If a truly opaque pointer is needed, tell the programmer to use `OpaquePtr`.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Ptr<Item>(pub Item);
-
-/// An opaque pointer. Like [`Ptr`] but without any Rust type-hints about its element type.
-///
-/// `.load()/.store()` is not available for [`Instance`]s of opaque pointers.
-pub type OpaquePtr = Ptr<()>;
-
-// TODO: LLVM 15: `Item: Model<'ctx>` don't even need to be a model anymore. It will only be
-// a type-hint for the `.load()/.store()` functions for the `pointee_ty`.
-//
-// See https://thedan64.github.io/inkwell/inkwell/builder/struct.Builder.html#method.build_load.
-impl<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx>> Model<'ctx> for Ptr<Item> {
-    type Value = PointerValue<'ctx>;
-    type Type = PointerType<'ctx>;
-
-    fn llvm_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Self::Type {
-        // TODO: LLVM 15: ctx.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
-        self.0.llvm_type(generator, ctx).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
-    }
-
-    fn check_type<T: BasicType<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        ty: T,
-    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
-        let ty = ty.as_basic_type_enum();
-        let Ok(ty) = PointerType::try_from(ty) else {
-            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting PointerType, but got {ty:?}")));
-        };
-
-        let elem_ty = ty.get_element_type();
-        let Ok(elem_ty) = BasicTypeEnum::try_from(elem_ty) else {
-            return Err(ModelError(format!(
-                "Expecting pointer element type to be a BasicTypeEnum, but got {elem_ty:?}"
-            )));
-        };
-
-        // TODO: inkwell `get_element_type()` will be deprecated.
-        // Remove the check for `get_element_type()` when the time comes.
-        self.0
-            .check_type(generator, ctx, elem_ty)
-            .map_err(|err| err.under_context("a PointerType"))?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx>> Ptr<Item> {
-    /// Return a ***constant*** nullptr.
-    pub fn nullptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
-        let ptr = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).const_null();
-        unsafe { self.believe_value(ptr) }
-    }
-
-    /// Cast a pointer into this model with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_pointer_cast`]
-    pub fn pointer_cast<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
-        // TODO: LLVM 15: Write in an impl where `Item` does not have to be `Model<'ctx>`.
-        // TODO: LLVM 15: This function will only have to be:
-        // ```
-        // return self.believe_value(ptr);
-        // ```
-        let t = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx);
-        let ptr = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(ptr, t, "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { self.believe_value(ptr) }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx>> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
-    /// Offset the pointer by [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_in_bounds_gep`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn offset(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        offset: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
-        let p = unsafe { ctx.builder.build_in_bounds_gep(self.value, &[offset], "").unwrap() };
-        unsafe { self.model.believe_value(p) }
-    }
-
-    /// Offset the pointer by [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_in_bounds_gep`] by a constant offset.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn offset_const(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        offset: i64,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
-        let offset = ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_int(offset as u64, true);
-        self.offset(ctx, offset)
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_index(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        index: IntValue<'ctx>,
-        value: Instance<'ctx, Item>,
-    ) {
-        self.offset(ctx, index).store(ctx, value);
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_index_const(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        index: i64,
-        value: Instance<'ctx, Item>,
-    ) {
-        self.offset_const(ctx, index).store(ctx, value);
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_index<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        index: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Item> {
-        self.offset(ctx, index).load(generator, ctx)
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_index_const<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        index: i64,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Item> {
-        self.offset_const(ctx, index).load(generator, ctx)
-    }
-
-    /// Load the value with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_load`].
-    pub fn load<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Item> {
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_load(self.value, "").unwrap();
-        self.model.0.check_value(generator, ctx.ctx, value).unwrap() // If unwrap() panics, there is a logic error.
-    }
-
-    /// Store a value with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_store`].
-    pub fn store(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: Instance<'ctx, Item>) {
-        ctx.builder.build_store(self.value, value.value).unwrap();
-    }
-
-    /// Return a casted pointer of element type `NewElement` with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_pointer_cast`].
-    pub fn pointer_cast<NewItem: Model<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        new_item: NewItem,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<NewItem>> {
-        // TODO: LLVM 15: Write in an impl where `Item` does not have to be `Model<'ctx>`.
-        Ptr(new_item).pointer_cast(generator, ctx, self.value)
-    }
-
-    /// Cast this pointer to `uint8_t*`
-    pub fn cast_to_pi8<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<Byte>>> {
-        Ptr(Int(Byte)).pointer_cast(generator, ctx, self.value)
-    }
-
-    /// Check if the pointer is null with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_is_null`].
-    pub fn is_null(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<Bool>> {
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_is_null(self.value, "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { Int(Bool).believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    /// Check if the pointer is not null with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_is_not_null`].
-    pub fn is_not_null(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<Bool>> {
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_is_not_null(self.value, "").unwrap();
-        unsafe { Int(Bool).believe_value(value) }
-    }
-
-    /// `memcpy` from another pointer.
-    pub fn copy_from<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        source: Self,
-        num_items: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) {
-        // Force extend `num_items` and `itemsize` to `i64` so their types would match.
-        let itemsize = self.model.size_of(generator, ctx.ctx);
-        let itemsize = Int(SizeT).z_extend_or_truncate(generator, ctx, itemsize);
-        let num_items = Int(SizeT).z_extend_or_truncate(generator, ctx, num_items);
-        let totalsize = itemsize.mul(ctx, num_items);
-
-        let is_volatile = ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_zero(); // is_volatile = false
-        call_memcpy_generic(ctx, self.value, source.value, totalsize.value, is_volatile);
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/model/structure.rs

@@ -1,364 +0,0 @@
-use std::fmt;
-
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, StructType},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, StructValue},
-};
-
-use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
-
-use super::*;
-
-/// A traveral that traverses a Rust `struct` that is used to declare an LLVM's struct's field types.
-pub trait FieldTraversal<'ctx> {
-    /// Output type of [`FieldTraversal::add`].
-    type Output<M>;
-
-    /// Traverse through the type of a declared field and do something with it.
-    ///
-    /// * `name` - The cosmetic name of the LLVM field. Used for debugging.
-    /// * `model` - The [`Model`] representing the LLVM type of this field.
-    fn add<M: Model<'ctx>>(&mut self, name: &'static str, model: M) -> Self::Output<M>;
-
-    /// Like [`FieldTraversal::add`] but [`Model`] is automatically inferred from its [`Default`] trait.
-    fn add_auto<M: Model<'ctx> + Default>(&mut self, name: &'static str) -> Self::Output<M> {
-        self.add(name, M::default())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Descriptor of an LLVM struct field.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct GepField<M> {
-    /// The GEP index of this field. This is the index to use with `build_gep`.
-    pub gep_index: u32,
-    /// The cosmetic name of this field.
-    pub name: &'static str,
-    /// The [`Model`] of this field's type.
-    pub model: M,
-}
-
-/// A traversal to calculate the GEP index of fields.
-pub struct GepFieldTraversal {
-    /// The current GEP index.
-    gep_index_counter: u32,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> FieldTraversal<'ctx> for GepFieldTraversal {
-    type Output<M> = GepField<M>;
-
-    fn add<M: Model<'ctx>>(&mut self, name: &'static str, model: M) -> Self::Output<M> {
-        let gep_index = self.gep_index_counter;
-        self.gep_index_counter += 1;
-        Self::Output { gep_index, name, model }
-    }
-}
-
-/// A traversal to collect the field types of a struct.
-///
-/// This is used to collect field types and construct the LLVM struct type with [`Context::struct_type`].
-struct TypeFieldTraversal<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized> {
-    generator: &'a G,
-    ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    /// The collected field types so far in exact order.
-    field_types: Vec<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized> FieldTraversal<'ctx> for TypeFieldTraversal<'ctx, 'a, G> {
-    type Output<M> = (); // Checking types return nothing.
-
-    fn add<M: Model<'ctx>>(&mut self, _name: &'static str, model: M) -> Self::Output<M> {
-        let t = model.llvm_type(self.generator, self.ctx).as_basic_type_enum();
-        self.field_types.push(t);
-    }
-}
-
-/// A traversal to check the types of fields.
-struct CheckTypeFieldTraversal<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized> {
-    generator: &'a mut G,
-    ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    /// The current GEP index, so we can tell the index of the field we are checking
-    /// and report the GEP index.
-    gep_index_counter: u32,
-    /// The [`StructType`] to check.
-    scrutinee: StructType<'ctx>,
-    /// The list of collected errors so far.
-    errors: Vec<ModelError>,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized> FieldTraversal<'ctx>
-    for CheckTypeFieldTraversal<'ctx, 'a, G>
-{
-    type Output<M> = (); // Checking types return nothing.
-
-    fn add<M: Model<'ctx>>(&mut self, name: &'static str, model: M) -> Self::Output<M> {
-        let gep_index = self.gep_index_counter;
-        self.gep_index_counter += 1;
-
-        if let Some(t) = self.scrutinee.get_field_type_at_index(gep_index) {
-            if let Err(err) = model.check_type(self.generator, self.ctx, t) {
-                self.errors
-                    .push(err.under_context(format!("field #{gep_index} '{name}'").as_str()));
-            }
-        }
-        // Otherwise, it will be caught by Struct's `check_type`.
-    }
-}
-
-/// A trait for Rust structs identifying LLVM structures.
-///
-/// ### Example
-///
-/// Suppose you want to define this structure:
-/// ```c
-/// template <typename T>
-/// struct ContiguousNDArray {
-///     size_t ndims;
-///     size_t* shape;
-///     T* data;
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// This is how it should be done:
-/// ```ignore
-/// pub struct ContiguousNDArrayFields<'ctx, F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>, Item: Model<'ctx>> {
-///     pub ndims: F::Out<Int<SizeT>>,
-///     pub shape: F::Out<Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-///     pub data: F::Out<Ptr<Item>>,
-/// }
-///
-/// /// An ndarray without strides and non-opaque `data` field in NAC3.
-/// #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-/// pub struct ContiguousNDArray<M> {
-///     /// [`Model`] of the items.
-///     pub item: M,
-/// }
-///
-/// impl<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx>> StructKind<'ctx> for ContiguousNDArray<Item> {
-///     type Fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> = ContiguousNDArrayFields<'ctx, F, Item>;
-///
-///     fn traverse_fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>>(&self, traversal: &mut F) -> Self::Fields<F> {
-///         // The order of `traversal.add*` is important
-///         Self::Fields {
-///             ndims: traversal.add_auto("ndims"),
-///             shape: traversal.add_auto("shape"),
-///             data: traversal.add("data", Ptr(self.item)),
-///         }
-///     }
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// The [`FieldTraversal`] here is a mechanism to allow the fields of `ContiguousNDArrayFields` to be
-/// traversed to do useful work such as:
-///
-/// - To create the [`StructType`] of `ContiguousNDArray` by collecting [`BasicType`]s of the fields.
-/// - To enable the `.gep(ctx, |f| f.ndims).store(ctx, ...)` syntax.
-///
-/// Suppose now that you have defined `ContiguousNDArray` and you want to allocate a `ContiguousNDArray`
-/// with dtype `float64` in LLVM, this is how you do it:
-/// ```ignore
-/// type F64NDArray = Struct<ContiguousNDArray<Float<Float64>>>; // Type alias for leaner documentation
-/// let model: F64NDArray = Struct(ContigousNDArray { item: Float(Float64) });
-/// let ndarray: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<F64NDArray>> = model.alloca(generator, ctx);
-/// ```
-///
-/// ...and here is how you may manipulate/access `ndarray`:
-///
-/// (NOTE: some arguments have been omitted)
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// // Get `&ndarray->data`
-/// ndarray.gep(|f| f.data); // type: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Float<Float64>>>
-///
-/// // Get `ndarray->ndims`
-/// ndarray.get(|f| f.ndims); // type: Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>>
-///
-/// // Get `&ndarray->ndims`
-/// ndarray.gep(|f| f.ndims); // type: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>
-///
-/// // Get `ndarray->shape[0]`
-/// ndarray.get(|f| f.shape).get_index_const(0); // Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>>
-///
-/// // Get `&ndarray->shape[2]`
-/// ndarray.get(|f| f.shape).offset_const(2); // Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>
-///
-/// // Do `ndarray->ndims = 3;`
-/// let num_3 = Int(SizeT).const_int(3);
-/// ndarray.set(|f| f.ndims, num_3);
-/// ```
-pub trait StructKind<'ctx>: fmt::Debug + Clone + Copy {
-    /// The associated fields of this struct.
-    type Fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>>;
-
-    /// Traverse through all fields of this [`StructKind`].
-    ///
-    /// Only used internally in this module for implementing other components.
-    fn iter_fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>>(&self, traversal: &mut F) -> Self::Fields<F>;
-
-    /// Get a convenience structure to get a struct field's GEP index through its corresponding Rust field.
-    ///
-    /// Only used internally in this module for implementing other components.
-    fn fields(&self) -> Self::Fields<GepFieldTraversal> {
-        self.iter_fields(&mut GepFieldTraversal { gep_index_counter: 0 })
-    }
-
-    /// Get the LLVM [`StructType`] of this [`StructKind`].
-    fn get_struct_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> StructType<'ctx> {
-        let mut traversal = TypeFieldTraversal { generator, ctx, field_types: Vec::new() };
-        self.iter_fields(&mut traversal);
-
-        ctx.struct_type(&traversal.field_types, false)
-    }
-}
-
-/// A model for LLVM struct.
-///
-/// `S` should be of a [`StructKind`].
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct Struct<S>(pub S);
-
-impl<'ctx, S: StructKind<'ctx>> Struct<S> {
-    /// Create a constant struct value from its fields.
-    ///
-    /// This function also validates `fields` and panic when there is something wrong.
-    pub fn const_struct<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        fields: &[BasicValueEnum<'ctx>],
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
-        // NOTE: There *could* have been a functor `F<M> = Instance<'ctx, M>` for `S::Fields<F>`
-        // to create a more user-friendly interface, but Rust's type system is not sophisticated enough
-        // and if you try doing that Rust would force you put lifetimes everywhere.
-        let val = ctx.const_struct(fields, false);
-        self.check_value(generator, ctx, val).unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, S: StructKind<'ctx>> Model<'ctx> for Struct<S> {
-    type Value = StructValue<'ctx>;
-    type Type = StructType<'ctx>;
-
-    fn llvm_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Self::Type {
-        self.0.get_struct_type(generator, ctx)
-    }
-
-    fn check_type<T: BasicType<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        ty: T,
-    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
-        let ty = ty.as_basic_type_enum();
-        let Ok(ty) = StructType::try_from(ty) else {
-            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting StructType, but got {ty:?}")));
-        };
-
-        // Check each field individually.
-        let mut traversal = CheckTypeFieldTraversal {
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            gep_index_counter: 0,
-            errors: Vec::new(),
-            scrutinee: ty,
-        };
-        self.0.iter_fields(&mut traversal);
-
-        // Check the number of fields.
-        let exp_num_fields = traversal.gep_index_counter;
-        let got_num_fields = u32::try_from(ty.get_field_types().len()).unwrap();
-        if exp_num_fields != got_num_fields {
-            return Err(ModelError(format!(
-                "Expecting StructType with {exp_num_fields} field(s), but got {got_num_fields}"
-            )));
-        }
-
-        if !traversal.errors.is_empty() {
-            // Currently, only the first error is reported.
-            return Err(traversal.errors[0].clone());
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, S: StructKind<'ctx>> Instance<'ctx, Struct<S>> {
-    /// Get a field with [`StructValue::get_field_at_index`].
-    pub fn get_field<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized, M, GetField>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        get_field: GetField,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, M>
-    where
-        M: Model<'ctx>,
-        GetField: FnOnce(S::Fields<GepFieldTraversal>) -> GepField<M>,
-    {
-        let field = get_field(self.model.0.fields());
-        let val = self.value.get_field_at_index(field.gep_index).unwrap();
-        field.model.check_value(generator, ctx, val).unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, S: StructKind<'ctx>> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Struct<S>>> {
-    /// Get a pointer to a field with [`Builder::build_in_bounds_gep`].
-    pub fn gep<M, GetField>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        get_field: GetField,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<M>>
-    where
-        M: Model<'ctx>,
-        GetField: FnOnce(S::Fields<GepFieldTraversal>) -> GepField<M>,
-    {
-        let field = get_field(self.model.0 .0.fields());
-        let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-
-        let ptr = unsafe {
-            ctx.builder
-                .build_in_bounds_gep(
-                    self.value,
-                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_int(u64::from(field.gep_index), false)],
-                    field.name,
-                )
-                .unwrap()
-        };
-
-        unsafe { Ptr(field.model).believe_value(ptr) }
-    }
-
-    /// Convenience function equivalent to `.gep(...).load(...)`.
-    pub fn get<M, GetField, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        get_field: GetField,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, M>
-    where
-        M: Model<'ctx>,
-        GetField: FnOnce(S::Fields<GepFieldTraversal>) -> GepField<M>,
-    {
-        self.gep(ctx, get_field).load(generator, ctx)
-    }
-
-    /// Convenience function equivalent to `.gep(...).store(...)`.
-    pub fn set<M, GetField>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        get_field: GetField,
-        value: Instance<'ctx, M>,
-    ) where
-        M: Model<'ctx>,
-        GetField: FnOnce(S::Fields<GepFieldTraversal>) -> GepField<M>,
-    {
-        self.gep(ctx, get_field).store(ctx, value);
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/model/util.rs

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-use crate::codegen::{
-    stmt::{gen_for_callback_incrementing, BreakContinueHooks},
-    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-};
-
-use super::*;
-
-/// Like [`gen_for_callback_incrementing`] with [`Model`] abstractions.
-///
-/// `stop` is not included.
-pub fn gen_for_model<'ctx, 'a, G, F, N>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-    start: Instance<'ctx, Int<N>>,
-    stop: Instance<'ctx, Int<N>>,
-    step: Instance<'ctx, Int<N>>,
-    body: F,
-) -> Result<(), String>
-where
-    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-    F: FnOnce(
-        &mut G,
-        &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        BreakContinueHooks<'ctx>,
-        Instance<'ctx, Int<N>>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String>,
-    N: IntKind<'ctx> + Default,
-{
-    let int_model = Int(N::default());
-    gen_for_callback_incrementing(
-        generator,
-        ctx,
-        None,
-        start.value,
-        (stop.value, false),
-        |g, ctx, hooks, i| {
-            let i = unsafe { int_model.believe_value(i) };
-            body(g, ctx, hooks, i)
-        },
-        step.value,
-    )
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/any.rs

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-use inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum;
-
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::Type;
-
-/// A NAC3 LLVM Python object of any type.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct AnyObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Typechecker type of the object.
-    pub ty: Type,
-    /// LLVM value of the object.
-    pub value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/list.rs

@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{model::*, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
-    typecheck::typedef::{iter_type_vars, Type, TypeEnum},
-};
-
-use super::any::AnyObject;
-
-/// Fields of [`List`]
-pub struct ListFields<'ctx, F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>, Item: Model<'ctx>> {
-    /// Array pointer to content
-    pub items: F::Output<Ptr<Item>>,
-    /// Number of items in the array
-    pub len: F::Output<Int<SizeT>>,
-}
-
-/// A list in NAC3.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct List<Item> {
-    /// Model of the list items
-    pub item: Item,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx>> StructKind<'ctx> for List<Item> {
-    type Fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> = ListFields<'ctx, F, Item>;
-
-    fn iter_fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>>(&self, traversal: &mut F) -> Self::Fields<F> {
-        Self::Fields {
-            items: traversal.add("items", Ptr(self.item)),
-            len: traversal.add_auto("len"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx>> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Struct<List<Item>>>> {
-    /// Cast the items pointer to `uint8_t*`.
-    pub fn with_pi8_items<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Struct<List<Int<Byte>>>>> {
-        self.pointer_cast(generator, ctx, Struct(List { item: Int(Byte) }))
-    }
-}
-
-/// A NAC3 Python List object.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct ListObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Typechecker type of the list items
-    pub item_type: Type,
-    pub instance: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Struct<List<Any<'ctx>>>>>,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> ListObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Create a [`ListObject`] from an LLVM value and its typechecker [`Type`].
-    pub fn from_object<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        object: AnyObject<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        // Check typechecker type and extract `item_type`
-        let item_type = match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(object.ty) {
-            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. }
-                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.list.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
-            {
-                iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap().ty // Extract `item_type`
-            }
-            _ => {
-                panic!("Expecting type to be a list, but got {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(object.ty))
-            }
-        };
-
-        let plist = Ptr(Struct(List { item: Any(ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, item_type)) }));
-
-        // Create object
-        let value = plist.check_value(generator, ctx.ctx, object.value).unwrap();
-        ListObject { item_type, instance: value }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the `len()` of this list.
-    pub fn len<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>> {
-        self.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.len)
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-pub mod any;
-pub mod list;
-pub mod ndarray;
-pub mod tuple;
-pub mod utils;

nac3core/src/codegen/object/ndarray/array.rs

@@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
-use super::NDArrayObject;
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        irrt::{
-            call_nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape,
-            call_nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array,
-        },
-        model::*,
-        object::{any::AnyObject, list::ListObject},
-        stmt::gen_if_else_expr_callback,
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-    },
-    toplevel::helper::{arraylike_flatten_element_type, arraylike_get_ndims},
-    typecheck::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
-};
-
-/// Get the expected `dtype` and `ndims` of the ndarray returned by `np_array(list)`.
-fn get_list_object_dtype_and_ndims<'ctx>(
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    list: ListObject<'ctx>,
-) -> (Type, u64) {
-    let dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, list.item_type);
-
-    let ndims = arraylike_get_ndims(&mut ctx.unifier, list.item_type);
-    let ndims = ndims + 1; // To count `list` itself.
-
-    (dtype, ndims)
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Implementation of `np_array(<list>, copy=True)`
-    fn make_np_array_list_copy_true_impl<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        list: ListObject<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let (dtype, ndims_int) = get_list_object_dtype_and_ndims(ctx, list);
-        let list_value = list.instance.with_pi8_items(generator, ctx);
-
-        // Validate `list` has a consistent shape.
-        // Raise an exception if `list` is something abnormal like `[[1, 2], [3]]`.
-        // If `list` has a consistent shape, deduce the shape and write it to `shape`.
-        let ndims = Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, ndims_int, false);
-        let shape = Int(SizeT).array_alloca(generator, ctx, ndims.value);
-        call_nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape(
-            generator, ctx, list_value, ndims, shape,
-        );
-
-        let ndarray = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, dtype, ndims_int);
-        ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, shape);
-        ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx);
-
-        // Copy all contents from the list.
-        call_nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array(generator, ctx, list_value, ndarray.instance);
-
-        ndarray
-    }
-
-    /// Implementation of `np_array(<list>, copy=None)`
-    fn make_np_array_list_copy_none_impl<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        list: ListObject<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        // np_array without copying is only possible `list` is not nested.
-        //
-        // If `list` is `list[T]`, we can create an ndarray with `data` set
-        // to the array pointer of `list`.
-        //
-        // If `list` is `list[list[T]]` or worse, copy.
-
-        let (dtype, ndims) = get_list_object_dtype_and_ndims(ctx, list);
-        if ndims == 1 {
-            // `list` is not nested
-            let ndarray = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, dtype, 1);
-
-            // Set data
-            let data = list.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.items).cast_to_pi8(generator, ctx);
-            ndarray.instance.set(ctx, |f| f.data, data);
-
-            // ndarray->shape[0] = list->len;
-            let shape = ndarray.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape);
-            let list_len = list.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.len);
-            shape.set_index_const(ctx, 0, list_len);
-
-            // Set strides, the `data` is contiguous
-            ndarray.set_strides_contiguous(generator, ctx);
-
-            ndarray
-        } else {
-            // `list` is nested, copy
-            NDArrayObject::make_np_array_list_copy_true_impl(generator, ctx, list)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Implementation of `np_array(<list>, copy=copy)`
-    fn make_np_array_list_impl<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        list: ListObject<'ctx>,
-        copy: Instance<'ctx, Int<Bool>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let (dtype, ndims) = get_list_object_dtype_and_ndims(ctx, list);
-
-        let ndarray = gen_if_else_expr_callback(
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            |_generator, _ctx| Ok(copy.value),
-            |generator, ctx| {
-                let ndarray =
-                    NDArrayObject::make_np_array_list_copy_true_impl(generator, ctx, list);
-                Ok(Some(ndarray.instance.value))
-            },
-            |generator, ctx| {
-                let ndarray =
-                    NDArrayObject::make_np_array_list_copy_none_impl(generator, ctx, list);
-                Ok(Some(ndarray.instance.value))
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap()
-        .unwrap();
-
-        NDArrayObject::from_value_and_unpacked_types(generator, ctx, ndarray, dtype, ndims)
-    }
-
-    /// Implementation of `np_array(<ndarray>, copy=copy)`.
-    pub fn make_np_array_ndarray_impl<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        ndarray: NDArrayObject<'ctx>,
-        copy: Instance<'ctx, Int<Bool>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let ndarray_val = gen_if_else_expr_callback(
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            |_generator, _ctx| Ok(copy.value),
-            |generator, ctx| {
-                let ndarray = ndarray.make_copy(generator, ctx); // Force copy
-                Ok(Some(ndarray.instance.value))
-            },
-            |_generator, _ctx| {
-                // No need to copy. Return `ndarray` itself.
-                Ok(Some(ndarray.instance.value))
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap()
-        .unwrap();
-
-        NDArrayObject::from_value_and_unpacked_types(
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            ndarray_val,
-            ndarray.dtype,
-            ndarray.ndims,
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// Create a new ndarray like `np.array()`.
-    ///
-    /// NOTE: The `ndmin` argument is not here. You may want to
-    /// do [`NDArrayObject::atleast_nd`] to achieve that.
-    pub fn make_np_array<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        object: AnyObject<'ctx>,
-        copy: Instance<'ctx, Int<Bool>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(object.ty) {
-            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. }
-                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.list.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
-            {
-                let list = ListObject::from_object(generator, ctx, object);
-                NDArrayObject::make_np_array_list_impl(generator, ctx, list, copy)
-            }
-            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. }
-                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.ndarray.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
-            {
-                let ndarray = NDArrayObject::from_object(generator, ctx, object);
-                NDArrayObject::make_np_array_ndarray_impl(generator, ctx, ndarray, copy)
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Unrecognized object type: {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(object.ty)), // Typechecker ensures this
-        }
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/ndarray/broadcast.rs

@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-use itertools::Itertools;
-
-use crate::codegen::{
-    irrt::{call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes, call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to},
-    model::*,
-    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-};
-
-use super::NDArrayObject;
-
-/// Fields of [`ShapeEntry`]
-pub struct ShapeEntryFields<'ctx, F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> {
-    pub ndims: F::Output<Int<SizeT>>,
-    pub shape: F::Output<Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-}
-
-/// An IRRT structure used in broadcasting.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct ShapeEntry;
-
-impl<'ctx> StructKind<'ctx> for ShapeEntry {
-    type Fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> = ShapeEntryFields<'ctx, F>;
-
-    fn iter_fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>>(&self, traversal: &mut F) -> Self::Fields<F> {
-        Self::Fields { ndims: traversal.add_auto("ndims"), shape: traversal.add_auto("shape") }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Create a broadcast view on this ndarray with a target shape.
-    ///
-    /// The input shape will be checked to make sure that it contains no negative values.
-    ///
-    /// * `target_ndims` - The ndims type after broadcasting to the given shape.
-    ///   The caller has to figure this out for this function.
-    /// * `target_shape` - An array pointer pointing to the target shape.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn broadcast_to<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        target_ndims: u64,
-        target_shape: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let broadcast_ndarray = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, self.dtype, target_ndims);
-        broadcast_ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, target_shape);
-
-        call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to(generator, ctx, self.instance, broadcast_ndarray.instance);
-        broadcast_ndarray
-    }
-}
-/// A result produced by [`broadcast_all_ndarrays`]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct BroadcastAllResult<'ctx> {
-    /// The statically known `ndims` of the broadcast result.
-    pub ndims: u64,
-    /// The broadcasting shape.
-    pub shape: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    /// Broadcasted views on the inputs.
-    ///
-    /// All of them will have `shape` [`BroadcastAllResult::shape`] and
-    /// `ndims` [`BroadcastAllResult::ndims`]. The length of the vector
-    /// is the same as the input.
-    pub ndarrays: Vec<NDArrayObject<'ctx>>,
-}
-
-/// Helper function to call `call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes`
-fn broadcast_shapes<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    in_shape_entries: &[(Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>, u64)], // (shape, shape's length/ndims)
-    broadcast_ndims: u64,
-    broadcast_shape: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-) {
-    // Prepare input shape entries to be passed to `call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes`.
-    let num_shape_entries = Int(SizeT).const_int(
-        generator,
-        ctx.ctx,
-        u64::try_from(in_shape_entries.len()).unwrap(),
-        false,
-    );
-    let shape_entries = Struct(ShapeEntry).array_alloca(generator, ctx, num_shape_entries.value);
-    for (i, (in_shape, in_ndims)) in in_shape_entries.iter().enumerate() {
-        let pshape_entry = shape_entries.offset_const(ctx, i64::try_from(i).unwrap());
-
-        let in_ndims = Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, *in_ndims, false);
-        pshape_entry.set(ctx, |f| f.ndims, in_ndims);
-
-        pshape_entry.set(ctx, |f| f.shape, *in_shape);
-    }
-
-    let broadcast_ndims = Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, broadcast_ndims, false);
-    call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes(
-        generator,
-        ctx,
-        num_shape_entries,
-        shape_entries,
-        broadcast_ndims,
-        broadcast_shape,
-    );
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Broadcast all ndarrays according to `np.broadcast()` and return a [`BroadcastAllResult`]
-    /// containing all the information of the result of the broadcast operation.
-    pub fn broadcast<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        ndarrays: &[Self],
-    ) -> BroadcastAllResult<'ctx> {
-        assert!(!ndarrays.is_empty());
-
-        // Infer the broadcast output ndims.
-        let broadcast_ndims_int = ndarrays.iter().map(|ndarray| ndarray.ndims).max().unwrap();
-
-        let broadcast_ndims = Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, broadcast_ndims_int, false);
-        let broadcast_shape = Int(SizeT).array_alloca(generator, ctx, broadcast_ndims.value);
-
-        let shape_entries = ndarrays
-            .iter()
-            .map(|ndarray| (ndarray.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape), ndarray.ndims))
-            .collect_vec();
-        broadcast_shapes(generator, ctx, &shape_entries, broadcast_ndims_int, broadcast_shape);
-
-        // Broadcast all the inputs to shape `dst_shape`.
-        let broadcast_ndarrays: Vec<_> = ndarrays
-            .iter()
-            .map(|ndarray| {
-                ndarray.broadcast_to(generator, ctx, broadcast_ndims_int, broadcast_shape)
-            })
-            .collect_vec();
-
-        BroadcastAllResult {
-            ndims: broadcast_ndims_int,
-            shape: broadcast_shape,
-            ndarrays: broadcast_ndarrays,
-        }
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/ndarray/factory.rs

@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-use inkwell::{values::BasicValueEnum, IntPredicate};
-
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        irrt::call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative, model::*, CodeGenContext,
-        CodeGenerator,
-    },
-    typecheck::typedef::Type,
-};
-
-use super::NDArrayObject;
-
-/// Get the zero value in `np.zeros()` of a `dtype`.
-fn ndarray_zero_value<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    dtype: Type,
-) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
-    if [ctx.primitives.int32, ctx.primitives.uint32]
-        .iter()
-        .any(|ty| ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, *ty))
-    {
-        ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_zero().into()
-    } else if [ctx.primitives.int64, ctx.primitives.uint64]
-        .iter()
-        .any(|ty| ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, *ty))
-    {
-        ctx.ctx.i64_type().const_zero().into()
-    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.float) {
-        ctx.ctx.f64_type().const_zero().into()
-    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.bool) {
-        ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_zero().into()
-    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.str) {
-        ctx.gen_string(generator, "").into()
-    } else {
-        panic!("unrecognized dtype: {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(dtype));
-    }
-}
-
-/// Get the one value in `np.ones()` of a `dtype`.
-fn ndarray_one_value<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    dtype: Type,
-) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
-    if [ctx.primitives.int32, ctx.primitives.uint32]
-        .iter()
-        .any(|ty| ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, *ty))
-    {
-        let is_signed = ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.int32);
-        ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_int(1, is_signed).into()
-    } else if [ctx.primitives.int64, ctx.primitives.uint64]
-        .iter()
-        .any(|ty| ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, *ty))
-    {
-        let is_signed = ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.int64);
-        ctx.ctx.i64_type().const_int(1, is_signed).into()
-    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.float) {
-        ctx.ctx.f64_type().const_float(1.0).into()
-    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.bool) {
-        ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_int(1, false).into()
-    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(dtype, ctx.primitives.str) {
-        ctx.gen_string(generator, "1").into()
-    } else {
-        panic!("unrecognized dtype: {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(dtype));
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Create an ndarray like `np.empty`.
-    pub fn make_np_empty<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dtype: Type,
-        ndims: u64,
-        shape: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        // Validate `shape`
-        let ndims_llvm = Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, ndims, false);
-        call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative(generator, ctx, ndims_llvm, shape);
-
-        let ndarray = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, dtype, ndims);
-        ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, shape);
-        ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx);
-
-        ndarray
-    }
-
-    /// Create an ndarray like `np.full`.
-    pub fn make_np_full<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dtype: Type,
-        ndims: u64,
-        shape: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-        fill_value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let ndarray = NDArrayObject::make_np_empty(generator, ctx, dtype, ndims, shape);
-        ndarray.fill(generator, ctx, fill_value);
-        ndarray
-    }
-
-    /// Create an ndarray like `np.zero`.
-    pub fn make_np_zeros<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dtype: Type,
-        ndims: u64,
-        shape: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let fill_value = ndarray_zero_value(generator, ctx, dtype);
-        NDArrayObject::make_np_full(generator, ctx, dtype, ndims, shape, fill_value)
-    }
-
-    /// Create an ndarray like `np.ones`.
-    pub fn make_np_ones<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dtype: Type,
-        ndims: u64,
-        shape: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let fill_value = ndarray_one_value(generator, ctx, dtype);
-        NDArrayObject::make_np_full(generator, ctx, dtype, ndims, shape, fill_value)
-    }
-
-    /// Create an ndarray like `np.eye`.
-    pub fn make_np_eye<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dtype: Type,
-        nrows: Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>>,
-        ncols: Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>>,
-        offset: Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let ndzero = ndarray_zero_value(generator, ctx, dtype);
-        let ndone = ndarray_one_value(generator, ctx, dtype);
-
-        let ndarray = NDArrayObject::alloca_dynamic_shape(generator, ctx, dtype, &[nrows, ncols]);
-
-        // Create data and make the matrix like look np.eye()
-        ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx);
-        ndarray
-            .foreach(generator, ctx, |generator, ctx, _hooks, nditer| {
-                // NOTE: rows and cols can never be zero here, since this ndarray's `np.size` would be zero
-                // and this loop would not execute.
-
-                // Load up `row_i` and `col_i` from indices.
-                let row_i = nditer.get_indices().get_index_const(generator, ctx, 0);
-                let col_i = nditer.get_indices().get_index_const(generator, ctx, 1);
-
-                let be_one = row_i.add(ctx, offset).compare(ctx, IntPredicate::EQ, col_i);
-                let value = ctx.builder.build_select(be_one.value, ndone, ndzero, "value").unwrap();
-
-                let p = nditer.get_pointer(generator, ctx);
-                ctx.builder.build_store(p, value).unwrap();
-
-                Ok(())
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-
-        ndarray
-    }
-
-    /// Create an ndarray like `np.identity`.
-    pub fn make_np_identity<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dtype: Type,
-        size: Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        // Convenient implementation
-        let offset = Int(SizeT).const_0(generator, ctx.ctx);
-        NDArrayObject::make_np_eye(generator, ctx, dtype, size, size, offset)
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/ndarray/indexing.rs

@@ -1,227 +0,0 @@
-use crate::codegen::{
-    irrt::call_nac3_ndarray_index,
-    model::*,
-    object::utils::slice::{RustSlice, Slice},
-    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-};
-
-use super::NDArrayObject;
-
-pub type NDIndexType = Byte;
-
-/// Fields of [`NDIndex`]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct NDIndexFields<'ctx, F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> {
-    pub type_: F::Output<Int<NDIndexType>>,
-    pub data: F::Output<Ptr<Int<Byte>>>,
-}
-
-/// An IRRT representation of an ndarray subscript index.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct NDIndex;
-
-impl<'ctx> StructKind<'ctx> for NDIndex {
-    type Fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> = NDIndexFields<'ctx, F>;
-
-    fn iter_fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>>(&self, traversal: &mut F) -> Self::Fields<F> {
-        Self::Fields { type_: traversal.add_auto("type"), data: traversal.add_auto("data") }
-    }
-}
-
-// A convenience enum representing a [`NDIndex`].
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum RustNDIndex<'ctx> {
-    SingleElement(Instance<'ctx, Int<Int32>>),
-    Slice(RustSlice<'ctx, Int32>),
-    NewAxis,
-    Ellipsis,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> RustNDIndex<'ctx> {
-    /// Get the value to set `NDIndex::type` for this variant.
-    fn get_type_id(&self) -> u64 {
-        // Defined in IRRT, must be in sync
-        match self {
-            RustNDIndex::SingleElement(_) => 0,
-            RustNDIndex::Slice(_) => 1,
-            RustNDIndex::NewAxis => 2,
-            RustNDIndex::Ellipsis => 3,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Serialize this [`RustNDIndex`] by writing it into an LLVM [`NDIndex`].
-    fn write_to_ndindex<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dst_ndindex_ptr: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Struct<NDIndex>>>,
-    ) {
-        // Set `dst_ndindex_ptr->type`
-        dst_ndindex_ptr.gep(ctx, |f| f.type_).store(
-            ctx,
-            Int(NDIndexType::default()).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, self.get_type_id(), false),
-        );
-
-        // Set `dst_ndindex_ptr->data`
-        match self {
-            RustNDIndex::SingleElement(in_index) => {
-                let index_ptr = Int(Int32).alloca(generator, ctx);
-                index_ptr.store(ctx, *in_index);
-
-                dst_ndindex_ptr
-                    .gep(ctx, |f| f.data)
-                    .store(ctx, index_ptr.pointer_cast(generator, ctx, Int(Byte)));
-            }
-            RustNDIndex::Slice(in_rust_slice) => {
-                let user_slice_ptr = Struct(Slice(Int32)).alloca(generator, ctx);
-                in_rust_slice.write_to_slice(generator, ctx, user_slice_ptr);
-
-                dst_ndindex_ptr
-                    .gep(ctx, |f| f.data)
-                    .store(ctx, user_slice_ptr.pointer_cast(generator, ctx, Int(Byte)));
-            }
-            RustNDIndex::NewAxis | RustNDIndex::Ellipsis => {}
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Serialize a list of `RustNDIndex` as a newly allocated LLVM array of `NDIndex`.
-    pub fn make_ndindices<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        in_ndindices: &[RustNDIndex<'ctx>],
-    ) -> (Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>>, Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Struct<NDIndex>>>) {
-        let ndindex_model = Struct(NDIndex);
-
-        // Allocate the LLVM ndindices.
-        let num_ndindices =
-            Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, in_ndindices.len() as u64, false);
-        let ndindices = ndindex_model.array_alloca(generator, ctx, num_ndindices.value);
-
-        // Initialize all of them.
-        for (i, in_ndindex) in in_ndindices.iter().enumerate() {
-            let pndindex = ndindices.offset_const(ctx, i64::try_from(i).unwrap());
-            in_ndindex.write_to_ndindex(generator, ctx, pndindex);
-        }
-
-        (num_ndindices, ndindices)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Get the expected `ndims` after indexing with `indices`.
-    #[must_use]
-    fn deduce_ndims_after_indexing_with(&self, indices: &[RustNDIndex<'ctx>]) -> u64 {
-        let mut ndims = self.ndims;
-        for index in indices {
-            match index {
-                RustNDIndex::SingleElement(_) => {
-                    ndims -= 1; // Single elements decrements ndims
-                }
-                RustNDIndex::NewAxis => {
-                    ndims += 1; // `np.newaxis` / `none` adds a new axis
-                }
-                RustNDIndex::Ellipsis | RustNDIndex::Slice(_) => {}
-            }
-        }
-        ndims
-    }
-
-    /// Index into the ndarray, and return a newly-allocated view on this ndarray.
-    ///
-    /// This function behaves like NumPy's ndarray indexing, but if the indices index
-    /// into a single element, an unsized ndarray is returned.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn index<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        indices: &[RustNDIndex<'ctx>],
-    ) -> Self {
-        let dst_ndims = self.deduce_ndims_after_indexing_with(indices);
-        let dst_ndarray = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, self.dtype, dst_ndims);
-
-        let (num_indices, indices) = RustNDIndex::make_ndindices(generator, ctx, indices);
-        call_nac3_ndarray_index(
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            num_indices,
-            indices,
-            self.instance,
-            dst_ndarray.instance,
-        );
-
-        dst_ndarray
-    }
-}
-
-pub mod util {
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, ExprKind};
-
-    use crate::{
-        codegen::{model::*, object::utils::slice::util::gen_slice, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
-        typecheck::typedef::Type,
-    };
-
-    use super::RustNDIndex;
-
-    /// Generate LLVM code to transform an ndarray subscript expression to
-    /// its list of [`RustNDIndex`]
-    ///
-    /// i.e.,
-    /// ```python
-    /// my_ndarray[::3, 1, :2:]
-    ///            ^^^^^^^^^^^ Then these into a three `RustNDIndex`es
-    /// ```
-    pub fn gen_ndarray_subscript_ndindices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        subscript: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<RustNDIndex<'ctx>>, String> {
-        // TODO: Support https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/basics.indexing.html#dimensional-indexing-tools
-
-        // Annoying notes about `slice`
-        //  - `my_array[5]`
-        //    - slice is a `Constant`
-        //  - `my_array[:5]`
-        //    - slice is a `Slice`
-        //  - `my_array[:]`
-        //    - slice is a `Slice`, but lower upper step would all be `Option::None`
-        //  - `my_array[:, :]`
-        //    - slice is now a `Tuple` of two `Slice`-s
-        //
-        // In summary:
-        //  - when there is a comma "," within [], `slice` will be a `Tuple` of the entries.
-        //  - when there is not comma "," within [] (i.e., just a single entry), `slice` will be that entry itself.
-        //
-        // So we first "flatten" out the slice expression
-        let index_exprs = match &subscript.node {
-            ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => elts.iter().collect_vec(),
-            _ => vec![subscript],
-        };
-
-        // Process all index expressions
-        let mut rust_ndindices: Vec<RustNDIndex> = Vec::with_capacity(index_exprs.len()); // Not using iterators here because `?` is used here.
-        for index_expr in index_exprs {
-            // NOTE: Currently nac3core's slices do not have an object representation,
-            // so the code/implementation looks awkward - we have to do pattern matching on the expression
-            let ndindex = if let ExprKind::Slice { lower, upper, step } = &index_expr.node {
-                // Handle slices
-                let slice = gen_slice(generator, ctx, lower, upper, step)?;
-                RustNDIndex::Slice(slice)
-            } else {
-                // Treat and handle everything else as a single element index.
-                let index = generator.gen_expr(ctx, index_expr)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(
-                    ctx,
-                    generator,
-                    ctx.primitives.int32, // Must be int32, this checks for illegal values
-                )?;
-                let index = Int(Int32).check_value(generator, ctx.ctx, index).unwrap();
-
-                RustNDIndex::SingleElement(index)
-            };
-            rust_ndindices.push(ndindex);
-        }
-        Ok(rust_ndindices)
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/ndarray/map.rs

@@ -1,219 +0,0 @@
-use inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum;
-use itertools::Itertools;
-
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        object::ndarray::{AnyObject, NDArrayObject},
-        stmt::gen_for_callback,
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-    },
-    typecheck::typedef::Type,
-};
-
-use super::{nditer::NDIterHandle, NDArrayOut, ScalarOrNDArray};
-
-impl<'ctx> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Generate LLVM IR to broadcast `ndarray`s together, and starmap through them with `mapping` elementwise.
-    ///
-    /// `mapping` is an LLVM IR generator. The input of `mapping` is the list of elements when iterating through
-    /// the input `ndarrays` after broadcasting. The output of `mapping` is the result of the elementwise operation.
-    ///
-    /// `out` specifies whether the result should be a new ndarray or to be written an existing ndarray.
-    pub fn broadcast_starmap<'a, G, MappingFn>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        ndarrays: &[Self],
-        out: NDArrayOut<'ctx>,
-        mapping: MappingFn,
-    ) -> Result<Self, String>
-    where
-        G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-        MappingFn: FnOnce(
-            &mut G,
-            &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-            &[BasicValueEnum<'ctx>],
-        ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String>,
-    {
-        // Broadcast inputs
-        let broadcast_result = NDArrayObject::broadcast(generator, ctx, ndarrays);
-
-        let out_ndarray = match out {
-            NDArrayOut::NewNDArray { dtype } => {
-                // Create a new ndarray based on the broadcast shape.
-                let result_ndarray =
-                    NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, dtype, broadcast_result.ndims);
-                result_ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, broadcast_result.shape);
-                result_ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx);
-                result_ndarray
-            }
-            NDArrayOut::WriteToNDArray { ndarray: result_ndarray } => {
-                // Use an existing ndarray.
-
-                // Check that its shape is compatible with the broadcast shape.
-                result_ndarray.assert_can_be_written_by_out(
-                    generator,
-                    ctx,
-                    broadcast_result.ndims,
-                    broadcast_result.shape,
-                );
-                result_ndarray
-            }
-        };
-
-        // Map element-wise and store results into `mapped_ndarray`.
-        let nditer = NDIterHandle::new(generator, ctx, out_ndarray);
-        gen_for_callback(
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            Some("broadcast_starmap"),
-            |generator, ctx| {
-                // Create NDIters for all broadcasted input ndarrays.
-                let other_nditers = broadcast_result
-                    .ndarrays
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|ndarray| NDIterHandle::new(generator, ctx, *ndarray))
-                    .collect_vec();
-                Ok((nditer, other_nditers))
-            },
-            |generator, ctx, (out_nditer, _in_nditers)| {
-                // We can simply use `out_nditer`'s `has_element()`.
-                // `in_nditers`' `has_element()`s should return the same value.
-                Ok(out_nditer.has_element(generator, ctx).value)
-            },
-            |generator, ctx, _hooks, (out_nditer, in_nditers)| {
-                // Get all the scalars from the broadcasted input ndarrays, pass them to `mapping`,
-                // and write to `out_ndarray`.
-                let in_scalars = in_nditers
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|nditer| nditer.get_scalar(generator, ctx).value)
-                    .collect_vec();
-
-                let result = mapping(generator, ctx, &in_scalars)?;
-
-                let p = out_nditer.get_pointer(generator, ctx);
-                ctx.builder.build_store(p, result).unwrap();
-
-                Ok(())
-            },
-            |generator, ctx, (out_nditer, in_nditers)| {
-                // Advance all iterators
-                out_nditer.next(generator, ctx);
-                in_nditers.iter().for_each(|nditer| nditer.next(generator, ctx));
-                Ok(())
-            },
-        )?;
-
-        Ok(out_ndarray)
-    }
-
-    /// Map through this ndarray with an elementwise function.
-    pub fn map<'a, G, Mapping>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        out: NDArrayOut<'ctx>,
-        mapping: Mapping,
-    ) -> Result<Self, String>
-    where
-        G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-        Mapping: FnOnce(
-            &mut G,
-            &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-            BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-        ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String>,
-    {
-        NDArrayObject::broadcast_starmap(
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            &[*self],
-            out,
-            |generator, ctx, scalars| mapping(generator, ctx, scalars[0]),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx> {
-    /// Starmap through a list of inputs using `mapping`, where an input could be an ndarray, a scalar.
-    ///
-    /// This function is very helpful when implementing NumPy functions that takes on either scalars or ndarrays or a mix of them
-    /// as their inputs and produces either an ndarray with broadcast, or a scalar if all its inputs are all scalars.
-    ///
-    /// For example ,this function can be used to implement `np.add`, which has the following behaviors:
-    /// - `np.add(3, 4) = 7` # (scalar, scalar) -> scalar
-    /// - `np.add(3, np.array([4, 5, 6]))` # (scalar, ndarray) -> ndarray; the first `scalar` is converted into an ndarray and broadcasted.
-    /// - `np.add(np.array([[1], [2], [3]]), np.array([[4, 5, 6]]))` # (ndarray, ndarray) -> ndarray; there is broadcasting.
-    ///
-    /// ## Details:
-    ///
-    /// If `inputs` are all [`ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar`], the output will be a [`ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar`] with type `ret_dtype`.
-    ///
-    /// Otherwise (if there are any [`ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray`] in `inputs`), all inputs will be 'as-ndarray'-ed into ndarrays,
-    /// then all inputs (now all ndarrays) will be passed to [`NDArrayObject::broadcasting_starmap`] and **create** a new ndarray
-    /// with dtype `ret_dtype`.
-    pub fn broadcasting_starmap<'a, G, MappingFn>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        inputs: &[ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx>],
-        ret_dtype: Type,
-        mapping: MappingFn,
-    ) -> Result<ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx>, String>
-    where
-        G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-        MappingFn: FnOnce(
-            &mut G,
-            &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-            &[BasicValueEnum<'ctx>],
-        ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String>,
-    {
-        // Check if all inputs are Scalars
-        let all_scalars: Option<Vec<_>> = inputs.iter().map(AnyObject::try_from).try_collect().ok();
-
-        if let Some(scalars) = all_scalars {
-            let scalars = scalars.iter().map(|scalar| scalar.value).collect_vec();
-            let value = mapping(generator, ctx, &scalars)?;
-
-            Ok(ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(AnyObject { ty: ret_dtype, value }))
-        } else {
-            // Promote all input to ndarrays and map through them.
-            let inputs = inputs.iter().map(|input| input.to_ndarray(generator, ctx)).collect_vec();
-            let ndarray = NDArrayObject::broadcast_starmap(
-                generator,
-                ctx,
-                &inputs,
-                NDArrayOut::NewNDArray { dtype: ret_dtype },
-                mapping,
-            )?;
-            Ok(ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(ndarray))
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Map through this [`ScalarOrNDArray`] with an elementwise function.
-    ///
-    /// If this is a scalar, `mapping` will directly act on the scalar. This function will return a [`ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar`] of that result.
-    ///
-    /// If this is an ndarray, `mapping` will be applied to the elements of the ndarray. A new ndarray of the results will be created and
-    /// returned as a [`ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray`].
-    pub fn map<'a, G, Mapping>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        ret_dtype: Type,
-        mapping: Mapping,
-    ) -> Result<ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx>, String>
-    where
-        G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-        Mapping: FnOnce(
-            &mut G,
-            &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-            BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-        ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String>,
-    {
-        ScalarOrNDArray::broadcasting_starmap(
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            &[*self],
-            ret_dtype,
-            |generator, ctx, scalars| mapping(generator, ctx, scalars[0]),
-        )
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/ndarray/matmul.rs

@@ -1,218 +0,0 @@
-use std::cmp::max;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::Operator;
-use util::gen_for_model;
-
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        expr::gen_binop_expr_with_values, irrt::call_nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes,
-        model::*, object::ndarray::indexing::RustNDIndex, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-    },
-    typecheck::{magic_methods::Binop, typedef::Type},
-};
-
-use super::{NDArrayObject, NDArrayOut};
-
-/// Perform `np.einsum("...ij,...jk->...ik", in_a, in_b)`.
-///
-/// `dst_dtype` defines the dtype of the returned ndarray.
-fn matmul_at_least_2d<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    dst_dtype: Type,
-    in_a: NDArrayObject<'ctx>,
-    in_b: NDArrayObject<'ctx>,
-) -> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    assert!(in_a.ndims >= 2);
-    assert!(in_b.ndims >= 2);
-
-    // Deduce ndims of the result of matmul.
-    let ndims_int = max(in_a.ndims, in_b.ndims);
-    let ndims = Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, ndims_int, false);
-
-    // Broadcasts `in_a.shape[:-2]` and `in_b.shape[:-2]` together and allocate the
-    // destination ndarray to store the result of matmul.
-    let (lhs, rhs, dst) = {
-        let in_lhs_ndims = in_a.ndims_llvm(generator, ctx.ctx);
-        let in_lhs_shape = in_a.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape);
-        let in_rhs_ndims = in_b.ndims_llvm(generator, ctx.ctx);
-        let in_rhs_shape = in_b.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape);
-        let lhs_shape = Int(SizeT).array_alloca(generator, ctx, ndims.value);
-        let rhs_shape = Int(SizeT).array_alloca(generator, ctx, ndims.value);
-        let dst_shape = Int(SizeT).array_alloca(generator, ctx, ndims.value);
-
-        // Matmul dimension compatibility is checked here.
-        call_nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes(
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            in_lhs_ndims,
-            in_lhs_shape,
-            in_rhs_ndims,
-            in_rhs_shape,
-            ndims,
-            lhs_shape,
-            rhs_shape,
-            dst_shape,
-        );
-
-        let lhs = in_a.broadcast_to(generator, ctx, ndims_int, lhs_shape);
-        let rhs = in_b.broadcast_to(generator, ctx, ndims_int, rhs_shape);
-
-        let dst = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, dst_dtype, ndims_int);
-        dst.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, dst_shape);
-        dst.create_data(generator, ctx);
-
-        (lhs, rhs, dst)
-    };
-
-    let len = lhs.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape).get_index_const(
-        generator,
-        ctx,
-        i64::try_from(ndims_int - 1).unwrap(),
-    );
-
-    let at_row = i64::try_from(ndims_int - 2).unwrap();
-    let at_col = i64::try_from(ndims_int - 1).unwrap();
-
-    let dst_dtype_llvm = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dst_dtype);
-    let dst_zero = dst_dtype_llvm.const_zero();
-
-    dst.foreach(generator, ctx, |generator, ctx, _, hdl| {
-        let pdst_ij = hdl.get_pointer(generator, ctx);
-
-        ctx.builder.build_store(pdst_ij, dst_zero).unwrap();
-
-        let indices = hdl.get_indices();
-        let i = indices.get_index_const(generator, ctx, at_row);
-        let j = indices.get_index_const(generator, ctx, at_col);
-
-        let num_0 = Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, 0, false);
-        let num_1 = Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, 1, false);
-
-        gen_for_model(generator, ctx, num_0, len, num_1, |generator, ctx, _, k| {
-            // `indices` is modified to index into `a` and `b`, and restored.
-            indices.set_index_const(ctx, at_row, i);
-            indices.set_index_const(ctx, at_col, k);
-            let a_ik = lhs.get_scalar_by_indices(generator, ctx, indices);
-
-            indices.set_index_const(ctx, at_row, k);
-            indices.set_index_const(ctx, at_col, j);
-            let b_kj = rhs.get_scalar_by_indices(generator, ctx, indices);
-
-            // Restore `indices`.
-            indices.set_index_const(ctx, at_row, i);
-            indices.set_index_const(ctx, at_col, j);
-
-            // x = a_[...]ik * b_[...]kj
-            let x = gen_binop_expr_with_values(
-                generator,
-                ctx,
-                (&Some(lhs.dtype), a_ik.value),
-                Binop::normal(Operator::Mult),
-                (&Some(rhs.dtype), b_kj.value),
-                ctx.current_loc,
-            )?
-            .unwrap()
-            .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, dst_dtype)?;
-
-            // dst_[...]ij += x
-            let dst_ij = ctx.builder.build_load(pdst_ij, "").unwrap();
-            let dst_ij = gen_binop_expr_with_values(
-                generator,
-                ctx,
-                (&Some(dst_dtype), dst_ij),
-                Binop::normal(Operator::Add),
-                (&Some(dst_dtype), x),
-                ctx.current_loc,
-            )?
-            .unwrap()
-            .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, dst_dtype)?;
-            ctx.builder.build_store(pdst_ij, dst_ij).unwrap();
-
-            Ok(())
-        })
-    })
-    .unwrap();
-
-    dst
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Perform `np.matmul` according to the rules in
-    /// <https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.matmul.html>.
-    ///
-    /// This function always return an [`NDArrayObject`]. You may want to use [`NDArrayObject::split_unsized`]
-    /// to handle when the output could be a scalar.
-    ///
-    /// `dst_dtype` defines the dtype of the returned ndarray.
-    pub fn matmul<G: CodeGenerator>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        a: Self,
-        b: Self,
-        out: NDArrayOut<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        // Sanity check, but type inference should prevent this.
-        assert!(a.ndims > 0 && b.ndims > 0, "np.matmul disallows scalar input");
-
-        /*
-            If both arguments are 2-D they are multiplied like conventional matrices.
-            If either argument is N-D, N > 2, it is treated as a stack of matrices residing in the last two indices and broadcast accordingly.
-            If the first argument is 1-D, it is promoted to a matrix by prepending a 1 to its dimensions. After matrix multiplication the prepended 1 is removed.
-            If the second argument is 1-D, it is promoted to a matrix by appending a 1 to its dimensions. After matrix multiplication the appended 1 is removed.
-        */
-
-        let new_a = if a.ndims == 1 {
-            // Prepend 1 to its dimensions
-            a.index(generator, ctx, &[RustNDIndex::NewAxis, RustNDIndex::Ellipsis])
-        } else {
-            a
-        };
-
-        let new_b = if b.ndims == 1 {
-            // Append 1 to its dimensions
-            b.index(generator, ctx, &[RustNDIndex::Ellipsis, RustNDIndex::NewAxis])
-        } else {
-            b
-        };
-
-        // NOTE: `result` will always be a newly allocated ndarray.
-        // Current implementation cannot do in-place matrix muliplication.
-        let mut result = matmul_at_least_2d(generator, ctx, out.get_dtype(), new_a, new_b);
-
-        // Postprocessing on the result to remove prepended/appended axes.
-        let mut postindices = vec![];
-        let zero = Int(Int32).const_0(generator, ctx.ctx);
-
-        if a.ndims == 1 {
-            // Remove the prepended 1
-            postindices.push(RustNDIndex::SingleElement(zero));
-        }
-
-        if b.ndims == 1 {
-            // Remove the appended 1
-            postindices.push(RustNDIndex::Ellipsis);
-            postindices.push(RustNDIndex::SingleElement(zero));
-        }
-
-        if !postindices.is_empty() {
-            result = result.index(generator, ctx, &postindices);
-        }
-
-        match out {
-            NDArrayOut::NewNDArray { .. } => result,
-            NDArrayOut::WriteToNDArray { ndarray: out_ndarray } => {
-                let result_shape = result.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape);
-                out_ndarray.assert_can_be_written_by_out(
-                    generator,
-                    ctx,
-                    result.ndims,
-                    result_shape,
-                );
-
-                out_ndarray.copy_data_from(generator, ctx, result);
-                out_ndarray
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/ndarray/mod.rs

@@ -1,639 +0,0 @@
-pub mod array;
-pub mod broadcast;
-pub mod factory;
-pub mod indexing;
-pub mod map;
-pub mod matmul;
-pub mod nditer;
-pub mod shape_util;
-pub mod view;
-
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::BasicType,
-    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, PointerValue},
-    AddressSpace,
-};
-
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        irrt::{
-            call_nac3_ndarray_copy_data, call_nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement,
-            call_nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices, call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous,
-            call_nac3_ndarray_len, call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes,
-            call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape, call_nac3_ndarray_size,
-            call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same,
-        },
-        model::*,
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-    },
-    toplevel::{helper::extract_ndims, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
-    typecheck::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
-};
-
-use super::{any::AnyObject, tuple::TupleObject};
-
-/// Fields of [`NDArray`]
-pub struct NDArrayFields<'ctx, F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> {
-    pub data: F::Output<Ptr<Int<Byte>>>,
-    pub itemsize: F::Output<Int<SizeT>>,
-    pub ndims: F::Output<Int<SizeT>>,
-    pub shape: F::Output<Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    pub strides: F::Output<Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-}
-
-/// A strided ndarray in NAC3.
-///
-/// See IRRT implementation for details about its fields.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct NDArray;
-
-impl<'ctx> StructKind<'ctx> for NDArray {
-    type Fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> = NDArrayFields<'ctx, F>;
-
-    fn iter_fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>>(&self, traversal: &mut F) -> Self::Fields<F> {
-        Self::Fields {
-            data: traversal.add_auto("data"),
-            itemsize: traversal.add_auto("itemsize"),
-            ndims: traversal.add_auto("ndims"),
-            shape: traversal.add_auto("shape"),
-            strides: traversal.add_auto("strides"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// A NAC3 Python ndarray object.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    pub dtype: Type,
-    pub ndims: u64,
-    pub instance: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Struct<NDArray>>>,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Attempt to convert an [`AnyObject`] into an [`NDArrayObject`].
-    pub fn from_object<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        object: AnyObject<'ctx>,
-    ) -> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-        let (dtype, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, object.ty);
-        let ndims = extract_ndims(&ctx.unifier, ndims);
-        Self::from_value_and_unpacked_types(generator, ctx, object.value, dtype, ndims)
-    }
-
-    /// Like [`NDArrayObject::from_object`] but you directly supply the ndarray's
-    /// `dtype` and `ndims`.
-    pub fn from_value_and_unpacked_types<V: BasicValue<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        value: V,
-        dtype: Type,
-        ndims: u64,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let value = Ptr(Struct(NDArray)).check_value(generator, ctx.ctx, value).unwrap();
-        NDArrayObject { dtype, ndims, instance: value }
-    }
-
-    /// Get this ndarray's `ndims` as an LLVM constant.
-    pub fn ndims_llvm<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>> {
-        Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx, self.ndims, false)
-    }
-
-    /// Allocate an ndarray on the stack given its `ndims` and `dtype`.
-    ///
-    /// `shape` and `strides` will be automatically allocated onto the stack.
-    ///
-    /// The returned ndarray's content will be:
-    /// - `data`: uninitialized.
-    /// - `itemsize`: set to the `sizeof()` of `dtype`.
-    /// - `ndims`: set to the value of  `ndims`.
-    /// - `shape`: allocated with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized values.
-    /// - `strides`: allocated with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized values.
-    pub fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dtype: Type,
-        ndims: u64,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let ndarray = Struct(NDArray).alloca(generator, ctx);
-
-        let itemsize = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype).size_of().unwrap();
-        let itemsize = Int(SizeT).z_extend_or_truncate(generator, ctx, itemsize);
-        ndarray.set(ctx, |f| f.itemsize, itemsize);
-
-        let ndims_val = Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, ndims, false);
-        ndarray.set(ctx, |f| f.ndims, ndims_val);
-
-        let shape = Int(SizeT).array_alloca(generator, ctx, ndims_val.value);
-        ndarray.set(ctx, |f| f.shape, shape);
-
-        let strides = Int(SizeT).array_alloca(generator, ctx, ndims_val.value);
-        ndarray.set(ctx, |f| f.strides, strides);
-
-        NDArrayObject { dtype, ndims, instance: ndarray }
-    }
-
-    /// Convenience function. Allocate an [`NDArrayObject`] with a statically known shape.
-    ///
-    /// The returned [`NDArrayObject`]'s `data` and `strides` are uninitialized.
-    pub fn alloca_constant_shape<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dtype: Type,
-        shape: &[u64],
-    ) -> Self {
-        let ndarray = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, dtype, shape.len() as u64);
-
-        // Write shape
-        let dst_shape = ndarray.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape);
-        for (i, dim) in shape.iter().enumerate() {
-            let dim = Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, *dim, false);
-            dst_shape.offset_const(ctx, i64::try_from(i).unwrap()).store(ctx, dim);
-        }
-
-        ndarray
-    }
-
-    /// Convenience function. Allocate an [`NDArrayObject`] with a dynamically known shape.
-    ///
-    /// The returned [`NDArrayObject`]'s `data` and `strides` are uninitialized.
-    pub fn alloca_dynamic_shape<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dtype: Type,
-        shape: &[Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>>],
-    ) -> Self {
-        let ndarray = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, dtype, shape.len() as u64);
-
-        // Write shape
-        let dst_shape = ndarray.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape);
-        for (i, dim) in shape.iter().enumerate() {
-            dst_shape.offset_const(ctx, i64::try_from(i).unwrap()).store(ctx, *dim);
-        }
-
-        ndarray
-    }
-
-    /// Initialize an ndarray's `data` by allocating a buffer on the stack.
-    /// The allocated data buffer is considered to be *owned* by the ndarray.
-    ///
-    /// `strides` of the ndarray will also be updated with `set_strides_by_shape`.
-    ///
-    /// `shape` and `itemsize` of the ndarray ***must*** be initialized first.
-    pub fn create_data<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) {
-        let nbytes = self.nbytes(generator, ctx);
-
-        let data = Int(Byte).array_alloca(generator, ctx, nbytes.value);
-        self.instance.set(ctx, |f| f.data, data);
-
-        self.set_strides_contiguous(generator, ctx);
-    }
-
-    /// Copy shape dimensions from an array.
-    pub fn copy_shape_from_array<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        shape: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    ) {
-        let num_items = self.ndims_llvm(generator, ctx.ctx).value;
-        self.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape).copy_from(generator, ctx, shape, num_items);
-    }
-
-    /// Copy shape dimensions from an ndarray.
-    /// Panics if `ndims` mismatches.
-    pub fn copy_shape_from_ndarray<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        src_ndarray: NDArrayObject<'ctx>,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(self.ndims, src_ndarray.ndims);
-        let src_shape = src_ndarray.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape);
-        self.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, src_shape);
-    }
-
-    /// Copy strides dimensions from an array.
-    pub fn copy_strides_from_array<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        strides: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    ) {
-        let num_items = self.ndims_llvm(generator, ctx.ctx).value;
-        self.instance
-            .get(generator, ctx, |f| f.strides)
-            .copy_from(generator, ctx, strides, num_items);
-    }
-
-    /// Copy strides dimensions from an ndarray.
-    /// Panics if `ndims` mismatches.
-    pub fn copy_strides_from_ndarray<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        src_ndarray: NDArrayObject<'ctx>,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(self.ndims, src_ndarray.ndims);
-        let src_strides = src_ndarray.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.strides);
-        self.copy_strides_from_array(generator, ctx, src_strides);
-    }
-
-    /// Get the `np.size()` of this ndarray.
-    pub fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>> {
-        call_nac3_ndarray_size(generator, ctx, self.instance)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the `ndarray.nbytes` of this ndarray.
-    pub fn nbytes<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>> {
-        call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes(generator, ctx, self.instance)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the `len()` of this ndarray.
-    pub fn len<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>> {
-        call_nac3_ndarray_len(generator, ctx, self.instance)
-    }
-
-    /// Check if this ndarray is C-contiguous.
-    ///
-    /// See NumPy's `flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]`: <https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.flags.html#numpy.ndarray.flags>
-    pub fn is_c_contiguous<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<Bool>> {
-        call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous(generator, ctx, self.instance)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the pointer to the n-th (0-based) element.
-    ///
-    /// The returned pointer has the element type of the LLVM type of this ndarray's `dtype`.
-    pub fn get_nth_pelement<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        nth: Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>>,
-    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        let elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, self.dtype);
-
-        let p = call_nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement(generator, ctx, self.instance, nth);
-        ctx.builder
-            .build_pointer_cast(p.value, elem_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "")
-            .unwrap()
-    }
-
-    /// Get the n-th (0-based) scalar.
-    pub fn get_nth_scalar<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        nth: Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>>,
-    ) -> AnyObject<'ctx> {
-        let ptr = self.get_nth_pelement(generator, ctx, nth);
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_load(ptr, "").unwrap();
-        AnyObject { ty: self.dtype, value }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the pointer to the element indexed by `indices`.
-    ///
-    /// The returned pointer has the element type of the LLVM type of this ndarray's `dtype`.
-    pub fn get_pelement_by_indices<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        indices: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        let elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, self.dtype);
-
-        let p = call_nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices(generator, ctx, self.instance, indices);
-        ctx.builder
-            .build_pointer_cast(p.value, elem_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "")
-            .unwrap()
-    }
-
-    /// Get the scalar indexed by `indices`.
-    pub fn get_scalar_by_indices<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        indices: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    ) -> AnyObject<'ctx> {
-        let ptr = self.get_pelement_by_indices(generator, ctx, indices);
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_load(ptr, "").unwrap();
-        AnyObject { ty: self.dtype, value }
-    }
-
-    /// Call [`call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape`] on this ndarray to update `strides`.
-    ///
-    /// Update the ndarray's strides to make the ndarray contiguous.
-    pub fn set_strides_contiguous<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) {
-        call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape(generator, ctx, self.instance);
-    }
-
-    /// Clone/Copy this ndarray - Allocate a new ndarray with the same shape as this ndarray and copy the contents over.
-    ///
-    /// The new ndarray will own its data and will be C-contiguous.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn make_copy<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let clone = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, self.dtype, self.ndims);
-
-        let shape = self.instance.gep(ctx, |f| f.shape).load(generator, ctx);
-        clone.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, shape);
-        clone.create_data(generator, ctx);
-        clone.copy_data_from(generator, ctx, *self);
-        clone
-    }
-
-    /// Copy data from another ndarray.
-    ///
-    /// This ndarray and `src` is that their `np.size()` should be the same. Their shapes
-    /// do not matter. The copying order is determined by how their flattened views look.
-    ///
-    /// Panics if the `dtype`s of ndarrays are different.
-    pub fn copy_data_from<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        src: NDArrayObject<'ctx>,
-    ) {
-        assert!(ctx.unifier.unioned(self.dtype, src.dtype), "self and src dtype should match");
-        call_nac3_ndarray_copy_data(generator, ctx, src.instance, self.instance);
-    }
-
-    /// Returns true if this ndarray is unsized - `ndims == 0` and only contains a scalar.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn is_unsized(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ndims == 0
-    }
-
-    /// If this ndarray is unsized, return its sole value as an [`AnyObject`].
-    /// Otherwise, do nothing and return the ndarray itself.
-    pub fn split_unsized<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx> {
-        if self.is_unsized() {
-            // NOTE: `np.size(self) == 0` here is never possible.
-            let zero = Int(SizeT).const_0(generator, ctx.ctx);
-            let value = self.get_nth_scalar(generator, ctx, zero).value;
-
-            ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(AnyObject { ty: self.dtype, value })
-        } else {
-            ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(*self)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Fill the ndarray with a scalar.
-    ///
-    /// `fill_value` must have the same LLVM type as the `dtype` of this ndarray.
-    pub fn fill<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
-        // TODO: It is possible to optimize this by exploiting contiguous strides with memset.
-        // Probably best to implement in IRRT.
-        self.foreach(generator, ctx, |generator, ctx, _hooks, nditer| {
-            let p = nditer.get_pointer(generator, ctx);
-            ctx.builder.build_store(p, value).unwrap();
-            Ok(())
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-    }
-
-    /// Create the shape tuple of this ndarray like `np.shape(<ndarray>)`.
-    ///
-    /// The returned integers in the tuple are in int32.
-    pub fn make_shape_tuple<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> TupleObject<'ctx> {
-        // TODO: Return a tuple of SizeT
-
-        let mut objects = Vec::with_capacity(self.ndims as usize);
-
-        for i in 0..self.ndims {
-            let dim = self
-                .instance
-                .get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape)
-                .get_index_const(generator, ctx, i64::try_from(i).unwrap())
-                .truncate_or_bit_cast(generator, ctx, Int32);
-
-            objects.push(AnyObject {
-                ty: ctx.primitives.int32,
-                value: dim.value.as_basic_value_enum(),
-            });
-        }
-
-        TupleObject::from_objects(generator, ctx, objects)
-    }
-
-    /// Create the strides tuple of this ndarray like `<ndarray>.strides`.
-    ///
-    /// The returned integers in the tuple are in int32.
-    pub fn make_strides_tuple<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> TupleObject<'ctx> {
-        // TODO: Return a tuple of SizeT.
-
-        let mut objects = Vec::with_capacity(self.ndims as usize);
-
-        for i in 0..self.ndims {
-            let dim = self
-                .instance
-                .get(generator, ctx, |f| f.strides)
-                .get_index_const(generator, ctx, i64::try_from(i).unwrap())
-                .truncate_or_bit_cast(generator, ctx, Int32);
-
-            objects.push(AnyObject {
-                ty: ctx.primitives.int32,
-                value: dim.value.as_basic_value_enum(),
-            });
-        }
-
-        TupleObject::from_objects(generator, ctx, objects)
-    }
-
-    /// Create an unsized ndarray to contain `object`.
-    pub fn make_unsized<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        object: AnyObject<'ctx>,
-    ) -> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-        // We have to put the value on the stack to get a data pointer.
-        let data = ctx.builder.build_alloca(object.value.get_type(), "make_unsized").unwrap();
-        ctx.builder.build_store(data, object.value).unwrap();
-        let data = Ptr(Int(Byte)).pointer_cast(generator, ctx, data);
-
-        let ndarray = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, object.ty, 0);
-        ndarray.instance.set(ctx, |f| f.data, data);
-        ndarray
-    }
-    /// Check if this `NDArray` can be used as an `out` ndarray for an operation.
-    ///
-    /// Raise an exception if the shapes do not match.
-    pub fn assert_can_be_written_by_out<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        out_ndims: u64,
-        out_shape: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    ) {
-        let ndarray_ndims = self.ndims_llvm(generator, ctx.ctx);
-        let ndarray_shape = self.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape);
-
-        let output_ndims = Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, out_ndims, false);
-        let output_shape = out_shape;
-
-        call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same(
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            ndarray_ndims,
-            ndarray_shape,
-            output_ndims,
-            output_shape,
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-/// A convenience enum for implementing functions that acts on scalars or ndarrays or both.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx> {
-    Scalar(AnyObject<'ctx>),
-    NDArray(NDArrayObject<'ctx>),
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> TryFrom<&ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx>> for AnyObject<'ctx> {
-    type Error = ();
-
-    fn try_from(value: &ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        match value {
-            ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(scalar) => Ok(*scalar),
-            ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(_ndarray) => Err(()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> TryFrom<&ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx>> for NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    type Error = ();
-
-    fn try_from(value: &ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        match value {
-            ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(_scalar) => Err(()),
-            ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(ndarray) => Ok(*ndarray),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx> {
-    /// Split on `object` either into a scalar or an ndarray.
-    ///
-    /// If `object` is an ndarray, [`ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray`].
-    ///
-    /// For everything else, it is wrapped with [`ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar`].
-    pub fn split_object<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        object: AnyObject<'ctx>,
-    ) -> ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx> {
-        match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(object.ty) {
-            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. }
-                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.ndarray.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
-            {
-                let ndarray = NDArrayObject::from_object(generator, ctx, object);
-                ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(ndarray)
-            }
-            _ => ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(object),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying [`BasicValueEnum<'ctx>`] of this [`ScalarOrNDArray`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn to_basic_value_enum(self) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
-        match self {
-            ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(scalar) => scalar.value,
-            ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(ndarray) => ndarray.instance.value.as_basic_value_enum(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Convert this [`ScalarOrNDArray`] to an ndarray - behaves like `np.asarray`.
-    /// - If this is an ndarray, the ndarray is returned.
-    /// - If this is a scalar, this function returns new ndarray created with [`NDArrayObject::make_unsized`].
-    pub fn to_ndarray<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-        match self {
-            ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(ndarray) => *ndarray,
-            ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(scalar) => NDArrayObject::make_unsized(generator, ctx, *scalar),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the dtype of the ndarray created if this were called with [`ScalarOrNDArray::to_ndarray`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_dtype(&self) -> Type {
-        match self {
-            ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(ndarray) => ndarray.dtype,
-            ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(scalar) => scalar.ty,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// An helper enum specifying how a function should produce its output.
-///
-/// Many functions in NumPy has an optional `out` parameter (e.g., `matmul`). If `out` is specified
-/// with an ndarray, the result of a function will be written to `out`. If `out` is not specified, a function will
-/// create a new ndarray and store the result in it.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum NDArrayOut<'ctx> {
-    /// Tell a function should create a new ndarray with the expected element type `dtype`.
-    NewNDArray { dtype: Type },
-    /// Tell a function to write the result to `ndarray`.
-    WriteToNDArray { ndarray: NDArrayObject<'ctx> },
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> NDArrayOut<'ctx> {
-    /// Get the dtype of this output.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_dtype(&self) -> Type {
-        match self {
-            NDArrayOut::NewNDArray { dtype } => *dtype,
-            NDArrayOut::WriteToNDArray { ndarray } => ndarray.dtype,
-        }
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/ndarray/nditer.rs

@@ -1,179 +0,0 @@
-use inkwell::{types::BasicType, values::PointerValue, AddressSpace};
-
-use crate::codegen::{
-    irrt::{call_nac3_nditer_has_element, call_nac3_nditer_initialize, call_nac3_nditer_next},
-    model::*,
-    object::any::AnyObject,
-    stmt::{gen_for_callback, BreakContinueHooks},
-    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-};
-
-use super::NDArrayObject;
-
-/// Fields of [`NDIter`]
-pub struct NDIterFields<'ctx, F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> {
-    pub ndims: F::Output<Int<SizeT>>,
-    pub shape: F::Output<Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    pub strides: F::Output<Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-
-    pub indices: F::Output<Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    pub nth: F::Output<Int<SizeT>>,
-    pub element: F::Output<Ptr<Int<Byte>>>,
-
-    pub size: F::Output<Int<SizeT>>,
-}
-
-/// An IRRT helper structure used to iterate through an ndarray.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct NDIter;
-
-impl<'ctx> StructKind<'ctx> for NDIter {
-    type Fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> = NDIterFields<'ctx, F>;
-
-    fn iter_fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>>(&self, traversal: &mut F) -> Self::Fields<F> {
-        Self::Fields {
-            ndims: traversal.add_auto("ndims"),
-            shape: traversal.add_auto("shape"),
-            strides: traversal.add_auto("strides"),
-
-            indices: traversal.add_auto("indices"),
-            nth: traversal.add_auto("nth"),
-            element: traversal.add_auto("element"),
-
-            size: traversal.add_auto("size"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// A helper structure with a convenient interface to interact with [`NDIter`].
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct NDIterHandle<'ctx> {
-    instance: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Struct<NDIter>>>,
-    /// The ndarray this [`NDIter`] to iterating over.
-    ndarray: NDArrayObject<'ctx>,
-    /// The current indices of [`NDIter`].
-    indices: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> NDIterHandle<'ctx> {
-    /// Allocate an [`NDIter`] that iterates through an ndarray.
-    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        ndarray: NDArrayObject<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let nditer = Struct(NDIter).alloca(generator, ctx);
-        let ndims = ndarray.ndims_llvm(generator, ctx.ctx);
-
-        // The caller has the responsibility to allocate 'indices' for `NDIter`.
-        let indices = Int(SizeT).array_alloca(generator, ctx, ndims.value);
-        call_nac3_nditer_initialize(generator, ctx, nditer, ndarray.instance, indices);
-
-        NDIterHandle { ndarray, instance: nditer, indices }
-    }
-
-    /// Is the current iteration valid?
-    ///
-    /// If true, then `element`, `indices` and `nth` contain details about the current element.
-    ///
-    /// If `ndarray` is unsized, this returns true only for the first iteration.
-    /// If `ndarray` is 0-sized, this always returns false.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn has_element<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<Bool>> {
-        call_nac3_nditer_has_element(generator, ctx, self.instance)
-    }
-
-    /// Go to the next element. If `has_element()` is false, then this has undefined behavior.
-    ///
-    /// If `ndarray` is unsized, this can only be called once.
-    /// If `ndarray` is 0-sized, this can never be called.
-    pub fn next<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) {
-        call_nac3_nditer_next(generator, ctx, self.instance);
-    }
-
-    /// Get pointer to the current element.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_pointer<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        let elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, self.ndarray.dtype);
-
-        let p = self.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.element);
-        ctx.builder
-            .build_pointer_cast(p.value, elem_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "element")
-            .unwrap()
-    }
-
-    /// Get the value of the current element.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_scalar<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> AnyObject<'ctx> {
-        let p = self.get_pointer(generator, ctx);
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_load(p, "value").unwrap();
-        AnyObject { ty: self.ndarray.dtype, value }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the index of the current element if this ndarray were a flat ndarray.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_index<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>> {
-        self.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.nth)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the indices of the current element.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_indices(&self) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>> {
-        self.indices
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Iterate through every element in the ndarray.
-    ///
-    /// `body` has access to [`BreakContinueHooks`] to short-circuit and [`NDIterHandle`] to
-    /// get properties of the current iteration (e.g., the current element, indices, etc.)
-    pub fn foreach<'a, G, F>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        body: F,
-    ) -> Result<(), String>
-    where
-        G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-        F: FnOnce(
-            &mut G,
-            &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-            BreakContinueHooks<'ctx>,
-            NDIterHandle<'ctx>,
-        ) -> Result<(), String>,
-    {
-        gen_for_callback(
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            Some("ndarray_foreach"),
-            |generator, ctx| Ok(NDIterHandle::new(generator, ctx, *self)),
-            |generator, ctx, nditer| Ok(nditer.has_element(generator, ctx).value),
-            |generator, ctx, hooks, nditer| body(generator, ctx, hooks, nditer),
-            |generator, ctx, nditer| {
-                nditer.next(generator, ctx);
-                Ok(())
-            },
-        )
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/ndarray/shape_util.rs

@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-use util::gen_for_model;
-
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        model::*,
-        object::{any::AnyObject, list::ListObject, tuple::TupleObject},
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-    },
-    typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum,
-};
-
-/// Parse a NumPy-like "int sequence" input and return the int sequence as an array and its length.
-///
-/// * `sequence` - The `sequence` parameter.
-/// * `sequence_ty` - The typechecker type of `sequence`
-///
-/// The `sequence` argument type may only be one of the following:
-///   1. A list of `int32`;   e.g., `np.empty([600, 800, 3])`
-///   2. A tuple of `int32`;  e.g., `np.empty((600, 800, 3))`
-///   3. A scalar `int32`;    e.g., `np.empty(3)`, this is functionally equivalent to `np.empty([3])`
-///
-/// All `int32` values will be sign-extended to `SizeT`.
-pub fn parse_numpy_int_sequence<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    input_sequence: AnyObject<'ctx>,
-) -> (Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>>, Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>) {
-    let zero = Int(SizeT).const_0(generator, ctx.ctx);
-    let one = Int(SizeT).const_1(generator, ctx.ctx);
-
-    // The result `list` to return.
-    match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(input_sequence.ty) {
-        TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. }
-            if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.list.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
-        {
-            // 1. A list of `int32`; e.g., `np.empty([600, 800, 3])`
-
-            // Check `input_sequence`
-            let input_sequence = ListObject::from_object(generator, ctx, input_sequence);
-
-            let len = input_sequence.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.len);
-            let result = Int(SizeT).array_alloca(generator, ctx, len.value);
-
-            // Load all the `int32`s from the input_sequence, cast them to `SizeT`, and store them into `result`
-            gen_for_model(generator, ctx, zero, len, one, |generator, ctx, _hooks, i| {
-                // Load the i-th int32 in the input sequence
-                let int = input_sequence
-                    .instance
-                    .get(generator, ctx, |f| f.items)
-                    .get_index(generator, ctx, i.value)
-                    .value
-                    .into_int_value();
-
-                // Cast to SizeT
-                let int = Int(SizeT).s_extend_or_bit_cast(generator, ctx, int);
-
-                // Store
-                result.set_index(ctx, i.value, int);
-
-                Ok(())
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-
-            (len, result)
-        }
-        TypeEnum::TTuple { .. } => {
-            // 2. A tuple of ints; e.g., `np.empty((600, 800, 3))`
-
-            let input_sequence = TupleObject::from_object(ctx, input_sequence);
-
-            let len = input_sequence.len(generator, ctx);
-
-            let result = Int(SizeT).array_alloca(generator, ctx, len.value);
-
-            for i in 0..input_sequence.num_elements() {
-                // Get the i-th element off of the tuple and load it into `result`.
-                let int = input_sequence.index(ctx, i).value.into_int_value();
-                let int = Int(SizeT).s_extend_or_bit_cast(generator, ctx, int);
-
-                result.set_index_const(ctx, i64::try_from(i).unwrap(), int);
-            }
-
-            (len, result)
-        }
-        TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. }
-            if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.int32.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
-        {
-            // 3. A scalar int; e.g., `np.empty(3)`, this is functionally equivalent to `np.empty([3])`
-            let input_int = input_sequence.value.into_int_value();
-
-            let len = Int(SizeT).const_1(generator, ctx.ctx);
-            let result = Int(SizeT).array_alloca(generator, ctx, len.value);
-            let int = Int(SizeT).s_extend_or_bit_cast(generator, ctx, input_int);
-
-            // Storing into result[0]
-            result.store(ctx, int);
-
-            (len, result)
-        }
-        _ => panic!(
-            "encountered unknown sequence type: {}",
-            ctx.unifier.stringify(input_sequence.ty)
-        ),
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/ndarray/view.rs

@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-use crate::codegen::{
-    irrt::{call_nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape, call_nac3_ndarray_transpose},
-    model::*,
-    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-};
-
-use super::{indexing::RustNDIndex, NDArrayObject};
-
-impl<'ctx> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
-    /// Make sure the ndarray is at least `ndmin`-dimensional.
-    ///
-    /// If this ndarray's `ndims` is less than `ndmin`, a view is created on this with 1s prepended to the shape.
-    /// If this ndarray's `ndims` is not less than `ndmin`, this function does nothing and return this ndarray.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn atleast_nd<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        ndmin: u64,
-    ) -> Self {
-        if self.ndims < ndmin {
-            // Extend the dimensions with np.newaxis.
-            let mut indices = vec![];
-            for _ in self.ndims..ndmin {
-                indices.push(RustNDIndex::NewAxis);
-            }
-            indices.push(RustNDIndex::Ellipsis);
-            self.index(generator, ctx, &indices)
-        } else {
-            *self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Create a reshaped view on this ndarray like `np.reshape()`.
-    ///
-    /// If there is a `-1` in `new_shape`, it will be resolved; `new_shape` would **NOT** be modified as a result.
-    ///
-    /// If reshape without copying is impossible, this function will allocate a new ndarray and copy contents.
-    ///
-    /// * `new_ndims` - The number of dimensions of `new_shape` as a [`Type`].
-    /// * `new_shape` - The target shape to do `np.reshape()`.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn reshape_or_copy<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        new_ndims: u64,
-        new_shape: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        // TODO: The current criterion for whether to do a full copy or not is by checking `is_c_contiguous`,
-        // but this is not optimal - there are cases when the ndarray is not contiguous but could be reshaped
-        // without copying data. Look into how numpy does it.
-
-        let current_bb = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap();
-        let then_bb = ctx.ctx.insert_basic_block_after(current_bb, "then_bb");
-        let else_bb = ctx.ctx.insert_basic_block_after(then_bb, "else_bb");
-        let end_bb = ctx.ctx.insert_basic_block_after(else_bb, "end_bb");
-
-        let dst_ndarray = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, self.dtype, new_ndims);
-        dst_ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, new_shape);
-
-        // Reolsve negative indices
-        let size = self.size(generator, ctx);
-        let dst_ndims = dst_ndarray.ndims_llvm(generator, ctx.ctx);
-        let dst_shape = dst_ndarray.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.shape);
-        call_nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape(
-            generator, ctx, size, dst_ndims, dst_shape,
-        );
-
-        let is_c_contiguous = self.is_c_contiguous(generator, ctx);
-        ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(is_c_contiguous.value, then_bb, else_bb).unwrap();
-
-        // Inserting into then_bb: reshape is possible without copying
-        ctx.builder.position_at_end(then_bb);
-        dst_ndarray.set_strides_contiguous(generator, ctx);
-        dst_ndarray.instance.set(ctx, |f| f.data, self.instance.get(generator, ctx, |f| f.data));
-        ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(end_bb).unwrap();
-
-        // Inserting into else_bb: reshape is impossible without copying
-        ctx.builder.position_at_end(else_bb);
-        dst_ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx);
-        dst_ndarray.copy_data_from(generator, ctx, *self);
-        ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(end_bb).unwrap();
-
-        // Reposition for continuation
-        ctx.builder.position_at_end(end_bb);
-
-        dst_ndarray
-    }
-
-    /// Create a transposed view on this ndarray like `np.transpose(<ndarray>, <axes> = None)`.
-    /// * `axes` - If specified, should be an array of the permutation (negative indices are **allowed**).
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn transpose<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        axes: Option<Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Int<SizeT>>>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        // Define models
-        let transposed_ndarray = NDArrayObject::alloca(generator, ctx, self.dtype, self.ndims);
-
-        let num_axes = self.ndims_llvm(generator, ctx.ctx);
-
-        // `axes = nullptr` if `axes` is unspecified.
-        let axes = axes.unwrap_or_else(|| Ptr(Int(SizeT)).nullptr(generator, ctx.ctx));
-
-        call_nac3_ndarray_transpose(
-            generator,
-            ctx,
-            self.instance,
-            transposed_ndarray.instance,
-            num_axes,
-            axes,
-        );
-
-        transposed_ndarray
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/tuple.rs

@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-use inkwell::values::StructValue;
-use itertools::Itertools;
-
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{model::*, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
-    typecheck::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
-};
-
-use super::any::AnyObject;
-
-/// A NAC3 tuple object.
-///
-/// NOTE: This struct has no copy trait.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct TupleObject<'ctx> {
-    /// The type of the tuple.
-    pub tys: Vec<Type>,
-    /// The underlying LLVM struct value of this tuple.
-    pub value: StructValue<'ctx>,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> TupleObject<'ctx> {
-    pub fn from_object(ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, object: AnyObject<'ctx>) -> Self {
-        // TODO: Keep `is_vararg_ctx` from TTuple?
-
-        // Sanity check on object type.
-        let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tys, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(object.ty) else {
-            panic!(
-                "Expected type to be a TypeEnum::TTuple, got {}",
-                ctx.unifier.stringify(object.ty)
-            );
-        };
-
-        // Check number of fields
-        let value = object.value.into_struct_value();
-        let value_num_fields = value.get_type().count_fields() as usize;
-        assert!(
-            value_num_fields == tys.len(),
-            "Tuple type has {} item(s), but the LLVM struct value has {} field(s)",
-            tys.len(),
-            value_num_fields
-        );
-
-        TupleObject { tys: tys.clone(), value }
-    }
-
-    /// Convenience function. Create a [`TupleObject`] from an iterator of objects.
-    pub fn from_objects<I, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        objects: I,
-    ) -> Self
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = AnyObject<'ctx>>,
-    {
-        let (values, tys): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) =
-            objects.into_iter().map(|object| (object.value, object.ty)).unzip();
-
-        let llvm_tys = tys.iter().map(|ty| ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, *ty)).collect_vec();
-        let llvm_tuple_ty = ctx.ctx.struct_type(&llvm_tys, false);
-
-        let pllvm_tuple = ctx.builder.build_alloca(llvm_tuple_ty, "tuple").unwrap();
-        for (i, val) in values.into_iter().enumerate() {
-            let pval = ctx.builder.build_struct_gep(pllvm_tuple, i as u32, "value").unwrap();
-            ctx.builder.build_store(pval, val).unwrap();
-        }
-
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_load(pllvm_tuple, "").unwrap().into_struct_value();
-        TupleObject { tys, value }
-    }
-
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn num_elements(&self) -> usize {
-        self.tys.len()
-    }
-
-    /// Get the `len()` of this tuple.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn len<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>> {
-        Int(SizeT).const_int(generator, ctx.ctx, self.num_elements() as u64, false)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the `i`-th (0-based) object in this tuple.
-    pub fn index(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, i: usize) -> AnyObject<'ctx> {
-        assert!(
-            i < self.num_elements(),
-            "Tuple object with length {} have index {i}",
-            self.num_elements()
-        );
-
-        let value = ctx.builder.build_extract_value(self.value, i as u32, "tuple[{i}]").unwrap();
-        let ty = self.tys[i];
-        AnyObject { ty, value }
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/object/utils/mod.rs

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-pub mod slice;

nac3core/src/codegen/object/utils/slice.rs

@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-use crate::codegen::{model::*, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
-
-/// Fields of [`Slice`]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct SliceFields<'ctx, F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>, N: IntKind<'ctx>> {
-    pub start_defined: F::Output<Int<Bool>>,
-    pub start: F::Output<Int<N>>,
-    pub stop_defined: F::Output<Int<Bool>>,
-    pub stop: F::Output<Int<N>>,
-    pub step_defined: F::Output<Int<Bool>>,
-    pub step: F::Output<Int<N>>,
-}
-
-/// An IRRT representation of an (unresolved) slice.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct Slice<N>(pub N);
-
-impl<'ctx, N: IntKind<'ctx>> StructKind<'ctx> for Slice<N> {
-    type Fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> = SliceFields<'ctx, F, N>;
-
-    fn iter_fields<F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>>(&self, traversal: &mut F) -> Self::Fields<F> {
-        Self::Fields {
-            start_defined: traversal.add_auto("start_defined"),
-            start: traversal.add("start", Int(self.0)),
-            stop_defined: traversal.add_auto("stop_defined"),
-            stop: traversal.add("stop", Int(self.0)),
-            step_defined: traversal.add_auto("step_defined"),
-            step: traversal.add("step", Int(self.0)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// A Rust structure that has [`Slice`] utilities and looks like a [`Slice`] but
-/// `start`, `stop` and `step` are held by LLVM registers only and possibly
-/// [`Option::None`] if unspecified.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct RustSlice<'ctx, N: IntKind<'ctx>> {
-    // It is possible that `start`, `stop`, and `step` are all `None`.
-    // We need to know the `int_kind` even when that is the case.
-    pub int_kind: N,
-    pub start: Option<Instance<'ctx, Int<N>>>,
-    pub stop: Option<Instance<'ctx, Int<N>>>,
-    pub step: Option<Instance<'ctx, Int<N>>>,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx, N: IntKind<'ctx>> RustSlice<'ctx, N> {
-    /// Write the contents to an LLVM [`Slice`].
-    pub fn write_to_slice<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dst_slice_ptr: Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Struct<Slice<N>>>>,
-    ) {
-        let false_ = Int(Bool).const_false(generator, ctx.ctx);
-        let true_ = Int(Bool).const_true(generator, ctx.ctx);
-
-        match self.start {
-            Some(start) => {
-                dst_slice_ptr.gep(ctx, |f| f.start_defined).store(ctx, true_);
-                dst_slice_ptr.gep(ctx, |f| f.start).store(ctx, start);
-            }
-            None => dst_slice_ptr.gep(ctx, |f| f.start_defined).store(ctx, false_),
-        }
-
-        match self.stop {
-            Some(stop) => {
-                dst_slice_ptr.gep(ctx, |f| f.stop_defined).store(ctx, true_);
-                dst_slice_ptr.gep(ctx, |f| f.stop).store(ctx, stop);
-            }
-            None => dst_slice_ptr.gep(ctx, |f| f.stop_defined).store(ctx, false_),
-        }
-
-        match self.step {
-            Some(step) => {
-                dst_slice_ptr.gep(ctx, |f| f.step_defined).store(ctx, true_);
-                dst_slice_ptr.gep(ctx, |f| f.step).store(ctx, step);
-            }
-            None => dst_slice_ptr.gep(ctx, |f| f.step_defined).store(ctx, false_),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub mod util {
-    use nac3parser::ast::Expr;
-
-    use crate::{
-        codegen::{model::*, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
-        typecheck::typedef::Type,
-    };
-
-    use super::RustSlice;
-
-    /// Generate LLVM IR for an [`ExprKind::Slice`] and convert it into a [`RustSlice`].
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    pub fn gen_slice<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        lower: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
-        upper: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
-        step: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
-    ) -> Result<RustSlice<'ctx, Int32>, String> {
-        let mut help = |value_expr: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>| -> Result<_, String> {
-            Ok(match value_expr {
-                None => None,
-                Some(value_expr) => {
-                    let value_expr = generator
-                        .gen_expr(ctx, value_expr)?
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ctx.primitives.int32)?;
-
-                    let value_expr =
-                        Int(Int32).check_value(generator, ctx.ctx, value_expr).unwrap();
-
-                    Some(value_expr)
-                }
-            })
-        };
-
-        let start = help(lower)?;
-        let stop = help(upper)?;
-        let step = help(step)?;
-
-        Ok(RustSlice { int_kind: Int32, start, stop, step })
-    }
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/stmt.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,22 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
+    basic_block::BasicBlock,
+    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, FunctionValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::{izip, Itertools};
+
+use nac3parser::ast::{
+    Constant, ExcepthandlerKind, Expr, ExprKind, Location, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef,
+};
+
 use super::{
-    classes::{ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, RangeValue},
     expr::{destructure_range, gen_binop_expr},
     gen_in_range_check,
     irrt::{handle_slice_indices, list_slice_assignment},
     macros::codegen_unreachable,
-    object::{
-        any::AnyObject,
-        ndarray::{
-            indexing::util::gen_ndarray_subscript_ndindices, NDArrayObject, ScalarOrNDArray,
-        },
-    },
+    values::{ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, RangeValue},
     CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
 };
 use crate::{
@@ -20,17 +27,6 @@ use crate::{
         typedef::{iter_type_vars, FunSignature, Type, TypeEnum},
     },
 };
-use inkwell::{
-    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
-    basic_block::BasicBlock,
-    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
-    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, FunctionValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
-    IntPredicate,
-};
-use itertools::{izip, Itertools};
-use nac3parser::ast::{
-    Constant, ExcepthandlerKind, Expr, ExprKind, Location, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef,
-};
 
 /// See [`CodeGenerator::gen_var_alloc`].
 pub fn gen_var<'ctx>(
@@ -314,7 +310,7 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 .unwrap()
                 .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, target_ty)?
                 .into_pointer_value();
-            let target = ListValue::from_ptr_val(target, llvm_usize, None);
+            let target = ListValue::from_pointer_value(target, llvm_usize, None);
 
             if let ExprKind::Slice { .. } = &key.node {
                 // Handle assigning to a slice
@@ -335,7 +331,7 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
 
                 let value =
                     value.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, value_ty)?.into_pointer_value();
-                let value = ListValue::from_ptr_val(value, llvm_usize, None);
+                let value = ListValue::from_pointer_value(value, llvm_usize, None);
 
                 let target_item_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, target_item_ty);
                 let Some(src_ind) = handle_slice_indices(
@@ -415,47 +411,7 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
             if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.ndarray.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
         {
             // Handle NDArray item assignment
-            // Process target
-            let target = generator
-                .gen_expr(ctx, target)?
-                .unwrap()
-                .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, target_ty)?;
-            let target = AnyObject { value: target, ty: target_ty };
-
-            // Process key
-            let key = gen_ndarray_subscript_ndindices(generator, ctx, key)?;
-
-            // Process value
-            let value = value.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, value_ty)?;
-            let value = AnyObject { value, ty: value_ty };
-
-            /*
-                Reference code:
-                ```python
-                target = target[key]
-                value = np.asarray(value)
-
-                shape = np.broadcast_shape((target, value))
-
-                target = np.broadcast_to(target, shape)
-                value = np.broadcast_to(value, shape)
-
-                ...and finally copy 1-1 from value to target.
-                ```
-            */
-
-            let target = NDArrayObject::from_object(generator, ctx, target);
-            let target = target.index(generator, ctx, &key);
-
-            let value =
-                ScalarOrNDArray::split_object(generator, ctx, value).to_ndarray(generator, ctx);
-
-            let broadcast_result = NDArrayObject::broadcast(generator, ctx, &[target, value]);
-
-            let target = broadcast_result.ndarrays[0];
-            let value = broadcast_result.ndarrays[1];
-
-            target.copy_data_from(generator, ctx, value);
+            todo!("ndarray subscript assignment is not yet implemented");
         }
         _ => {
             panic!("encountered unknown target type: {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(target_ty));
@@ -507,7 +463,8 @@ pub fn gen_for<G: CodeGenerator>(
         TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. }
             if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.range.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
         {
-            let iter_val = RangeValue::from_ptr_val(iter_val.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
+            let iter_val =
+                RangeValue::from_pointer_value(iter_val.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
             // Internal variable for loop; Cannot be assigned
             let i = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, int32.into(), Some("for.i.addr"))?;
             // Variable declared in "target" expression of the loop; Can be reassigned *or* shadowed
@@ -1872,6 +1829,37 @@ pub fn gen_stmt<G: CodeGenerator>(
                 stmt.location,
             );
         }
+        StmtKind::Global { names, .. } => {
+            let registered_globals = ctx
+                .top_level
+                .definitions
+                .read()
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|def| {
+                    if let TopLevelDef::Variable { simple_name, ty, .. } = &*def.read() {
+                        Some((*simple_name, *ty))
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect_vec();
+
+            for id in names {
+                let Some((_, ty)) = registered_globals.iter().find(|(name, _)| name == id) else {
+                    return Err(format!("{id} is not a global at {}", stmt.location));
+                };
+
+                let resolver = ctx.resolver.clone();
+                let ptr = resolver
+                    .get_symbol_value(*id, ctx, generator)
+                    .map(|val| val.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, *ty))
+                    .transpose()?
+                    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+                    .unwrap();
+
+                ctx.var_assignment.insert(*id, (ptr, None, 0));
+            }
+        }
         _ => unimplemented!(),
     };
     Ok(())

nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs

@@ -1,34 +1,37 @@
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask,
-        CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
-    },
-    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
-    toplevel::{
-        composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
-        DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
-    },
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
-    },
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    sync::Arc,
 };
+
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use indoc::indoc;
 use inkwell::{
     targets::{InitializationConfig, Target},
     OptimizationLevel,
 };
-use nac3parser::ast::FileName;
 use nac3parser::{
-    ast::{fold::Fold, StrRef},
+    ast::{fold::Fold, FileName, StrRef},
     parser::parse_program,
 };
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::{
+    concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
+    types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, ListType, ProxyType, RangeType},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, CodeGenerator,
+    DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+};
+use crate::{
+    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
+    toplevel::{
+        composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
+        DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
+    },
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, IdentifierInfo, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
+        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
+    },
+};
 
 struct Resolver {
     id_to_type: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
@@ -64,6 +67,7 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         &self,
         _: StrRef,
         _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
@@ -138,7 +142,8 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     };
     let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
     let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "b".into()].into();
+    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        ["a".into(), "b".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
     let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
         top_level: &top_level,
         function_data: &mut function_data,
@@ -317,7 +322,8 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     };
     let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
     let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "foo".into()].into();
+    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
+        ["a".into(), "foo".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
     let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
         top_level: &top_level,
         function_data: &mut function_data,
@@ -446,7 +452,7 @@ fn test_classes_list_type_new() {
     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
 
     let llvm_list = ListType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
-    assert!(ListType::is_type(llvm_list.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+    assert!(ListType::is_representable(llvm_list.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -454,7 +460,7 @@ fn test_classes_range_type_new() {
     let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
 
     let llvm_range = RangeType::new(&ctx);
-    assert!(RangeType::is_type(llvm_range.as_base_type()).is_ok());
+    assert!(RangeType::is_representable(llvm_range.as_base_type()).is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -465,6 +471,6 @@ fn test_classes_ndarray_type_new() {
     let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
 
-    let llvm_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
-    assert!(NDArrayType::is_type(llvm_ndarray.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+    let llvm_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into(), None);
+    assert!(NDArrayType::is_representable(llvm_ndarray.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
 }

nac3core/src/codegen/types/list.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::IntValue,
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+
+use super::ProxyType;
+use crate::codegen::{
+    values::{ArraySliceValue, ListValue, ProxyValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Proxy type for a `list` type in LLVM.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ListType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ListType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `list` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let llvm_list_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_list_ty) = llvm_list_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `list` type, got {llvm_list_ty}"));
+        };
+        if llvm_list_ty.count_fields() != 2 {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected 2 fields in `list`, got {}",
+                llvm_list_ty.count_fields()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let list_size_ty = llvm_list_ty.get_field_type_at_index(0).unwrap();
+        let Ok(_) = PointerType::try_from(list_size_ty) else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected pointer type for `list.0`, got {list_size_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        let list_data_ty = llvm_list_ty.get_field_type_at_index(1).unwrap();
+        let Ok(list_data_ty) = IntType::try_from(list_data_ty) else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected int type for `list.1`, got {list_data_ty}"));
+        };
+        if list_data_ty.get_bit_width() != llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected {}-bit int type for `list.1`, got {}-bit int",
+                llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
+                list_data_ty.get_bit_width()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `List`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        element_type: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        // struct List { data: T*, size: size_t }
+        let field_tys = [element_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(), llvm_usize.into()];
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`ListType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        element_type: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_list = Self::llvm_type(ctx, element_type, llvm_usize);
+
+        ListType::from_type(llvm_list, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ListType`] from a [`PointerType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        ListType { ty: ptr_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of the `size` field of this `list` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn size_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type()
+            .get_element_type()
+            .into_struct_type()
+            .get_field_type_at_index(1)
+            .map(BasicTypeEnum::into_int_type)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the element type of this `list` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn element_type(&self) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type()
+            .get_element_type()
+            .into_struct_type()
+            .get_field_type_at_index(0)
+            .map(BasicTypeEnum::into_pointer_type)
+            .map(PointerType::get_element_type)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`ListValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ListValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for ListType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = ListValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn raw_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base {
+        generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn array_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                size,
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<ListType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: ListType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//! This module contains abstraction over all intrinsic composite types of NAC3.
+//!
+//! # `raw_alloca` vs `alloca` vs `construct`
+//!
+//! There are three ways of creating a new object instance using the abstractions provided by this
+//! module.
+//!
+//! - `raw_alloca`: Allocates the object on the stack, returning an instance of
+//!   [`impl BasicValue`][inkwell::values::BasicValue]. This is similar to a `malloc` expression in
+//!   C++ but the object is allocated on the stack.
+//! - `alloca`: Similar to `raw_alloca`, but also wraps the allocated object with
+//!   [`<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value`][ProxyValue], and returns the wrapped object. The returned
+//!   object will not initialize any value or fields. This is similar to a type-safe `malloc`
+//!   expression in C++ but the object is allocated on the stack.
+//! - `construct`: Similar to `alloca`, but performs some initialization on the value or fields of
+//!   the returned object. This is similar to a `new` expression in C++ but the object is allocated
+//!   on the stack.
+
+use inkwell::{context::Context, types::BasicType, values::IntValue};
+
+use super::{
+    values::{ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue},
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+pub use list::*;
+pub use range::*;
+
+mod list;
+pub mod ndarray;
+mod range;
+pub mod structure;
+pub mod utils;
+
+/// A LLVM type that is used to represent a corresponding type in NAC3.
+pub trait ProxyType<'ctx>: Into<Self::Base> {
+    /// The LLVM type of which values of this type possess. This is usually a
+    /// [LLVM pointer type][PointerType] for any non-primitive types.
+    type Base: BasicType<'ctx>;
+
+    /// The type of values represented by this type.
+    type Value: ProxyValue<'ctx, Type = Self>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>;
+
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` can be represented by this [`ProxyType`].
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>;
+
+    /// Creates a new value of this type, returning the LLVM instance of this value.
+    fn raw_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base;
+
+    /// Creates a new array value of this type, returning an [`ArraySliceValue`] encapsulating the
+    /// resulting array.
+    fn array_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Returns the [base type][Self::Base] of this proxy.
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base;
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/contiguous.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        types::{
+            structure::{
+                check_struct_type_matches_fields, FieldIndexCounter, StructField, StructFields,
+            },
+            ProxyType,
+        },
+        values::{ndarray::ContiguousNDArrayValue, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue},
+        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+    },
+    toplevel::numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
+    typecheck::typedef::Type,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct ContiguousNDArrayFields<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub ndims: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub shape: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub data: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayFields<'ctx> {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_typed(item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        let mut counter = FieldIndexCounter::default();
+
+        ContiguousNDArrayFields {
+            ndims: StructField::create(&mut counter, "ndims", llvm_usize),
+            shape: StructField::create(
+                &mut counter,
+                "shape",
+                llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()),
+            ),
+            data: StructField::create(&mut counter, "data", item.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `ndarray` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected struct type for `ContiguousNDArray` type, got {llvm_ty}"
+            ));
+        };
+
+        let fields = ContiguousNDArrayFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            fields,
+            llvm_ty,
+            "ContiguousNDArray",
+            &[(fields.data.name(), &|ty| {
+                if ty.is_pointer_type() {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected T* for `ContiguousNDArray.data`, got {ty}"))
+                }
+            })],
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn fields(
+        item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> ContiguousNDArrayFields<'ctx> {
+        ContiguousNDArrayFields::new_typed(item, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`NDArrayType::fields`].
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self) -> ContiguousNDArrayFields<'ctx> {
+        Self::fields(self.item, self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let field_tys =
+            Self::fields(item, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`ContiguousNDArrayType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_cndarray = Self::llvm_type(ctx, item, llvm_usize);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_cndarray, item, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ContiguousNDArrayType`] from a [unifier type][Type].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_unifier_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ty: Type,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);
+
+        let llvm_dtype = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+        Self { ty: Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, llvm_dtype, llvm_usize), item: llvm_dtype, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ContiguousNDArrayType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(
+        ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        Self { ty: ptr_ty, item, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.item,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            value,
+            self.item,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn raw_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base {
+        generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn array_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                size,
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/indexing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    types::{
+        structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields},
+        ProxyType,
+    },
+    values::{
+        ndarray::{NDIndexValue, RustNDIndex},
+        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct NDIndexType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct NDIndexStructFields<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(i8_type())]
+    pub type_: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub data: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NDIndexType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `ndindex` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected struct type for `ContiguousNDArray` type, got {llvm_ty}"
+            ));
+        };
+
+        let fields = NDIndexStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(fields, llvm_ty, "NDIndex", &[])
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    fn fields(
+        ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> NDIndexStructFields<'ctx> {
+        NDIndexStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self) -> NDIndexStructFields<'ctx> {
+        Self::fields(self.ty.get_context(), self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let field_tys =
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_ndindex = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_ndindex, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        Self { ty: ptr_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Serialize a list of [`RustNDIndex`] as a newly allocated LLVM array of [`NDIndexValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_ndindices<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        in_ndindices: &[RustNDIndex<'ctx>],
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        // Allocate the LLVM ndindices.
+        let num_ndindices = self.llvm_usize.const_int(in_ndindices.len() as u64, false);
+        let ndindices = self.array_alloca(generator, ctx, num_ndindices, None);
+
+        // Initialize all of them.
+        for (i, in_ndindex) in in_ndindices.iter().enumerate() {
+            let pndindex = unsafe {
+                ndindices.ptr_offset_unchecked(
+                    ctx,
+                    generator,
+                    &ctx.ctx.i64_type().const_int(u64::try_from(i).unwrap(), false),
+                    None,
+                )
+            };
+
+            in_ndindex.write_to_ndindex(
+                generator,
+                ctx,
+                NDIndexValue::from_pointer_value(pndindex, self.llvm_usize, None),
+            );
+        }
+
+        ndindices
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for NDIndexType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = NDIndexValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn raw_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base {
+        generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn array_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                size,
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<NDIndexType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: NDIndexType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{BasicValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use super::{
+    structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields},
+    ProxyType,
+};
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        values::{ndarray::NDArrayValue, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeMutator},
+        {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    },
+    toplevel::{helper::extract_ndims, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
+    typecheck::typedef::Type,
+};
+pub use contiguous::*;
+pub use indexing::*;
+pub use nditer::*;
+
+mod contiguous;
+mod indexing;
+mod nditer;
+
+/// Proxy type for a `ndarray` type in LLVM.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ndims: Option<u64>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct NDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+    /// The size of each `NDArray` element in bytes.
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub itemsize: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    /// Number of dimensions in the array.
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub ndims: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    /// Pointer to an array containing the shape of the `NDArray`.
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub shape: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    /// Pointer to an array indicating the number of bytes between each element at a dimension
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub strides: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    /// Pointer to an array containing the array data
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub data: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `ndarray` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ndarray_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ndarray_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `NDArray` type, got {llvm_ndarray_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize),
+            llvm_ndarray_ty,
+            "NDArray",
+            &[],
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn fields(
+        ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> NDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+        NDArrayStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`NDArrayType::fields`].
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self, ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>) -> NDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+        Self::fields(ctx, self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let field_tys =
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        ndims: Option<u64>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_ndarray = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        NDArrayType { ty: llvm_ndarray, dtype, ndims, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`] with `ndims` of 0.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_unsized<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_ndarray = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        NDArrayType { ty: llvm_ndarray, dtype, ndims: Some(0), llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`NDArrayType`] from a [unifier type][Type].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_unifier_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ty: Type,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let (dtype, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);
+
+        let llvm_dtype = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+        let ndims = extract_ndims(&ctx.unifier, ndims);
+
+        NDArrayType {
+            ty: Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, llvm_usize),
+            dtype: llvm_dtype,
+            ndims: Some(ndims),
+            llvm_usize,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`NDArrayType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(
+        ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        ndims: Option<u64>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        NDArrayType { ty: ptr_ty, dtype, ndims, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of the `size` field of this `ndarray` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn size_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.llvm_usize
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the element type of this `ndarray` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn element_type(&self) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.dtype
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of dimensions of this `ndarray` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn ndims(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        self.ndims
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`NDArrayValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.dtype,
+            self.ndims,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an [`NDArrayValue`] on the stack and initializes all fields as follows:
+    ///
+    /// - `data`: uninitialized.
+    /// - `itemsize`: set to the size of `self.dtype`.
+    /// - `ndims`: set to the value of  `ndims`.
+    /// - `shape`: allocated on the stack with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized values.
+    /// - `strides`: allocated on the stack with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized
+    ///   values.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn construct_impl<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let ndarray = self.alloca(generator, ctx, name);
+
+        let itemsize = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(self.dtype.size_of().unwrap(), self.llvm_usize, "")
+            .unwrap();
+        ndarray.store_itemsize(ctx, generator, itemsize);
+
+        ndarray.store_ndims(ctx, generator, ndims);
+
+        ndarray.create_shape(ctx, self.llvm_usize, ndims);
+        ndarray.create_strides(ctx, self.llvm_usize, ndims);
+
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate an [`NDArrayValue`] on the stack using `dtype` and `ndims` of this [`NDArrayType`]
+    /// instance.
+    ///
+    /// The returned ndarray's content will be:
+    /// - `data`: uninitialized.
+    /// - `itemsize`: set to the size of `dtype`.
+    /// - `ndims`: set to the value of `self.ndims`.
+    /// - `shape`: allocated on the stack with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized values.
+    /// - `strides`: allocated on the stack with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized
+    ///   values.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_uninitialized<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        assert!(self.ndims.is_some(), "NDArrayType::construct can only be called on an instance with compile-time known ndims (self.ndims = Some(ndims))");
+
+        let Some(ndims) = self.ndims.map(|ndims| self.llvm_usize.const_int(ndims, false)) else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        self.construct_impl(generator, ctx, ndims, name)
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate an [`NDArrayValue`] on the stack given its `ndims` and `dtype`.
+    ///
+    /// `shape` and `strides` will be automatically allocated onto the stack.
+    ///
+    /// The returned ndarray's content will be:
+    /// - `data`: uninitialized.
+    /// - `itemsize`: set to the size of `dtype`.
+    /// - `ndims`: set to the value of `ndims`.
+    /// - `shape`: allocated with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized values.
+    /// - `strides`: allocated with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized values.
+    #[deprecated = "Prefer construct_uninitialized or construct_*_shape."]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_dyn_ndims<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        assert!(self.ndims.is_none(), "NDArrayType::construct_dyn_ndims can only be called on an instance with compile-time unknown ndims (self.ndims = None)");
+
+        self.construct_impl(generator, ctx, ndims, name)
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience function. Allocate an [`NDArrayValue`] with a statically known shape.
+    ///
+    /// The returned [`NDArrayValue`]'s `data` and `strides` are uninitialized.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_const_shape<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        shape: &[u64],
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        assert!(self.ndims.is_none_or(|ndims| shape.len() as u64 == ndims));
+
+        let ndarray = Self::new(generator, ctx.ctx, self.dtype, Some(shape.len() as u64))
+            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+        // Write shape
+        let ndarray_shape = ndarray.shape();
+        for (i, dim) in shape.iter().enumerate() {
+            let dim = llvm_usize.const_int(*dim, false);
+            unsafe {
+                ndarray_shape.set_typed_unchecked(
+                    ctx,
+                    generator,
+                    &llvm_usize.const_int(i as u64, false),
+                    dim,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience function. Allocate an [`NDArrayValue`] with a dynamically known shape.
+    ///
+    /// The returned [`NDArrayValue`]'s `data` and `strides` are uninitialized.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_dyn_shape<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        shape: &[IntValue<'ctx>],
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        assert!(self.ndims.is_none_or(|ndims| shape.len() as u64 == ndims));
+
+        let ndarray = Self::new(generator, ctx.ctx, self.dtype, Some(shape.len() as u64))
+            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+        // Write shape
+        let ndarray_shape = ndarray.shape();
+        for (i, dim) in shape.iter().enumerate() {
+            assert_eq!(
+                dim.get_type(),
+                llvm_usize,
+                "Expected {} but got {}",
+                llvm_usize.print_to_string(),
+                dim.get_type().print_to_string()
+            );
+            unsafe {
+                ndarray_shape.set_typed_unchecked(
+                    ctx,
+                    generator,
+                    &llvm_usize.const_int(i as u64, false),
+                    *dim,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Create an unsized ndarray to contain `value`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct_unsized<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: &impl BasicValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
+        let value = value.as_basic_value_enum();
+
+        assert_eq!(value.get_type(), self.dtype);
+        assert!(self.ndims.is_none_or(|ndims| ndims == 0));
+
+        // We have to put the value on the stack to get a data pointer.
+        let data = ctx.builder.build_alloca(value.get_type(), "construct_unsized").unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(data, value).unwrap();
+        let data = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_pointer_cast(data, ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "")
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let ndarray = Self::new_unsized(generator, ctx.ctx, value.get_type())
+            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+        ctx.builder.build_store(ndarray.ptr_to_data(ctx), data).unwrap();
+        ndarray
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`NDArrayValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            value,
+            self.dtype,
+            self.ndims,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = NDArrayValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn raw_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base {
+        generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn array_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                size,
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<NDArrayType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: NDArrayType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/nditer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use super::ProxyType;
+use crate::codegen::{
+    irrt,
+    types::structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields},
+    values::{
+        ndarray::{NDArrayValue, NDIterValue},
+        ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct NDIterType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct NDIterStructFields<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub ndims: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub shape: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub strides: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub indices: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub nth: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub element: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub size: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NDIterType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `nditer` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `NDIter` type, got {llvm_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize),
+            llvm_ndarray_ty,
+            "NDIter",
+            &[],
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn fields(ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> NDIterStructFields<'ctx> {
+        NDIterStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`NDIterType::fields`].
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self, ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>) -> NDIterStructFields<'ctx> {
+        Self::fields(ctx, self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of an `NDIter`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let field_tys =
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDIter`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_nditer = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_nditer, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`NDIterType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `NDIter`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        Self { ty: ptr_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of the `size` field of this `nditer` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn size_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.llvm_usize
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        parent: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+        indices: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(generator, ctx, name),
+            parent,
+            indices,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate an [`NDIter`] that iterates through the given `ndarray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn construct<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        let nditer = self.raw_alloca(generator, ctx, None);
+        let ndims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+
+        // The caller has the responsibility to allocate 'indices' for `NDIter`.
+        let indices =
+            generator.gen_array_var_alloc(ctx, self.llvm_usize.into(), ndims, None).unwrap();
+
+        let nditer = <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            nditer,
+            ndarray,
+            indices,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            None,
+        );
+
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_nditer_initialize(generator, ctx, nditer, ndarray, indices);
+
+        nditer
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        parent: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+        indices: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            value,
+            parent,
+            indices,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for NDIterType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = NDIterValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn raw_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base {
+        generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn array_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                size,
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<NDIterType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: NDIterType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/range.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::IntValue,
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+
+use super::ProxyType;
+use crate::codegen::{
+    values::{ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue, RangeValue},
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+
+/// Proxy type for a `range` type in LLVM.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct RangeType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> RangeType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `range` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let llvm_range_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::ArrayType(llvm_range_ty) = llvm_range_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected array type for `range` type, got {llvm_range_ty}"));
+        };
+        if llvm_range_ty.len() != 3 {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected 3 elements for `range` type, got {}",
+                llvm_range_ty.len()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let llvm_range_elem_ty = llvm_range_ty.get_element_type();
+        let Ok(llvm_range_elem_ty) = IntType::try_from(llvm_range_elem_ty) else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected int type for `range` element type, got {llvm_range_elem_ty}"
+            ));
+        };
+        if llvm_range_elem_ty.get_bit_width() != 32 {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected 32-bit int type for `range` element type, got {}",
+                llvm_range_elem_ty.get_bit_width()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `Range`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        // typedef int32_t Range[3];
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+        llvm_i32.array_type(3).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`RangeType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
+        let llvm_range = Self::llvm_type(ctx);
+
+        RangeType::from_type(llvm_range)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`RangeType`] from a [`PointerType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty).is_ok());
+
+        RangeType { ty: ptr_ty }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of all fields of this `range` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn value_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_array_type().get_element_type().into_int_type()
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`RangeValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(generator, ctx, name),
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`RangeValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for RangeType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = RangeValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        _: &G,
+        _: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty)
+    }
+
+    fn raw_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base {
+        generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn array_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                size,
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<RangeType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: RangeType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/structure.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use inkwell::{
+    context::AsContextRef,
+    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType, StructType},
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
+};
+
+use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+
+/// Trait indicating that the structure is a field-wise representation of an LLVM structure.
+///
+/// # Usage
+///
+/// For example, for a simple C-slice LLVM structure:
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// struct CSliceFields<'ctx> {
+///     ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+///     len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub trait StructFields<'ctx>: Eq + Copy {
+    /// Creates an instance of [`StructFields`] using the given `ctx` and `size_t` types.
+    fn new(ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self;
+
+    /// Returns a [`Vec`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear in
+    /// the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<(&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)>;
+
+    /// Returns a [`Iterator`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear
+    /// in the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)> {
+        self.to_vec().into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a [`Vec`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear in
+    /// the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn into_vec(self) -> Vec<(&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.to_vec()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a [`Iterator`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear
+    /// in the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn into_iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.into_vec().into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A single field of an LLVM structure.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct StructField<'ctx, Value>
+where
+    Value: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, Error = ()>,
+{
+    /// The index of this field within the structure.
+    index: u32,
+
+    /// The name of this field.
+    name: &'static str,
+
+    /// The type of this field.
+    ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+
+    /// Instance of [`PhantomData`] containing [`Value`], used to implement automatic downcasts.
+    _value_ty: PhantomData<Value>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Value> StructField<'ctx, Value>
+where
+    Value: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, Error = ()>,
+{
+    /// Creates an instance of [`StructField`].
+    ///
+    /// * `idx_counter` - The instance of [`FieldIndexCounter`] used to track the current field
+    ///   index.
+    /// * `name` - Name of the field.
+    /// * `ty` - The type of this field.
+    pub fn create(
+        idx_counter: &mut FieldIndexCounter,
+        name: &'static str,
+        ty: impl Into<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        StructField { index: idx_counter.increment(), name, ty: ty.into(), _value_ty: PhantomData }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`StructField`] with a given index.
+    ///
+    /// * `index` - The index of this field within its enclosing structure.
+    /// * `name` - Name of the field.
+    /// * `ty` - The type of this field.
+    pub fn create_at(index: u32, name: &'static str, ty: impl Into<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>) -> Self {
+        StructField { index, name, ty: ty.into(), _value_ty: PhantomData }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the name of this field.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a pointer to this field in an arbitrary structure by performing a `getelementptr i32
+    /// {idx...}, i32 {self.index}`.
+    pub fn ptr_by_array_gep(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        idx: &[IntValue<'ctx>],
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder.build_in_bounds_gep(
+                pobj,
+                &[idx, &[ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_int(u64::from(self.index), false)]].concat(),
+                "",
+            )
+        }
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a pointer to this field in an arbitrary structure by performing the equivalent of
+    /// `getelementptr i32 0, i32 {self.index}`.
+    pub fn ptr_by_gep(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        obj_name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_struct_gep(
+                pobj,
+                self.index,
+                &obj_name.map(|name| format!("{name}.{}.addr", self.name)).unwrap_or_default(),
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the value of this field for a given `obj`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_from_value(&self, obj: StructValue<'ctx>) -> Value {
+        obj.get_field_at_index(self.index).and_then(|value| Value::try_from(value).ok()).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the value of this field for a given `obj`.
+    pub fn set_for_value(&self, obj: StructValue<'ctx>, value: Value) {
+        obj.set_field_at_index(self.index, value);
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the value of this field for a pointer-to-structure.
+    pub fn get(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        obj_name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Value {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(
+                self.ptr_by_gep(ctx, pobj, obj_name),
+                &obj_name.map(|name| format!("{name}.{}", self.name)).unwrap_or_default(),
+            )
+            .map_err(|_| ())
+            .and_then(|value| Value::try_from(value))
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the value of this field for a pointer-to-structure.
+    pub fn set(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        value: Value,
+        obj_name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) {
+        ctx.builder.build_store(self.ptr_by_gep(ctx, pobj, obj_name), value).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Value> From<StructField<'ctx, Value>> for (&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)
+where
+    Value: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, Error = ()>,
+{
+    fn from(value: StructField<'ctx, Value>) -> Self {
+        (value.name, value.ty)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A counter that tracks the next index of a field using a monotonically increasing counter.
+#[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct FieldIndexCounter(u32);
+
+impl FieldIndexCounter {
+    /// Increments the number stored by this counter, returning the previous value.
+    ///
+    /// Functionally equivalent to `i++` in C-based languages.
+    pub fn increment(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        let v = self.0;
+        self.0 += 1;
+        v
+    }
+}
+
+type FieldTypeVerifier<'ctx> = dyn Fn(BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String>;
+
+/// Checks whether [`llvm_ty`][StructType] contains the fields described by the given
+/// [`StructFields`] instance.
+///
+/// By default, this function will compare the type of each field in `expected_fields` against
+/// `llvm_ty`. To override this behavior for individual fields, pass in overrides to
+/// `custom_verifiers`, which will use the specified verifier when a field with the matching field
+/// name is being checked.
+pub(super) fn check_struct_type_matches_fields<'ctx>(
+    expected_fields: impl StructFields<'ctx>,
+    llvm_ty: StructType<'ctx>,
+    ty_name: &'static str,
+    custom_verifiers: &[(&str, &FieldTypeVerifier<'ctx>)],
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let expected_fields = expected_fields.to_vec();
+
+    if llvm_ty.count_fields() != u32::try_from(expected_fields.len()).unwrap() {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "Expected {} fields in `{ty_name}`, got {}",
+            expected_fields.len(),
+            llvm_ty.count_fields(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    expected_fields
+        .into_iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, (field_name, expected_ty))| {
+            (field_name, expected_ty, llvm_ty.get_field_type_at_index(i as u32).unwrap())
+        })
+        .try_for_each(|(field_name, expected_ty, actual_ty)| {
+            if let Some((_, verifier)) =
+                custom_verifiers.iter().find(|verifier| verifier.0 == field_name)
+            {
+                verifier(actual_ty)
+            } else if expected_ty == actual_ty {
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty} for `{ty_name}.{field_name}`, got {actual_ty}"))
+            }
+        })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/utils/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub use slice::*;
+
+mod slice;

nac3core/src/codegen/types/utils/slice.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::{AsContextRef, Context, ContextRef},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::IntValue,
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    types::{
+        structure::{
+            check_struct_type_matches_fields, FieldIndexCounter, StructField, StructFields,
+        },
+        ProxyType,
+    },
+    values::{utils::SliceValue, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SliceType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    int_ty: IntType<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceFields<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(bool_type())]
+    pub start_defined: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub start: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(bool_type())]
+    pub stop_defined: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub stop: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(bool_type())]
+    pub step_defined: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub step: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> SliceFields<'ctx> {
+    /// Creates a new instance of [`SliceFields`] with a custom integer type for its range values.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_sized(ctx: &impl AsContextRef<'ctx>, int_ty: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        let ctx = unsafe { ContextRef::new(ctx.as_ctx_ref()) };
+        let mut counter = FieldIndexCounter::default();
+
+        SliceFields {
+            start_defined: StructField::create(&mut counter, "start_defined", ctx.bool_type()),
+            start: StructField::create(&mut counter, "start", int_ty),
+            stop_defined: StructField::create(&mut counter, "stop_defined", ctx.bool_type()),
+            stop: StructField::create(&mut counter, "stop", int_ty),
+            step_defined: StructField::create(&mut counter, "step_defined", ctx.bool_type()),
+            step: StructField::create(&mut counter, "step", int_ty),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> SliceType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `slice` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
+
+        let fields = SliceFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `Slice` type, got {llvm_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            fields,
+            llvm_ty,
+            "Slice",
+            &[
+                (fields.start.name(), &|ty| {
+                    if ty.is_int_type() {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.start`, got {ty}"))
+                    }
+                }),
+                (fields.stop.name(), &|ty| {
+                    if ty.is_int_type() {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.stop`, got {ty}"))
+                    }
+                }),
+                (fields.step.name(), &|ty| {
+                    if ty.is_int_type() {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.step`, got {ty}"))
+                    }
+                }),
+            ],
+        )
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(&self) -> SliceFields<'ctx> {
+        SliceFields::new_sized(&self.int_ty.get_context(), self.int_ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `Slice`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, int_ty: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        let field_tys = SliceFields::new_sized(&int_ty.get_context(), int_ty)
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|field| field.1)
+            .collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`SliceType`] with `int_ty` as its backing integer type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(ctx: &'ctx Context, int_ty: IntType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        let llvm_ty = Self::llvm_type(ctx, int_ty);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_ty, int_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`SliceType`] with `usize` as its backing integer type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_usize<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        Self::new(ctx, llvm_usize, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`SliceType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing a `slice`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(
+        ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        int_ty: IntType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, int_ty).is_ok());
+
+        Self { ty: ptr_ty, int_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn element_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.int_ty
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.int_ty,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            value,
+            self.int_ty,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for SliceType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = SliceValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn raw_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base {
+        generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn array_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                size,
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<SliceType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: SliceType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/values/array.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::AnyTypeEnum,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+
+use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+
+/// An LLVM value that is array-like, i.e. it contains a contiguous, sequenced collection of
+/// elements.
+pub trait ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> {
+    /// Returns the element type of this array-like value.
+    fn element_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Returns the base pointer to the array.
+    fn base_ptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Returns the size of this array-like value.
+    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Returns a [`ArraySliceValue`] representing this value.
+    fn as_slice_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(
+            self.base_ptr(ctx, generator),
+            self.size(ctx, generator),
+            None,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// An array-like value that can be indexed by memory offset.
+pub trait ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index = IntValue<'ctx>>: ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> {
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called with a valid index.
+    unsafe fn ptr_offset_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Returns the pointer to the data at the `idx`-th index.
+    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx>;
+}
+
+/// An array-like value that can have its array elements accessed as a [`BasicValueEnum`].
+pub trait UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, Index = IntValue<'ctx>>:
+    ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>
+{
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called with a valid index.
+    unsafe fn get_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        let ptr = unsafe { self.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) };
+        ctx.builder.build_load(ptr, name.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the data at the `idx`-th index.
+    fn get<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        let ptr = self.ptr_offset(ctx, generator, idx, name);
+        ctx.builder.build_load(ptr, name.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+/// An array-like value that can have its array elements mutated as a [`BasicValueEnum`].
+pub trait UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, Index = IntValue<'ctx>>:
+    ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>
+{
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called with a valid index.
+    unsafe fn set_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        let ptr = unsafe { self.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, None) };
+        ctx.builder.build_store(ptr, value).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the data at the `idx`-th index.
+    fn set<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        let ptr = self.ptr_offset(ctx, generator, idx, None);
+        ctx.builder.build_store(ptr, value).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+/// An array-like value that can have its array elements accessed as an arbitrary type `T`.
+pub trait TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, T, Index = IntValue<'ctx>>:
+    UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, Index>
+{
+    /// Casts an element from [`BasicValueEnum`] into `T`.
+    fn downcast_to_type(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> T;
+
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called with a valid index.
+    unsafe fn get_typed_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> T {
+        let value = unsafe { self.get_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) };
+        self.downcast_to_type(ctx, value)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the data at the `idx`-th index.
+    fn get_typed<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> T {
+        let value = self.get(ctx, generator, idx, name);
+        self.downcast_to_type(ctx, value)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An array-like value that can have its array elements mutated as an arbitrary type `T`.
+pub trait TypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, T, Index = IntValue<'ctx>>:
+    UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, Index>
+{
+    /// Casts an element from T into [`BasicValueEnum`].
+    fn upcast_from_type(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: T,
+    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
+
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called with a valid index.
+    unsafe fn set_typed_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        value: T,
+    ) {
+        let value = self.upcast_from_type(ctx, value);
+        unsafe { self.set_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, value) }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the data at the `idx`-th index.
+    fn set_typed<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        value: T,
+    ) {
+        let value = self.upcast_from_type(ctx, value);
+        self.set(ctx, generator, idx, value);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Type alias for a function that casts a [`BasicValueEnum`] into a `T`.
+type ValueDowncastFn<'ctx, T> =
+    Box<dyn Fn(&mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) -> T + 'ctx>;
+/// Type alias for a function that casts a `T` into a [`BasicValueEnum`].
+type ValueUpcastFn<'ctx, T> = Box<dyn Fn(&mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, T) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>;
+
+/// An adapter for constraining untyped array values as typed values.
+pub struct TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted: ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> = ArraySliceValue<'ctx>> {
+    adapted: Adapted,
+    downcast_fn: ValueDowncastFn<'ctx, T>,
+    upcast_fn: ValueUpcastFn<'ctx, T>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Adapted> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: ArrayLikeValue<'ctx>,
+{
+    /// Creates a [`TypedArrayLikeAdapter`].
+    ///
+    /// * `adapted` - The value to be adapted.
+    /// * `downcast_fn` - The function converting a [`BasicValueEnum`] into a `T`.
+    /// * `upcast_fn` - The function converting a T into a [`BasicValueEnum`].
+    pub fn from(
+        adapted: Adapted,
+        downcast_fn: ValueDowncastFn<'ctx, T>,
+        upcast_fn: ValueUpcastFn<'ctx, T>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        TypedArrayLikeAdapter { adapted, downcast_fn, upcast_fn }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Adapted> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: ArrayLikeValue<'ctx>,
+{
+    fn element_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.adapted.element_type(ctx, generator)
+    }
+
+    fn base_ptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        self.adapted.base_ptr(ctx, generator)
+    }
+
+    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        self.adapted.size(ctx, generator)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Index, Adapted> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>
+    for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>,
+{
+    unsafe fn ptr_offset_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        unsafe { self.adapted.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) }
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        self.adapted.ptr_offset(ctx, generator, idx, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Index, Adapted> UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, Index>
+    for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, Index>,
+{
+}
+impl<'ctx, T, Index, Adapted> UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, Index>
+    for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, Index>,
+{
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Index, Adapted> TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, T, Index>
+    for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, Index>,
+{
+    fn downcast_to_type(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> T {
+        (self.downcast_fn)(ctx, value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Index, Adapted> TypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, T, Index>
+    for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, Index>,
+{
+    fn upcast_from_type(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: T,
+    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        (self.upcast_fn)(ctx, value)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An LLVM value representing an array slice, consisting of a pointer to the data and the size of
+/// the slice.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct ArraySliceValue<'ctx>(PointerValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, Option<&'ctx str>);
+
+impl<'ctx> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+    /// Creates an [`ArraySliceValue`] from a [`PointerValue`] and its size.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_ptr_val(
+        ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        ArraySliceValue(ptr, size, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<ArraySliceValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+    fn element_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.0.get_type().get_element_type()
+    }
+
+    fn base_ptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        self.1
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx> for ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+    unsafe fn ptr_offset_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let var_name = name.map(|v| format!("{v}.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(self.base_ptr(ctx, generator), &[*idx], var_name.as_str())
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        debug_assert_eq!(idx.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+
+        let size = self.size(ctx, generator);
+        let in_range = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::ULT, *idx, size, "").unwrap();
+        ctx.make_assert(
+            generator,
+            in_range,
+            "0:IndexError",
+            "list index out of range",
+            [None, None, None],
+            ctx.current_loc,
+        );
+
+        unsafe { self.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx> for ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {}
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx> for ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {}

nac3core/src/codegen/values/list.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+};
+
+use super::{
+    ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ProxyValue, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeMutator,
+};
+use crate::codegen::{
+    types::ListType,
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+
+/// Proxy type for accessing a `list` value in LLVM.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct ListValue<'ctx> {
+    value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ListValue<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `list`, returning [Err] if `value` is not an
+    /// instance.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        ListType::is_representable(value.get_type(), llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ListValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_pointer_value(
+        ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        ListValue { value: ptr, llvm_usize, name }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the double-indirection pointer to the `data` array, as if by calling `getelementptr`
+    /// on the field.
+    fn pptr_to_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let var_name = self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.data.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(
+                    self.as_base_value(),
+                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_zero()],
+                    var_name.as_str(),
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the pointer to the field storing the size of this `list`.
+    fn ptr_to_size(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let var_name = self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.size.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(
+                    self.as_base_value(),
+                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_int(1, true)],
+                    var_name.as_str(),
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the array of data elements `data` into this instance.
+    fn store_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, data: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+        ctx.builder.build_store(self.pptr_to_data(ctx), data).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience method for creating a new array storing data elements with the given element
+    /// type `elem_ty` and `size`.
+    ///
+    /// If `size` is [None], the size stored in the field of this instance is used instead.
+    pub fn create_data(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        elem_ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        size: Option<IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    ) {
+        let size = size.unwrap_or_else(|| self.load_size(ctx, None));
+
+        let data = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_select(
+                ctx.builder
+                    .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, size, self.llvm_usize.const_zero(), "")
+                    .unwrap(),
+                ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(elem_ty, size, "").unwrap(),
+                elem_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).const_zero(),
+                "",
+            )
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+        self.store_data(ctx, data);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the double-indirection pointer to the `data` array, as if by calling `getelementptr`
+    /// on the field.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn data(&self) -> ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+        ListDataProxy(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the `size` of this `list` into this instance.
+    pub fn store_size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(size.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+
+        let psize = self.ptr_to_size(ctx);
+        ctx.builder.build_store(psize, size).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the size of this `list` as a value.
+    pub fn load_size(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, name: Option<&str>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        let psize = self.ptr_to_size(ctx);
+        let var_name = name
+            .map(ToString::to_string)
+            .or_else(|| self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.size")))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(psize, var_name.as_str())
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for ListValue<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
+    type Type = ListType<'ctx>;
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
+        ListType::from_type(self.as_base_value().get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.value
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<ListValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: ListValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_value()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Proxy type for accessing the `data` array of an `list` instance in LLVM.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct ListDataProxy<'ctx, 'a>(&'a ListValue<'ctx>);
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+    fn element_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.0.value.get_type().get_element_type()
+    }
+
+    fn base_ptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let var_name = self.0.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.data")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(self.0.pptr_to_data(ctx), var_name.as_str())
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        self.0.load_size(ctx, None)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx> for ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+    unsafe fn ptr_offset_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let var_name = name.map(|v| format!("{v}.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(self.base_ptr(ctx, generator), &[*idx], var_name.as_str())
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        debug_assert_eq!(idx.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+
+        let size = self.size(ctx, generator);
+        let in_range = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::ULT, *idx, size, "").unwrap();
+        ctx.make_assert(
+            generator,
+            in_range,
+            "0:IndexError",
+            "list index out of range",
+            [None, None, None],
+            ctx.current_loc,
+        );
+
+        unsafe { self.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx> for ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {}
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx> for ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {}