flake: add platformdirs artiq dependency

Causes linker errors for unknown reasons.

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # See https://pre-commit.com for more information
 # See https://pre-commit.com/hooks.html for more hooks
 
-default_stages: [commit]
+default_stages: [pre-commit]
 
 repos:
   - repo: local

Cargo.lock

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstream"
-version = "0.6.15"
+version = "0.6.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "64e15c1ab1f89faffbf04a634d5e1962e9074f2741eef6d97f3c4e322426d526"
+checksum = "8acc5369981196006228e28809f761875c0327210a891e941f4c683b3a99529b"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
  "anstyle-parse",
@@ -41,36 +41,36 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle"
-version = "1.0.8"
+version = "1.0.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1bec1de6f59aedf83baf9ff929c98f2ad654b97c9510f4e70cf6f661d49fd5b1"
+checksum = "55cc3b69f167a1ef2e161439aa98aed94e6028e5f9a59be9a6ffb47aef1651f9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-parse"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.2.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eb47de1e80c2b463c735db5b217a0ddc39d612e7ac9e2e96a5aed1f57616c1cb"
+checksum = "3b2d16507662817a6a20a9ea92df6652ee4f94f914589377d69f3b21bc5798a9"
 dependencies = [
  "utf8parse",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-query"
-version = "1.1.1"
+version = "1.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6d36fc52c7f6c869915e99412912f22093507da8d9e942ceaf66fe4b7c14422a"
+checksum = "79947af37f4177cfead1110013d678905c37501914fba0efea834c3fe9a8d60c"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-wincon"
-version = "3.0.4"
+version = "3.0.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5bf74e1b6e971609db8ca7a9ce79fd5768ab6ae46441c572e46cf596f59e57f8"
+checksum = "2109dbce0e72be3ec00bed26e6a7479ca384ad226efdd66db8fa2e3a38c83125"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.1.24"
+version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "812acba72f0a070b003d3697490d2b55b837230ae7c6c6497f05cc2ddbb8d938"
+checksum = "fd9de9f2205d5ef3fd67e685b0df337994ddd4495e2a28d185500d0e1edfea47"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
@@ -141,9 +141,9 @@ checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.19"
+version = "4.5.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7be5744db7978a28d9df86a214130d106a89ce49644cbc4e3f0c22c3fba30615"
+checksum = "fb3b4b9e5a7c7514dfa52869339ee98b3156b0bfb4e8a77c4ff4babb64b1604f"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
  "clap_derive",
@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.19"
+version = "4.5.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a5fbc17d3ef8278f55b282b2a2e75ae6f6c7d4bb70ed3d0382375104bfafdb4b"
+checksum = "b17a95aa67cc7b5ebd32aa5370189aa0d79069ef1c64ce893bd30fb24bff20ec"
 dependencies = [
  "anstream",
  "anstyle",
@@ -170,20 +170,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck 0.5.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.7.2"
+version = "0.7.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1462739cb27611015575c0c11df5df7601141071f07518d56fcc1be504cbec97"
+checksum = "afb84c814227b90d6895e01398aee0d8033c00e7466aca416fb6a8e0eb19d8a7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "colorchoice"
-version = "1.0.2"
+version = "1.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d3fd119d74b830634cea2a0f58bbd0d54540518a14397557951e79340abc28c0"
+checksum = "5b63caa9aa9397e2d9480a9b13673856c78d8ac123288526c37d7839f2a86990"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "console"
@@ -199,9 +199,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cpufeatures"
-version = "0.2.14"
+version = "0.2.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "608697df725056feaccfa42cffdaeeec3fccc4ffc38358ecd19b243e716a78e0"
+checksum = "0ca741a962e1b0bff6d724a1a0958b686406e853bb14061f218562e1896f95e6"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
@@ -282,6 +282,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "crypto-common",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "dissimilar"
+version = "1.0.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "59f8e79d1fbf76bdfbde321e902714bf6c49df88a7dda6fc682fc2979226962d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "either"
 version = "1.13.0"
@@ -321,9 +327,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e8c02a5121d4ea3eb16a80748c74f5549a5665e4c21333c6098f283870fbdea6"
+checksum = "486f806e73c5707928240ddc295403b1b93c96a02038563881c4a2fd84b81ac4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fixedbitset"
@@ -370,6 +376,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "glob"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d2fabcfbdc87f4758337ca535fb41a6d701b65693ce38287d856d1674551ec9b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.12.3"
@@ -387,9 +399,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.15.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e087f84d4f86bf4b218b927129862374b72199ae7d8657835f1e89000eea4fb"
+checksum = "3a9bfc1af68b1726ea47d3d5109de126281def866b33970e10fbab11b5dafab3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
@@ -429,7 +441,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "707907fe3c25f5424cce2cb7e1cbcafee6bdbe735ca90ef77c29e84591e5b9da"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.15.0",
+ "hashbrown 0.15.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -460,7 +472,7 @@ checksum = "9dd28cfd4cfba665d47d31c08a6ba637eed16770abca2eccbbc3ca831fef1e44"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -547,9 +559,9 @@ checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.159"
+version = "0.2.164"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "561d97a539a36e26a9a5fad1ea11a3039a67714694aaa379433e580854bc3dc5"
+checksum = "433bfe06b8c75da9b2e3fbea6e5329ff87748f0b144ef75306e674c3f6f7c13f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libloading"
@@ -634,7 +646,6 @@ name = "nac3ast"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "fxhash",
- "lazy_static",
  "parking_lot",
  "string-interner",
 ]
@@ -649,6 +660,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "inkwell",
  "insta",
  "itertools",
+ "nac3core_derive",
  "nac3parser",
  "parking_lot",
  "rayon",
@@ -658,6 +670,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "test-case",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nac3core_derive"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "nac3core",
+ "proc-macro-error",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
+ "trybuild",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nac3ld"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -698,12 +722,9 @@ checksum = "650eef8c711430f1a879fdd01d4745a7deea475becfb90269c06775983bbf086"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.20.1"
+version = "1.20.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "82881c4be219ab5faaf2ad5e5e5ecdff8c66bd7402ca3160975c93b24961afd1"
-dependencies = [
- "portable-atomic",
-]
+checksum = "1261fe7e33c73b354eab43b1273a57c8f967d0391e80353e51f764ac02cf6775"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot"
@@ -778,7 +799,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "phf_shared 0.11.2",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -827,10 +848,34 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "925383efa346730478fb4838dbe9137d2a47675ad789c546d150a6e1dd4ab31c"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.86"
+name = "proc-macro-error"
+version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e719e8df665df0d1c8fbfd238015744736151d4445ec0836b8e628aae103b77"
+checksum = "da25490ff9892aab3fcf7c36f08cfb902dd3e71ca0f9f9517bea02a73a5ce38c"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro-error-attr",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+ "version_check",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro-error-attr"
+version = "1.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a1be40180e52ecc98ad80b184934baf3d0d29f979574e439af5a55274b35f869"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "version_check",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro2"
+version = "1.0.89"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f139b0662de085916d1fb67d2b4169d1addddda1919e696f3252b740b629986e"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -882,7 +927,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -895,7 +940,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -968,9 +1013,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
-version = "1.11.0"
+version = "1.11.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38200e5ee88914975b69f657f0801b6f6dccafd44fd9326302a4aaeecfacb1d8"
+checksum = "b544ef1b4eac5dc2db33ea63606ae9ffcfac26c1416a2806ae0bf5f56b201191"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
@@ -980,9 +1025,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.4.8"
+version = "0.4.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "368758f23274712b504848e9d5a6f010445cc8b87a7cdb4d7cbee666c1288da3"
+checksum = "809e8dc61f6de73b46c85f4c96486310fe304c434cfa43669d7b40f711150908"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
@@ -1004,9 +1049,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.37"
+version = "0.38.41"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8acb788b847c24f28525660c4d7758620a7210875711f79e7f663cc152726811"
+checksum = "d7f649912bc1495e167a6edee79151c84b1bad49748cb4f1f1167f459f6224f6"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
  "errno",
@@ -1017,9 +1062,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
-version = "1.0.17"
+version = "1.0.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "955d28af4278de8121b7ebeb796b6a45735dc01436d898801014aced2773a3d6"
+checksum = "0e819f2bc632f285be6d7cd36e25940d45b2391dd6d9b939e79de557f7014248"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
@@ -1050,29 +1095,29 @@ checksum = "61697e0a1c7e512e84a621326239844a24d8207b4669b41bc18b32ea5cbf988b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.210"
+version = "1.0.215"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c8e3592472072e6e22e0a54d5904d9febf8508f65fb8552499a1abc7d1078c3a"
+checksum = "6513c1ad0b11a9376da888e3e0baa0077f1aed55c17f50e7b2397136129fb88f"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.210"
+version = "1.0.215"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "243902eda00fad750862fc144cea25caca5e20d615af0a81bee94ca738f1df1f"
+checksum = "ad1e866f866923f252f05c889987993144fb74e722403468a4ebd70c3cd756c0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.128"
+version = "1.0.133"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6ff5456707a1de34e7e37f2a6fd3d3f808c318259cbd01ab6377795054b483d8"
+checksum = "c7fceb2473b9166b2294ef05efcb65a3db80803f0b03ef86a5fc88a2b85ee377"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
@@ -1080,6 +1125,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_spanned"
+version = "0.6.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "87607cb1398ed59d48732e575a4c28a7a8ebf2454b964fe3f224f2afc07909e1"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_yaml"
 version = "0.8.26"
@@ -1172,7 +1226,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1188,9 +1242,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.79"
+version = "2.0.87"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "89132cd0bf050864e1d38dc3bbc07a0eb8e7530af26344d3d2bbbef83499f590"
+checksum = "25aa4ce346d03a6dcd68dd8b4010bcb74e54e62c90c573f394c46eae99aba32d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1204,10 +1258,16 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "61c41af27dd6d1e27b1b16b489db798443478cef1f06a660c96db617ba5de3b1"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.13.0"
+name = "target-triple"
+version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f0f2c9fc62d0beef6951ccffd757e241266a2c833136efbe35af6cd2567dca5b"
+checksum = "42a4d50cdb458045afc8131fd91b64904da29548bcb63c7236e0844936c13078"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tempfile"
+version = "3.14.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "28cce251fcbc87fac86a866eeb0d6c2d536fc16d06f184bb61aeae11aa4cee0c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "fastrand",
@@ -1226,6 +1286,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "termcolor"
+version = "1.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "06794f8f6c5c898b3275aebefa6b8a1cb24cd2c6c79397ab15774837a0bc5755"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "test-case"
 version = "1.2.3"
@@ -1241,22 +1310,72 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.64"
+version = "1.0.69"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d50af8abc119fb8bb6dbabcfa89656f46f84aa0ac7688088608076ad2b459a84"
+checksum = "b6aaf5339b578ea85b50e080feb250a3e8ae8cfcdff9a461c9ec2904bc923f52"
 dependencies = [
  "thiserror-impl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.64"
+version = "1.0.69"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08904e7672f5eb876eaaf87e0ce17857500934f4981c4a0ab2b4aa98baac7fc3"
+checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml"
+version = "0.8.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a1ed1f98e3fdc28d6d910e6737ae6ab1a93bf1985935a1193e68f93eeb68d24e"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "serde_spanned",
+ "toml_datetime",
+ "toml_edit",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_datetime"
+version = "0.6.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0dd7358ecb8fc2f8d014bf86f6f638ce72ba252a2c3a2572f2a795f1d23efb41"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_edit"
+version = "0.22.22"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4ae48d6208a266e853d946088ed816055e556cc6028c5e8e2b84d9fa5dd7c7f5"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap 2.6.0",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_spanned",
+ "toml_datetime",
+ "winnow",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "trybuild"
+version = "1.0.101"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8dcd332a5496c026f1e14b7f3d2b7bd98e509660c04239c58b0ba38a12daded4"
+dependencies = [
+ "dissimilar",
+ "glob",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "target-triple",
+ "termcolor",
+ "toml",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1482,6 +1601,15 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winnow"
+version = "0.6.20"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "36c1fec1a2bb5866f07c25f68c26e565c4c200aebb96d7e55710c19d3e8ac49b"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "yaml-rust"
 version = "0.4.5"
@@ -1509,5 +1637,5 @@ checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]

Cargo.toml

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ members = [
   "nac3ast",
   "nac3parser",
   "nac3core",
+  "nac3core/nac3core_derive",
   "nac3standalone",
   "nac3artiq",
   "runkernel",

flake.lock

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
   "nodes": {
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1727348695,
-        "narHash": "sha256-J+PeFKSDV+pHL7ukkfpVzCOO7mBSrrpJ3svwBFABbhI=",
+        "lastModified": 1731319897,
+        "narHash": "sha256-PbABj4tnbWFMfBp6OcUK5iGy1QY+/Z96ZcLpooIbuEI=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "1925c603f17fc89f4c8f6bf6f631a802ad85d784",
+        "rev": "dc460ec76cbff0e66e269457d7b728432263166c",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {

flake.nix

@@ -107,18 +107,18 @@
             (pkgs.fetchFromGitHub {
               owner = "m-labs";
               repo = "sipyco";
-              rev = "939f84f9b5eef7efbf7423c735d1834783b6140e";
-              sha256 = "sha256-15Nun4EY35j+6SPZkjzZtyH/ncxLS60KuGJjFh5kSTc=";
+              rev = "094a6cd63ffa980ef63698920170e50dc9ba77fd";
+              sha256 = "sha256-PPnAyDedUQ7Og/Cby9x5OT9wMkNGTP8GS53V6N/dk4w=";
             })
             (pkgs.fetchFromGitHub {
               owner = "m-labs";
               repo = "artiq";
-              rev = "923ca3377d42c815f979983134ec549dc39d3ca0";
-              sha256 = "sha256-oJoEeNEeNFSUyh6jXG8Tzp6qHVikeHS0CzfE+mODPgw=";
+              rev = "28c9de3e251daa89a8c9fd79d5ab64a3ec03bac6";
+              sha256 = "sha256-vAvpbHc5B+1wtG8zqN7j9dQE1ON+i22v+uqA+tw6Gak=";
             })
           ];
           buildInputs = [
-            (python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ps.jsonschema ps.lmdb nac3artiq-instrumented ]))
+            (python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ps.jsonschema ps.lmdb ps.platformdirs nac3artiq-instrumented ]))
             pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out
           ];
           phases = [ "buildPhase" "installPhase" ];

nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py

@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class Core:
         embedding = EmbeddingMap()
 
         if allow_registration:
-            compiler.analyze(registered_functions, registered_classes)
+            compiler.analyze(registered_functions, registered_classes, set())
             allow_registration = False
 
         if hasattr(method, "__self__"):

nac3artiq/src/codegen.rs

@@ -14,14 +14,15 @@ use pyo3::{
 
 use nac3core::{
     codegen::{
-        classes::{
-            ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayType,
-            NDArrayValue, ProxyType, ProxyValue, RangeValue, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
-        },
         expr::{destructure_range, gen_call},
         irrt::call_ndarray_calc_size,
         llvm_intrinsics::{call_int_smax, call_memcpy_generic, call_stackrestore, call_stacksave},
         stmt::{gen_block, gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_if_callback, gen_with},
+        types::{NDArrayType, ProxyType},
+        values::{
+            ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayValue, ProxyValue,
+            RangeValue, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+        },
         CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
     },
     inkwell::{
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ use nac3core::{
     typecheck::typedef::{iter_type_vars, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, VarMap},
 };
 
-use crate::{symbol_resolver::InnerResolver, timeline::TimeFns};
+use super::{symbol_resolver::InnerResolver, timeline::TimeFns};
 
 /// The parallelism mode within a block.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
@@ -460,7 +461,7 @@ fn format_rpc_arg<'ctx>(
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, arg_ty);
             let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
             let llvm_arg_ty = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, llvm_elem_ty);
-            let llvm_arg = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(arg.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+            let llvm_arg = llvm_arg_ty.map_value(arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
 
             let llvm_usize_sizeof = ctx
                 .builder
@@ -497,7 +498,7 @@ fn format_rpc_arg<'ctx>(
             call_memcpy_generic(
                 ctx,
                 pbuffer_dims_begin,
-                llvm_arg.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator),
+                llvm_arg.shape().base_ptr(ctx, generator),
                 dims_buf_sz,
                 llvm_i1.const_zero(),
             );
@@ -611,7 +612,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
             // Set `ndarray.ndims`
             ndarray.store_ndims(ctx, generator, llvm_usize.const_int(ndims, false));
             // Allocate `ndarray.shape` [size_t; ndims]
-            ndarray.create_dim_sizes(ctx, llvm_usize, ndarray.load_ndims(ctx));
+            ndarray.create_shape(ctx, llvm_usize, ndarray.load_ndims(ctx));
 
             /*
                 ndarray now:
@@ -701,7 +702,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
 
             call_memcpy_generic(
                 ctx,
-                ndarray.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator),
+                ndarray.shape().base_ptr(ctx, generator),
                 pbuffer_dims,
                 sizeof_dims,
                 llvm_i1.const_zero(),
@@ -713,7 +714,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
             // `ndarray.shape` must be initialized beforehand in this implementation
             //   (for ndarray.create_data() to know how many elements to allocate)
             let num_elements =
-                call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &ndarray.dim_sizes(), (None, None));
+                call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &ndarray.shape(), (None, None));
 
             // debug_assert(nelems * sizeof(T) >= ndarray_nbytes)
             if ctx.registry.llvm_options.opt_level == OptimizationLevel::None {
@@ -990,11 +991,12 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn attributes_writeback(
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
+pub fn attributes_writeback<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     inner_resolver: &InnerResolver,
     host_attributes: &PyObject,
+    return_obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<Result<(), String>> {
         let host_attributes: &PyList = host_attributes.downcast(py)?;
@@ -1004,6 +1006,11 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
         let zero = int32.const_zero();
         let mut values = Vec::new();
         let mut scratch_buffer = Vec::new();
+
+        if let Some((ty, obj)) = return_obj {
+            values.push((ty, obj.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ty).unwrap()));
+        }
+
         for val in (*globals).values() {
             let val = val.as_ref(py);
             let ty = inner_resolver.get_obj_type(
@@ -1082,7 +1089,7 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
         let args: Vec<_> =
             values.into_iter().map(|(_, val)| (None, ValueEnum::Dynamic(val))).collect();
         if let Err(e) =
-            rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, None, (&fun, PrimDef::Int32.id()), args, generator, false)
+            rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, None, (&fun, PrimDef::Int32.id()), args, generator, true)
         {
             return Ok(Err(e));
         }
@@ -1308,7 +1315,8 @@ fn polymorphic_print<'ctx>(
                 fmt.push('[');
                 flush(ctx, generator, &mut fmt, &mut args);
 
-                let val = ListValue::from_ptr_val(value.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+                let val =
+                    ListValue::from_pointer_value(value.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
                 let len = val.load_size(ctx, None);
                 let last =
                     ctx.builder.build_int_sub(len, llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), "").unwrap();
@@ -1360,12 +1368,18 @@ fn polymorphic_print<'ctx>(
 
             TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
                 let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);
+                let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
                 fmt.push_str("array([");
                 flush(ctx, generator, &mut fmt, &mut args);
 
-                let val = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(value.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
-                let len = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &val.dim_sizes(), (None, None));
+                let val = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+                    value.into_pointer_value(),
+                    llvm_elem_ty,
+                    llvm_usize,
+                    None,
+                );
+                let len = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &val.shape(), (None, None));
                 let last =
                     ctx.builder.build_int_sub(len, llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), "").unwrap();
 
@@ -1418,7 +1432,7 @@ fn polymorphic_print<'ctx>(
                 fmt.push_str("range(");
                 flush(ctx, generator, &mut fmt, &mut args);
 
-                let val = RangeValue::from_ptr_val(value.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                let val = RangeValue::from_pointer_value(value.into_pointer_value(), None);
 
                 let (start, stop, step) = destructure_range(ctx, val);
 

nac3artiq/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-#![deny(
-    future_incompatible,
-    let_underscore,
-    nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
-    clippy::all
-)]
+#![deny(future_incompatible, let_underscore, nonstandard_style, clippy::all)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn,
@@ -30,19 +24,19 @@ use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use pyo3::{
     create_exception, exceptions,
     prelude::*,
-    types::{PyBytes, PyDict, PySet},
+    types::{PyBytes, PyDict, PyNone, PySet},
 };
 use tempfile::{self, TempDir};
 
 use nac3core::{
     codegen::{
         concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, gen_func_impl, irrt::load_irrt, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
-        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, CodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
     },
     inkwell::{
         context::Context,
         memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
-        module::{Linkage, Module},
+        module::{FlagBehavior, Linkage, Module},
         passes::PassBuilderOptions,
         support::is_multithreaded,
         targets::*,
@@ -65,13 +59,11 @@ use nac3core::{
 };
 use nac3ld::Linker;
 
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        attributes_writeback, gen_core_log, gen_rtio_log, rpc_codegen_callback, ArtiqCodeGenerator,
-    },
-    symbol_resolver::{DeferredEvaluationStore, InnerResolver, PythonHelper, Resolver},
-    timeline::TimeFns,
+use codegen::{
+    attributes_writeback, gen_core_log, gen_rtio_log, rpc_codegen_callback, ArtiqCodeGenerator,
 };
+use symbol_resolver::{DeferredEvaluationStore, InnerResolver, PythonHelper, Resolver};
+use timeline::TimeFns;
 
 mod codegen;
 mod symbol_resolver;
@@ -150,14 +142,32 @@ impl Nac3 {
         module: &PyObject,
         registered_class_ids: &HashSet<u64>,
     ) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let (module_name, source_file) = Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<(String, String)> {
-            let module: &PyAny = module.extract(py)?;
-            Ok((module.getattr("__name__")?.extract()?, module.getattr("__file__")?.extract()?))
-        })?;
+        let (module_name, source_file, source) =
+            Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<(String, String, String)> {
+                let module: &PyAny = module.extract(py)?;
+                let source_file = module.getattr("__file__");
+                let (source_file, source) = if let Ok(source_file) = source_file {
+                    let source_file = source_file.extract()?;
+                    (
+                        source_file,
+                        fs::read_to_string(&source_file).map_err(|e| {
+                            exceptions::PyIOError::new_err(format!(
+                                "failed to read input file: {e}"
+                            ))
+                        })?,
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    // kernels submitted by content have no file
+                    // but still can provide source by StringLoader
+                    let get_src_fn = module
+                        .getattr("__loader__")?
+                        .extract::<PyObject>()?
+                        .getattr(py, "get_source")?;
+                    ("<expcontent>", get_src_fn.call1(py, (PyNone::get(py),))?.extract(py)?)
+                };
+                Ok((module.getattr("__name__")?.extract()?, source_file.to_string(), source))
+            })?;
 
-        let source = fs::read_to_string(&source_file).map_err(|e| {
-            exceptions::PyIOError::new_err(format!("failed to read input file: {e}"))
-        })?;
         let parser_result = parse_program(&source, source_file.into())
             .map_err(|e| exceptions::PySyntaxError::new_err(format!("parse error: {e}")))?;
 
@@ -675,33 +685,12 @@ impl Nac3 {
         let task = CodeGenTask {
             subst: Vec::default(),
             symbol_name: "__modinit__".to_string(),
-            body: instance.body,
-            signature,
-            resolver: resolver.clone(),
-            store,
-            unifier_index: instance.unifier_id,
-            calls: instance.calls,
-            id: 0,
-        };
-
-        let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
-        let mut cache = HashMap::new();
-        let signature = store.from_signature(
-            &mut composer.unifier,
-            &self.primitive,
-            &fun_signature,
-            &mut cache,
-        );
-        let signature = store.add_cty(signature);
-        let attributes_writeback_task = CodeGenTask {
-            subst: Vec::default(),
-            symbol_name: "attributes_writeback".to_string(),
             body: Arc::new(Vec::default()),
             signature,
             resolver,
             store,
             unifier_index: instance.unifier_id,
-            calls: Arc::new(HashMap::default()),
+            calls: instance.calls,
             id: 0,
         };
 
@@ -725,19 +714,27 @@ impl Nac3 {
             .collect();
 
         let membuffer = membuffers.clone();
+        let mut has_return = false;
         py.allow_threads(|| {
             let (registry, handles) =
                 WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level.clone(), &self.llvm_options, &f);
-            registry.add_task(task);
-            registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 
-            let mut generator =
-                ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("attributes_writeback".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
+            let mut generator = ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("main".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
             let context = Context::create();
-            let module = context.create_module("attributes_writeback");
+            let module = context.create_module("main");
             let target_machine = self.llvm_options.create_target_machine().unwrap();
             module.set_data_layout(&target_machine.get_target_data().get_data_layout());
             module.set_triple(&target_machine.get_triple());
+            module.add_basic_value_flag(
+                "Debug Info Version",
+                FlagBehavior::Warning,
+                context.i32_type().const_int(3, false),
+            );
+            module.add_basic_value_flag(
+                "Dwarf Version",
+                FlagBehavior::Warning,
+                context.i32_type().const_int(4, false),
+            );
             let builder = context.create_builder();
             let (_, module, _) = gen_func_impl(
                 &context,
@@ -745,9 +742,27 @@ impl Nac3 {
                 &registry,
                 builder,
                 module,
-                attributes_writeback_task,
+                task,
                 |generator, ctx| {
-                    attributes_writeback(ctx, generator, inner_resolver.as_ref(), &host_attributes)
+                    assert_eq!(instance.body.len(), 1, "toplevel module should have 1 statement");
+                    let StmtKind::Expr { value: ref expr, .. } = instance.body[0].node else {
+                        unreachable!("toplevel statement must be an expression")
+                    };
+                    let ExprKind::Call { .. } = expr.node else {
+                        unreachable!("toplevel expression must be a function call")
+                    };
+
+                    let return_obj =
+                        generator.gen_expr(ctx, expr)?.map(|value| (expr.custom.unwrap(), value));
+                    has_return = return_obj.is_some();
+                    registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
+                    attributes_writeback(
+                        ctx,
+                        generator,
+                        inner_resolver.as_ref(),
+                        &host_attributes,
+                        return_obj,
+                    )
                 },
             )
             .unwrap();
@@ -756,35 +771,23 @@ impl Nac3 {
             membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
         });
 
+        embedding_map.setattr("expects_return", has_return).unwrap();
+
         // Link all modules into `main`.
         let buffers = membuffers.lock();
         let main = context
-            .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(&buffers[0], "main"))
+            .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(
+                buffers.last().unwrap(),
+                "main",
+            ))
             .unwrap();
-        for buffer in buffers.iter().skip(1) {
+        for buffer in buffers.iter().rev().skip(1) {
             let other = context
                 .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(buffer, "main"))
                 .unwrap();
 
             main.link_in_module(other).map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
         }
-        let builder = context.create_builder();
-        let modinit_return = main
-            .get_function("__modinit__")
-            .unwrap()
-            .get_last_basic_block()
-            .unwrap()
-            .get_terminator()
-            .unwrap();
-        builder.position_before(&modinit_return);
-        builder
-            .build_call(
-                main.get_function("attributes_writeback").unwrap(),
-                &[],
-                "attributes_writeback",
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
         main.link_in_module(irrt).map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
 
         let mut function_iter = main.get_first_function();
@@ -1087,7 +1090,12 @@ impl Nac3 {
         })
     }
 
-    fn analyze(&mut self, functions: &PySet, classes: &PySet) -> PyResult<()> {
+    fn analyze(
+        &mut self,
+        functions: &PySet,
+        classes: &PySet,
+        content_modules: &PySet,
+    ) -> PyResult<()> {
         let (modules, class_ids) =
             Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<(HashMap<u64, PyObject>, HashSet<u64>)> {
                 let mut modules: HashMap<u64, PyObject> = HashMap::new();
@@ -1097,14 +1105,22 @@ impl Nac3 {
                 let getmodule_fn = PyModule::import(py, "inspect")?.getattr("getmodule")?;
 
                 for function in functions {
-                    let module = getmodule_fn.call1((function,))?.extract()?;
-                    modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module);
+                    let module: PyObject = getmodule_fn.call1((function,))?.extract()?;
+                    if !module.is_none(py) {
+                        modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module);
+                    }
                 }
                 for class in classes {
-                    let module = getmodule_fn.call1((class,))?.extract()?;
-                    modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module);
+                    let module: PyObject = getmodule_fn.call1((class,))?.extract()?;
+                    if !module.is_none(py) {
+                        modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module);
+                    }
                     class_ids.insert(id_fn.call1((class,))?.extract()?);
                 }
+                for module in content_modules {
+                    let module: PyObject = module.extract()?;
+                    modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module.into());
+                }
                 Ok((modules, class_ids))
             })?;
 

nac3artiq/src/symbol_resolver.rs

@@ -14,10 +14,7 @@ use pyo3::{
 };
 
 use nac3core::{
-    codegen::{
-        classes::{NDArrayType, ProxyType},
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-    },
+    codegen::{types::NDArrayType, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
     inkwell::{
         module::Linkage,
         types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
@@ -37,7 +34,7 @@ use nac3core::{
     },
 };
 
-use crate::PrimitivePythonId;
+use super::PrimitivePythonId;
 
 pub enum PrimitiveValue {
     I32(i32),
@@ -1096,7 +1093,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                 if self.global_value_ids.read().contains_key(&id) {
                     let global = ctx.module.get_global(&id_str).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                         ctx.module.add_global(
-                            ndarray_llvm_ty.as_underlying_type(),
+                            ndarray_llvm_ty.element_type().into_struct_type(),
                             Some(AddressSpace::default()),
                             &id_str,
                         )
@@ -1190,7 +1187,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
             data_global.set_initializer(&data);
 
             // create a global for the ndarray object and initialize it
-            let value = ndarray_llvm_ty.as_underlying_type().const_named_struct(&[
+            let value = ndarray_llvm_ty.element_type().into_struct_type().const_named_struct(&[
                 llvm_usize.const_int(ndarray_ndims, false).into(),
                 shape_global
                     .as_pointer_value()
@@ -1203,7 +1200,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
             ]);
 
             let ndarray = ctx.module.add_global(
-                ndarray_llvm_ty.as_underlying_type(),
+                ndarray_llvm_ty.element_type().into_struct_type(),
                 Some(AddressSpace::default()),
                 &id_str,
             );

nac3ast/Cargo.toml

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ constant-optimization = ["fold"]
 fold = []
 
 [dependencies]
-lazy_static = "1.5"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
 string-interner = "0.17"
 fxhash = "0.2"

nac3ast/src/ast_gen.rs

@@ -5,14 +5,12 @@ pub use crate::location::Location;
 
 use fxhash::FxBuildHasher;
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, MutexGuard};
-use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, fmt};
+use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, fmt, sync::LazyLock};
 use string_interner::{symbol::SymbolU32, DefaultBackend, StringInterner};
 
 pub type Interner = StringInterner<DefaultBackend, FxBuildHasher>;
-lazy_static! {
-    static ref INTERNER: Mutex<Interner> =
-        Mutex::new(StringInterner::with_hasher(FxBuildHasher::default()));
-}
+static INTERNER: LazyLock<Mutex<Interner>> =
+    LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(StringInterner::with_hasher(FxBuildHasher::default())));
 
 thread_local! {
     static LOCAL_INTERNER: RefCell<HashMap<String, StrRef>> = RefCell::default();

nac3ast/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-#![deny(
-    future_incompatible,
-    let_underscore,
-    nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
-    clippy::all
-)]
+#![deny(future_incompatible, let_underscore, nonstandard_style, clippy::all)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     clippy::missing_errors_doc,
@@ -14,9 +8,6 @@
     clippy::wildcard_imports
 )]
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate lazy_static;
-
 mod ast_gen;
 mod constant;
 #[cfg(feature = "fold")]

nac3core/Cargo.toml

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ authors = ["M-Labs"]
 edition = "2021"
 
 [features]
+default = ["derive"]
+derive = ["dep:nac3core_derive"]
 no-escape-analysis = []
 
 [dependencies]
@@ -13,6 +15,7 @@ crossbeam = "0.8"
 indexmap = "2.6"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
 rayon = "1.10"
+nac3core_derive = { path = "nac3core_derive", optional = true }
 nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
 strum = "0.26"
 strum_macros = "0.26"

nac3core/build.rs

@@ -56,9 +56,8 @@ fn main() {
     let output = Command::new("clang-irrt")
         .args(flags)
         .output()
-        .map(|o| {
+        .inspect(|o| {
             assert!(o.status.success(), "{}", std::str::from_utf8(&o.stderr).unwrap());
-            o
         })
         .unwrap();
 

nac3core/irrt/irrt.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "irrt/exception.hpp"
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
 #include "irrt/list.hpp"
 #include "irrt/math.hpp"
 #include "irrt/ndarray.hpp"

nac3core/irrt/irrt/cslice.hpp

@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@
 
 template<typename SizeT>
 struct CSlice {
-    uint8_t* base;
+    void* base;
     SizeT len;
 };

nac3core/irrt/irrt/exception.hpp

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 /**
  * @brief The int type of ARTIQ exception IDs.
  */
-typedef int32_t ExceptionId;
+using ExceptionId = int32_t;
 
 /*
  * Set of exceptions C++ IRRT can use.
@@ -55,11 +55,14 @@ void _raise_exception_helper(ExceptionId id,
                              int64_t param2) {
     Exception<SizeT> e = {
         .id = id,
-        .filename = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(filename), .len = __builtin_strlen(filename)},
+        .filename = {.base = reinterpret_cast<void*>(const_cast<char*>(filename)),
+                     .len = static_cast<SizeT>(__builtin_strlen(filename))},
         .line = line,
         .column = 0,
-        .function = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(function), .len = __builtin_strlen(function)},
-        .msg = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(msg), .len = __builtin_strlen(msg)},
+        .function = {.base = reinterpret_cast<void*>(const_cast<char*>(function)),
+                     .len = static_cast<SizeT>(__builtin_strlen(function))},
+        .msg = {.base = reinterpret_cast<void*>(const_cast<char*>(msg)),
+                .len = static_cast<SizeT>(__builtin_strlen(msg))},
     };
     e.params[0] = param0;
     e.params[1] = param1;
@@ -67,6 +70,7 @@ void _raise_exception_helper(ExceptionId id,
     __nac3_raise(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&e));
     __builtin_unreachable();
 }
+}  // namespace
 
 /**
  * @brief Raise an exception with location details (location in the IRRT source files).
@@ -79,4 +83,3 @@ void _raise_exception_helper(ExceptionId id,
  */
 #define raise_exception(SizeT, id, msg, param0, param1, param2) \
     _raise_exception_helper<SizeT>(id, __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__, msg, param0, param1, param2)
-}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/int_types.hpp

@@ -8,12 +8,17 @@ using uint32_t = unsigned _BitInt(32);
 using int64_t = _BitInt(64);
 using uint64_t = unsigned _BitInt(64);
 #else
+
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-type"
 using int8_t = _ExtInt(8);
 using uint8_t = unsigned _ExtInt(8);
 using int32_t = _ExtInt(32);
 using uint32_t = unsigned _ExtInt(32);
 using int64_t = _ExtInt(64);
 using uint64_t = unsigned _ExtInt(64);
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+
 #endif
 
 // NDArray indices are always `uint32_t`.

nac3core/irrt/irrt/list.hpp

@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ extern "C" {
 SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
                                              SliceIndex dest_end,
                                              SliceIndex dest_step,
-                                             uint8_t* dest_arr,
+                                             void* dest_arr,
                                              SliceIndex dest_arr_len,
                                              SliceIndex src_start,
                                              SliceIndex src_end,
                                              SliceIndex src_step,
-                                             uint8_t* src_arr,
+                                             void* src_arr,
                                              SliceIndex src_arr_len,
                                              const SliceIndex size) {
     /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
@@ -29,11 +29,13 @@ SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
         const SliceIndex src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
         const SliceIndex dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
         if (src_len > 0) {
-            __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + dest_start * size, src_arr + src_start * size, src_len * size);
+            __builtin_memmove(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_start * size,
+                              static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_start * size, src_len * size);
         }
         if (dest_len > 0) {
             /* dropping */
-            __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size, dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+            __builtin_memmove(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + (dest_start + src_len) * size,
+                              static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + (dest_end + 1) * size,
                               (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
         }
         /* shrink size */
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
                           && !(max(dest_start, dest_end) < min(src_start, src_end)
                                || max(src_start, src_end) < min(dest_start, dest_end));
     if (need_alloca) {
-        uint8_t* tmp = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(__builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size));
+        void* tmp = __builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size);
         __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
         src_arr = tmp;
     }
@@ -53,20 +55,24 @@ SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
     for (; (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end); src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step) {
         /* for constant optimization */
         if (size == 1) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind, static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind, 1);
         } else if (size == 4) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * 4,
+                             static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind * 4, 4);
         } else if (size == 8) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * 8,
+                             static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind * 8, 8);
         } else {
             /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
+            __builtin_memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * size,
+                             static_cast<uint8_t*>(src_arr) + src_ind * size, size);
         }
     }
     /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
     /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
     if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
-        __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+        __builtin_memmove(static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + dest_ind * size,
+                          static_cast<uint8_t*>(dest_arr) + (dest_end + 1) * size,
                           (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
         return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
     }

nac3core/irrt/irrt/math.hpp

@@ -90,4 +90,4 @@ double __nac3_j0(double x) {
 
     return j0(x);
 }
-}
+}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray.hpp

@@ -141,4 +141,4 @@ void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64(const uint64_t* src_dims,
                                          NDIndex* out_idx) {
     __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
 }
-}
+}  // namespace

nac3core/irrt/irrt/slice.hpp

@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ SliceIndex __nac3_range_slice_len(const SliceIndex start, const SliceIndex end,
         return 0;
     }
 }
-}
+}  // namespace

nac3core/nac3core_derive/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[package]
+name = "nac3core_derive"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
+
+[[test]]
+name = "structfields_tests"
+path = "tests/structfields_test.rs"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+nac3core = { path = ".." }
+trybuild = { version = "1.0", features = ["diff"] }
+
+[dependencies]
+proc-macro2 = "1.0"
+proc-macro-error = "1.0"
+syn = "2.0"
+quote = "1.0"

nac3core/nac3core_derive/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, proc_macro_error};
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{
+    parse_macro_input, spanned::Spanned, Data, DataStruct, Expr, ExprField, ExprMethodCall,
+    ExprPath, GenericArgument, Ident, LitStr, Path, PathArguments, Type, TypePath,
+};
+
+/// Extracts all generic arguments of a [`Type`] into a [`Vec`].
+///
+/// Returns [`Some`] of a possibly-empty [`Vec`] if the path of `ty` matches with
+/// `expected_ty_name`, otherwise returns [`None`].
+fn extract_generic_args(expected_ty_name: &'static str, ty: &Type) -> Option<Vec<GenericArgument>> {
+    let Type::Path(TypePath { qself: None, path, .. }) = ty else {
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    let segments = &path.segments;
+    if segments.len() != 1 {
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    let segment = segments.iter().next().unwrap();
+    if segment.ident != expected_ty_name {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let PathArguments::AngleBracketed(path_args) = &segment.arguments else {
+        return Some(Vec::new());
+    };
+    let args = &path_args.args;
+
+    Some(args.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>())
+}
+
+/// Maps a `path` matching one of the `target_idents` into the `replacement` [`Ident`].
+fn map_path_to_ident(path: &Path, target_idents: &[&str], replacement: &str) -> Option<Ident> {
+    path.require_ident()
+        .ok()
+        .filter(|ident| target_idents.iter().any(|target| ident == target))
+        .map(|ident| Ident::new(replacement, ident.span()))
+}
+
+/// Extracts the left-hand side of a dot-expression.
+fn extract_dot_operand(expr: &Expr) -> Option<&Expr> {
+    match expr {
+        Expr::MethodCall(ExprMethodCall { receiver: operand, .. })
+        | Expr::Field(ExprField { base: operand, .. }) => Some(operand),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Replaces the top-level receiver of a dot-expression with an [`Ident`], returning `Some(&mut expr)` if the
+/// replacement is performed.
+///
+/// The top-level receiver is the left-most receiver expression, e.g. the top-level receiver of `a.b.c.foo()` is `a`.
+fn replace_top_level_receiver(expr: &mut Expr, ident: Ident) -> Option<&mut Expr> {
+    if let Expr::MethodCall(ExprMethodCall { receiver: operand, .. })
+    | Expr::Field(ExprField { base: operand, .. }) = expr
+    {
+        return if extract_dot_operand(operand).is_some() {
+            if replace_top_level_receiver(operand, ident).is_some() {
+                Some(expr)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            *operand = Box::new(Expr::Path(ExprPath {
+                attrs: Vec::default(),
+                qself: None,
+                path: ident.into(),
+            }));
+
+            Some(expr)
+        };
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+/// Iterates all operands to the left-hand side of the `.` of an [expression][`Expr`], i.e. the container operand of all
+/// [`Expr::Field`] and the receiver operand of all [`Expr::MethodCall`].
+///
+/// The iterator will return the operand expressions in reverse order of appearance. For example, `a.b.c.func()` will
+/// return `vec![c, b, a]`.
+fn iter_dot_operands(expr: &Expr) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Expr> {
+    let mut o = extract_dot_operand(expr);
+
+    std::iter::from_fn(move || {
+        let this = o;
+        o = o.as_ref().and_then(|o| extract_dot_operand(o));
+
+        this
+    })
+}
+
+/// Normalizes a value expression for use when creating an instance of this structure, returning a
+/// [`proc_macro2::TokenStream`] of tokens representing the normalized expression.
+fn normalize_value_expr(expr: &Expr) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    match &expr {
+        Expr::Path(ExprPath { qself: None, path, .. }) => {
+            if let Some(ident) = map_path_to_ident(path, &["usize", "size_t"], "llvm_usize") {
+                quote! { #ident }
+            } else {
+                abort!(
+                    path,
+                    format!(
+                        "Expected one of `size_t`, `usize`, or an implicit call expression in #[value_type(...)], found {}", 
+                        quote!(#expr).to_string(),
+                    )
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        Expr::Call(_) => {
+            quote! { ctx.#expr }
+        }
+
+        Expr::MethodCall(_) => {
+            let base_receiver = iter_dot_operands(expr).last();
+
+            match base_receiver {
+                // `usize.{...}`, `size_t.{...}` -> Rewrite the identifiers to `llvm_usize`
+                Some(Expr::Path(ExprPath { qself: None, path, .. }))
+                    if map_path_to_ident(path, &["usize", "size_t"], "llvm_usize").is_some() =>
+                {
+                    let ident =
+                        map_path_to_ident(path, &["usize", "size_t"], "llvm_usize").unwrap();
+
+                    let mut expr = expr.clone();
+                    let expr = replace_top_level_receiver(&mut expr, ident).unwrap();
+
+                    quote!(#expr)
+                }
+
+                // `ctx.{...}`, `context.{...}` -> Rewrite the identifiers to `ctx`
+                Some(Expr::Path(ExprPath { qself: None, path, .. }))
+                    if map_path_to_ident(path, &["ctx", "context"], "ctx").is_some() =>
+                {
+                    let ident = map_path_to_ident(path, &["ctx", "context"], "ctx").unwrap();
+
+                    let mut expr = expr.clone();
+                    let expr = replace_top_level_receiver(&mut expr, ident).unwrap();
+
+                    quote!(#expr)
+                }
+
+                // No reserved identifier prefix -> Prepend `ctx.` to the entire expression
+                _ => quote! { ctx.#expr },
+            }
+        }
+
+        _ => {
+            abort!(
+                expr,
+                format!(
+                    "Expected one of `size_t`, `usize`, or an implicit call expression in #[value_type(...)], found {}", 
+                    quote!(#expr).to_string(),
+                )
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Derives an implementation of `codegen::types::structure::StructFields`.
+///
+/// The benefit of using `#[derive(StructFields)]` is that all index- or order-dependent logic required by
+/// `impl StructFields` is automatically generated by this implementation, including the field index as required by
+/// `StructField::new` and the fields as returned by `StructFields::to_vec`.
+///
+/// # Prerequisites
+///
+/// In order to derive from [`StructFields`], you must implement (or derive) [`Eq`] and [`Copy`] as required by
+/// `StructFields`.
+///
+/// Moreover, `#[derive(StructFields)]` can only be used for `struct`s with named fields, and may only contain fields
+/// with either `StructField` or [`PhantomData`] types.
+///
+/// # Attributes for [`StructFields`]
+///
+/// Each `StructField` field must be declared with the `#[value_type(...)]` attribute. The argument of `value_type`
+/// accepts one of the following:
+///
+/// - An expression returning an instance of `inkwell::types::BasicType` (with or without the receiver `ctx`/`context`).
+/// For example, `context.i8_type()`, `ctx.i8_type()`, and `i8_type()` all refer to `i8`.
+/// - The reserved identifiers `usize` and `size_t` referring to an `inkwell::types::IntType` of the platform-dependent
+/// integer size. `usize` and `size_t` can also be used as the receiver to other method calls, e.g.
+/// `usize.array_type(3)`.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// The following is an example of an LLVM slice implemented using `#[derive(StructFields)]`.
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// use nac3core::{
+///     codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+///     inkwell::{
+///         values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+///         AddressSpace,
+///     },
+/// };
+/// use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+///
+/// // All classes that implement StructFields must also implement Eq and Copy
+/// #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+/// pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+///     // Declares ptr have a value type of i8*
+///     //
+///     // Can also be written as `ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(...)` or `context.i8_type().ptr_type(...)`
+///     #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+///     ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+///
+///     // Declares len have a value type of usize, depending on the target compilation platform
+///     #[value_type(usize)]
+///     len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[proc_macro_derive(StructFields, attributes(value_type))]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn derive(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input = parse_macro_input!(input as syn::DeriveInput);
+    let ident = &input.ident;
+
+    let Data::Struct(DataStruct { fields, .. }) = &input.data else {
+        abort!(input, "Only structs with named fields are supported");
+    };
+    if let Err(err_span) =
+        fields
+            .iter()
+            .try_for_each(|field| if field.ident.is_some() { Ok(()) } else { Err(field.span()) })
+    {
+        abort!(err_span, "Only structs with named fields are supported");
+    };
+
+    // Check if struct<'ctx>
+    if input.generics.params.len() != 1 {
+        abort!(input.generics, "Expected exactly 1 generic parameter")
+    }
+
+    let phantom_info = fields
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|field| extract_generic_args("PhantomData", &field.ty).is_some())
+        .map(|field| field.ident.as_ref().unwrap())
+        .cloned()
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let field_info = fields
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|field| extract_generic_args("PhantomData", &field.ty).is_none())
+        .map(|field| {
+            let ident = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let ty = &field.ty;
+
+            let Some(_) = extract_generic_args("StructField", ty) else {
+                abort!(field, "Only StructField and PhantomData are allowed")
+            };
+
+            let attrs = &field.attrs;
+            let Some(value_type_attr) =
+                attrs.iter().find(|attr| attr.path().is_ident("value_type"))
+            else {
+                abort!(field, "Expected #[value_type(...)] attribute for field");
+            };
+
+            let Ok(value_type_expr) = value_type_attr.parse_args::<Expr>() else {
+                abort!(value_type_attr, "Expected expression in #[value_type(...)]");
+            };
+
+            let value_expr_toks = normalize_value_expr(&value_type_expr);
+
+            (ident.clone(), value_expr_toks)
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    // `<*>::new` impl of `StructField` and `PhantomData` for `StructFields::new`
+    let phantoms_create = phantom_info
+        .iter()
+        .map(|id| quote! { #id: ::std::marker::PhantomData })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let fields_create = field_info
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(id, ty)| {
+            let id_lit = LitStr::new(&id.to_string(), id.span());
+            quote! {
+                #id: ::nac3core::codegen::types::structure::StructField::create(
+                    &mut counter,
+                    #id_lit,
+                    #ty,
+                )
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    // `.into()` impl of `StructField` for `StructFields::to_vec`
+    let fields_into =
+        field_info.iter().map(|(id, _)| quote! { self.#id.into() }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let impl_block = quote! {
+        impl<'ctx> ::nac3core::codegen::types::structure::StructFields<'ctx> for #ident<'ctx> {
+            fn new(ctx: impl ::nac3core::inkwell::context::AsContextRef<'ctx>, llvm_usize: ::nac3core::inkwell::types::IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+                let ctx = unsafe { ::nac3core::inkwell::context::ContextRef::new(ctx.as_ctx_ref()) };
+
+                let mut counter = ::nac3core::codegen::types::structure::FieldIndexCounter::default();
+
+                #ident {
+                    #(#fields_create),*
+                    #(#phantoms_create),*
+                }
+            }
+
+            fn to_vec(&self) -> ::std::vec::Vec<(&'static str, ::nac3core::inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)> {
+                vec![
+                    #(#fields_into),*
+                ]
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    impl_block.into()
+}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_empty.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct EmptyValue<'ctx> {
+    _phantom: PhantomData<&'ctx ()>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_ndarray.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    ndims: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    shape: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    data: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice_context.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(context.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice_ctx.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_slice_sizet.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::types::structure::StructField,
+    inkwell::{
+        values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+        AddressSpace,
+    },
+};
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(size_t)]
+    len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+fn main() {}

nac3core/nac3core_derive/tests/structfields_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_empty() {
+    let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_empty.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice_ctx.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice_context.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_slice_sizet.rs");
+    t.pass("tests/structfields_ndarray.rs");
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/builtin_fns.rs

@@ -5,24 +5,26 @@ use inkwell::{
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
 
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        classes::{
-            ArrayLikeValue, NDArrayValue, ProxyValue, RangeValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor,
-            UntypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeMutator,
-        },
-        expr::destructure_range,
-        extern_fns, irrt,
-        irrt::calculate_len_for_slice_range,
-        llvm_intrinsics,
-        macros::codegen_unreachable,
-        numpy,
-        numpy::ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl,
-        stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+use super::{
+    expr::destructure_range,
+    extern_fns, irrt,
+    irrt::calculate_len_for_slice_range,
+    llvm_intrinsics,
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    numpy,
+    numpy::ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl,
+    stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
+    values::{
+        ArrayLikeValue, NDArrayValue, ProxyValue, RangeValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+        UntypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeMutator,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+use crate::{
+    toplevel::{
+        helper::{arraylike_flatten_element_type, PrimDef},
+        numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
     },
-    toplevel::helper::PrimDef,
-    toplevel::numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
     typecheck::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
 };
 
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn call_len<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     let (arg_ty, arg) = n;
 
     Ok(if ctx.unifier.unioned(arg_ty, range_ty) {
-        let arg = RangeValue::from_ptr_val(arg.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
+        let arg = RangeValue::from_pointer_value(arg.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
         let (start, end, step) = destructure_range(ctx, arg);
         calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, start, end, step)
     } else {
@@ -66,11 +68,17 @@ pub fn call_len<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(len, llvm_i32, "len").unwrap()
             }
             TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
+                let elem_ty = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, arg_ty);
                 let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
 
-                let arg = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(arg.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+                let arg = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+                    arg.into_pointer_value(),
+                    ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty),
+                    llvm_usize,
+                    None,
+                );
 
-                let ndims = arg.dim_sizes().size(ctx, generator);
+                let ndims = arg.shape().size(ctx, generator);
                 ctx.make_assert(
                     generator,
                     ctx.builder
@@ -83,12 +91,7 @@ pub fn call_len<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 );
 
                 let len = unsafe {
-                    arg.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(
-                        ctx,
-                        generator,
-                        &llvm_usize.const_zero(),
-                        None,
-                    )
+                    arg.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
                 };
 
                 ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(len, llvm_i32, "len").unwrap()
@@ -143,13 +146,14 @@ pub fn call_int32<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
         {
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
             let ndarray = ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
                 ctx.primitives.int32,
                 None,
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n, llvm_usize, None),
+                NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
                 |generator, ctx, val| call_int32(generator, ctx, (elem_ty, val)),
             )?;
 
@@ -205,13 +209,14 @@ pub fn call_int64<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
         {
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
             let ndarray = ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
                 ctx.primitives.int64,
                 None,
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n, llvm_usize, None),
+                NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
                 |generator, ctx, val| call_int64(generator, ctx, (elem_ty, val)),
             )?;
 
@@ -283,13 +288,14 @@ pub fn call_uint32<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
         {
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
             let ndarray = ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
                 ctx.primitives.uint32,
                 None,
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n, llvm_usize, None),
+                NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
                 |generator, ctx, val| call_uint32(generator, ctx, (elem_ty, val)),
             )?;
 
@@ -350,13 +356,14 @@ pub fn call_uint64<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
         {
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
             let ndarray = ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
                 ctx.primitives.uint64,
                 None,
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n, llvm_usize, None),
+                NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
                 |generator, ctx, val| call_uint64(generator, ctx, (elem_ty, val)),
             )?;
 
@@ -416,13 +423,14 @@ pub fn call_float<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
         {
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
             let ndarray = ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
                 ctx.primitives.float,
                 None,
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n, llvm_usize, None),
+                NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
                 |generator, ctx, val| call_float(generator, ctx, (elem_ty, val)),
             )?;
 
@@ -462,13 +470,14 @@ pub fn call_round<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
         {
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
             let ndarray = ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
                 ret_elem_ty,
                 None,
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n, llvm_usize, None),
+                NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
                 |generator, ctx, val| call_round(generator, ctx, (elem_ty, val), ret_elem_ty),
             )?;
 
@@ -502,13 +511,14 @@ pub fn call_numpy_round<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
         {
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
             let ndarray = ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
                 ctx.primitives.float,
                 None,
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n, llvm_usize, None),
+                NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
                 |generator, ctx, val| call_numpy_round(generator, ctx, (elem_ty, val)),
             )?;
 
@@ -567,13 +577,14 @@ pub fn call_bool<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
         {
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
             let ndarray = ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
                 ctx.primitives.bool,
                 None,
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n, llvm_usize, None),
+                NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
                 |generator, ctx, val| {
                     let elem = call_bool(generator, ctx, (elem_ty, val))?;
 
@@ -621,13 +632,14 @@ pub fn call_floor<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
         {
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
             let ndarray = ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
                 ret_elem_ty,
                 None,
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n, llvm_usize, None),
+                NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
                 |generator, ctx, val| call_floor(generator, ctx, (elem_ty, val), ret_elem_ty),
             )?;
 
@@ -671,13 +683,14 @@ pub fn call_ceil<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
         {
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
             let ndarray = ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
                 ret_elem_ty,
                 None,
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n, llvm_usize, None),
+                NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
                 |generator, ctx, val| call_ceil(generator, ctx, (elem_ty, val), ret_elem_ty),
             )?;
 
@@ -806,8 +819,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_minimum<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ctx,
                 dtype,
                 None,
-                (x1, !is_ndarray1),
-                (x2, !is_ndarray2),
+                (x1_ty, x1, !is_ndarray1),
+                (x2_ty, x2, !is_ndarray2),
                 |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                     call_numpy_minimum(generator, ctx, (x1_scalar_ty, lhs), (x2_scalar_ty, rhs))
                 },
@@ -906,10 +919,10 @@ pub fn call_numpy_max_min<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             if a_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
         {
             let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, a_ty);
-            let llvm_ndarray_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
 
-            let n = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n, llvm_usize, None);
-            let n_sz = irrt::call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &n.dim_sizes(), (None, None));
+            let n = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
+            let n_sz = irrt::call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &n.shape(), (None, None));
             if ctx.registry.llvm_options.opt_level == OptimizationLevel::None {
                 let n_sz_eqz = ctx
                     .builder
@@ -926,7 +939,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_max_min<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 );
             }
 
-            let accumulator_addr = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, llvm_ndarray_ty, None)?;
+            let accumulator_addr = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, llvm_elem_ty, None)?;
             let res_idx = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, llvm_int64.into(), None)?;
 
             unsafe {
@@ -1068,8 +1081,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_maximum<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ctx,
                 dtype,
                 None,
-                (x1, !is_ndarray1),
-                (x2, !is_ndarray2),
+                (x1_ty, x1, !is_ndarray1),
+                (x2_ty, x2, !is_ndarray2),
                 |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                     call_numpy_maximum(generator, ctx, (x1_scalar_ty, lhs), (x2_scalar_ty, rhs))
                 },
@@ -1114,6 +1127,7 @@ where
         {
             let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
             let (arg_elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, arg_ty);
+            let llvm_arg_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, arg_elem_ty);
             let ret_elem_ty = get_ret_elem_type(ctx, arg_elem_ty);
 
             let ndarray = ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl(
@@ -1121,7 +1135,7 @@ where
                 ctx,
                 ret_elem_ty,
                 None,
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(x, llvm_usize, None),
+                NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(x, llvm_arg_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
                 |generator, ctx, elem_val| {
                     helper_call_numpy_unary_elementwise(
                         generator,
@@ -1508,8 +1522,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_arctan2<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ctx,
                 dtype,
                 None,
-                (x1, !is_ndarray1),
-                (x2, !is_ndarray2),
+                (x1_ty, x1, !is_ndarray1),
+                (x2_ty, x2, !is_ndarray2),
                 |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                     call_numpy_arctan2(generator, ctx, (x1_scalar_ty, lhs), (x2_scalar_ty, rhs))
                 },
@@ -1575,8 +1589,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_copysign<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ctx,
                 dtype,
                 None,
-                (x1, !is_ndarray1),
-                (x2, !is_ndarray2),
+                (x1_ty, x1, !is_ndarray1),
+                (x2_ty, x2, !is_ndarray2),
                 |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                     call_numpy_copysign(generator, ctx, (x1_scalar_ty, lhs), (x2_scalar_ty, rhs))
                 },
@@ -1642,8 +1656,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_fmax<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ctx,
                 dtype,
                 None,
-                (x1, !is_ndarray1),
-                (x2, !is_ndarray2),
+                (x1_ty, x1, !is_ndarray1),
+                (x2_ty, x2, !is_ndarray2),
                 |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                     call_numpy_fmax(generator, ctx, (x1_scalar_ty, lhs), (x2_scalar_ty, rhs))
                 },
@@ -1709,8 +1723,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_fmin<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ctx,
                 dtype,
                 None,
-                (x1, !is_ndarray1),
-                (x2, !is_ndarray2),
+                (x1_ty, x1, !is_ndarray1),
+                (x2_ty, x2, !is_ndarray2),
                 |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                     call_numpy_fmin(generator, ctx, (x1_scalar_ty, lhs), (x2_scalar_ty, rhs))
                 },
@@ -1765,8 +1779,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_ldexp<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ctx,
                 dtype,
                 None,
-                (x1, !is_ndarray1),
-                (x2, !is_ndarray2),
+                (x1_ty, x1, !is_ndarray1),
+                (x2_ty, x2, !is_ndarray2),
                 |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                     call_numpy_ldexp(generator, ctx, (x1_scalar_ty, lhs), (x2_scalar_ty, rhs))
                 },
@@ -1832,8 +1846,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_hypot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ctx,
                 dtype,
                 None,
-                (x1, !is_ndarray1),
-                (x2, !is_ndarray2),
+                (x1_ty, x1, !is_ndarray1),
+                (x2_ty, x2, !is_ndarray2),
                 |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                     call_numpy_hypot(generator, ctx, (x1_scalar_ty, lhs), (x2_scalar_ty, rhs))
                 },
@@ -1899,8 +1913,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_nextafter<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ctx,
                 dtype,
                 None,
-                (x1, !is_ndarray1),
-                (x2, !is_ndarray2),
+                (x1_ty, x1, !is_ndarray1),
+                (x2_ty, x2, !is_ndarray2),
                 |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                     call_numpy_nextafter(generator, ctx, (x1_scalar_ty, lhs), (x2_scalar_ty, rhs))
                 },
@@ -1960,14 +1974,14 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_cholesky<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
         };
 
-        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
+        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, n1_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
         let dim0 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
         let dim1 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
@@ -2002,14 +2016,14 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_qr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             unimplemented!("{FN_NAME} operates on float type NdArrays only");
         };
 
-        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
+        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, n1_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
         let dim0 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
         let dim1 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
@@ -2052,15 +2066,15 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_svd<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
         };
 
-        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
+        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, n1_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
 
         let dim0 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
         let dim1 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
@@ -2107,14 +2121,14 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_inv<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
         };
 
-        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
+        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, n1_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
         let dim0 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
         let dim1 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
@@ -2149,15 +2163,15 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_pinv<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
         };
 
-        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
+        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, n1_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
 
         let dim0 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
         let dim1 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
@@ -2192,15 +2206,15 @@ pub fn call_sp_linalg_lu<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
         };
 
-        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
+        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, n1_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
 
         let dim0 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
         let dim1 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
@@ -2245,7 +2259,7 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_matrix_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty, x2_ty]);
         };
 
-        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
+        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, n1_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
         // Changing second parameter to a `NDArray` for uniformity in function call
         let n2_array = numpy::create_ndarray_const_shape(
             generator,
@@ -2265,12 +2279,12 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_matrix_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
         let n2_array = n2_array.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
 
         let outdim0 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
         let outdim1 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
@@ -2340,10 +2354,10 @@ pub fn call_sp_linalg_schur<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
         };
 
-        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
+        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, n1_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
 
         let dim0 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };
@@ -2383,10 +2397,10 @@ pub fn call_sp_linalg_hessenberg<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
         };
 
-        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
+        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, n1_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
 
         let dim0 = unsafe {
-            n1.dim_sizes()
+            n1.shape()
                 .get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
                 .into_int_value()
         };

nac3core/src/codegen/expr.rs

@@ -18,27 +18,28 @@ use nac3parser::ast::{
     Unaryop,
 };
 
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        classes::{
-            ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ListType, ListValue, NDArrayValue, ProxyType,
-            ProxyValue, RangeValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
-        },
-        concrete_type::{ConcreteFuncArg, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore},
-        gen_in_range_check, get_llvm_abi_type, get_llvm_type, get_va_count_arg_name,
-        irrt::*,
-        llvm_intrinsics::{
-            call_expect, call_float_floor, call_float_pow, call_float_powi, call_int_smax,
-            call_int_umin, call_memcpy_generic,
-        },
-        macros::codegen_unreachable,
-        need_sret, numpy,
-        stmt::{
-            gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_if_callback, gen_if_else_expr_callback, gen_raise,
-            gen_var,
-        },
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenTask, CodeGenerator,
+use super::{
+    concrete_type::{ConcreteFuncArg, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore},
+    gen_in_range_check, get_llvm_abi_type, get_llvm_type, get_va_count_arg_name,
+    irrt::*,
+    llvm_intrinsics::{
+        call_expect, call_float_floor, call_float_pow, call_float_powi, call_int_smax,
+        call_int_umin, call_memcpy_generic,
     },
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    need_sret, numpy,
+    stmt::{
+        gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_if_callback, gen_if_else_expr_callback, gen_raise,
+        gen_var,
+    },
+    types::{ListType, ProxyType},
+    values::{
+        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ListValue, NDArrayValue, ProxyValue, RangeValue,
+        TypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenTask, CodeGenerator,
+};
+use crate::{
     symbol_resolver::{SymbolValue, ValueEnum},
     toplevel::{
         helper::PrimDef,
@@ -1167,7 +1168,8 @@ pub fn gen_comprehension<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
         TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. }
             if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.range.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
         {
-            let iter_val = RangeValue::from_ptr_val(iter_val.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
+            let iter_val =
+                RangeValue::from_pointer_value(iter_val.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
             let (start, stop, step) = destructure_range(ctx, iter_val);
             let diff = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(stop, start, "diff").unwrap();
             // add 1 to the length as the value is rounded to zero
@@ -1398,8 +1400,10 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty1);
                 let sizeof_elem = llvm_elem_ty.size_of().unwrap();
 
-                let lhs = ListValue::from_ptr_val(left_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
-                let rhs = ListValue::from_ptr_val(right_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+                let lhs =
+                    ListValue::from_pointer_value(left_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+                let rhs =
+                    ListValue::from_pointer_value(right_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
 
                 let size = ctx
                     .builder
@@ -1482,7 +1486,7 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                         codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
                     };
                 let list_val =
-                    ListValue::from_ptr_val(list_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+                    ListValue::from_pointer_value(list_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
                 let int_val = ctx
                     .builder
                     .build_int_s_extend(int_val.into_int_value(), llvm_usize, "")
@@ -1560,10 +1564,21 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
 
             assert!(ctx.unifier.unioned(ndarray_dtype1, ndarray_dtype2));
 
-            let left_val =
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(left_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
-            let right_val =
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(right_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+            let llvm_ndarray_dtype1 = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, ndarray_dtype1);
+            let llvm_ndarray_dtype2 = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, ndarray_dtype2);
+
+            let left_val = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+                left_val.into_pointer_value(),
+                llvm_ndarray_dtype1,
+                llvm_usize,
+                None,
+            );
+            let right_val = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+                right_val.into_pointer_value(),
+                llvm_ndarray_dtype2,
+                llvm_usize,
+                None,
+            );
 
             let res = if op.base == Operator::MatMult {
                 // MatMult is the only binop which is not an elementwise op
@@ -1587,8 +1602,8 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                         BinopVariant::Normal => None,
                         BinopVariant::AugAssign => Some(left_val),
                     },
-                    (left_val.as_base_value().into(), false),
-                    (right_val.as_base_value().into(), false),
+                    (ty1, left_val.as_base_value().into(), false),
+                    (ty2, right_val.as_base_value().into(), false),
                     |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                         gen_binop_expr_with_values(
                             generator,
@@ -1612,8 +1627,10 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
         } else {
             let (ndarray_dtype, _) =
                 unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, if is_ndarray1 { ty1 } else { ty2 });
-            let ndarray_val = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(
+            let llvm_ndarray_dtype = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, ndarray_dtype);
+            let ndarray_val = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
                 if is_ndarray1 { left_val } else { right_val }.into_pointer_value(),
+                llvm_ndarray_dtype,
                 llvm_usize,
                 None,
             );
@@ -1625,8 +1642,8 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                     BinopVariant::Normal => None,
                     BinopVariant::AugAssign => Some(ndarray_val),
                 },
-                (left_val, !is_ndarray1),
-                (right_val, !is_ndarray2),
+                (ty1, left_val, !is_ndarray1),
+                (ty2, right_val, !is_ndarray2),
                 |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                     gen_binop_expr_with_values(
                         generator,
@@ -1777,7 +1794,12 @@ pub fn gen_unaryop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
             ast::Unaryop::Invert => ctx.builder.build_not(val, "not").map(Into::into).unwrap(),
             ast::Unaryop::Not => ctx
                 .builder
-                .build_xor(val, val.get_type().const_all_ones(), "not")
+                .build_int_compare(
+                    inkwell::IntPredicate::EQ,
+                    val,
+                    val.get_type().const_zero(),
+                    "not",
+                )
                 .map(Into::into)
                 .unwrap(),
             ast::Unaryop::UAdd => val.into(),
@@ -1801,8 +1823,14 @@ pub fn gen_unaryop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
     } else if ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) {
         let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
         let (ndarray_dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);
+        let llvm_ndarray_dtype = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, ndarray_dtype);
 
-        let val = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+        let val = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+            val.into_pointer_value(),
+            llvm_ndarray_dtype,
+            llvm_usize,
+            None,
+        );
 
         // ndarray uses `~` rather than `not` to perform elementwise inversion, convert it before
         // passing it to the elementwise codegen function
@@ -1893,15 +1921,21 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
 
                 assert!(ctx.unifier.unioned(ndarray_dtype1, ndarray_dtype2));
 
-                let left_val =
-                    NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(lhs.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+                let llvm_ndarray_dtype1 = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, ndarray_dtype1);
+
+                let left_val = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+                    lhs.into_pointer_value(),
+                    llvm_ndarray_dtype1,
+                    llvm_usize,
+                    None,
+                );
                 let res = numpy::ndarray_elementwise_binop_impl(
                     generator,
                     ctx,
                     ctx.primitives.bool,
                     None,
-                    (left_val.as_base_value().into(), false),
-                    (rhs, false),
+                    (left_ty, left_val.as_base_value().into(), false),
+                    (right_ty, rhs, false),
                     |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                         let val = gen_cmpop_expr_with_values(
                             generator,
@@ -1932,8 +1966,8 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                     ctx,
                     ctx.primitives.bool,
                     None,
-                    (lhs, !is_ndarray1),
-                    (rhs, !is_ndarray2),
+                    (left_ty, lhs, !is_ndarray1),
+                    (right_ty, rhs, !is_ndarray2),
                     |generator, ctx, (lhs, rhs)| {
                         let val = gen_cmpop_expr_with_values(
                             generator,
@@ -2196,9 +2230,9 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                     }
 
                     let left_val =
-                        ListValue::from_ptr_val(lhs.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+                        ListValue::from_pointer_value(lhs.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
                     let right_val =
-                        ListValue::from_ptr_val(rhs.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+                        ListValue::from_pointer_value(rhs.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
 
                     Ok(gen_if_else_expr_callback(
                         generator,
@@ -2597,7 +2631,7 @@ fn gen_ndarray_subscript_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
 
                 let len = unsafe {
-                    v.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(
+                    v.shape().get_typed_unchecked(
                         ctx,
                         generator,
                         &llvm_usize.const_int(dim, true),
@@ -2638,7 +2672,7 @@ fn gen_ndarray_subscript_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
 
             ExprKind::Slice { lower, upper, step } => {
                 let dim_sz = unsafe {
-                    v.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(
+                    v.shape().get_typed_unchecked(
                         ctx,
                         generator,
                         &llvm_usize.const_int(dim, false),
@@ -2762,7 +2796,12 @@ fn gen_ndarray_subscript_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 // elements over
                 let subscripted_ndarray =
                     generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, llvm_ndarray_t.into(), None)?;
-                let ndarray = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(subscripted_ndarray, llvm_usize, None);
+                let ndarray = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+                    subscripted_ndarray,
+                    llvm_ndarray_data_t,
+                    llvm_usize,
+                    None,
+                );
 
                 let num_dims = v.load_ndims(ctx);
                 ndarray.store_ndims(
@@ -2774,7 +2813,7 @@ fn gen_ndarray_subscript_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 );
 
                 let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
-                ndarray.create_dim_sizes(ctx, llvm_usize, ndarray_num_dims);
+                ndarray.create_shape(ctx, llvm_usize, ndarray_num_dims);
 
                 let ndarray_num_dims = ctx
                     .builder
@@ -2785,7 +2824,7 @@ fn gen_ndarray_subscript_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                     )
                     .unwrap();
                 let v_dims_src_ptr = unsafe {
-                    v.dim_sizes().ptr_offset_unchecked(
+                    v.shape().ptr_offset_unchecked(
                         ctx,
                         generator,
                         &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
@@ -2794,7 +2833,7 @@ fn gen_ndarray_subscript_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 };
                 call_memcpy_generic(
                     ctx,
-                    ndarray.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator),
+                    ndarray.shape().base_ptr(ctx, generator),
                     v_dims_src_ptr,
                     ctx.builder
                         .build_int_mul(ndarray_num_dims, llvm_usize.size_of(), "")
@@ -2806,7 +2845,7 @@ fn gen_ndarray_subscript_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 let ndarray_num_elems = call_ndarray_calc_size(
                     generator,
                     ctx,
-                    &ndarray.dim_sizes().as_slice_value(ctx, generator),
+                    &ndarray.shape().as_slice_value(ctx, generator),
                     (None, None),
                 );
                 let ndarray_num_elems = ctx
@@ -2886,7 +2925,31 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
             Some((_, Some(static_value), _)) => ValueEnum::Static(static_value.clone()),
             None => {
                 let resolver = ctx.resolver.clone();
-                resolver.get_symbol_value(*id, ctx, generator).unwrap()
+                let value = resolver.get_symbol_value(*id, ctx, generator).unwrap();
+
+                let globals = ctx
+                    .top_level
+                    .definitions
+                    .read()
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|def| {
+                        if let TopLevelDef::Variable { simple_name, ty, .. } = &*def.read() {
+                            Some((*simple_name, *ty))
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .collect_vec();
+
+                if let Some((_, ty)) = globals.iter().find(|(name, _)| name == id) {
+                    let ptr = value
+                        .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, *ty)
+                        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)?;
+
+                    ctx.builder.build_load(ptr, id.to_string().as_str()).map(Into::into).unwrap()
+                } else {
+                    value
+                }
             }
         },
         ExprKind::List { elts, .. } => {
@@ -3079,48 +3142,53 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
             };
             let left = generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, left);
             let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();
-            let a_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "a");
-            let b_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "b");
+            let a_begin_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "a_begin");
+            let a_end_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "a_end");
+            let b_begin_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "b_begin");
+            let b_end_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "b_end");
             let cont_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "cont");
-            ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(left, a_bb, b_bb).unwrap();
+            ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(left, a_begin_bb, b_begin_bb).unwrap();
+
+            ctx.builder.position_at_end(a_end_bb);
+            ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
+            ctx.builder.position_at_end(b_end_bb);
+            ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
             let (a, b) = match op {
                 Boolop::Or => {
-                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(a_bb);
+                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(a_begin_bb);
                     let a = ctx.ctx.i8_type().const_int(1, false);
-                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
+                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(a_end_bb).unwrap();
 
-                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(b_bb);
+                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(b_begin_bb);
                     let b = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, &values[1])? {
                         let b = v
                             .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, values[1].custom.unwrap())?
                             .into_int_value();
                         let b = generator.bool_to_i8(ctx, b);
-                        ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
-
                         Some(b)
                     } else {
                         None
                     };
+                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(b_end_bb).unwrap();
 
                     (Some(a), b)
                 }
                 Boolop::And => {
-                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(a_bb);
+                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(a_begin_bb);
                     let a = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, &values[1])? {
                         let a = v
                             .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, values[1].custom.unwrap())?
                             .into_int_value();
                         let a = generator.bool_to_i8(ctx, a);
-                        ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
-
                         Some(a)
                     } else {
                         None
                     };
+                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(a_end_bb).unwrap();
 
-                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(b_bb);
+                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(b_begin_bb);
                     let b = ctx.ctx.i8_type().const_zero();
-                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
+                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(b_end_bb).unwrap();
 
                     (a, Some(b))
                 }
@@ -3130,7 +3198,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
             match (a, b) {
                 (Some(a), Some(b)) => {
                     let phi = ctx.builder.build_phi(ctx.ctx.i8_type(), "").unwrap();
-                    phi.add_incoming(&[(&a, a_bb), (&b, b_bb)]);
+                    phi.add_incoming(&[(&a, a_end_bb), (&b, b_end_bb)]);
                     phi.as_basic_value().into()
                 }
                 (Some(a), None) => a.into(),
@@ -3368,7 +3436,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                     } else {
                         return Ok(None);
                     };
-                    let v = ListValue::from_ptr_val(v, usize, Some("arr"));
+                    let v = ListValue::from_pointer_value(v, usize, Some("arr"));
                     let ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, *ty);
                     if let ExprKind::Slice { lower, upper, step } = &slice.node {
                         let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
@@ -3471,6 +3539,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 }
                 TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
                     let (ty, ndims) = params.iter().map(|(_, ty)| ty).collect_tuple().unwrap();
+                    let llvm_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, *ty);
 
                     let v = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, value)? {
                         v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, value.custom.unwrap())?
@@ -3478,7 +3547,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                     } else {
                         return Ok(None);
                     };
-                    let v = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(v, usize, None);
+                    let v = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(v, llvm_ty, usize, None);
 
                     return gen_ndarray_subscript_expr(generator, ctx, *ty, *ndims, v, slice);
                 }

nac3core/src/codegen/extern_fns.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use inkwell::{
 };
 use itertools::Either;
 
-use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+use super::CodeGenContext;
 
 /// Macro to generate extern function
 /// Both function return type and function parameter type are `FloatValue`

nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use inkwell::{
 
 use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Stmt, StrRef};
 
+use super::{bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, expr::*, stmt::*, values::ArraySliceValue, CodeGenContext};
 use crate::{
-    codegen::{bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, classes::ArraySliceValue, expr::*, stmt::*, CodeGenContext},
     symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
     toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
     typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/list.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::BasicTypeEnum,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use super::calculate_len_for_slice_range;
+use crate::codegen::{
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    values::{ArrayLikeValue, ListValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// This function handles 'end' **inclusively**.
+/// Order of tuples `assign_idx` and `value_idx` is ('start', 'end', 'step').
+/// Negative index should be handled before entering this function
+pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    dest_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
+    dest_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
+    src_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
+    src_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
+) {
+    let size_ty = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let int8_ptr = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let (fun_symbol, elem_ptr_type) = ("__nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size", int8_ptr);
+    let slice_assign_fun = {
+        let ty_vec = vec![
+            int32.into(),         // dest start idx
+            int32.into(),         // dest end idx
+            int32.into(),         // dest step
+            elem_ptr_type.into(), // dest arr ptr
+            int32.into(),         // dest arr len
+            int32.into(),         // src start idx
+            int32.into(),         // src end idx
+            int32.into(),         // src step
+            elem_ptr_type.into(), // src arr ptr
+            int32.into(),         // src arr len
+            int32.into(),         // size
+        ];
+        ctx.module.get_function(fun_symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_t = int32.fn_type(ty_vec.as_slice(), false);
+            ctx.module.add_function(fun_symbol, fn_t, None)
+        })
+    };
+
+    let zero = int32.const_zero();
+    let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
+    let dest_arr_ptr = dest_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let dest_arr_ptr =
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(dest_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "dest_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
+    let dest_len = dest_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("dest.len"));
+    let dest_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(dest_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
+    let src_arr_ptr = src_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let src_arr_ptr =
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(src_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "src_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
+    let src_len = src_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("src.len"));
+    let src_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(src_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
+
+    // index in bound and positive should be done
+    // assert if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest), and
+    // throw exception if not satisfied
+    let src_end = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_select(
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(src_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(src_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
+            "final_e",
+        )
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
+    let dest_end = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_select(
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, dest_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(dest_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(dest_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
+            "final_e",
+        )
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
+    let src_slice_len =
+        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, src_idx.0, src_end, src_idx.2);
+    let dest_slice_len =
+        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, dest_idx.0, dest_end, dest_idx.2);
+    let src_eq_dest = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_eq_dest")
+        .unwrap();
+    let src_slt_dest = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_slt_dest")
+        .unwrap();
+    let dest_step_eq_one = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(
+            IntPredicate::EQ,
+            dest_idx.2,
+            dest_idx.2.get_type().const_int(1, false),
+            "slice_dest_step_eq_one",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    let cond_1 = ctx.builder.build_and(dest_step_eq_one, src_slt_dest, "slice_cond_1").unwrap();
+    let cond = ctx.builder.build_or(src_eq_dest, cond_1, "slice_cond").unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        cond,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "attempt to assign sequence of size {0} to slice of size {1} with step size {2}",
+        [Some(src_slice_len), Some(dest_slice_len), Some(dest_idx.2)],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
+
+    let new_len = {
+        let args = vec![
+            dest_idx.0.into(),   // dest start idx
+            dest_idx.1.into(),   // dest end idx
+            dest_idx.2.into(),   // dest step
+            dest_arr_ptr.into(), // dest arr ptr
+            dest_len.into(),     // dest arr len
+            src_idx.0.into(),    // src start idx
+            src_idx.1.into(),    // src end idx
+            src_idx.2.into(),    // src step
+            src_arr_ptr.into(),  // src arr ptr
+            src_len.into(),      // src arr len
+            {
+                let s = match ty {
+                    BasicTypeEnum::FloatType(t) => t.size_of(),
+                    BasicTypeEnum::IntType(t) => t.size_of(),
+                    BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(t) => t.size_of(),
+                    BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => t.size_of().unwrap(),
+                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                };
+                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size").unwrap()
+            }
+            .into(),
+        ];
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(slice_assign_fun, args.as_slice(), "slice_assign")
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    // update length
+    let need_update =
+        ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, new_len, dest_len, "need_update").unwrap();
+    let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();
+    let update_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "update");
+    let cont_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "cont");
+    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(need_update, update_bb, cont_bb).unwrap();
+    ctx.builder.position_at_end(update_bb);
+    let new_len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, size_ty, "new_len").unwrap();
+    dest_arr.store_size(ctx, generator, new_len);
+    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
+    ctx.builder.position_at_end(cont_bb);
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/math.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+
+// repeated squaring method adapted from GNU Scientific Library:
+// https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
+pub fn integer_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    base: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    signed: bool,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let symbol = match (base.get_type().get_bit_width(), exp.get_type().get_bit_width(), signed) {
+        (32, 32, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int32_t",
+        (64, 64, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int64_t",
+        (32, 32, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint32_t",
+        (64, 64, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint64_t",
+        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+    };
+    let base_type = base.get_type();
+    let pow_fun = ctx.module.get_function(symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = base_type.fn_type(&[base_type.into(), base_type.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function(symbol, fn_type, None)
+    });
+    // throw exception when exp < 0
+    let ge_zero = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(
+            IntPredicate::SGE,
+            exp,
+            exp.get_type().const_zero(),
+            "assert_int_pow_ge_0",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        ge_zero,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "integer power must be positive or zero",
+        [None, None, None],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(pow_fun, &[base.into(), exp.into()], "call_int_pow")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `isinf` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
+pub fn call_isinf<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isinf").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type().fn_type(&[ctx.ctx.f64_type().into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isinf", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isinf")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `isnan` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
+pub fn call_isnan<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isnan").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type().fn_type(&[ctx.ctx.f64_type().into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isnan", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isnan")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `gamma` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_gamma<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gamma").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gamma", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gamma")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `gammaln` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_gammaln<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gammaln").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gammaln", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gammaln")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `j0` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
+pub fn call_j0<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_j0").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_j0", fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "j0")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs

@@ -3,25 +3,23 @@ use inkwell::{
     context::Context,
     memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
     module::Module,
-    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
-    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
-    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue},
+    IntPredicate,
 };
-use itertools::Either;
 
 use nac3parser::ast::Expr;
 
-use super::{
-    classes::{
-        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayValue,
-        TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeAdapter, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
-    },
-    llvm_intrinsics,
-    macros::codegen_unreachable,
-    stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
-    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-};
+use super::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
 use crate::{symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver, typecheck::typedef::Type};
+pub use list::*;
+pub use math::*;
+pub use ndarray::*;
+pub use slice::*;
+
+mod list;
+mod math;
+mod ndarray;
+mod slice;
 
 #[must_use]
 pub fn load_irrt<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, symbol_resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver) -> Module<'ctx> {
@@ -62,88 +60,6 @@ pub fn load_irrt<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, symbol_resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver)
     irrt_mod
 }
 
-// repeated squaring method adapted from GNU Scientific Library:
-// https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
-pub fn integer_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    base: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    signed: bool,
-) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-    let symbol = match (base.get_type().get_bit_width(), exp.get_type().get_bit_width(), signed) {
-        (32, 32, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int32_t",
-        (64, 64, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int64_t",
-        (32, 32, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint32_t",
-        (64, 64, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint64_t",
-        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
-    };
-    let base_type = base.get_type();
-    let pow_fun = ctx.module.get_function(symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let fn_type = base_type.fn_type(&[base_type.into(), base_type.into()], false);
-        ctx.module.add_function(symbol, fn_type, None)
-    });
-    // throw exception when exp < 0
-    let ge_zero = ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_int_compare(
-            IntPredicate::SGE,
-            exp,
-            exp.get_type().const_zero(),
-            "assert_int_pow_ge_0",
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-    ctx.make_assert(
-        generator,
-        ge_zero,
-        "0:ValueError",
-        "integer power must be positive or zero",
-        [None, None, None],
-        ctx.current_loc,
-    );
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(pow_fun, &[base.into(), exp.into()], "call_int_pow")
-        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-        .unwrap()
-}
-
-pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    start: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    end: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    step: IntValue<'ctx>,
-) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-    const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_range_slice_len";
-    let len_func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-        let fn_t = i32_t.fn_type(&[i32_t.into(), i32_t.into(), i32_t.into()], false);
-        ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
-    });
-
-    // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
-    let not_zero = ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, step, step.get_type().const_zero(), "range_step_ne")
-        .unwrap();
-    ctx.make_assert(
-        generator,
-        not_zero,
-        "0:ValueError",
-        "step must not be zero",
-        [None, None, None],
-        ctx.current_loc,
-    );
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(len_func, &[start.into(), end.into(), step.into()], "calc_len")
-        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-        .unwrap()
-}
-
 /// NOTE: the output value of the end index of this function should be compared ***inclusively***,
 /// because python allows `a[2::-1]`, whose semantic is `[a[2], a[1], a[0]]`, which is equivalent to
 /// NO numeric slice in python.
@@ -309,644 +225,3 @@ pub fn handle_slice_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
         }
     }))
 }
-
-/// this function allows index out of range, since python
-/// allows index out of range in slice (`a = [1,2,3]; a[1:10] == [2,3]`).
-pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
-    i: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    generator: &mut G,
-    length: IntValue<'ctx>,
-) -> Result<Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, String> {
-    const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_slice_index_bound";
-    let func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-        let fn_t = i32_t.fn_type(&[i32_t.into(), i32_t.into()], false);
-        ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
-    });
-
-    let i = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, i)? {
-        v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, i.custom.unwrap())?
-    } else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-    Ok(Some(
-        ctx.builder
-            .build_call(func, &[i.into(), length.into()], "bounded_ind")
-            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-            .unwrap(),
-    ))
-}
-
-/// This function handles 'end' **inclusively**.
-/// Order of tuples `assign_idx` and `value_idx` is ('start', 'end', 'step').
-/// Negative index should be handled before entering this function
-pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
-    dest_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
-    dest_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
-    src_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
-    src_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
-) {
-    let size_ty = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let int8_ptr = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let (fun_symbol, elem_ptr_type) = ("__nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size", int8_ptr);
-    let slice_assign_fun = {
-        let ty_vec = vec![
-            int32.into(),         // dest start idx
-            int32.into(),         // dest end idx
-            int32.into(),         // dest step
-            elem_ptr_type.into(), // dest arr ptr
-            int32.into(),         // dest arr len
-            int32.into(),         // src start idx
-            int32.into(),         // src end idx
-            int32.into(),         // src step
-            elem_ptr_type.into(), // src arr ptr
-            int32.into(),         // src arr len
-            int32.into(),         // size
-        ];
-        ctx.module.get_function(fun_symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let fn_t = int32.fn_type(ty_vec.as_slice(), false);
-            ctx.module.add_function(fun_symbol, fn_t, None)
-        })
-    };
-
-    let zero = int32.const_zero();
-    let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
-    let dest_arr_ptr = dest_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-    let dest_arr_ptr =
-        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(dest_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "dest_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
-    let dest_len = dest_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("dest.len"));
-    let dest_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(dest_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
-    let src_arr_ptr = src_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-    let src_arr_ptr =
-        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(src_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "src_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
-    let src_len = src_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("src.len"));
-    let src_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(src_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
-
-    // index in bound and positive should be done
-    // assert if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest), and
-    // throw exception if not satisfied
-    let src_end = ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_select(
-            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(src_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_add(src_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
-            "final_e",
-        )
-        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
-        .unwrap();
-    let dest_end = ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_select(
-            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, dest_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(dest_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_add(dest_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
-            "final_e",
-        )
-        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
-        .unwrap();
-    let src_slice_len =
-        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, src_idx.0, src_end, src_idx.2);
-    let dest_slice_len =
-        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, dest_idx.0, dest_end, dest_idx.2);
-    let src_eq_dest = ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_eq_dest")
-        .unwrap();
-    let src_slt_dest = ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_slt_dest")
-        .unwrap();
-    let dest_step_eq_one = ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_int_compare(
-            IntPredicate::EQ,
-            dest_idx.2,
-            dest_idx.2.get_type().const_int(1, false),
-            "slice_dest_step_eq_one",
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-    let cond_1 = ctx.builder.build_and(dest_step_eq_one, src_slt_dest, "slice_cond_1").unwrap();
-    let cond = ctx.builder.build_or(src_eq_dest, cond_1, "slice_cond").unwrap();
-    ctx.make_assert(
-        generator,
-        cond,
-        "0:ValueError",
-        "attempt to assign sequence of size {0} to slice of size {1} with step size {2}",
-        [Some(src_slice_len), Some(dest_slice_len), Some(dest_idx.2)],
-        ctx.current_loc,
-    );
-
-    let new_len = {
-        let args = vec![
-            dest_idx.0.into(),   // dest start idx
-            dest_idx.1.into(),   // dest end idx
-            dest_idx.2.into(),   // dest step
-            dest_arr_ptr.into(), // dest arr ptr
-            dest_len.into(),     // dest arr len
-            src_idx.0.into(),    // src start idx
-            src_idx.1.into(),    // src end idx
-            src_idx.2.into(),    // src step
-            src_arr_ptr.into(),  // src arr ptr
-            src_len.into(),      // src arr len
-            {
-                let s = match ty {
-                    BasicTypeEnum::FloatType(t) => t.size_of(),
-                    BasicTypeEnum::IntType(t) => t.size_of(),
-                    BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(t) => t.size_of(),
-                    BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => t.size_of().unwrap(),
-                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
-                };
-                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size").unwrap()
-            }
-            .into(),
-        ];
-        ctx.builder
-            .build_call(slice_assign_fun, args.as_slice(), "slice_assign")
-            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-            .unwrap()
-    };
-    // update length
-    let need_update =
-        ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, new_len, dest_len, "need_update").unwrap();
-    let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();
-    let update_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "update");
-    let cont_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "cont");
-    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(need_update, update_bb, cont_bb).unwrap();
-    ctx.builder.position_at_end(update_bb);
-    let new_len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, size_ty, "new_len").unwrap();
-    dest_arr.store_size(ctx, generator, new_len);
-    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
-    ctx.builder.position_at_end(cont_bb);
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `isinf` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
-pub fn call_isinf<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
-) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isinf").unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let fn_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type().fn_type(&[ctx.ctx.f64_type().into()], false);
-        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isinf", fn_type, None)
-    });
-
-    let ret = ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isinf")
-        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-        .unwrap();
-
-    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `isnan` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
-pub fn call_isnan<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
-) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_isnan").unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let fn_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type().fn_type(&[ctx.ctx.f64_type().into()], false);
-        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isnan", fn_type, None)
-    });
-
-    let ret = ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isnan")
-        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-        .unwrap();
-
-    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `gamma` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
-pub fn call_gamma<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
-    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
-
-    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gamma").unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
-        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gamma", fn_type, None)
-    });
-
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gamma")
-        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
-        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-        .unwrap()
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `gammaln` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
-pub fn call_gammaln<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
-    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
-
-    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gammaln").unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
-        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_gammaln", fn_type, None)
-    });
-
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gammaln")
-        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
-        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-        .unwrap()
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `j0` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
-pub fn call_j0<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
-    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
-
-    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_j0").unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into()], false);
-        ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_j0", fn_type, None)
-    });
-
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "j0")
-        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
-        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-        .unwrap()
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_size`. Returns an [`IntValue`] representing the
-/// calculated total size.
-///
-/// * `dims` - An [`ArrayLikeIndexer`] containing the size of each dimension.
-/// * `range` - The dimension index to begin and end (exclusively) calculating the dimensions for,
-///   or [`None`] if starting from the first dimension and ending at the last dimension
-///   respectively.
-pub fn call_ndarray_calc_size<'ctx, G, Dims>(
-    generator: &G,
-    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    dims: &Dims,
-    (begin, end): (Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, Option<IntValue<'ctx>>),
-) -> IntValue<'ctx>
-where
-    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-    Dims: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
-{
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-
-    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
-        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size",
-        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
-    };
-    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_t = llvm_usize.fn_type(
-        &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
-        false,
-    );
-    let ndarray_calc_size_fn =
-        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name, ndarray_calc_size_fn_t, None)
-        });
-
-    let begin = begin.unwrap_or_else(|| llvm_usize.const_zero());
-    let end = end.unwrap_or_else(|| dims.size(ctx, generator));
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(
-            ndarray_calc_size_fn,
-            &[
-                dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
-                dims.size(ctx, generator).into(),
-                begin.into(),
-                end.into(),
-            ],
-            "",
-        )
-        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-        .unwrap()
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices`. Returns a [`TypeArrayLikeAdpater`]
-/// containing `i32` indices of the flattened index.
-///
-/// * `index` - The index to compute the multidimensional index for.
-/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
-///   `NDArray`.
-pub fn call_ndarray_calc_nd_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    index: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-    let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
-    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-
-    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
-        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices",
-        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
-    };
-    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn =
-        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(
-                &[llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
-                false,
-            );
-
-            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name, fn_type, None)
-        });
-
-    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
-
-    let indices = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, ndarray_num_dims, "").unwrap();
-
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(
-            ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn,
-            &[
-                index.into(),
-                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
-                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
-                indices.into(),
-            ],
-            "",
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
-        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(indices, ndarray_num_dims, None),
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
-    )
-}
-
-fn call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl<'ctx, G, Indices>(
-    generator: &G,
-    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-    indices: &Indices,
-) -> IntValue<'ctx>
-where
-    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-    Indices: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
-{
-    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-
-    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-
-    debug_assert_eq!(
-        IntType::try_from(indices.element_type(ctx, generator))
-            .map(IntType::get_bit_width)
-            .unwrap_or_default(),
-        llvm_i32.get_bit_width(),
-        "Expected i32 value for argument `indices` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
-    );
-    debug_assert_eq!(
-        indices.size(ctx, generator).get_type().get_bit_width(),
-        llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
-        "Expected usize integer value for argument `indices_size` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
-    );
-
-    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
-        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index",
-        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
-    };
-    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn =
-        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
-                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
-                false,
-            );
-
-            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name, fn_type, None)
-        });
-
-    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
-
-    let index = ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_call(
-            ndarray_flatten_index_fn,
-            &[
-                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
-                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
-                indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
-                indices.size(ctx, generator).into(),
-            ],
-            "",
-        )
-        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-        .unwrap();
-
-    index
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index`. Returns the flattened index for the
-/// multidimensional index.
-///
-/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
-///   `NDArray`.
-/// * `indices` - The multidimensional index to compute the flattened index for.
-pub fn call_ndarray_flatten_index<'ctx, G, Index>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-    indices: &Index,
-) -> IntValue<'ctx>
-where
-    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-    Index: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
-{
-    call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(generator, ctx, ndarray, indices)
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast`. Returns a tuple containing the number of
-/// dimension and size of each dimension of the resultant `ndarray`.
-pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    lhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-    rhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-
-    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
-        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast",
-        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
-    };
-    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
-        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
-                &[
-                    llvm_pusize.into(),
-                    llvm_usize.into(),
-                    llvm_pusize.into(),
-                    llvm_usize.into(),
-                    llvm_pusize.into(),
-                ],
-                false,
-            );
-
-            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
-        });
-
-    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let min_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umin(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
-
-    gen_for_callback_incrementing(
-        generator,
-        ctx,
-        None,
-        llvm_usize.const_zero(),
-        (min_ndims, false),
-        |generator, ctx, _, idx| {
-            let idx = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(min_ndims, idx, "").unwrap();
-            let (lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz) = unsafe {
-                (
-                    lhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
-                    rhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
-                )
-            };
-
-            let llvm_usize_const_one = llvm_usize.const_int(1, false);
-            let lhs_eqz = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
-                .unwrap();
-            let rhs_eqz = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, rhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
-                .unwrap();
-            let lhs_or_rhs_eqz = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_eqz, rhs_eqz, "").unwrap();
-
-            let lhs_eq_rhs = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz, "")
-                .unwrap();
-
-            let is_compatible = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_or_rhs_eqz, lhs_eq_rhs, "").unwrap();
-
-            ctx.make_assert(
-                generator,
-                is_compatible,
-                "0:ValueError",
-                "operands could not be broadcast together",
-                [None, None, None],
-                ctx.current_loc,
-            );
-
-            Ok(())
-        },
-        llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    let max_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umax(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
-    let lhs_dims = lhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let rhs_dims = rhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let out_dims = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_usize, max_ndims, "").unwrap();
-    let out_dims = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_dims, max_ndims, None);
-
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(
-            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
-            &[
-                lhs_dims.into(),
-                lhs_ndims.into(),
-                rhs_dims.into(),
-                rhs_ndims.into(),
-                out_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
-            ],
-            "",
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
-        out_dims,
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
-    )
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx`. Returns an [`ArrayAllocaValue`]
-/// containing the indices used for accessing `array` corresponding to the index of the broadcasted
-/// array `broadcast_idx`.
-pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index<
-    'ctx,
-    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-    BroadcastIdx: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>,
->(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    array: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-    broadcast_idx: &BroadcastIdx,
-) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-
-    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
-        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx",
-        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
-    };
-    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
-        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
-                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
-                false,
-            );
-
-            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
-        });
-
-    let broadcast_size = broadcast_idx.size(ctx, generator);
-    let out_idx = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, broadcast_size, "").unwrap();
-
-    let array_dims = array.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-    let array_ndims = array.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let broadcast_idx_ptr = unsafe {
-        broadcast_idx.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
-    };
-
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(
-            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
-            &[array_dims.into(), array_ndims.into(), broadcast_idx_ptr.into(), out_idx.into()],
-            "",
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
-        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_idx, broadcast_size, None),
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
-    )
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::IntType,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use crate::codegen::{
+    llvm_intrinsics,
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
+    values::{
+        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, NDArrayValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+        TypedArrayLikeAdapter, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_size`. Returns an [`IntValue`] representing the
+/// calculated total size.
+///
+/// * `dims` - An [`ArrayLikeIndexer`] containing the size of each dimension.
+/// * `range` - The dimension index to begin and end (exclusively) calculating the dimensions for,
+///   or [`None`] if starting from the first dimension and ending at the last dimension
+///   respectively.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_size<'ctx, G, Dims>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dims: &Dims,
+    (begin, end): (Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, Option<IntValue<'ctx>>),
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Dims: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_t = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+        &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+        false,
+    );
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name, ndarray_calc_size_fn_t, None)
+        });
+
+    let begin = begin.unwrap_or_else(|| llvm_usize.const_zero());
+    let end = end.unwrap_or_else(|| dims.size(ctx, generator));
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_size_fn,
+            &[
+                dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                dims.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+                begin.into(),
+                end.into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices`. Returns a [`TypeArrayLikeAdpater`]
+/// containing `i32` indices of the flattened index.
+///
+/// * `index` - The index to compute the multidimensional index for.
+/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+///   `NDArray`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_nd_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    index: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.shape();
+
+    let indices = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, ndarray_num_dims, "").unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn,
+            &[
+                index.into(),
+                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+                indices.into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(indices, ndarray_num_dims, None),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}
+
+fn call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl<'ctx, G, Indices>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &Indices,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Indices: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        IntType::try_from(indices.element_type(ctx, generator))
+            .map(IntType::get_bit_width)
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        llvm_i32.get_bit_width(),
+        "Expected i32 value for argument `indices` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+    );
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        indices.size(ctx, generator).get_type().get_bit_width(),
+        llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
+        "Expected usize integer value for argument `indices_size` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+    );
+
+    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.shape();
+
+    let index = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_flatten_index_fn,
+            &[
+                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+                indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                indices.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    index
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index`. Returns the flattened index for the
+/// multidimensional index.
+///
+/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+///   `NDArray`.
+/// * `indices` - The multidimensional index to compute the flattened index for.
+pub fn call_ndarray_flatten_index<'ctx, G, Index>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &Index,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Index: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(generator, ctx, ndarray, indices)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast`. Returns a tuple containing the number of
+/// dimension and size of each dimension of the resultant `ndarray`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    lhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    rhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                    llvm_usize.into(),
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                    llvm_usize.into(),
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let min_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umin(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+
+    gen_for_callback_incrementing(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        None,
+        llvm_usize.const_zero(),
+        (min_ndims, false),
+        |generator, ctx, _, idx| {
+            let idx = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(min_ndims, idx, "").unwrap();
+            let (lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz) = unsafe {
+                (
+                    lhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+                    rhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+                )
+            };
+
+            let llvm_usize_const_one = llvm_usize.const_int(1, false);
+            let lhs_eqz = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+                .unwrap();
+            let rhs_eqz = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, rhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+                .unwrap();
+            let lhs_or_rhs_eqz = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_eqz, rhs_eqz, "").unwrap();
+
+            let lhs_eq_rhs = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz, "")
+                .unwrap();
+
+            let is_compatible = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_or_rhs_eqz, lhs_eq_rhs, "").unwrap();
+
+            ctx.make_assert(
+                generator,
+                is_compatible,
+                "0:ValueError",
+                "operands could not be broadcast together",
+                [None, None, None],
+                ctx.current_loc,
+            );
+
+            Ok(())
+        },
+        llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let max_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umax(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+    let lhs_dims = lhs.shape().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let rhs_dims = rhs.shape().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let out_dims = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_usize, max_ndims, "").unwrap();
+    let out_dims = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_dims, max_ndims, None);
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+            &[
+                lhs_dims.into(),
+                lhs_ndims.into(),
+                rhs_dims.into(),
+                rhs_ndims.into(),
+                out_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        out_dims,
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx`. Returns an [`ArrayAllocaValue`]
+/// containing the indices used for accessing `array` corresponding to the index of the broadcasted
+/// array `broadcast_idx`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index<
+    'ctx,
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    BroadcastIdx: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>,
+>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    array: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    broadcast_idx: &BroadcastIdx,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64",
+        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let broadcast_size = broadcast_idx.size(ctx, generator);
+    let out_idx = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, broadcast_size, "").unwrap();
+
+    let array_dims = array.shape().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let array_ndims = array.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let broadcast_idx_ptr = unsafe {
+        broadcast_idx.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+    };
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+            &[array_dims.into(), array_ndims.into(), broadcast_idx_ptr.into(), out_idx.into()],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_idx, broadcast_size, None),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/slice.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue},
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
+use nac3parser::ast::Expr;
+
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    typecheck::typedef::Type,
+};
+
+/// this function allows index out of range, since python
+/// allows index out of range in slice (`a = [1,2,3]; a[1:10] == [2,3]`).
+pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
+    i: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    generator: &mut G,
+    length: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> Result<Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, String> {
+    const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_slice_index_bound";
+    let func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let fn_t = i32_t.fn_type(&[i32_t.into(), i32_t.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
+    });
+
+    let i = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, i)? {
+        v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, i.custom.unwrap())?
+    } else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    Ok(Some(
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(func, &[i.into(), length.into()], "bounded_ind")
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap(),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    start: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    end: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    step: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    const SYMBOL: &str = "__nac3_range_slice_len";
+    let len_func = ctx.module.get_function(SYMBOL).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let fn_t = i32_t.fn_type(&[i32_t.into(), i32_t.into(), i32_t.into()], false);
+        ctx.module.add_function(SYMBOL, fn_t, None)
+    });
+
+    // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
+    let not_zero = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, step, step.get_type().const_zero(), "range_step_ne")
+        .unwrap();
+    ctx.make_assert(
+        generator,
+        not_zero,
+        "0:ValueError",
+        "step must not be zero",
+        [None, None, None],
+        ctx.current_loc,
+    );
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(len_func, &[start.into(), end.into(), step.into()], "calc_len")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/llvm_intrinsics.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use inkwell::{
 };
 use itertools::Either;
 
-use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+use super::CodeGenContext;
 
 /// Returns the string representation for the floating-point type `ft` when used in intrinsic
 /// functions.

nac3core/src/codegen/mod.rs

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ use parking_lot::{Condvar, Mutex};
 use nac3parser::ast::{Location, Stmt, StrRef};
 
 use crate::{
-    codegen::classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
     symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver},
     toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef},
     typecheck::{
@@ -37,9 +36,11 @@ use crate::{
         typedef::{CallId, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
     },
 };
+use concrete_type::{ConcreteType, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore};
+pub use generator::{CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator};
+use types::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType};
 
 pub mod builtin_fns;
-pub mod classes;
 pub mod concrete_type;
 pub mod expr;
 pub mod extern_fns;
@@ -48,13 +49,12 @@ pub mod irrt;
 pub mod llvm_intrinsics;
 pub mod numpy;
 pub mod stmt;
+pub mod types;
+pub mod values;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
 
-use concrete_type::{ConcreteType, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore};
-pub use generator::{CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator};
-
 mod macros {
     /// Codegen-variant of [`std::unreachable`] which accepts an instance of [`CodeGenContext`] as
     /// its first argument to provide Python source information to indicate the codegen location

nac3core/src/codegen/numpy.rs

@@ -6,27 +6,27 @@ use inkwell::{
 
 use nac3parser::ast::{Operator, StrRef};
 
-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        classes::{
-            ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ListType, ListValue, NDArrayType, NDArrayValue,
-            ProxyType, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeAdapter,
-            TypedArrayLikeMutator, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeMutator,
-        },
-        expr::gen_binop_expr_with_values,
-        irrt::{
-            calculate_len_for_slice_range, call_ndarray_calc_broadcast,
-            call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index, call_ndarray_calc_nd_indices,
-            call_ndarray_calc_size,
-        },
-        llvm_intrinsics::{self, call_memcpy_generic},
-        macros::codegen_unreachable,
-        stmt::{gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_for_range_callback, gen_if_else_expr_callback},
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+use super::{
+    expr::gen_binop_expr_with_values,
+    irrt::{
+        calculate_len_for_slice_range, call_ndarray_calc_broadcast,
+        call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index, call_ndarray_calc_nd_indices, call_ndarray_calc_size,
     },
+    llvm_intrinsics::{self, call_memcpy_generic},
+    macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    stmt::{gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_for_range_callback, gen_if_else_expr_callback},
+    types::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType},
+    values::{
+        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ListValue, NDArrayValue, ProxyValue,
+        TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeAdapter, TypedArrayLikeMutator,
+        UntypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeMutator,
+    },
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+use crate::{
     symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
     toplevel::{
-        helper::PrimDef,
+        helper::{arraylike_flatten_element_type, PrimDef},
         numpy::{make_ndarray_ty, unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
         DefinitionId,
     },
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ fn create_ndarray_uninitialized<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     elem_ty: Type,
 ) -> Result<NDArrayValue<'ctx>, String> {
+    let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
     let ndarray_ty = make_ndarray_ty(&mut ctx.unifier, &ctx.primitives, Some(elem_ty), None);
 
     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ fn create_ndarray_uninitialized<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 
     let ndarray = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, llvm_ndarray_t.into(), None)?;
 
-    Ok(NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(ndarray, llvm_usize, None))
+    Ok(NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(ndarray, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None))
 }
 
 /// Creates an `NDArray` instance from a dynamic shape.
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ where
     ndarray.store_ndims(ctx, generator, num_dims);
 
     let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
-    ndarray.create_dim_sizes(ctx, llvm_usize, ndarray_num_dims);
+    ndarray.create_shape(ctx, llvm_usize, ndarray_num_dims);
 
     // Copy the dimension sizes from shape to ndarray.dims
     let shape_len = shape_len_fn(generator, ctx, shape)?;
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ where
             let shape_dim = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(shape_dim, llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
 
             let ndarray_pdim =
-                unsafe { ndarray.dim_sizes().ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &i, None) };
+                unsafe { ndarray.shape().ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &i, None) };
 
             ctx.builder.build_store(ndarray_pdim, shape_dim).unwrap();
 
@@ -194,12 +195,12 @@ pub fn create_ndarray_const_shape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     ndarray.store_ndims(ctx, generator, num_dims);
 
     let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
-    ndarray.create_dim_sizes(ctx, llvm_usize, ndarray_num_dims);
+    ndarray.create_shape(ctx, llvm_usize, ndarray_num_dims);
 
     for (i, &shape_dim) in shape.iter().enumerate() {
         let shape_dim = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(shape_dim, llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
         let ndarray_dim = unsafe {
-            ndarray.dim_sizes().ptr_offset_unchecked(
+            ndarray.shape().ptr_offset_unchecked(
                 ctx,
                 generator,
                 &llvm_usize.const_int(i as u64, true),
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ fn ndarray_init_data<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     let ndarray_num_elems = call_ndarray_calc_size(
         generator,
         ctx,
-        &ndarray.dim_sizes().as_slice_value(ctx, generator),
+        &ndarray.shape().as_slice_value(ctx, generator),
         (None, None),
     );
     ndarray.create_data(ctx, llvm_ndarray_data_t, ndarray_num_elems);
@@ -314,11 +315,11 @@ fn call_ndarray_empty_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 
     match shape {
         BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(shape_list_ptr)
-            if ListValue::is_instance(shape_list_ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok() =>
+            if ListValue::is_representable(shape_list_ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok() =>
         {
             // 1. A list of ints; e.g., `np.empty([600, 800, 3])`
 
-            let shape_list = ListValue::from_ptr_val(shape_list_ptr, llvm_usize, None);
+            let shape_list = ListValue::from_pointer_value(shape_list_ptr, llvm_usize, None);
             create_ndarray_dyn_shape(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
@@ -379,7 +380,7 @@ where
     let ndarray_num_elems = call_ndarray_calc_size(
         generator,
         ctx,
-        &ndarray.dim_sizes().as_slice_value(ctx, generator),
+        &ndarray.shape().as_slice_value(ctx, generator),
         (None, None),
     );
 
@@ -473,8 +474,8 @@ fn ndarray_broadcast_fill<'ctx, 'a, G, ValueFn>(
     generator: &mut G,
     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
     res: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-    lhs: (BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, bool),
-    rhs: (BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, bool),
+    lhs: (Type, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, bool),
+    rhs: (Type, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, bool),
     value_fn: ValueFn,
 ) -> Result<NDArrayValue<'ctx>, String>
 where
@@ -487,8 +488,8 @@ where
 {
     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
 
-    let (lhs_val, lhs_scalar) = lhs;
-    let (rhs_val, rhs_scalar) = rhs;
+    let (lhs_ty, lhs_val, lhs_scalar) = lhs;
+    let (rhs_ty, rhs_val, rhs_scalar) = rhs;
 
     assert!(
         !(lhs_scalar && rhs_scalar),
@@ -499,12 +500,26 @@ where
 
     // Assert that all ndarray operands are broadcastable to the target size
     if !lhs_scalar {
-        let lhs_val = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(lhs_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+        let lhs_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, lhs_ty);
+        let llvm_lhs_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, lhs_dtype);
+        let lhs_val = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+            lhs_val.into_pointer_value(),
+            llvm_lhs_elem_ty,
+            llvm_usize,
+            None,
+        );
         ndarray_assert_is_broadcastable(generator, ctx, res, lhs_val);
     }
 
     if !rhs_scalar {
-        let rhs_val = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(rhs_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+        let rhs_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, rhs_ty);
+        let llvm_rhs_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, rhs_dtype);
+        let rhs_val = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+            rhs_val.into_pointer_value(),
+            llvm_rhs_elem_ty,
+            llvm_usize,
+            None,
+        );
         ndarray_assert_is_broadcastable(generator, ctx, res, rhs_val);
     }
 
@@ -512,7 +527,14 @@ where
         let lhs_elem = if lhs_scalar {
             lhs_val
         } else {
-            let lhs = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(lhs_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+            let lhs_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, lhs_ty);
+            let llvm_lhs_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, lhs_dtype);
+            let lhs = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+                lhs_val.into_pointer_value(),
+                llvm_lhs_elem_ty,
+                llvm_usize,
+                None,
+            );
             let lhs_idx = call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index(generator, ctx, lhs, idx);
 
             unsafe { lhs.data().get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &lhs_idx, None) }
@@ -521,7 +543,14 @@ where
         let rhs_elem = if rhs_scalar {
             rhs_val
         } else {
-            let rhs = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(rhs_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+            let rhs_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, rhs_ty);
+            let llvm_rhs_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, rhs_dtype);
+            let rhs = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+                rhs_val.into_pointer_value(),
+                llvm_rhs_elem_ty,
+                llvm_usize,
+                None,
+            );
             let rhs_idx = call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index(generator, ctx, rhs, idx);
 
             unsafe { rhs.data().get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &rhs_idx, None) }
@@ -647,11 +676,15 @@ fn llvm_ndlist_get_ndims<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 
     let ndims = llvm_usize.const_int(1, false);
     match list_elem_ty {
-        AnyTypeEnum::PointerType(ptr_ty) if ListType::is_type(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok() => {
+        AnyTypeEnum::PointerType(ptr_ty)
+            if ListType::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok() =>
+        {
             ndims.const_add(llvm_ndlist_get_ndims(generator, ctx, ptr_ty))
         }
 
-        AnyTypeEnum::PointerType(ptr_ty) if NDArrayType::is_type(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok() => {
+        AnyTypeEnum::PointerType(ptr_ty)
+            if NDArrayType::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok() =>
+        {
             todo!("Getting ndims for list[ndarray] not supported")
         }
 
@@ -663,16 +696,20 @@ fn llvm_ndlist_get_ndims<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 fn llvm_arraylike_get_ndims<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     generator: &mut G,
     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    (ty, value): (Type, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>),
 ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
 
     match value {
-        BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(v) if NDArrayValue::is_instance(v, llvm_usize).is_ok() => {
-            NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(v, llvm_usize, None).load_ndims(ctx)
+        BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(v)
+            if NDArrayValue::is_representable(v, llvm_usize).is_ok() =>
+        {
+            let dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+            NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(v, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None).load_ndims(ctx)
         }
 
-        BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(v) if ListValue::is_instance(v, llvm_usize).is_ok() => {
+        BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(v) if ListValue::is_representable(v, llvm_usize).is_ok() => {
             llvm_ndlist_get_ndims(generator, ctx, v.get_type())
         }
 
@@ -684,7 +721,6 @@ fn llvm_arraylike_get_ndims<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 fn ndarray_from_ndlist_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     generator: &mut G,
     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    elem_ty: Type,
     (dst_arr, dst_slice_ptr): (NDArrayValue<'ctx>, PointerValue<'ctx>),
     src_lst: ListValue<'ctx>,
     dim: u64,
@@ -695,13 +731,15 @@ fn ndarray_from_ndlist_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     let list_elem_ty = src_lst.get_type().element_type();
 
     match list_elem_ty {
-        AnyTypeEnum::PointerType(ptr_ty) if ListType::is_type(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok() => {
+        AnyTypeEnum::PointerType(ptr_ty)
+            if ListType::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok() =>
+        {
             // The stride of elements in this dimension, i.e. the number of elements between arr[i]
             // and arr[i + 1] in this dimension
             let stride = call_ndarray_calc_size(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
-                &dst_arr.dim_sizes(),
+                &dst_arr.shape(),
                 (Some(llvm_usize.const_int(dim + 1, false)), None),
             );
 
@@ -715,11 +753,25 @@ fn ndarray_from_ndlist_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 |_, _| Ok(llvm_usize.const_int(1, false)),
                 |generator, ctx, _, i| {
                     let offset = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(stride, i, "").unwrap();
+                    let offset = ctx
+                        .builder
+                        .build_int_mul(
+                            offset,
+                            ctx.builder
+                                .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(
+                                    dst_arr.get_type().element_type().size_of().unwrap(),
+                                    offset.get_type(),
+                                    "",
+                                )
+                                .unwrap(),
+                            "",
+                        )
+                        .unwrap();
 
                     let dst_ptr =
                         unsafe { ctx.builder.build_gep(dst_slice_ptr, &[offset], "").unwrap() };
 
-                    let nested_lst_elem = ListValue::from_ptr_val(
+                    let nested_lst_elem = ListValue::from_pointer_value(
                         unsafe { src_lst.data().get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &i, None) }
                             .into_pointer_value(),
                         llvm_usize,
@@ -729,7 +781,6 @@ fn ndarray_from_ndlist_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                     ndarray_from_ndlist_impl(
                         generator,
                         ctx,
-                        elem_ty,
                         (dst_arr, dst_ptr),
                         nested_lst_elem,
                         dim + 1,
@@ -740,13 +791,15 @@ fn ndarray_from_ndlist_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             )?;
         }
 
-        AnyTypeEnum::PointerType(ptr_ty) if NDArrayType::is_type(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok() => {
+        AnyTypeEnum::PointerType(ptr_ty)
+            if NDArrayType::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok() =>
+        {
             todo!("Not implemented for list[ndarray]")
         }
 
         _ => {
             let lst_len = src_lst.load_size(ctx, None);
-            let sizeof_elem = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty).size_of().unwrap();
+            let sizeof_elem = dst_arr.get_type().element_type().size_of().unwrap();
             let sizeof_elem = ctx.builder.build_int_cast(sizeof_elem, llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
 
             let cpy_len = ctx
@@ -801,8 +854,9 @@ fn call_ndarray_array_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     let object = object.into_pointer_value();
 
     // object is an NDArray instance - copy object unless copy=0 && ndmin < object.ndims
-    if NDArrayValue::is_instance(object, llvm_usize).is_ok() {
-        let object = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(object, llvm_usize, None);
+    if NDArrayValue::is_representable(object, llvm_usize).is_ok() {
+        let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
+        let object = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(object, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
 
         let ndarray = gen_if_else_expr_callback(
             generator,
@@ -864,7 +918,6 @@ fn call_ndarray_array_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ndarray_sliced_copyto_impl(
                     generator,
                     ctx,
-                    elem_ty,
                     (ndarray, ndarray.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator)),
                     (object, object.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator)),
                     0,
@@ -876,16 +929,17 @@ fn call_ndarray_array_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             |_, _| Ok(Some(object.as_base_value())),
         )?;
 
-        return Ok(NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(
+        return Ok(NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
             ndarray.map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value).unwrap(),
+            llvm_elem_ty,
             llvm_usize,
             None,
         ));
     }
 
     // Remaining case: TList
-    assert!(ListValue::is_instance(object, llvm_usize).is_ok());
-    let object = ListValue::from_ptr_val(object, llvm_usize, None);
+    assert!(ListValue::is_representable(object, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+    let object = ListValue::from_pointer_value(object, llvm_usize, None);
 
     // The number of dimensions to prepend 1's to
     let ndims = llvm_ndlist_get_ndims(generator, ctx, object.as_base_value().get_type());
@@ -965,7 +1019,8 @@ fn call_ndarray_array_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                                 .map(|v| ctx.builder.build_bit_cast(v, plist_plist_i8, "").unwrap())
                                 .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
                                 .unwrap();
-                            let this_dim = ListValue::from_ptr_val(this_dim, llvm_usize, None);
+                            let this_dim =
+                                ListValue::from_pointer_value(this_dim, llvm_usize, None);
 
                             // TODO: Assert this_dim.sz != 0
 
@@ -991,7 +1046,7 @@ fn call_ndarray_array_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                         },
                     )?;
 
-                    let lst = ListValue::from_ptr_val(
+                    let lst = ListValue::from_pointer_value(
                         ctx.builder
                             .build_load(lst, "")
                             .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
@@ -1011,7 +1066,6 @@ fn call_ndarray_array_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     ndarray_from_ndlist_impl(
         generator,
         ctx,
-        elem_ty,
         (ndarray, ndarray.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator)),
         object,
         0,
@@ -1084,7 +1138,6 @@ fn call_ndarray_eye_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 fn ndarray_sliced_copyto_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     generator: &mut G,
     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    elem_ty: Type,
     (dst_arr, dst_slice_ptr): (NDArrayValue<'ctx>, PointerValue<'ctx>),
     (src_arr, src_slice_ptr): (NDArrayValue<'ctx>, PointerValue<'ctx>),
     dim: u64,
@@ -1093,14 +1146,16 @@ fn ndarray_sliced_copyto_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();
     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
 
+    assert_eq!(dst_arr.get_type().element_type(), src_arr.get_type().element_type());
+
+    let sizeof_elem = dst_arr.get_type().element_type().size_of().unwrap();
+
     // If there are no (remaining) slice expressions, memcpy the entire dimension
     if slices.is_empty() {
-        let sizeof_elem = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty).size_of().unwrap();
-
         let stride = call_ndarray_calc_size(
             generator,
             ctx,
-            &src_arr.dim_sizes(),
+            &src_arr.shape(),
             (Some(llvm_usize.const_int(dim, false)), None),
         );
         let stride =
@@ -1118,13 +1173,13 @@ fn ndarray_sliced_copyto_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     let src_stride = call_ndarray_calc_size(
         generator,
         ctx,
-        &src_arr.dim_sizes(),
+        &src_arr.shape(),
         (Some(llvm_usize.const_int(dim + 1, false)), None),
     );
     let dst_stride = call_ndarray_calc_size(
         generator,
         ctx,
-        &dst_arr.dim_sizes(),
+        &dst_arr.shape(),
         (Some(llvm_usize.const_int(dim + 1, false)), None),
     );
 
@@ -1147,9 +1202,29 @@ fn ndarray_sliced_copyto_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
         |generator, ctx, _, src_i| {
             // Calculate the offset of the active slice
             let src_data_offset = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(src_stride, src_i, "").unwrap();
+            let src_data_offset = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_mul(
+                    src_data_offset,
+                    ctx.builder
+                        .build_int_cast(sizeof_elem, src_data_offset.get_type(), "")
+                        .unwrap(),
+                    "",
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             let dst_i =
                 ctx.builder.build_load(dst_i_addr, "").map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value).unwrap();
             let dst_data_offset = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(dst_stride, dst_i, "").unwrap();
+            let dst_data_offset = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_mul(
+                    dst_data_offset,
+                    ctx.builder
+                        .build_int_cast(sizeof_elem, dst_data_offset.get_type(), "")
+                        .unwrap(),
+                    "",
+                )
+                .unwrap();
 
             let (src_ptr, dst_ptr) = unsafe {
                 (
@@ -1161,7 +1236,6 @@ fn ndarray_sliced_copyto_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             ndarray_sliced_copyto_impl(
                 generator,
                 ctx,
-                elem_ty,
                 (dst_arr, dst_ptr),
                 (src_arr, src_ptr),
                 dim + 1,
@@ -1204,7 +1278,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_sliced_copy<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             &this,
             |_, ctx, shape| Ok(shape.load_ndims(ctx)),
             |generator, ctx, shape, idx| unsafe {
-                Ok(shape.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None))
+                Ok(shape.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None))
             },
         )?
     } else {
@@ -1212,7 +1286,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_sliced_copy<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
         ndarray.store_ndims(ctx, generator, this.load_ndims(ctx));
 
         let ndims = this.load_ndims(ctx);
-        ndarray.create_dim_sizes(ctx, llvm_usize, ndims);
+        ndarray.create_shape(ctx, llvm_usize, ndims);
 
         // Populate the first slices.len() dimensions by computing the size of each dim slice
         for (i, (start, stop, step)) in slices.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -1244,7 +1318,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_sliced_copy<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                 ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(slice_len, llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
 
             unsafe {
-                ndarray.dim_sizes().set_typed_unchecked(
+                ndarray.shape().set_typed_unchecked(
                     ctx,
                     generator,
                     &llvm_usize.const_int(i as u64, false),
@@ -1262,8 +1336,8 @@ pub fn ndarray_sliced_copy<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
             (this.load_ndims(ctx), false),
             |generator, ctx, _, idx| {
                 unsafe {
-                    let dim_sz = this.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None);
-                    ndarray.dim_sizes().set_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, dim_sz);
+                    let dim_sz = this.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None);
+                    ndarray.shape().set_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, dim_sz);
                 }
 
                 Ok(())
@@ -1278,7 +1352,6 @@ pub fn ndarray_sliced_copy<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     ndarray_sliced_copyto_impl(
         generator,
         ctx,
-        elem_ty,
         (ndarray, ndarray.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator)),
         (this, this.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator)),
         0,
@@ -1324,7 +1397,7 @@ where
             &operand,
             |_, ctx, v| Ok(v.load_ndims(ctx)),
             |generator, ctx, v, idx| unsafe {
-                Ok(v.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None))
+                Ok(v.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None))
             },
         )
         .unwrap()
@@ -1361,8 +1434,8 @@ pub fn ndarray_elementwise_binop_impl<'ctx, 'a, G, ValueFn>(
     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
     elem_ty: Type,
     res: Option<NDArrayValue<'ctx>>,
-    lhs: (BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, bool),
-    rhs: (BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, bool),
+    lhs: (Type, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, bool),
+    rhs: (Type, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, bool),
     value_fn: ValueFn,
 ) -> Result<NDArrayValue<'ctx>, String>
 where
@@ -1375,8 +1448,8 @@ where
 {
     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
 
-    let (lhs_val, lhs_scalar) = lhs;
-    let (rhs_val, rhs_scalar) = rhs;
+    let (lhs_ty, lhs_val, lhs_scalar) = lhs;
+    let (rhs_ty, rhs_val, rhs_scalar) = rhs;
 
     assert!(
         !(lhs_scalar && rhs_scalar),
@@ -1387,10 +1460,22 @@ where
 
     let ndarray = res.unwrap_or_else(|| {
         if lhs_scalar && rhs_scalar {
-            let lhs_val =
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(lhs_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
-            let rhs_val =
-                NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(rhs_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
+            let lhs_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, lhs_ty);
+            let llvm_lhs_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, lhs_dtype);
+            let lhs_val = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+                lhs_val.into_pointer_value(),
+                llvm_lhs_elem_ty,
+                llvm_usize,
+                None,
+            );
+            let rhs_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, rhs_ty);
+            let llvm_rhs_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, rhs_dtype);
+            let rhs_val = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+                rhs_val.into_pointer_value(),
+                llvm_rhs_elem_ty,
+                llvm_usize,
+                None,
+            );
 
             let ndarray_dims = call_ndarray_calc_broadcast(generator, ctx, lhs_val, rhs_val);
 
@@ -1406,8 +1491,14 @@ where
             )
             .unwrap()
         } else {
-            let ndarray = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(
+            let dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(
+                &mut ctx.unifier,
+                if lhs_scalar { rhs_ty } else { lhs_ty },
+            );
+            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
+            let ndarray = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
                 if lhs_scalar { rhs_val } else { lhs_val }.into_pointer_value(),
+                llvm_elem_ty,
                 llvm_usize,
                 None,
             );
@@ -1419,7 +1510,7 @@ where
                 &ndarray,
                 |_, ctx, v| Ok(v.load_ndims(ctx)),
                 |generator, ctx, v, idx| unsafe {
-                    Ok(v.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None))
+                    Ok(v.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None))
                 },
             )
             .unwrap()
@@ -1480,10 +1571,10 @@ pub fn ndarray_matmul_2d<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
         if let Some(res) = res {
             let res_ndims = res.load_ndims(ctx);
             let res_dim0 = unsafe {
-                res.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+                res.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
             };
             let res_dim1 = unsafe {
-                res.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(
+                res.shape().get_typed_unchecked(
                     ctx,
                     generator,
                     &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
@@ -1491,10 +1582,10 @@ pub fn ndarray_matmul_2d<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 )
             };
             let lhs_dim0 = unsafe {
-                lhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+                lhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
             };
             let rhs_dim1 = unsafe {
-                rhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(
+                rhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(
                     ctx,
                     generator,
                     &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
@@ -1543,15 +1634,10 @@ pub fn ndarray_matmul_2d<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
 
     if ctx.registry.llvm_options.opt_level == OptimizationLevel::None {
         let lhs_dim1 = unsafe {
-            lhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(
-                ctx,
-                generator,
-                &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
-                None,
-            )
+            lhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), None)
         };
         let rhs_dim0 = unsafe {
-            rhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+            rhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
         };
 
         // lhs.dims[1] == rhs.dims[0]
@@ -1590,7 +1676,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_matmul_2d<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                     },
                     |generator, ctx| {
                         Ok(Some(unsafe {
-                            lhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(
+                            lhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(
                                 ctx,
                                 generator,
                                 &llvm_usize.const_zero(),
@@ -1600,7 +1686,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_matmul_2d<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                     },
                     |generator, ctx| {
                         Ok(Some(unsafe {
-                            rhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(
+                            rhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(
                                 ctx,
                                 generator,
                                 &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
@@ -1627,7 +1713,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_matmul_2d<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
 
         let common_dim = {
             let lhs_idx1 = unsafe {
-                lhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(
+                lhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(
                     ctx,
                     generator,
                     &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
@@ -1635,7 +1721,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_matmul_2d<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 )
             };
             let rhs_idx0 = unsafe {
-                rhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+                rhs.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
             };
 
             let idx = llvm_intrinsics::call_expect(ctx, rhs_idx0, lhs_idx1, None);
@@ -1966,11 +2052,18 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_copy<'ctx>(
     let this_arg =
         obj.as_ref().unwrap().1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, this_ty)?;
 
+    let llvm_elem_ty = context.get_llvm_type(generator, this_elem_ty);
+
     ndarray_copy_impl(
         generator,
         context,
         this_elem_ty,
-        NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(this_arg.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None),
+        NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(
+            this_arg.into_pointer_value(),
+            llvm_elem_ty,
+            llvm_usize,
+            None,
+        ),
     )
     .map(NDArrayValue::into)
 }
@@ -1989,6 +2082,7 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_fill<'ctx>(
     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(context.ctx);
 
     let this_ty = obj.as_ref().unwrap().0;
+    let this_elem_ty = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut context.unifier, this_ty);
     let this_arg = obj
         .as_ref()
         .unwrap()
@@ -1999,10 +2093,12 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_fill<'ctx>(
     let value_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
     let value_arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, value_ty)?;
 
+    let llvm_elem_ty = context.get_llvm_type(generator, this_elem_ty);
+
     ndarray_fill_flattened(
         generator,
         context,
-        NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(this_arg, llvm_usize, None),
+        NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(this_arg, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None),
         |generator, ctx, _| {
             let value = if value_arg.is_pointer_value() {
                 let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();
@@ -2043,8 +2139,9 @@ pub fn ndarray_transpose<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 
     if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(n1) = x1 {
         let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, x1_ty);
-        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
-        let n_sz = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &n1.dim_sizes(), (None, None));
+        let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
+        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
+        let n_sz = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &n1.shape(), (None, None));
 
         // Dimensions are reversed in the transposed array
         let out = create_ndarray_dyn_shape(
@@ -2059,7 +2156,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_transpose<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                     .builder
                     .build_int_sub(new_idx, new_idx.get_type().const_int(1, false), "")
                     .unwrap();
-                unsafe { Ok(n.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &new_idx, None)) }
+                unsafe { Ok(n.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &new_idx, None)) }
             },
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -2096,7 +2193,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_transpose<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                             .build_int_sub(ndim_rev, llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), "")
                             .unwrap();
                         let dim = unsafe {
-                            n1.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &ndim_rev, None)
+                            n1.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &ndim_rev, None)
                         };
 
                         let rem_idx_val =
@@ -2162,8 +2259,9 @@ pub fn ndarray_reshape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 
     if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(n1) = x1 {
         let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, x1_ty);
-        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
-        let n_sz = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &n1.dim_sizes(), (None, None));
+        let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
+        let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, llvm_elem_ty, llvm_usize, None);
+        let n_sz = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &n1.shape(), (None, None));
 
         let acc = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, llvm_usize.into(), None)?;
         let num_neg = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, llvm_usize.into(), None)?;
@@ -2172,11 +2270,11 @@ pub fn ndarray_reshape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 
         let out = match shape {
             BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(shape_list_ptr)
-                if ListValue::is_instance(shape_list_ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok() =>
+                if ListValue::is_representable(shape_list_ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok() =>
             {
                 // 1. A list of ints; e.g., `np.reshape(arr, [int64(600), int64(800, -1])`
 
-                let shape_list = ListValue::from_ptr_val(shape_list_ptr, llvm_usize, None);
+                let shape_list = ListValue::from_pointer_value(shape_list_ptr, llvm_usize, None);
                 // Check for -1 in dimensions
                 gen_for_callback_incrementing(
                     generator,
@@ -2391,7 +2489,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_reshape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
         );
 
         // The new shape must be compatible with the old shape
-        let out_sz = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &out.dim_sizes(), (None, None));
+        let out_sz = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &out.shape(), (None, None));
         ctx.make_assert(
             generator,
             ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, out_sz, n_sz, "").unwrap(),
@@ -2439,17 +2537,22 @@ pub fn ndarray_dot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String> {
     const FN_NAME: &str = "ndarray_dot";
     let (x1_ty, x1) = x1;
-    let (_, x2) = x2;
+    let (x2_ty, x2) = x2;
 
     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
 
     match (x1, x2) {
         (BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(n1), BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(n2)) => {
-            let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n1, llvm_usize, None);
-            let n2 = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(n2, llvm_usize, None);
+            let n1_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, x1_ty);
+            let n2_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, x2_ty);
+            let llvm_n1_data_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, n1_dtype);
+            let llvm_n2_data_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, n2_dtype);
 
-            let n1_sz = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &n1.dim_sizes(), (None, None));
-            let n2_sz = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &n1.dim_sizes(), (None, None));
+            let n1 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n1, llvm_n1_data_ty, llvm_usize, None);
+            let n2 = NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(n2, llvm_n2_data_ty, llvm_usize, None);
+
+            let n1_sz = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &n1.shape(), (None, None));
+            let n2_sz = call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &n1.shape(), (None, None));
 
             ctx.make_assert(
                 generator,
@@ -2486,7 +2589,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_dot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                             .build_float_mul(e1, elem2.into_float_value(), "")
                             .unwrap()
                             .as_basic_value_enum(),
-                        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "product: {}", elem1.get_type()),
                     };
                     let acc_val = ctx.builder.build_load(acc, "").unwrap();
                     let acc_val = match acc_val {
@@ -2500,7 +2603,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_dot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                             .build_float_add(e1, product.into_float_value(), "")
                             .unwrap()
                             .as_basic_value_enum(),
-                        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "acc_val: {}", acc_val.get_type()),
                     };
                     ctx.builder.build_store(acc, acc_val).unwrap();
 

nac3core/src/codegen/stmt.rs

@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ use nac3parser::ast::{
 };
 
 use super::{
-    classes::{ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, RangeValue},
     expr::{destructure_range, gen_binop_expr},
     gen_in_range_check,
     irrt::{handle_slice_indices, list_slice_assignment},
     macros::codegen_unreachable,
+    values::{ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, RangeValue},
     CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
 };
 use crate::{
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 .unwrap()
                 .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, target_ty)?
                 .into_pointer_value();
-            let target = ListValue::from_ptr_val(target, llvm_usize, None);
+            let target = ListValue::from_pointer_value(target, llvm_usize, None);
 
             if let ExprKind::Slice { .. } = &key.node {
                 // Handle assigning to a slice
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
 
                 let value =
                     value.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, value_ty)?.into_pointer_value();
-                let value = ListValue::from_ptr_val(value, llvm_usize, None);
+                let value = ListValue::from_pointer_value(value, llvm_usize, None);
 
                 let target_item_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, target_item_ty);
                 let Some(src_ind) = handle_slice_indices(
@@ -463,7 +463,8 @@ pub fn gen_for<G: CodeGenerator>(
         TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. }
             if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.range.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
         {
-            let iter_val = RangeValue::from_ptr_val(iter_val.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
+            let iter_val =
+                RangeValue::from_pointer_value(iter_val.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
             // Internal variable for loop; Cannot be assigned
             let i = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, int32.into(), Some("for.i.addr"))?;
             // Variable declared in "target" expression of the loop; Can be reassigned *or* shadowed

nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs

@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ use nac3parser::{
 };
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 
+use super::{
+    concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
+    types::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, CodeGenerator,
+    DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+};
 use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask,
-        CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
-    },
     symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
     toplevel::{
         composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ fn test_classes_list_type_new() {
     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
 
     let llvm_list = ListType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
-    assert!(ListType::is_type(llvm_list.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+    assert!(ListType::is_representable(llvm_list.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ fn test_classes_range_type_new() {
     let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
 
     let llvm_range = RangeType::new(&ctx);
-    assert!(RangeType::is_type(llvm_range.as_base_type()).is_ok());
+    assert!(RangeType::is_representable(llvm_range.as_base_type()).is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -472,5 +472,5 @@ fn test_classes_ndarray_type_new() {
     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
 
     let llvm_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
-    assert!(NDArrayType::is_type(llvm_ndarray.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+    assert!(NDArrayType::is_representable(llvm_ndarray.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
 }

nac3core/src/codegen/types/list.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::IntValue,
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+
+use super::ProxyType;
+use crate::codegen::{
+    values::{ArraySliceValue, ListValue, ProxyValue},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Proxy type for a `list` type in LLVM.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ListType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ListType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `list` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let llvm_list_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_list_ty) = llvm_list_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `list` type, got {llvm_list_ty}"));
+        };
+        if llvm_list_ty.count_fields() != 2 {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected 2 fields in `list`, got {}",
+                llvm_list_ty.count_fields()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let list_size_ty = llvm_list_ty.get_field_type_at_index(0).unwrap();
+        let Ok(_) = PointerType::try_from(list_size_ty) else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected pointer type for `list.0`, got {list_size_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        let list_data_ty = llvm_list_ty.get_field_type_at_index(1).unwrap();
+        let Ok(list_data_ty) = IntType::try_from(list_data_ty) else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected int type for `list.1`, got {list_data_ty}"));
+        };
+        if list_data_ty.get_bit_width() != llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected {}-bit int type for `list.1`, got {}-bit int",
+                llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
+                list_data_ty.get_bit_width()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `List`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        element_type: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        // struct List { data: T*, size: size_t }
+        let field_tys = [element_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(), llvm_usize.into()];
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`ListType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        element_type: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_list = Self::llvm_type(ctx, element_type, llvm_usize);
+
+        ListType::from_type(llvm_list, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ListType`] from a [`PointerType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        ListType { ty: ptr_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of the `size` field of this `list` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn size_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type()
+            .get_element_type()
+            .into_struct_type()
+            .get_field_type_at_index(1)
+            .map(BasicTypeEnum::into_int_type)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the element type of this `list` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn element_type(&self) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type()
+            .get_element_type()
+            .into_struct_type()
+            .get_field_type_at_index(0)
+            .map(BasicTypeEnum::into_pointer_type)
+            .map(PointerType::get_element_type)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for ListType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = ListValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn new_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self::Value {
+        self.map_value(
+            generator
+                .gen_var_alloc(
+                    ctx,
+                    self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                    name,
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn new_array_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                size,
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self::Value {
+        Self::Value::from_pointer_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<ListType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: ListType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+use inkwell::{context::Context, types::BasicType, values::IntValue};
+
+use super::{
+    values::{ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue},
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+pub use list::*;
+pub use ndarray::*;
+pub use range::*;
+
+mod list;
+mod ndarray;
+mod range;
+pub mod structure;
+
+/// A LLVM type that is used to represent a corresponding type in NAC3.
+pub trait ProxyType<'ctx>: Into<Self::Base> {
+    /// The LLVM type of which values of this type possess. This is usually a
+    /// [LLVM pointer type][PointerType] for any non-primitive types.
+    type Base: BasicType<'ctx>;
+
+    /// The type of values represented by this type.
+    type Value: ProxyValue<'ctx, Type = Self>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>;
+
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` can be represented by this [`ProxyType`].
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String>;
+
+    /// Creates a new value of this type.
+    fn new_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self::Value;
+
+    /// Creates a new array value of this type.
+    fn new_array_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ProxyValue`] of this type.
+    fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self::Value;
+
+    /// Returns the [base type][Self::Base] of this proxy.
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base;
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
+
+use super::{
+    structure::{StructField, StructFields},
+    ProxyType,
+};
+use crate::codegen::{
+    values::{ArraySliceValue, NDArrayValue, ProxyValue},
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+
+/// Proxy type for a `ndarray` type in LLVM.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
+pub struct NDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+    #[value_type(usize)]
+    pub ndims: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub shape: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+    #[value_type(i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()))]
+    pub data: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `ndarray` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let llvm_ndarray_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ndarray_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `NDArray` type, got {llvm_ndarray_ty}"));
+        };
+        if llvm_ndarray_ty.count_fields() != 3 {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected 3 fields in `NDArray`, got {}",
+                llvm_ndarray_ty.count_fields()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let ndarray_ndims_ty = llvm_ndarray_ty.get_field_type_at_index(0).unwrap();
+        let Ok(ndarray_ndims_ty) = IntType::try_from(ndarray_ndims_ty) else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected int type for `ndarray.0`, got {ndarray_ndims_ty}"));
+        };
+        if ndarray_ndims_ty.get_bit_width() != llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected {}-bit int type for `ndarray.0`, got {}-bit int",
+                llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
+                ndarray_ndims_ty.get_bit_width()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let ndarray_dims_ty = llvm_ndarray_ty.get_field_type_at_index(1).unwrap();
+        let Ok(ndarray_pdims) = PointerType::try_from(ndarray_dims_ty) else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected pointer type for `ndarray.1`, got {ndarray_dims_ty}"));
+        };
+        let ndarray_dims = ndarray_pdims.get_element_type();
+        let Ok(ndarray_dims) = IntType::try_from(ndarray_dims) else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected pointer-to-int type for `ndarray.1`, got pointer-to-{ndarray_dims}"
+            ));
+        };
+        if ndarray_dims.get_bit_width() != llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected pointer-to-{}-bit int type for `ndarray.1`, got pointer-to-{}-bit int",
+                llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
+                ndarray_dims.get_bit_width()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let ndarray_data_ty = llvm_ndarray_ty.get_field_type_at_index(2).unwrap();
+        let Ok(ndarray_pdata) = PointerType::try_from(ndarray_data_ty) else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected pointer type for `ndarray.2`, got {ndarray_data_ty}"));
+        };
+        let ndarray_data = ndarray_pdata.get_element_type();
+        let Ok(ndarray_data) = IntType::try_from(ndarray_data) else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected pointer-to-int type for `ndarray.2`, got pointer-to-{ndarray_data}"
+            ));
+        };
+        if ndarray_data.get_bit_width() != 8 {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected pointer-to-8-bit int type for `ndarray.1`, got pointer-to-{}-bit int",
+                ndarray_data.get_bit_width()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    fn fields(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> NDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+        NDArrayStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_fields(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> NDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+        Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        // struct NDArray { num_dims: size_t, dims: size_t*, data: i8* }
+        //
+        // * data    : Pointer to an array containing the array data
+        // * itemsize: The size of each NDArray elements in bytes
+        // * ndims   : Number of dimensions in the array
+        // * shape   : Pointer to an array containing the shape of the NDArray
+        // * strides : Pointer to an array indicating the number of bytes between each element at a dimension
+        let field_tys =
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
+
+        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        let llvm_ndarray = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        NDArrayType { ty: llvm_ndarray, dtype, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`NDArrayType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(
+        ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        NDArrayType { ty: ptr_ty, dtype, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of the `size` field of this `ndarray` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn size_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type()
+            .get_element_type()
+            .into_struct_type()
+            .get_field_type_at_index(0)
+            .map(BasicTypeEnum::into_int_type)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the element type of this `ndarray` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn element_type(&self) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.dtype
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = NDArrayValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn new_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self::Value {
+        self.map_value(
+            generator
+                .gen_var_alloc(
+                    ctx,
+                    self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                    name,
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn new_array_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                size,
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self::Value {
+        debug_assert_eq!(value.get_type(), self.as_base_type());
+
+        NDArrayValue::from_pointer_value(value, self.dtype, self.llvm_usize, name)
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<NDArrayType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: NDArrayType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/range.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::IntValue,
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+
+use super::ProxyType;
+use crate::codegen::{
+    values::{ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue, RangeValue},
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+
+/// Proxy type for a `range` type in LLVM.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct RangeType<'ctx> {
+    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> RangeType<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `range` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
+    pub fn is_representable(llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let llvm_range_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::ArrayType(llvm_range_ty) = llvm_range_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected array type for `range` type, got {llvm_range_ty}"));
+        };
+        if llvm_range_ty.len() != 3 {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected 3 elements for `range` type, got {}",
+                llvm_range_ty.len()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let llvm_range_elem_ty = llvm_range_ty.get_element_type();
+        let Ok(llvm_range_elem_ty) = IntType::try_from(llvm_range_elem_ty) else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected int type for `range` element type, got {llvm_range_elem_ty}"
+            ));
+        };
+        if llvm_range_elem_ty.get_bit_width() != 32 {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected 32-bit int type for `range` element type, got {}",
+                llvm_range_elem_ty.get_bit_width()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `Range`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        // typedef int32_t Range[3];
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+        llvm_i32.array_type(3).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`RangeType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
+        let llvm_range = Self::llvm_type(ctx);
+
+        RangeType::from_type(llvm_range)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`RangeType`] from a [`PointerType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty).is_ok());
+
+        RangeType { ty: ptr_ty }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of all fields of this `range` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn value_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_array_type().get_element_type().into_int_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for RangeType<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = RangeValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        _: &G,
+        _: &'ctx Context,
+        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty)
+    }
+
+    fn new_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self::Value {
+        self.map_value(
+            generator
+                .gen_var_alloc(
+                    ctx,
+                    self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                    name,
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn new_array_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type().into(),
+                size,
+                name,
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn map_value(
+        &self,
+        value: <Self::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self::Value {
+        debug_assert_eq!(value.get_type(), self.as_base_type());
+
+        RangeValue::from_pointer_value(value, name)
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<RangeType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: RangeType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_type()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/types/structure.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use inkwell::{
+    context::AsContextRef,
+    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
+};
+
+use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+
+/// Trait indicating that the structure is a field-wise representation of an LLVM structure.
+///
+/// # Usage
+///
+/// For example, for a simple C-slice LLVM structure:
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// struct CSliceFields<'ctx> {
+///     ptr: StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>>,
+///     len: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub trait StructFields<'ctx>: Eq + Copy {
+    /// Creates an instance of [`StructFields`] using the given `ctx` and `size_t` types.
+    fn new(ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self;
+
+    /// Returns a [`Vec`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear in
+    /// the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<(&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)>;
+
+    /// Returns a [`Iterator`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear
+    /// in the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)> {
+        self.to_vec().into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a [`Vec`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear in
+    /// the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn into_vec(self) -> Vec<(&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.to_vec()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a [`Iterator`] that contains the fields of the structure in the order as they appear
+    /// in the type definition.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn into_iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.into_vec().into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A single field of an LLVM structure.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct StructField<'ctx, Value>
+where
+    Value: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, Error = ()>,
+{
+    /// The index of this field within the structure.
+    index: u32,
+
+    /// The name of this field.
+    name: &'static str,
+
+    /// The type of this field.
+    ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+
+    /// Instance of [`PhantomData`] containing [`Value`], used to implement automatic downcasts.
+    _value_ty: PhantomData<Value>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Value> StructField<'ctx, Value>
+where
+    Value: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, Error = ()>,
+{
+    /// Creates an instance of [`StructField`].
+    ///
+    /// * `idx_counter` - The instance of [`FieldIndexCounter`] used to track the current field
+    ///   index.
+    /// * `name` - Name of the field.
+    /// * `ty` - The type of this field.
+    pub fn create(
+        idx_counter: &mut FieldIndexCounter,
+        name: &'static str,
+        ty: impl Into<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        StructField { index: idx_counter.increment(), name, ty: ty.into(), _value_ty: PhantomData }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`StructField`] with a given index.
+    ///
+    /// * `index` - The index of this field within its enclosing structure.
+    /// * `name` - Name of the field.
+    /// * `ty` - The type of this field.
+    pub fn create_at(index: u32, name: &'static str, ty: impl Into<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>) -> Self {
+        StructField { index, name, ty: ty.into(), _value_ty: PhantomData }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a pointer to this field in an arbitrary structure by performing a `getelementptr i32
+    /// {idx...}, i32 {self.index}`.
+    pub fn ptr_by_array_gep(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        idx: &[IntValue<'ctx>],
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder.build_in_bounds_gep(
+                pobj,
+                &[idx, &[ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_int(u64::from(self.index), false)]].concat(),
+                "",
+            )
+        }
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a pointer to this field in an arbitrary structure by performing the equivalent of
+    /// `getelementptr i32 0, i32 {self.index}`.
+    pub fn ptr_by_gep(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        obj_name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_struct_gep(
+                pobj,
+                self.index,
+                &obj_name.map(|name| format!("{name}.{}.addr", self.name)).unwrap_or_default(),
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the value of this field for a given `obj`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_from_value(&self, obj: StructValue<'ctx>) -> Value {
+        obj.get_field_at_index(self.index).and_then(|value| Value::try_from(value).ok()).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the value of this field for a given `obj`.
+    pub fn set_from_value(&self, obj: StructValue<'ctx>, value: Value) {
+        obj.set_field_at_index(self.index, value);
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the value of this field for a pointer-to-structure.
+    pub fn get(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        obj_name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Value {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(
+                self.ptr_by_gep(ctx, pobj, obj_name),
+                &obj_name.map(|name| format!("{name}.{}", self.name)).unwrap_or_default(),
+            )
+            .map_err(|_| ())
+            .and_then(|value| Value::try_from(value))
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the value of this field for a pointer-to-structure.
+    pub fn set(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        value: Value,
+        obj_name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) {
+        ctx.builder.build_store(self.ptr_by_gep(ctx, pobj, obj_name), value).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Value> From<StructField<'ctx, Value>> for (&'static str, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>)
+where
+    Value: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, Error = ()>,
+{
+    fn from(value: StructField<'ctx, Value>) -> Self {
+        (value.name, value.ty)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A counter that tracks the next index of a field using a monotonically increasing counter.
+#[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct FieldIndexCounter(u32);
+
+impl FieldIndexCounter {
+    /// Increments the number stored by this counter, returning the previous value.
+    ///
+    /// Functionally equivalent to `i++` in C-based languages.
+    pub fn increment(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        let v = self.0;
+        self.0 += 1;
+        v
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/values/array.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::AnyTypeEnum,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+
+use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+
+/// An LLVM value that is array-like, i.e. it contains a contiguous, sequenced collection of
+/// elements.
+pub trait ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> {
+    /// Returns the element type of this array-like value.
+    fn element_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Returns the base pointer to the array.
+    fn base_ptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Returns the size of this array-like value.
+    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Returns a [`ArraySliceValue`] representing this value.
+    fn as_slice_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(
+            self.base_ptr(ctx, generator),
+            self.size(ctx, generator),
+            None,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// An array-like value that can be indexed by memory offset.
+pub trait ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index = IntValue<'ctx>>: ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> {
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called with a valid index.
+    unsafe fn ptr_offset_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Returns the pointer to the data at the `idx`-th index.
+    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx>;
+}
+
+/// An array-like value that can have its array elements accessed as a [`BasicValueEnum`].
+pub trait UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, Index = IntValue<'ctx>>:
+    ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>
+{
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called with a valid index.
+    unsafe fn get_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        let ptr = unsafe { self.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) };
+        ctx.builder.build_load(ptr, name.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the data at the `idx`-th index.
+    fn get<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        let ptr = self.ptr_offset(ctx, generator, idx, name);
+        ctx.builder.build_load(ptr, name.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+/// An array-like value that can have its array elements mutated as a [`BasicValueEnum`].
+pub trait UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, Index = IntValue<'ctx>>:
+    ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>
+{
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called with a valid index.
+    unsafe fn set_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        let ptr = unsafe { self.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, None) };
+        ctx.builder.build_store(ptr, value).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the data at the `idx`-th index.
+    fn set<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        let ptr = self.ptr_offset(ctx, generator, idx, None);
+        ctx.builder.build_store(ptr, value).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+/// An array-like value that can have its array elements accessed as an arbitrary type `T`.
+pub trait TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, T, Index = IntValue<'ctx>>:
+    UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, Index>
+{
+    /// Casts an element from [`BasicValueEnum`] into `T`.
+    fn downcast_to_type(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> T;
+
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called with a valid index.
+    unsafe fn get_typed_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> T {
+        let value = unsafe { self.get_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) };
+        self.downcast_to_type(ctx, value)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the data at the `idx`-th index.
+    fn get_typed<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> T {
+        let value = self.get(ctx, generator, idx, name);
+        self.downcast_to_type(ctx, value)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An array-like value that can have its array elements mutated as an arbitrary type `T`.
+pub trait TypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, T, Index = IntValue<'ctx>>:
+    UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, Index>
+{
+    /// Casts an element from T into [`BasicValueEnum`].
+    fn upcast_from_type(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: T,
+    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
+
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called with a valid index.
+    unsafe fn set_typed_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        value: T,
+    ) {
+        let value = self.upcast_from_type(ctx, value);
+        unsafe { self.set_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, value) }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the data at the `idx`-th index.
+    fn set_typed<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        value: T,
+    ) {
+        let value = self.upcast_from_type(ctx, value);
+        self.set(ctx, generator, idx, value);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Type alias for a function that casts a [`BasicValueEnum`] into a `T`.
+type ValueDowncastFn<'ctx, T> =
+    Box<dyn Fn(&mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) -> T>;
+/// Type alias for a function that casts a `T` into a [`BasicValueEnum`].
+type ValueUpcastFn<'ctx, T> = Box<dyn Fn(&mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, T) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>;
+
+/// An adapter for constraining untyped array values as typed values.
+pub struct TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted: ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> = ArraySliceValue<'ctx>> {
+    adapted: Adapted,
+    downcast_fn: ValueDowncastFn<'ctx, T>,
+    upcast_fn: ValueUpcastFn<'ctx, T>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Adapted> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: ArrayLikeValue<'ctx>,
+{
+    /// Creates a [`TypedArrayLikeAdapter`].
+    ///
+    /// * `adapted` - The value to be adapted.
+    /// * `downcast_fn` - The function converting a [`BasicValueEnum`] into a `T`.
+    /// * `upcast_fn` - The function converting a T into a [`BasicValueEnum`].
+    pub fn from(
+        adapted: Adapted,
+        downcast_fn: ValueDowncastFn<'ctx, T>,
+        upcast_fn: ValueUpcastFn<'ctx, T>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        TypedArrayLikeAdapter { adapted, downcast_fn, upcast_fn }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Adapted> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: ArrayLikeValue<'ctx>,
+{
+    fn element_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.adapted.element_type(ctx, generator)
+    }
+
+    fn base_ptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        self.adapted.base_ptr(ctx, generator)
+    }
+
+    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        self.adapted.size(ctx, generator)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Index, Adapted> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>
+    for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>,
+{
+    unsafe fn ptr_offset_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        unsafe { self.adapted.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) }
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        self.adapted.ptr_offset(ctx, generator, idx, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Index, Adapted> UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, Index>
+    for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, Index>,
+{
+}
+impl<'ctx, T, Index, Adapted> UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, Index>
+    for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, Index>,
+{
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Index, Adapted> TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, T, Index>
+    for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, Index>,
+{
+    fn downcast_to_type(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> T {
+        (self.downcast_fn)(ctx, value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, T, Index, Adapted> TypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, T, Index>
+    for TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, T, Adapted>
+where
+    Adapted: UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, Index>,
+{
+    fn upcast_from_type(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: T,
+    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        (self.upcast_fn)(ctx, value)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An LLVM value representing an array slice, consisting of a pointer to the data and the size of
+/// the slice.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct ArraySliceValue<'ctx>(PointerValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, Option<&'ctx str>);
+
+impl<'ctx> ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+    /// Creates an [`ArraySliceValue`] from a [`PointerValue`] and its size.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_ptr_val(
+        ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        ArraySliceValue(ptr, size, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<ArraySliceValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+    fn element_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.0.get_type().get_element_type()
+    }
+
+    fn base_ptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        self.1
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx> for ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
+    unsafe fn ptr_offset_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let var_name = name.map(|v| format!("{v}.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(self.base_ptr(ctx, generator), &[*idx], var_name.as_str())
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        debug_assert_eq!(idx.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+
+        let size = self.size(ctx, generator);
+        let in_range = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::ULT, *idx, size, "").unwrap();
+        ctx.make_assert(
+            generator,
+            in_range,
+            "0:IndexError",
+            "list index out of range",
+            [None, None, None],
+            ctx.current_loc,
+        );
+
+        unsafe { self.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx> for ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {}
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx> for ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {}

nac3core/src/codegen/values/list.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+};
+
+use super::{
+    ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ProxyValue, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeMutator,
+};
+use crate::codegen::{
+    types::ListType,
+    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+};
+
+/// Proxy type for accessing a `list` value in LLVM.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct ListValue<'ctx> {
+    value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ListValue<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `list`, returning [Err] if `value` is not an
+    /// instance.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        ListType::is_representable(value.get_type(), llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ListValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_pointer_value(
+        ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        ListValue { value: ptr, llvm_usize, name }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the double-indirection pointer to the `data` array, as if by calling `getelementptr`
+    /// on the field.
+    fn pptr_to_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let var_name = self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.data.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(
+                    self.as_base_value(),
+                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_zero()],
+                    var_name.as_str(),
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the pointer to the field storing the size of this `list`.
+    fn ptr_to_size(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let var_name = self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.size.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(
+                    self.as_base_value(),
+                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_int(1, true)],
+                    var_name.as_str(),
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the array of data elements `data` into this instance.
+    fn store_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, data: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+        ctx.builder.build_store(self.pptr_to_data(ctx), data).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience method for creating a new array storing data elements with the given element
+    /// type `elem_ty` and `size`.
+    ///
+    /// If `size` is [None], the size stored in the field of this instance is used instead.
+    pub fn create_data(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        elem_ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        size: Option<IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    ) {
+        let size = size.unwrap_or_else(|| self.load_size(ctx, None));
+
+        let data = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_select(
+                ctx.builder
+                    .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, size, self.llvm_usize.const_zero(), "")
+                    .unwrap(),
+                ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(elem_ty, size, "").unwrap(),
+                elem_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).const_zero(),
+                "",
+            )
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap();
+        self.store_data(ctx, data);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the double-indirection pointer to the `data` array, as if by calling `getelementptr`
+    /// on the field.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn data(&self) -> ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+        ListDataProxy(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the `size` of this `list` into this instance.
+    pub fn store_size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(size.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+
+        let psize = self.ptr_to_size(ctx);
+        ctx.builder.build_store(psize, size).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the size of this `list` as a value.
+    pub fn load_size(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, name: Option<&str>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        let psize = self.ptr_to_size(ctx);
+        let var_name = name
+            .map(ToString::to_string)
+            .or_else(|| self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.size")))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(psize, var_name.as_str())
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for ListValue<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
+    type Type = ListType<'ctx>;
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
+        ListType::from_type(self.as_base_value().get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.value
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<ListValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: ListValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_value()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Proxy type for accessing the `data` array of an `list` instance in LLVM.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct ListDataProxy<'ctx, 'a>(&'a ListValue<'ctx>);
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+    fn element_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.0.value.get_type().get_element_type()
+    }
+
+    fn base_ptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let var_name = self.0.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.data")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(self.0.pptr_to_data(ctx), var_name.as_str())
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        self.0.load_size(ctx, None)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx> for ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+    unsafe fn ptr_offset_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let var_name = name.map(|v| format!("{v}.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(self.base_ptr(ctx, generator), &[*idx], var_name.as_str())
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        debug_assert_eq!(idx.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+
+        let size = self.size(ctx, generator);
+        let in_range = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::ULT, *idx, size, "").unwrap();
+        ctx.make_assert(
+            generator,
+            in_range,
+            "0:IndexError",
+            "list index out of range",
+            [None, None, None],
+            ctx.current_loc,
+        );
+
+        unsafe { self.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx> for ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {}
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx> for ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {}

nac3core/src/codegen/values/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use inkwell::{context::Context, values::BasicValue};
+
+use super::types::ProxyType;
+use crate::codegen::CodeGenerator;
+pub use array::*;
+pub use list::*;
+pub use ndarray::*;
+pub use range::*;
+
+mod array;
+mod list;
+mod ndarray;
+mod range;
+
+/// A LLVM type that is used to represent a non-primitive value in NAC3.
+pub trait ProxyValue<'ctx>: Into<Self::Base> {
+    /// The type of LLVM values represented by this instance. This is usually the
+    /// [LLVM pointer type][PointerValue].
+    type Base: BasicValue<'ctx>;
+
+    /// The type of this value.
+    type Type: ProxyType<'ctx, Value = Self>;
+
+    /// Checks whether `value` can be represented by this [`ProxyValue`].
+    fn is_instance<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        value: impl BasicValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::Type::is_type(generator, ctx, value.as_basic_value_enum().get_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Checks whether `value` can be represented by this [`ProxyValue`].
+    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        value: Self::Base,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::is_instance(generator, ctx, value.as_basic_value_enum())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [type][ProxyType] of this value.
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type;
+
+    /// Returns the [base value][Self::Base] of this proxy.
+    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base;
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    types::{AnyType, AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+};
+
+use super::{
+    ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeMutator,
+    UntypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeMutator,
+};
+use crate::codegen::{
+    irrt::{call_ndarray_calc_size, call_ndarray_flatten_index},
+    llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umin,
+    stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
+    types::NDArrayType,
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+/// Proxy type for accessing an `NDArray` value in LLVM.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
+    value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `NDArray`, returning [Err] if `value` is not an
+    /// instance.
+    pub fn is_representable(
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        NDArrayType::is_representable(value.get_type(), llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`NDArrayValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_pointer_value(
+        ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        NDArrayValue { value: ptr, dtype, llvm_usize, name }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the pointer to the field storing the number of dimensions of this `NDArray`.
+    fn ptr_to_ndims(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        self.get_type()
+            .get_fields(ctx.ctx, self.llvm_usize)
+            .ndims
+            .ptr_by_gep(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the number of dimensions `ndims` into this instance.
+    pub fn store_ndims<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+        ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(ndims.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+
+        let pndims = self.ptr_to_ndims(ctx);
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pndims, ndims).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of dimensions of this `NDArray` as a value.
+    pub fn load_ndims(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        let pndims = self.ptr_to_ndims(ctx);
+        ctx.builder.build_load(pndims, "").map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the double-indirection pointer to the `shape` array, as if by calling
+    /// `getelementptr` on the field.
+    fn ptr_to_shape(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        self.get_type()
+            .get_fields(ctx.ctx, self.llvm_usize)
+            .shape
+            .ptr_by_gep(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the array of dimension sizes `dims` into this instance.
+    fn store_shape(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dims: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+        ctx.builder.build_store(self.ptr_to_shape(ctx), dims).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience method for creating a new array storing dimension sizes with the given `size`.
+    pub fn create_shape(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        self.store_shape(ctx, ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_usize, size, "").unwrap());
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a proxy object to the field storing the size of each dimension of this `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn shape(&self) -> NDArrayShapeProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+        NDArrayShapeProxy(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the double-indirection pointer to the `data` array, as if by calling `getelementptr`
+    /// on the field.
+    pub fn ptr_to_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        self.get_type()
+            .get_fields(ctx.ctx, self.llvm_usize)
+            .data
+            .ptr_by_gep(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the array of data elements `data` into this instance.
+    fn store_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, data: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+        let data = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_bit_cast(data, ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "")
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(self.ptr_to_data(ctx), data).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience method for creating a new array storing data elements with the given element
+    /// type `elem_ty` and `size`.
+    pub fn create_data(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        elem_ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        let itemsize =
+            ctx.builder.build_int_cast(elem_ty.size_of().unwrap(), size.get_type(), "").unwrap();
+        let nbytes = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(size, itemsize, "").unwrap();
+
+        // TODO: What about alignment?
+        self.store_data(
+            ctx,
+            ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(ctx.ctx.i8_type(), nbytes, "").unwrap(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a proxy object to the field storing the data of this `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn data(&self) -> NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+        NDArrayDataProxy(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
+    type Type = NDArrayType<'ctx>;
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
+        NDArrayType::from_type(self.as_base_value().get_type(), self.dtype, self.llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.value
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<NDArrayValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: NDArrayValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_value()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Proxy type for accessing the `dims` array of an `NDArray` instance in LLVM.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct NDArrayShapeProxy<'ctx, 'a>(&'a NDArrayValue<'ctx>);
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for NDArrayShapeProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+    fn element_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.0.shape().base_ptr(ctx, generator).get_type().get_element_type()
+    }
+
+    fn base_ptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let var_name = self.0.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.data")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(self.0.ptr_to_shape(ctx), var_name.as_str())
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        self.0.load_ndims(ctx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> for NDArrayShapeProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+    unsafe fn ptr_offset_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let var_name = name.map(|v| format!("{v}.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(self.base_ptr(ctx, generator), &[*idx], var_name.as_str())
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let size = self.size(ctx, generator);
+        let in_range = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::ULT, *idx, size, "").unwrap();
+        ctx.make_assert(
+            generator,
+            in_range,
+            "0:IndexError",
+            "index {0} is out of bounds for axis 0 with size {1}",
+            [Some(*idx), Some(self.0.load_ndims(ctx)), None],
+            ctx.current_loc,
+        );
+
+        unsafe { self.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> for NDArrayShapeProxy<'ctx, '_> {}
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> for NDArrayShapeProxy<'ctx, '_> {}
+
+impl<'ctx> TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> for NDArrayShapeProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+    fn downcast_to_type(
+        &self,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        value.into_int_value()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> TypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> for NDArrayShapeProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+    fn upcast_from_type(
+        &self,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        value.into()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Proxy type for accessing the `data` array of an `NDArray` instance in LLVM.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, 'a>(&'a NDArrayValue<'ctx>);
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+    fn element_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.0.dtype.as_any_type_enum()
+    }
+
+    fn base_ptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        _: &G,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let var_name = self.0.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.data")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(self.0.ptr_to_data(ctx), var_name.as_str())
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &G,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &self.as_slice_value(ctx, generator), (None, None))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx> for NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
+    unsafe fn ptr_offset_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let sizeof_elem = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(
+                self.element_type(ctx, generator).size_of().unwrap(),
+                idx.get_type(),
+                "",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let idx = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(*idx, sizeof_elem, "").unwrap();
+        let ptr = unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(
+                    self.base_ptr(ctx, generator),
+                    &[idx],
+                    name.unwrap_or_default(),
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+        };
+
+        // Current implementation is transparent - The returned pointer type is
+        // already cast into the expected type, allowing for immediately
+        // load/store.
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_pointer_cast(
+                ptr,
+                BasicTypeEnum::try_from(self.element_type(ctx, generator))
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()),
+                "",
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let data_sz = self.size(ctx, generator);
+        let in_range = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::ULT, *idx, data_sz, "").unwrap();
+        ctx.make_assert(
+            generator,
+            in_range,
+            "0:IndexError",
+            "index {0} is out of bounds with size {1}",
+            [Some(*idx), Some(self.0.load_ndims(ctx)), None],
+            ctx.current_loc,
+        );
+
+        let ptr = unsafe { self.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, idx, name) };
+
+        // Current implementation is transparent - The returned pointer type is
+        // already cast into the expected type, allowing for immediately
+        // load/store.
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_pointer_cast(
+                ptr,
+                BasicTypeEnum::try_from(self.element_type(ctx, generator))
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()),
+                "",
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> for NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {}
+impl<'ctx> UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> for NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {}
+
+impl<'ctx, Index: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>
+    for NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_>
+{
+    unsafe fn ptr_offset_unchecked<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        indices: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+        let indices_elem_ty = indices
+            .ptr_offset(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+            .get_type()
+            .get_element_type();
+        let Ok(indices_elem_ty) = IntType::try_from(indices_elem_ty) else {
+            panic!("Expected list[int32] but got {indices_elem_ty}")
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            indices_elem_ty.get_bit_width(),
+            32,
+            "Expected list[int32] but got list[int{}]",
+            indices_elem_ty.get_bit_width()
+        );
+
+        let index = call_ndarray_flatten_index(generator, ctx, *self.0, indices);
+        let sizeof_elem = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(
+                self.element_type(ctx, generator).size_of().unwrap(),
+                index.get_type(),
+                "",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let index = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(index, sizeof_elem, "").unwrap();
+
+        let ptr = unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(
+                    self.base_ptr(ctx, generator),
+                    &[index],
+                    name.unwrap_or_default(),
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+        };
+        // TODO: Current implementation is transparent
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_pointer_cast(
+                ptr,
+                BasicTypeEnum::try_from(self.element_type(ctx, generator))
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()),
+                "",
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        indices: &Index,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+        let indices_size = indices.size(ctx, generator);
+        let nidx_leq_ndims = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLE, indices_size, self.0.load_ndims(ctx), "")
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.make_assert(
+            generator,
+            nidx_leq_ndims,
+            "0:IndexError",
+            "invalid index to scalar variable",
+            [None, None, None],
+            ctx.current_loc,
+        );
+
+        let indices_len = indices.size(ctx, generator);
+        let ndarray_len = self.0.load_ndims(ctx);
+        let len = call_int_umin(ctx, indices_len, ndarray_len, None);
+        gen_for_callback_incrementing(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            None,
+            llvm_usize.const_zero(),
+            (len, false),
+            |generator, ctx, _, i| {
+                let (dim_idx, dim_sz) = unsafe {
+                    (
+                        indices.get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &i, None).into_int_value(),
+                        self.0.shape().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &i, None),
+                    )
+                };
+                let dim_idx = ctx
+                    .builder
+                    .build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(dim_idx, dim_sz.get_type(), "")
+                    .unwrap();
+
+                let dim_lt =
+                    ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, dim_idx, dim_sz, "").unwrap();
+
+                ctx.make_assert(
+                    generator,
+                    dim_lt,
+                    "0:IndexError",
+                    "index {0} is out of bounds for axis 0 with size {1}",
+                    [Some(dim_idx), Some(dim_sz), None],
+                    ctx.current_loc,
+                );
+
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let ptr = unsafe { self.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, indices, name) };
+        // TODO: Current implementation is transparent
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_pointer_cast(
+                ptr,
+                BasicTypeEnum::try_from(self.element_type(ctx, generator))
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()),
+                "",
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Index: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>> UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, Index>
+    for NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_>
+{
+}
+impl<'ctx, Index: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>> UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, Index>
+    for NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_>
+{
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/values/range.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue};
+
+use super::ProxyValue;
+use crate::codegen::{types::RangeType, CodeGenContext};
+
+/// Proxy type for accessing a `range` value in LLVM.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct RangeValue<'ctx> {
+    value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> RangeValue<'ctx> {
+    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `range`, returning [Err] if `value` is not an instance.
+    pub fn is_representable(value: PointerValue<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        RangeType::is_representable(value.get_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`RangeValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_pointer_value(ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>, name: Option<&'ctx str>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr).is_ok());
+
+        RangeValue { value: ptr, name }
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_to_start(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let var_name = self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.start.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(
+                    self.as_base_value(),
+                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_int(0, false)],
+                    var_name.as_str(),
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_to_end(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let var_name = self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.end.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(
+                    self.as_base_value(),
+                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_int(1, false)],
+                    var_name.as_str(),
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ptr_to_step(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let var_name = self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.step.addr")).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(
+                    self.as_base_value(),
+                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_int(2, false)],
+                    var_name.as_str(),
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the `start` value into this instance.
+    pub fn store_start(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, start: IntValue<'ctx>) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(start.get_type().get_bit_width(), 32);
+
+        let pstart = self.ptr_to_start(ctx);
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pstart, start).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `start` value of this `range`.
+    pub fn load_start(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, name: Option<&str>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        let pstart = self.ptr_to_start(ctx);
+        let var_name = name
+            .map(ToString::to_string)
+            .or_else(|| self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.start")))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(pstart, var_name.as_str())
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the `end` value into this instance.
+    pub fn store_end(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, end: IntValue<'ctx>) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(end.get_type().get_bit_width(), 32);
+
+        let pend = self.ptr_to_end(ctx);
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pend, end).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `end` value of this `range`.
+    pub fn load_end(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, name: Option<&str>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        let pend = self.ptr_to_end(ctx);
+        let var_name = name
+            .map(ToString::to_string)
+            .or_else(|| self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.end")))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        ctx.builder.build_load(pend, var_name.as_str()).map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the `step` value into this instance.
+    pub fn store_step(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, step: IntValue<'ctx>) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(step.get_type().get_bit_width(), 32);
+
+        let pstep = self.ptr_to_step(ctx);
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pstep, step).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `step` value of this `range`.
+    pub fn load_step(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, name: Option<&str>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        let pstep = self.ptr_to_step(ctx);
+        let var_name = name
+            .map(ToString::to_string)
+            .or_else(|| self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.step")))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(pstep, var_name.as_str())
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for RangeValue<'ctx> {
+    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
+    type Type = RangeType<'ctx>;
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
+        RangeType::from_type(self.value.get_type())
+    }
+
+    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
+        self.value
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<RangeValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: RangeValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        value.as_base_value()
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-#![deny(
-    future_incompatible,
-    let_underscore,
-    nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
-    clippy::all
-)]
+#![deny(future_incompatible, let_underscore, nonstandard_style, clippy::all)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     dead_code,
@@ -27,3 +21,5 @@ pub mod codegen;
 pub mod symbol_resolver;
 pub mod toplevel;
 pub mod typecheck;
+
+extern crate self as nac3core;

nac3core/src/toplevel/builtins.rs

@@ -11,18 +11,18 @@ use itertools::Either;
 use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
 
 use super::{
-    helper::{debug_assert_prim_is_allowed, make_exception_fields, PrimDefDetails},
+    helper::{debug_assert_prim_is_allowed, make_exception_fields, PrimDef, PrimDefDetails},
+    numpy::make_ndarray_ty,
     *,
 };
 use crate::{
     codegen::{
         builtin_fns,
-        classes::{ProxyValue, RangeValue},
         numpy::*,
         stmt::exn_constructor,
+        values::{ProxyValue, RangeValue},
     },
     symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
-    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, numpy::make_ndarray_ty},
     typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, TypeVar, VarMap},
 };
 
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                         let (zelf_ty, zelf) = obj.unwrap();
                         let zelf =
                             zelf.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, zelf_ty)?.into_pointer_value();
-                        let zelf = RangeValue::from_ptr_val(zelf, Some("range"));
+                        let zelf = RangeValue::from_pointer_value(zelf, Some("range"));
 
                         let mut start = None;
                         let mut stop = None;

nac3core/src/toplevel/helper.rs

@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@ use std::convert::TryInto;
 use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
 use strum_macros::EnumIter;
 
-use ast::ExprKind;
-use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Location};
+use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, ExprKind, Location};
 
-use super::*;
+use super::{numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys, *};
 use crate::{
     symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
-    toplevel::numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
     typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, Mapping, TypeVarId, VarMap},
 };
 
@@ -600,7 +598,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
         name: String,
         simple_name: StrRef,
         ty: Type,
-        ty_decl: Expr,
+        ty_decl: Option<Expr>,
         resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
         loc: Option<Location>,
     ) -> TopLevelDef {
@@ -626,6 +624,64 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
         Err(HashSet::from([format!("no method {method_name} in the current class")]))
     }
 
+    /// get all base class def id of a class, excluding itself. \
+    /// this function should called only after the direct parent is set
+    /// and before all the ancestors are set
+    /// and when we allow single inheritance \
+    /// the order of the returned list is from the child to the deepest ancestor
+    pub fn get_all_ancestors_helper(
+        child: &TypeAnnotation,
+        temp_def_list: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
+    ) -> Result<Vec<TypeAnnotation>, HashSet<String>> {
+        let mut result: Vec<TypeAnnotation> = Vec::new();
+        let mut parent = Self::get_parent(child, temp_def_list);
+        while let Some(p) = parent {
+            parent = Self::get_parent(&p, temp_def_list);
+            let p_id = if let TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id, .. } = &p {
+                *id
+            } else {
+                unreachable!("must be class kind annotation")
+            };
+            // check cycle
+            let no_cycle = result.iter().all(|x| {
+                let TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id, .. } = x else {
+                    unreachable!("must be class kind annotation")
+                };
+
+                id.0 != p_id.0
+            });
+            if no_cycle {
+                result.push(p);
+            } else {
+                return Err(HashSet::from(["cyclic inheritance detected".into()]));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    /// should only be called when finding all ancestors, so panic when wrong
+    fn get_parent(
+        child: &TypeAnnotation,
+        temp_def_list: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
+    ) -> Option<TypeAnnotation> {
+        let child_id = if let TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id, .. } = child {
+            *id
+        } else {
+            unreachable!("should be class type annotation")
+        };
+        let child_def = temp_def_list.get(child_id.0).unwrap();
+        let child_def = child_def.read();
+        let TopLevelDef::Class { ancestors, .. } = &*child_def else {
+            unreachable!("child must be top level class def")
+        };
+
+        if ancestors.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(ancestors[0].clone())
+        }
+    }
+
     /// get the `var_id` of a given `TVar` type
     pub fn get_var_id(var_ty: Type, unifier: &mut Unifier) -> Result<TypeVarId, HashSet<String>> {
         if let TypeEnum::TVar { id, .. } = unifier.get_ty(var_ty).as_ref() {
@@ -935,139 +991,6 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
             ))
         }
     }
-
-    /// Parses the class type variables and direct parents
-    /// we only allow single inheritance
-    pub fn analyze_class_bases(
-        class_def: &Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>,
-        class_ast: &Option<Stmt>,
-        temp_def_list: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
-        unifier: &mut Unifier,
-        primitives_store: &PrimitiveStore,
-    ) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
-        let mut class_def = class_def.write();
-        let (class_def_id, class_ancestors, class_bases_ast, class_type_vars, class_resolver) = {
-            let TopLevelDef::Class { object_id, ancestors, type_vars, resolver, .. } =
-                &mut *class_def
-            else {
-                unreachable!()
-            };
-            let Some(ast::Located { node: ast::StmtKind::ClassDef { bases, .. }, .. }) = class_ast
-            else {
-                unreachable!()
-            };
-            (object_id, ancestors, bases, type_vars, resolver.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref())
-        };
-
-        let mut is_generic = false;
-        let mut has_base = false;
-        // Check class bases for typevars
-        for b in class_bases_ast {
-            match &b.node {
-                // analyze typevars bounded to the class,
-                // only support things like `class A(Generic[T, V])`,
-                // things like `class A(Generic[T, V, ImportedModule.T])` is not supported
-                // i.e. only simple names are allowed in the subscript
-                // should update the TopLevelDef::Class.typevars and the TypeEnum::TObj.params
-                ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. } if matches!(&value.node, ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"Generic".into()) =>
-                {
-                    if is_generic {
-                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                            "only single Generic[...] is allowed (at {})",
-                            b.location
-                        )]));
-                    }
-                    is_generic = true;
-
-                    let type_var_list: Vec<&ast::Expr<()>>;
-                    // if `class A(Generic[T, V, G])`
-                    if let ast::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
-                        type_var_list = elts.iter().collect_vec();
-                    // `class A(Generic[T])`
-                    } else {
-                        type_var_list = vec![&**slice];
-                    }
-
-                    let type_vars = type_var_list
-                        .into_iter()
-                        .map(|e| {
-                            class_resolver.parse_type_annotation(
-                                temp_def_list,
-                                unifier,
-                                primitives_store,
-                                e,
-                            )
-                        })
-                        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-
-                    class_type_vars.extend(type_vars);
-                }
-                ast::ExprKind::Name { .. } | ast::ExprKind::Subscript { .. } => {
-                    if has_base {
-                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!("a class definition can only have at most one base class declaration and one generic declaration (at {})", b.location )]));
-                    }
-                    has_base = true;
-                    // the function parse_ast_to make sure that no type var occurred in
-                    // bast_ty if it is a CustomClassKind
-                    let base_ty = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
-                        class_resolver,
-                        temp_def_list,
-                        unifier,
-                        primitives_store,
-                        b,
-                        vec![(*class_def_id, class_type_vars.clone())]
-                            .into_iter()
-                            .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-                    )?;
-                    if let TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { .. } = &base_ty {
-                        class_ancestors.push(base_ty);
-                    } else {
-                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                            "class base declaration can only be custom class (at {})",
-                            b.location
-                        )]));
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                        "unsupported statement in class defintion (at {})",
-                        b.location
-                    )]));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// gets all ancestors of a class
-    pub fn analyze_class_ancestors(
-        class_def: &Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>,
-        temp_def_list: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
-    ) {
-        // Check if class has a direct parent
-        let mut class_def = class_def.write();
-        let TopLevelDef::Class { ancestors, type_vars, object_id, .. } = &mut *class_def else {
-            unreachable!()
-        };
-        let mut anc_set = HashMap::new();
-
-        if let Some(ancestor) = ancestors.first() {
-            let TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id, .. } = ancestor else { unreachable!() };
-            let TopLevelDef::Class { ancestors: parent_ancestors, .. } =
-                &*temp_def_list[id.0].read()
-            else {
-                unreachable!()
-            };
-            for anc in parent_ancestors.iter().skip(1) {
-                let TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id, .. } = anc else { unreachable!() };
-                anc_set.insert(id, anc.clone());
-            }
-            ancestors.extend(anc_set.into_values());
-        }
-        // push `self` as first ancestor of class
-        ancestors.insert(0, make_self_type_annotation(type_vars.as_slice(), *object_id));
-    }
 }
 
 pub fn parse_parameter_default_value(
@@ -1211,3 +1134,23 @@ pub fn arraylike_get_ndims(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type) -> u64 {
         _ => 0,
     }
 }
+
+/// Extract an ndarray's `ndims` [type][`Type`] in `u64`. Panic if not possible.
+/// The `ndims` must only contain 1 value.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn extract_ndims(unifier: &Unifier, ndims_ty: Type) -> u64 {
+    let ndims_ty_enum = unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndims_ty);
+    let TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } = &*ndims_ty_enum else {
+        panic!("ndims_ty should be a TLiteral");
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(values.len(), 1, "ndims_ty TLiteral should only contain 1 value");
+
+    let ndims = values[0].clone();
+    u64::try_from(ndims).unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Return an ndarray's `ndims` as a typechecker [`Type`] from its `u64` value.
+pub fn create_ndims(unifier: &mut Unifier, ndims: u64) -> Type {
+    unifier.get_fresh_literal(vec![SymbolValue::U64(ndims)], None)
+}

nac3core/src/toplevel/mod.rs

@@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ use crate::{
         },
     },
 };
-
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash, Debug)]
-pub struct DefinitionId(pub usize);
+use composer::*;
+use type_annotation::*;
 
 pub mod builtins;
 pub mod composer;
 pub mod helper;
 pub mod numpy;
-pub mod type_annotation;
-use composer::*;
-use type_annotation::*;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
+pub mod type_annotation;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct DefinitionId(pub usize);
 
 type GenCallCallback = dyn for<'ctx, 'a> Fn(
         &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ pub enum TopLevelDef {
         /// Type of the global variable.
         ty: Type,
 
-        /// The declared type of the global variable.
-        ty_decl: Expr,
+        /// The declared type of the global variable, or [`None`] if no type annotation is provided.
+        ty_decl: Option<Expr>,
 
         /// Symbol resolver of the module defined the class.
         resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,

nac3core/src/toplevel/numpy.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 
-use crate::{
-    toplevel::helper::PrimDef,
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier, VarMap},
-    },
+use super::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::typecheck::{
+    type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
+    typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier, VarMap},
 };
 
 /// Creates a `ndarray` [`Type`] with the given type arguments.

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__generic_class.snap

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
 expression: res_vec
 ---
 [
+    "Class {\nname: \"Generic_A\",\nancestors: [\"Generic_A[V]\", \"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\", \"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"V\"]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(241)]\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"Generic_A\",\nancestors: [\"Generic_A[V]\", \"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\", \"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"V\"]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(246)]\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__simple_class_compose.snap

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ expression: res_vec
     "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(249)]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"ff\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(257)]\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs

@@ -9,11 +9,10 @@ use nac3parser::{
     parser::parse_program,
 };
 
-use super::*;
+use super::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId, *};
 use crate::{
     codegen::CodeGenContext,
     symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
-    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId},
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
         typedef::{into_var_map, Type, Unifier},
@@ -230,6 +229,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
                 def foo(self, a: T, b: V):
                     pass
         "},
+        indoc! {"
+            class B(C):
+                def __init__(self):
+                    pass
+        "},
         indoc! {"
             class C(A):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -238,11 +242,6 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
                     a = 1
                     pass
         "},
-        indoc! {"
-            class B(C):
-                def __init__(self):
-                    pass
-        "},
         indoc! {"
             def foo(a: A):
                 pass
@@ -257,14 +256,6 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
 )]
 #[test_case(
     &[
-        indoc! {"
-        class B:
-            aa: bool
-            def __init__(self):
-                self.aa = False
-            def foo(self, b: T):
-                pass
-        "},
         indoc! {"
             class Generic_A(Generic[V], B):
                 a: int64
@@ -272,6 +263,14 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
                     self.a = 123123123123
                 def fun(self, a: int32) -> V:
                     pass
+        "},
+        indoc! {"
+            class B:
+                aa: bool
+                def __init__(self):
+                    self.aa = False
+                def foo(self, b: T):
+                    pass
         "}
     ],
     &[];
@@ -391,18 +390,18 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    &["NameError: name 'B' is not defined (at unknown:1:9)"];
+    &["cyclic inheritance detected"];
     "cyclic1"
 )]
 #[test_case(
     &[
         indoc! {"
-        class B(Generic[V, T], C[int32]):
-            def __init__(self):
-                pass
+            class A(B[bool, int64]):
+                def __init__(self):
+                    pass
         "},
         indoc! {"
-            class A(B[bool, int64]):
+            class B(Generic[V, T], C[int32]):
                 def __init__(self):
                     pass
         "},
@@ -412,7 +411,7 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
                     pass
         "},
     ],
-    &["NameError: name 'C' is not defined (at unknown:1:25)"];
+    &["cyclic inheritance detected"];
     "cyclic2"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -436,6 +435,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
 )]
 #[test_case(
     &[
+        indoc! {"
+            class A(B, Generic[T], C):
+                def __init__(self):
+                    pass
+        "},
         indoc! {"
             class B:
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -445,11 +449,6 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
             class C:
                 def __init__(self):
                     pass
-        "},
-        indoc! {"
-        class A(B, Generic[T], C):
-            def __init__(self):
-                pass
         "}
 
     ],

nac3core/src/toplevel/type_annotation.rs

@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@ use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
 
 use nac3parser::ast::Constant;
 
-use super::*;
-use crate::{
-    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
-    toplevel::helper::{PrimDef, PrimDefDetails},
-    typecheck::typedef::VarMap,
+use super::{
+    helper::{PrimDef, PrimDefDetails},
+    *,
 };
+use crate::{symbol_resolver::SymbolValue, typecheck::typedef::VarMap};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum TypeAnnotation {
@@ -101,13 +100,7 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T, S: std::hash::BuildHasher + Clone>(
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: PrimDef::Exception.id(), params: Vec::default() })
         } else if let Ok(obj_id) = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id) {
             let type_vars = {
-                let Some(top_level_def) = top_level_defs.get(obj_id.0) else {
-                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                        "NameError: name '{id}' is not defined (at {})",
-                        expr.location
-                    )]));
-                };
-                let def_read = top_level_def.try_read();
+                let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].try_read();
                 if let Some(def_read) = def_read {
                     if let TopLevelDef::Class { type_vars, .. } = &*def_read {
                         type_vars.clone()
@@ -162,17 +155,12 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T, S: std::hash::BuildHasher + Clone>(
             }
             let obj_id = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id)?;
             let type_vars = {
-                let Some(top_level_def) = top_level_defs.get(obj_id.0) else {
-                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                        "NameError: name '{id}' is not defined (at {})",
-                        expr.location
-                    )]));
-                };
-                let def_read = top_level_def.try_read();
+                let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].try_read();
                 if let Some(def_read) = def_read {
                     let TopLevelDef::Class { type_vars, .. } = &*def_read else {
                         unreachable!("must be class here")
                     };
+
                     type_vars.clone()
                 } else {
                     locked.get(&obj_id).unwrap().clone()

nac3core/src/typecheck/function_check.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use nac3parser::ast::{
 };
 
 use super::{
-    type_inferencer::{IdentifierInfo, Inferencer},
+    type_inferencer::{DeclarationSource, IdentifierInfo, Inferencer},
     typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
 };
 use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
@@ -34,6 +34,20 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 Err(HashSet::from([format!("cannot assign to a `none` (at {})", pattern.location)]))
             }
             ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
+                // If `id` refers to a declared symbol, reject this assignment if it is used in the
+                // context of an (implicit) global variable
+                if let Some(id_info) = defined_identifiers.get(id) {
+                    if matches!(
+                        id_info.source,
+                        DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(false) }
+                    ) {
+                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                            "cannot access local variable '{id}' before it is declared (at {})",
+                            pattern.location
+                        )]));
+                    }
+                }
+
                 if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(id) {
                     defined_identifiers.insert(*id, IdentifierInfo::default());
                 }
@@ -104,7 +118,22 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                         *id,
                     ) {
                         Ok(_) => {
-                            self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id, IdentifierInfo::default());
+                            let is_global = self.is_id_global(*id);
+
+                            defined_identifiers.insert(
+                                *id,
+                                IdentifierInfo {
+                                    source: match is_global {
+                                        Some(true) => {
+                                            DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(false) }
+                                        }
+                                        Some(false) => {
+                                            DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: None }
+                                        }
+                                        None => DeclarationSource::Local,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            );
                         }
                         Err(e) => {
                             return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
@@ -368,9 +397,9 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
             StmtKind::Global { names, .. } => {
                 for id in names {
                     if let Some(id_info) = defined_identifiers.get(id) {
-                        if !id_info.is_global {
+                        if id_info.source == DeclarationSource::Local {
                             return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                                "name '{id}' is assigned to before global declaration at {}",
+                                "name '{id}' is referenced prior to global declaration at {}",
                                 stmt.location,
                             )]));
                         }
@@ -385,8 +414,12 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                         *id,
                     ) {
                         Ok(_) => {
-                            self.defined_identifiers
-                                .insert(*id, IdentifierInfo { is_global: true });
+                            defined_identifiers.insert(
+                                *id,
+                                IdentifierInfo {
+                                    source: DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(true) },
+                                },
+                            );
                         }
                         Err(e) => {
                             return Err(HashSet::from([format!(

nac3core/src/typecheck/magic_methods.rs

@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
 
 use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Operator, StrRef, Unaryop};
 
+use super::{
+    type_inferencer::*,
+    typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
+};
 use crate::{
     symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
     toplevel::{
         helper::PrimDef,
         numpy::{make_ndarray_ty, unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
     },
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::*,
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
-    },
 };
 
 /// The variant of a binary operator.

nac3core/src/typecheck/type_error.rs

@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ use itertools::Itertools;
 use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Location, StrRef};
 
 use super::{
-    magic_methods::Binop,
-    typedef::{RecordKey, Type, Unifier},
+    magic_methods::{Binop, HasOpInfo},
+    typedef::{RecordKey, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
 };
-use crate::typecheck::{magic_methods::HasOpInfo, typedef::TypeEnum};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum TypeErrorKind {

nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/mod.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use itertools::{izip, Itertools};
 use nac3parser::ast::{
     self,
     fold::{self, Fold},
-    Arguments, Comprehension, ExprContext, ExprKind, Located, Location, StrRef,
+    Arguments, Comprehension, ExprContext, ExprKind, Ident, Located, Location, StrRef,
 };
 
 use super::{
@@ -88,11 +88,31 @@ impl PrimitiveStore {
     }
 }
 
+/// The location where an identifier declaration refers to.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum DeclarationSource {
+    /// Local scope.
+    Local,
+
+    /// Global scope.
+    Global {
+        /// Whether the identifier is declared by the use of `global` statement. This field is
+        /// [`None`] if the identifier does not refer to a variable.
+        is_explicit: Option<bool>,
+    },
+}
+
 /// Information regarding a defined identifier.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 pub struct IdentifierInfo {
     /// Whether this identifier refers to a global variable.
-    pub is_global: bool,
+    pub source: DeclarationSource,
+}
+
+impl Default for IdentifierInfo {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        IdentifierInfo { source: DeclarationSource::Local }
+    }
 }
 
 impl IdentifierInfo {
@@ -516,9 +536,8 @@ impl<'a> Fold<()> for Inferencer<'a> {
             }
             ast::StmtKind::Assert { test, msg, .. } => {
                 self.unify(test.custom.unwrap(), self.primitives.bool, &test.location)?;
-                match msg {
-                    Some(m) => self.unify(m.custom.unwrap(), self.primitives.str, &m.location)?,
-                    None => (),
+                if let Some(m) = msg {
+                    self.unify(m.custom.unwrap(), self.primitives.str, &m.location)?;
                 }
             }
             _ => return report_error("Unsupported statement type", stmt.location),
@@ -574,7 +593,22 @@ impl<'a> Fold<()> for Inferencer<'a> {
                             *id,
                         ) {
                             Ok(_) => {
-                                self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id, IdentifierInfo::default());
+                                let is_global = self.is_id_global(*id);
+
+                                self.defined_identifiers.insert(
+                                    *id,
+                                    IdentifierInfo {
+                                        source: match is_global {
+                                            Some(true) => DeclarationSource::Global {
+                                                is_explicit: Some(false),
+                                            },
+                                            Some(false) => {
+                                                DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: None }
+                                            }
+                                            None => DeclarationSource::Local,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                );
                             }
                             Err(e) => {
                                 return report_error(
@@ -2650,4 +2684,22 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
         self.constrain(body.custom.unwrap(), orelse.custom.unwrap(), &body.location)?;
         Ok(body.custom.unwrap())
     }
+
+    /// Determines whether the given `id` refers to a global symbol.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Some(true)` if `id` refers to a global variable, `Some(false)` if `id` refers to a
+    /// class/function, and `None` if `id` refers to a local symbol.
+    pub(super) fn is_id_global(&self, id: Ident) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.top_level
+            .definitions
+            .read()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|def| match *def.read() {
+                TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } => (name, false),
+                TopLevelDef::Function { simple_name, .. } => (simple_name, false),
+                TopLevelDef::Variable { simple_name, .. } => (simple_name, true),
+            })
+            .find(|(global, _)| global == &id)
+            .map(|(_, has_explicit_prop)| has_explicit_prop)
+    }
 }

nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/mod.rs

@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ use itertools::{repeat_n, Itertools};
 use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Location, StrRef, Unaryop};
 
 use super::{
-    magic_methods::{Binop, HasOpInfo},
+    magic_methods::{Binop, HasOpInfo, OpInfo},
     type_error::{TypeError, TypeErrorKind},
+    type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
     unification_table::{UnificationKey, UnificationTable},
 };
 use crate::{
     symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
     toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef},
-    typecheck::{magic_methods::OpInfo, type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore},
 };
 
 #[cfg(test)]

nac3ld/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-#![deny(
-    future_incompatible,
-    let_underscore,
-    nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
-    clippy::all
-)]
+#![deny(future_incompatible, let_underscore, nonstandard_style, clippy::all)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     clippy::cast_possible_truncation,

nac3parser/src/lib.rs

@@ -15,13 +15,7 @@
 //!
 //! ```
 
-#![deny(
-    future_incompatible,
-    let_underscore,
-    nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
-    clippy::all
-)]
+#![deny(future_incompatible, let_underscore, nonstandard_style, clippy::all)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     clippy::enum_glob_use,
@@ -49,11 +43,11 @@ lalrpop_mod!(
         future_incompatible,
         let_underscore,
         nonstandard_style,
-        rust_2024_compatibility,
         unused,
         clippy::all,
         clippy::pedantic
     )]
+    #[warn(rust_2024_compatibility)]
     python
 );
 pub mod config_comment_helper;

nac3standalone/demo/src/globals.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ def output_int64(x: int64):
     ...
 
 X: int32 = 0
-Y: int64 = int64(1)
+Y = int64(1)
 
 def f():
     global X, Y

nac3standalone/demo/src/ndarray.py

@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ def test_ndarray_array():
 
     # Copy
     n2_cpy: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array(n2, copy=False)
+    output_ndarray_float_2(n2_cpy)
     n2_cpy.fill(0.0)
     output_ndarray_float_2(n2_cpy)
 

nac3standalone/src/main.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-#![deny(
-    future_incompatible,
-    let_underscore,
-    nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
-    clippy::all
-)]
+#![deny(future_incompatible, let_underscore, nonstandard_style, clippy::all)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(clippy::too_many_lines, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
 
@@ -45,9 +39,10 @@ use nac3core::{
     },
 };
 
-mod basic_symbol_resolver;
 use basic_symbol_resolver::*;
 
+mod basic_symbol_resolver;
+
 /// Command-line argument parser definition.
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
@@ -174,46 +169,49 @@ fn handle_typevar_definition(
 fn handle_assignment_pattern(
     targets: &[Expr],
     value: &Expr,
-    resolver: &(dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync),
+    resolver: Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>,
     internal_resolver: &ResolverInternal,
-    def_list: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
-    unifier: &mut Unifier,
-    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    composer: &mut TopLevelComposer,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     if targets.len() == 1 {
-        match &targets[0].node {
+        let target = &targets[0];
+
+        match &target.node {
             ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
+                let def_list = composer.extract_def_list();
+                let unifier = &mut composer.unifier;
+                let primitives = &composer.primitives_ty;
+
                 if let Ok(var) =
-                    handle_typevar_definition(value, resolver, def_list, unifier, primitives)
+                    handle_typevar_definition(value, &*resolver, &def_list, unifier, primitives)
                 {
                     internal_resolver.add_id_type(*id, var);
                     Ok(())
-                } else if let Ok(val) = parse_parameter_default_value(value, resolver) {
+                } else if let Ok(val) = parse_parameter_default_value(value, &*resolver) {
                     internal_resolver.add_module_global(*id, val);
+                    let (name, def_id, _) = composer
+                        .register_top_level_var(
+                            *id,
+                            None,
+                            Some(resolver.clone()),
+                            "__main__",
+                            target.location,
+                        )
+                        .unwrap();
+                    internal_resolver.add_id_def(name, def_id);
                     Ok(())
                 } else {
                     Err(format!("fails to evaluate this expression `{:?}` as a constant or generic parameter at {}",
-                        targets[0].node,
-                        targets[0].location,
+                        target.node,
+                        target.location,
                     ))
                 }
             }
             ExprKind::List { elts, .. } | ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
-                handle_assignment_pattern(
-                    elts,
-                    value,
-                    resolver,
-                    internal_resolver,
-                    def_list,
-                    unifier,
-                    primitives,
-                )?;
+                handle_assignment_pattern(elts, value, resolver, internal_resolver, composer)?;
                 Ok(())
             }
-            _ => Err(format!(
-                "assignment to {:?} is not supported at {}",
-                targets[0], targets[0].location
-            )),
+            _ => Err(format!("assignment to {target:?} is not supported at {}", target.location)),
         }
     } else {
         match &value.node {
@@ -223,11 +221,9 @@ fn handle_assignment_pattern(
                         handle_assignment_pattern(
                             std::slice::from_ref(tar),
                             val,
-                            resolver,
+                            resolver.clone(),
                             internal_resolver,
-                            def_list,
-                            unifier,
-                            primitives,
+                            composer,
                         )?;
                     }
                     Ok(())
@@ -248,8 +244,9 @@ fn handle_assignment_pattern(
 fn handle_global_var(
     target: &Expr,
     value: Option<&Expr>,
-    resolver: &(dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync),
+    resolver: &Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>,
     internal_resolver: &ResolverInternal,
+    composer: &mut TopLevelComposer,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = target.node else {
         return Err(format!(
@@ -262,8 +259,12 @@ fn handle_global_var(
         return Err(format!("global variable `{id}` must be initialized in its definition"));
     };
 
-    if let Ok(val) = parse_parameter_default_value(value, resolver) {
+    if let Ok(val) = parse_parameter_default_value(value, &**resolver) {
         internal_resolver.add_module_global(id, val);
+        let (name, def_id, _) = composer
+            .register_top_level_var(id, None, Some(resolver.clone()), "__main__", target.location)
+            .unwrap();
+        internal_resolver.add_id_def(name, def_id);
         Ok(())
     } else {
         Err(format!(
@@ -355,17 +356,12 @@ fn main() {
     for stmt in parser_result {
         match &stmt.node {
             StmtKind::Assign { targets, value, .. } => {
-                let def_list = composer.extract_def_list();
-                let unifier = &mut composer.unifier;
-                let primitives = &composer.primitives_ty;
                 if let Err(err) = handle_assignment_pattern(
                     targets,
                     value,
-                    resolver.as_ref(),
+                    resolver.clone(),
                     internal_resolver.as_ref(),
-                    &def_list,
-                    unifier,
-                    primitives,
+                    &mut composer,
                 ) {
                     panic!("{err}");
                 }
@@ -375,16 +371,12 @@ fn main() {
                 if let Err(err) = handle_global_var(
                     target,
                     value.as_ref().map(Box::as_ref),
-                    resolver.as_ref(),
+                    &resolver,
                     internal_resolver.as_ref(),
+                    &mut composer,
                 ) {
                     panic!("{err}");
                 }
-
-                let (name, def_id, _) = composer
-                    .register_top_level(stmt, Some(resolver.clone()), "__main__", true)
-                    .unwrap();
-                internal_resolver.add_id_def(name, def_id);
             }
 
             // allow (and ignore) "from __future__ import annotations"

runkernel/src/main.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-#![deny(
-    future_incompatible,
-    let_underscore,
-    nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
-    clippy::all
-)]
+#![deny(future_incompatible, let_underscore, nonstandard_style, clippy::all)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(clippy::semicolon_if_nothing_returned, clippy::uninlined_format_args)]
 
@@ -12,47 +6,47 @@ use std::env;
 
 static mut NOW: i64 = 0;
 
-#[no_mangle]
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn now_mu() -> i64 {
     unsafe { NOW }
 }
 
-#[no_mangle]
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn at_mu(t: i64) {
     unsafe { NOW = t }
 }
 
-#[no_mangle]
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn delay_mu(dt: i64) {
     unsafe { NOW += dt }
 }
 
-#[no_mangle]
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn rtio_init() {
     println!("rtio_init");
 }
 
-#[no_mangle]
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn rtio_get_counter() -> i64 {
     0
 }
 
-#[no_mangle]
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn rtio_output(target: i32, data: i32) {
     println!("rtio_output @{} target={target:04x} data={data}", unsafe { NOW });
 }
 
-#[no_mangle]
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn print_int32(x: i32) {
     println!("print_int32: {x}");
 }
 
-#[no_mangle]
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn print_int64(x: i64) {
     println!("print_int64: {x}");
 }
 
-#[no_mangle]
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn __nac3_personality(_state: u32, _exception_object: u32, _context: u32) -> u32 {
     unimplemented!();
 }