powi.f64.i32

Reviewed-on: M-Labs/nac3#253

Cargo.lock

@@ -249,9 +249,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.2.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d39cd93900197114fa1fcb7ae84ca742095eed9442088988ae74fa744e930e77"
+checksum = "9be70c98951c83b8d2f8f60d7065fa6d5146873094452a1008da8c2f1e4205ad"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
@@ -278,9 +278,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "1.8.0"
+version = "1.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "282a6247722caba404c065016bbfa522806e51714c34f5dfc3e4a3a46fcb4223"
+checksum = "0f647032dfaa1f8b6dc29bd3edb7bbef4861b8b8007ebb118d6db284fd59f6ee"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
  "hashbrown",
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "llvm-sys",
  "once_cell",
- "parking_lot",
+ "parking_lot 0.11.2",
  "regex",
 ]
 
@@ -457,10 +457,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
-version = "0.4.6"
+version = "0.4.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "88943dd7ef4a2e5a4bfa2753aaab3013e34ce2533d1996fb18ef591e315e2b3b"
+checksum = "327fa5b6a6940e4699ec49a9beae1ea4845c6bab9314e4f84ac68742139d8c53"
 dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
  "scopeguard",
 ]
 
@@ -495,7 +496,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "inkwell",
  "nac3core",
  "nac3parser",
- "parking_lot",
+ "parking_lot 0.11.2",
  "pyo3",
  "tempfile",
 ]
@@ -506,7 +507,7 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "fxhash",
  "lazy_static",
- "parking_lot",
+ "parking_lot 0.11.2",
  "string-interner",
 ]
 
@@ -520,7 +521,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "insta",
  "itertools",
  "nac3parser",
- "parking_lot",
+ "parking_lot 0.11.2",
  "rayon",
  "regex",
  "test-case",
@@ -549,7 +550,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "inkwell",
  "nac3core",
  "nac3parser",
- "parking_lot",
+ "parking_lot 0.11.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -582,7 +583,17 @@ checksum = "7d17b78036a60663b797adeaee46f5c9dfebb86948d1255007a1d6be0271ff99"
 dependencies = [
  "instant",
  "lock_api",
- "parking_lot_core",
+ "parking_lot_core 0.8.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "parking_lot"
+version = "0.12.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "87f5ec2493a61ac0506c0f4199f99070cbe83857b0337006a30f3e6719b8ef58"
+dependencies = [
+ "lock_api",
+ "parking_lot_core 0.9.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -599,6 +610,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "parking_lot_core"
+version = "0.9.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "995f667a6c822200b0433ac218e05582f0e2efa1b922a3fd2fbaadc5f87bab37"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "redox_syscall",
+ "smallvec",
+ "windows-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "paste"
 version = "0.1.18"
@@ -732,7 +756,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "indoc 0.3.6",
  "libc",
- "parking_lot",
+ "parking_lot 0.11.2",
  "paste",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "pyo3-macros",
@@ -773,9 +797,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.16"
+version = "1.0.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b4af2ec4714533fcdf07e886f17025ace8b997b9ce51204ee69b6da831c3da57"
+checksum = "632d02bff7f874a36f33ea8bb416cd484b90cc66c1194b1a1110d067a7013f58"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
@@ -837,18 +861,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.2.11"
+version = "0.2.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8380fe0152551244f0747b1bf41737e0f8a74f97a14ccefd1148187271634f3c"
+checksum = "62f25bc4c7e55e0b0b7a1d43fb893f4fa1361d0abe38b9ce4f323c2adfe6ef42"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_users"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7776223e2696f1aa4c6b0170e83212f47296a00424305117d013dfe86fb0fe55"
+checksum = "b033d837a7cf162d7993aded9304e30a83213c648b6e389db233191f891e5c2b"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom",
  "redox_syscall",
@@ -998,22 +1022,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "string_cache"
-version = "0.8.3"
+version = "0.8.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "33994d0838dc2d152d17a62adf608a869b5e846b65b389af7f3dbc1de45c5b26"
+checksum = "213494b7a2b503146286049378ce02b482200519accc31872ee8be91fa820a08"
 dependencies = [
- "lazy_static",
  "new_debug_unreachable",
- "parking_lot",
+ "once_cell",
+ "parking_lot 0.12.0",
  "phf_shared 0.10.0",
  "precomputed-hash",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "1.0.89"
+version = "1.0.90"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea297be220d52398dcc07ce15a209fce436d361735ac1db700cab3b6cdfb9f54"
+checksum = "704df27628939572cd88d33f171cd6f896f4eaca85252c6e0a72d8d8287ee86f"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1207,6 +1231,49 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-sys"
+version = "0.34.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5acdd78cb4ba54c0045ac14f62d8f94a03d10047904ae2a40afa1e99d8f70825"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc",
+ "windows_i686_gnu",
+ "windows_i686_msvc",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
+version = "0.34.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "17cffbe740121affb56fad0fc0e421804adf0ae00891205213b5cecd30db881d"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_gnu"
+version = "0.34.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2564fde759adb79129d9b4f54be42b32c89970c18ebf93124ca8870a498688ed"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_msvc"
+version = "0.34.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9cd9d32ba70453522332c14d38814bceeb747d80b3958676007acadd7e166956"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
+version = "0.34.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cfce6deae227ee8d356d19effc141a509cc503dfd1f850622ec4b0f84428e1f4"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
+version = "0.34.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d19538ccc21819d01deaf88d6a17eae6596a12e9aafdbb97916fb49896d89de9"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "yaml-rust"
 version = "0.4.5"

README.md

@@ -40,17 +40,20 @@ python setup.py install
 Locate a recent build of ``nac3artiq-msys2`` from [Hydra](https://nixbld.m-labs.hk) and download ``nac3artiq.zip``. Then extract the contents in the appropriate location:
 ```
 pacman -S unzip
-wget https://nixbld.m-labs.hk/build/97899/download/1/nac3artiq.zip  # edit the build number
+wget https://nixbld.m-labs.hk/build/115529/download/1/nac3artiq.zip  # edit the build number
 unzip nac3artiq.zip -d C:/msys64/mingw64/lib/python3.9/site-packages
 ```
 
-Install additional NAC3 dependencies:
+Do the same for ``lld-msys2``:
 ```
-pacman -S mingw-w64-x86_64-lld
+wget https://nixbld.m-labs.hk/build/115527/download/1/ld.lld.exe
+mv ld.lld.exe C:/msys64/mingw64/bin
 ```
 
 And you should be good to go.
 
+Note: This build of NAC3 cannot be used with Anaconda Python nor the python.org binaries for Windows. Those Python versions are compiled with Visual Studio (MSVC) and their ABI is incompatible with the GNU ABI used in this build. We have no plans to support Visual Studio nor the MSVC ABI. If you need a MSVC build, please install the requisite bloated spyware from Microsoft and compile NAC3 yourself.
+
 ## For developers
 
 This repository contains:

flake.lock

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
   "nodes": {
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1647992509,
+        "lastModified": 1648553562,
-        "narHash": "sha256-AG40Nt5OWz0LBs5p457emOuwLKOvTtcv/2fUdnEN3Ws=",
+        "narHash": "sha256-xQhRKu6h0phd56oCzGjkhHkY4eDI1XKedGqkFtlXapk=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "d2caa9377539e3b5ff1272ac3aa2d15f3081069f",
+        "rev": "9b168e5e62406fa2e55e132f390379a6ba22b402",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {

flake.nix

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
       pkgs = import nixpkgs { system = "x86_64-linux"; };
     in rec {
       packages.x86_64-linux = rec {
-        llvm-nac3 = pkgs.callPackage "${self}/llvm" {};
+        llvm-nac3 = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/llvm {};
         nac3artiq = pkgs.python3Packages.toPythonModule (
           pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
             name = "nac3artiq";
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
         };
 
         # LLVM PGO support
-        llvm-nac3-instrumented = pkgs.callPackage "${self}/llvm" {
+        llvm-nac3-instrumented = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/llvm {
           stdenv = pkgs.llvmPackages_13.stdenv;
           extraCmakeFlags = [ "-DLLVM_BUILD_INSTRUMENTED=IR" ];
         };
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
             llvm-profdata merge -o $out/llvm.profdata /build/llvm/build/profiles/*
             '';
         };
-        llvm-nac3-pgo = pkgs.callPackage "${self}/llvm" {
+        llvm-nac3-pgo = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/llvm {
           stdenv = pkgs.llvmPackages_13.stdenv;
           extraCmakeFlags = [ "-DLLVM_PROFDATA_FILE=${nac3artiq-profile}/llvm.profdata" ];
         };
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
         );
       };
 
-      packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32 = import ./windows { inherit pkgs; };
+      packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32 = import ./nix/windows { inherit pkgs; };
 
       devShell.x86_64-linux = pkgs.mkShell {
         name = "nac3-dev-shell";
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
         ];
       };
       devShells.x86_64-linux.msys2 = pkgs.mkShell {
-        name = "nac3-dev-shell";
+        name = "nac3-dev-shell-msys2";
         buildInputs = with pkgs; [
           curl
           pacman
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@
         inherit (packages.x86_64-linux) llvm-nac3 nac3artiq;
         llvm-nac3-msys2 = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.llvm-nac3;
         nac3artiq-msys2 = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.nac3artiq;
+        lld-msys2 = packages.x86_64-w64-mingw32.lld;
       };
   };
 

nac3artiq/demo/embedding_map.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ class EmbeddingMap:
         self.string_map = {}
         self.string_reverse_map = {}
         self.function_map = {}
+        self.attributes_writeback = []
 
         # preallocate exception names
         self.preallocate_runtime_exception_names(["RuntimeError",
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@ class EmbeddingMap:
                                           "CacheError",
                                           "SPIError",
                                           "0:ZeroDivisionError",
-                                          "0:IndexError"])
+                                          "0:IndexError",
+                                          "0:UnwrapNoneError"])
 
     def preallocate_runtime_exception_names(self, names):
         for i, name in enumerate(names):

nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from embedding_map import EmbeddingMap
 
 __all__ = [
     "Kernel", "KernelInvariant", "virtual",
-    "Option", "Some", "none",
+    "Option", "Some", "none", "UnwrapNoneError",
     "round64", "floor64", "ceil64",
     "extern", "kernel", "portable", "nac3",
     "rpc", "ms", "us", "ns",
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class Option(Generic[T]):
     
     def unwrap(self):
         if self.is_none():
-            raise ValueError("unwrap on none")
+            raise UnwrapNoneError()
         return self._nac3_option
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
@@ -274,5 +274,10 @@ class KernelContextManager:
     def __exit__(self):
         pass
 
+@nac3
+class UnwrapNoneError(Exception):
+    """raised when unwrapping a none value"""
+    artiq_builtin = True
+
 parallel = KernelContextManager()
 sequential = KernelContextManager()

nac3artiq/src/codegen.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use nac3core::{
     },
     symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
     toplevel::{DefinitionId, GenCall},
-    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},
+    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum}
 };
 
 use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, ExprKind, Located, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef};
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ use inkwell::{
     context::Context, module::Linkage, types::IntType, values::BasicValueEnum, AddressSpace,
 };
 
-use crate::timeline::TimeFns;
+use pyo3::{PyObject, PyResult, Python, types::{PyDict, PyList}};
+
+use crate::{symbol_resolver::InnerResolver, timeline::TimeFns};
 
 use std::{
     collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher,
@@ -270,8 +272,6 @@ fn gen_rpc_tag<'ctx, 'a>(
                 buffer.push(b'l');
                 gen_rpc_tag(ctx, *ty, buffer)?;
             }
-            // we should return an error, this will be fixed after improving error message
-            // as this requires returning an error during codegen
             _ => return Err(format!("Unsupported type: {:?}", ctx.unifier.stringify(ty))),
         }
     }
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx, 'a>(
     let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
     let tag_ptr_type = ctx.ctx.struct_type(&[ptr_type.into(), size_type.into()], false);
 
-    let service_id = int32.const_int(fun.1 .0 as u64, false);
+    let service_id = int32.const_int(fun.1.0 as u64, false);
     // -- setup rpc tags
     let mut tag = Vec::new();
     if obj.is_some() {
@@ -361,7 +361,10 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx, 'a>(
     }
     // default value handling
     for k in keys.into_iter() {
-        mapping.insert(k.name, ctx.gen_symbol_val(generator, &k.default_value.unwrap()).into());
+        mapping.insert(
+            k.name,
+            ctx.gen_symbol_val(generator, &k.default_value.unwrap(), k.ty).into()
+        );
     }
     // reorder the parameters
     let mut real_params = fun
@@ -486,6 +489,81 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx, 'a>(
     Ok(Some(result))
 }
 
+pub fn attributes_writeback<'ctx, 'a>(
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+    inner_resolver: &InnerResolver,
+    host_attributes: PyObject,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<Result<(), String>> {
+        let host_attributes = host_attributes.cast_as::<PyList>(py)?;
+        let top_levels = ctx.top_level.definitions.read();
+        let globals = inner_resolver.global_value_ids.read();
+        let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+        let zero = int32.const_zero();
+        let mut values = Vec::new();
+        let mut scratch_buffer = Vec::new();
+        for (_, val) in globals.iter() {
+            let val = val.as_ref(py);
+            let ty = inner_resolver.get_obj_type(py, val, &mut ctx.unifier, &top_levels, &ctx.primitives)?;
+            if let Err(ty) = ty {
+                return Ok(Err(ty))
+            }
+            let ty = ty.unwrap();
+            match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(ty) {
+                TypeEnum::TObj { fields, .. } => {
+                    // we only care about primitive attributes
+                    // for non-primitive attributes, they should be in another global
+                    let mut attributes = Vec::new();
+                    let obj = inner_resolver.get_obj_value(py, val, ctx, generator)?.unwrap();
+                    for (name, (field_ty, is_mutable)) in fields.iter() {
+                        if !is_mutable {
+                            continue
+                        }
+                        if gen_rpc_tag(ctx, *field_ty, &mut scratch_buffer).is_ok() {
+                            attributes.push(name.to_string());
+                            let index = ctx.get_attr_index(ty, *name);
+                            values.push((*field_ty, ctx.build_gep_and_load(
+                                            obj.into_pointer_value(),
+                                            &[zero, int32.const_int(index as u64, false)])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if !attributes.is_empty() {
+                        let pydict = PyDict::new(py);
+                        pydict.set_item("obj", val)?;
+                        pydict.set_item("fields", attributes)?;
+                        host_attributes.append(pydict)?;
+                    }
+                },
+                TypeEnum::TList { ty: elem_ty } => {
+                    if gen_rpc_tag(ctx, *elem_ty, &mut scratch_buffer).is_ok() {
+                        let pydict = PyDict::new(py);
+                        pydict.set_item("obj", val)?;
+                        host_attributes.append(pydict)?;
+                        values.push((ty, inner_resolver.get_obj_value(py, val, ctx, generator)?.unwrap()));
+                    }
+                },
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+        let fun = FunSignature {
+            args: values.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, (ty, _))| FuncArg {
+                name: i.to_string().into(),
+                ty: *ty,
+                default_value: None
+            }).collect(),
+            ret: ctx.primitives.none,
+            vars: Default::default()
+        };
+        let args: Vec<_> = values.into_iter().map(|(_, val)| (None, ValueEnum::Dynamic(val))).collect();
+        if let Err(e) = rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, None, (&fun, DefinitionId(0)), args, generator) {
+            return Ok(Err(e));
+        }
+        Ok(Ok(()))
+    }).unwrap()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub fn rpc_codegen_callback() -> Arc<GenCall> {
     Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(|ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
         rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, obj, fun, args, generator)

nac3artiq/src/lib.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use inkwell::{
     targets::*,
     OptimizationLevel,
 };
+use nac3core::codegen::gen_func_impl;
 use nac3core::toplevel::builtins::get_exn_constructor;
 use nac3core::typecheck::typedef::{TypeEnum, Unifier};
 use nac3parser::{
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ use nac3core::{
 
 use tempfile::{self, TempDir};
 
+use crate::codegen::attributes_writeback;
 use crate::{
     codegen::{rpc_codegen_callback, ArtiqCodeGenerator},
     symbol_resolver::{InnerResolver, PythonHelper, Resolver, DeferredEvaluationStore},
@@ -476,6 +478,8 @@ impl Nac3 {
         let store_obj = embedding_map.getattr("store_object").unwrap().to_object(py);
         let store_str = embedding_map.getattr("store_str").unwrap().to_object(py);
         let store_fun = embedding_map.getattr("store_function").unwrap().to_object(py);
+        let host_attributes = embedding_map.getattr("attributes_writeback").unwrap().to_object(py);
+        let global_value_ids: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<_, _>>> = Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new()));
         let helper = PythonHelper {
             id_fn: builtins.getattr("id").unwrap().to_object(py),
             len_fn: builtins.getattr("len").unwrap().to_object(py),
@@ -496,13 +500,13 @@ impl Nac3 {
             "KeyError",
             "NotImplementedError",
             "OverflowError",
-            "IOError"
+            "IOError",
+            "UnwrapNoneError",
         ];
         add_exceptions(&mut composer, &mut builtins_def, &mut builtins_ty, &exception_names);
 
         let mut module_to_resolver_cache: HashMap<u64, _> = HashMap::new();
 
-        let global_value_ids = Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashSet::<u64>::new()));
         let mut rpc_ids = vec![];
         for (stmt, path, module) in self.top_levels.iter() {
             let py_module: &PyAny = module.extract(py)?;
@@ -616,7 +620,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
         };
         let mut synthesized =
             parse_program(&synthesized, "__nac3_synthesized_modinit__".to_string().into()).unwrap();
-        let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver(Arc::new(InnerResolver {
+        let inner_resolver = Arc::new(InnerResolver {
             id_to_type: builtins_ty.clone().into(),
             id_to_def: builtins_def.clone().into(),
             pyid_to_def: self.pyid_to_def.clone(),
@@ -633,17 +637,18 @@ impl Nac3 {
             string_store: self.string_store.clone(),
             exception_ids: self.exception_ids.clone(),
             deferred_eval_store: self.deferred_eval_store.clone(),
-        }))) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
+        });
+        let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver(inner_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
         let (_, def_id, _) = composer
             .register_top_level(synthesized.pop().unwrap(), Some(resolver.clone()), "".into())
             .unwrap();
 
-        let signature =
+        let fun_signature =
             FunSignature { args: vec![], ret: self.primitive.none, vars: HashMap::new() };
         let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
         let mut cache = HashMap::new();
         let signature =
-            store.from_signature(&mut composer.unifier, &self.primitive, &signature, &mut cache);
+            store.from_signature(&mut composer.unifier, &self.primitive, &fun_signature, &mut cache);
         let signature = store.add_cty(signature);
 
         if let Err(e) = composer.start_analysis(true) {
@@ -720,12 +725,29 @@ impl Nac3 {
             symbol_name: "__modinit__".to_string(),
             body: instance.body,
             signature,
-            resolver,
+            resolver: resolver.clone(),
             store,
             unifier_index: instance.unifier_id,
             calls: instance.calls,
             id: 0,
         };
+
+        let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
+        let mut cache = HashMap::new();
+        let signature =
+            store.from_signature(&mut composer.unifier, &self.primitive, &fun_signature, &mut cache);
+        let signature = store.add_cty(signature);
+        let attributes_writeback_task = CodeGenTask {
+            subst: Default::default(),
+            symbol_name: "attributes_writeback".to_string(),
+            body: Arc::new(Default::default()),
+            signature,
+            resolver,
+            store,
+            unifier_index: instance.unifier_id,
+            calls: Arc::new(Default::default()),
+            id: 0,
+        };
         let isa = self.isa;
         let working_directory = self.working_directory.path().to_owned();
 
@@ -745,14 +767,27 @@ impl Nac3 {
             .map(|s| Box::new(ArtiqCodeGenerator::new(s.to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns)))
             .collect();
 
+        let membuffer = membuffers.clone();
         py.allow_threads(|| {
             let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level.clone(), f);
             registry.add_task(task);
             registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
+
+            let mut generator = ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("attributes_writeback".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
+            let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+            let module = context.create_module("attributes_writeback");
+            let builder = context.create_builder();
+            let (_, module, _) = gen_func_impl(&context, &mut generator, &registry, builder, module,
+                attributes_writeback_task, |generator, ctx| {
+                    attributes_writeback(ctx, generator, inner_resolver.as_ref(), host_attributes)
+                }).unwrap();
+            let buffer = module.write_bitcode_to_memory();
+            let buffer = buffer.as_slice().into();
+            membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
         });
 
-        let buffers = membuffers.lock();
         let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+        let buffers = membuffers.lock();
         let main = context
             .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(&buffers[0], "main"))
             .unwrap();
@@ -764,6 +799,11 @@ impl Nac3 {
             main.link_in_module(other)
                 .map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
         }
+        let builder = context.create_builder();
+        let modinit_return = main.get_function("__modinit__").unwrap().get_last_basic_block().unwrap().get_terminator().unwrap();
+        builder.position_before(&modinit_return);
+        builder.build_call(main.get_function("attributes_writeback").unwrap(), &[], "attributes_writeback");
+
         main.link_in_module(load_irrt(&context))
             .map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
 
@@ -827,7 +867,11 @@ impl Nac3 {
             );
         }
 
-        if let Ok(linker_status) = Command::new("ld.lld").args(linker_args).status() {
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
+        let lld_command = "ld.lld";
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let lld_command = "ld.lld.exe";
+        if let Ok(linker_status) = Command::new(lld_command).args(linker_args).status() {
             if !linker_status.success() {
                 return Err(CompileError::new_err("failed to start linker"));
             }

nac3artiq/src/symbol_resolver.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use pyo3::{
     PyAny, PyObject, PyResult, Python,
 };
 use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    collections::HashMap,
     sync::{
         Arc,
         atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering::Relaxed}
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub struct InnerResolver {
     pub id_to_pyval: RwLock<HashMap<StrRef, (u64, PyObject)>>,
     pub id_to_primitive: RwLock<HashMap<u64, PrimitiveValue>>,
     pub field_to_val: RwLock<HashMap<(u64, StrRef), Option<(u64, PyObject)>>>,
-    pub global_value_ids: Arc<RwLock<HashSet<u64>>>,
+    pub global_value_ids: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<u64, PyObject>>>,
     pub class_names: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
     pub pyid_to_def: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<u64, DefinitionId>>>,
     pub pyid_to_type: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<u64, Type>>>,
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
         }
     }
 
-    fn get_obj_type(
+    pub fn get_obj_type(
         &self,
         py: Python,
         obj: &PyAny,
@@ -512,8 +512,8 @@ impl InnerResolver {
         primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     ) -> PyResult<Result<Type, String>> {
         let ty = self.helper.type_fn.call1(py, (obj,)).unwrap();
-        let ty_id: u64 = self.helper.id_fn.call1(py, (ty.clone(),))?.extract(py)?;
+        let py_obj_id: u64 = self.helper.id_fn.call1(py, (obj,))?.extract(py)?;
-        if let Some(ty) = self.pyid_to_type.read().get(&ty_id) {
+        if let Some(ty) = self.pyid_to_type.read().get(&py_obj_id) {
             return Ok(Ok(*ty))
         }
         let (extracted_ty, inst_check) = match self.get_pyty_obj_type(
@@ -620,6 +620,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                 Ok(Ok(res))
             }
             (TypeEnum::TObj { params, fields, .. }, false) => {
+                self.pyid_to_type.write().insert(py_obj_id, extracted_ty);
                 let var_map = params
                     .iter()
                     .map(|(id_var, ty)| {
@@ -673,13 +674,19 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                     let extracted_ty = unifier.subst(extracted_ty, &var_map).unwrap_or(extracted_ty);
                     Ok(Ok(extracted_ty))
                 };
-                instantiate_obj()
+                let result = instantiate_obj();
+                // update/remove the cache according to the result
+                match result {
+                    Ok(Ok(ty)) => self.pyid_to_type.write().insert(py_obj_id, ty),
+                    _ => self.pyid_to_type.write().remove(&py_obj_id)
+                };
+                result
             }
             _ => Ok(Ok(extracted_ty)),
         }
     }
 
-    fn get_obj_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    pub fn get_obj_value<'ctx, 'a>(
         &self,
         py: Python,
         obj: &PyAny,
@@ -747,13 +754,13 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                 .struct_type(&[ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic).into(), size_t.into()], false);
 
             {
-                if self.global_value_ids.read().contains(&id) {
+                if self.global_value_ids.read().contains_key(&id) {
                     let global = ctx.module.get_global(&id_str).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                         ctx.module.add_global(arr_ty, Some(AddressSpace::Generic), &id_str)
                     });
                     return Ok(Some(global.as_pointer_value().into()));
                 } else {
-                    self.global_value_ids.write().insert(id);
+                    self.global_value_ids.write().insert(id, obj.into());
                 }
             }
 
@@ -801,50 +808,13 @@ impl InnerResolver {
 
             Ok(Some(global.as_pointer_value().into()))
         } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.tuple {
-            let id_str = id.to_string();
-
-            if let Some(global) = ctx.module.get_global(&id_str) {
-                return Ok(Some(global.as_pointer_value().into()));
-            }
-
             let elements: &PyTuple = obj.cast_as()?;
-            let types: Result<Result<Vec<_>, _>, _> = elements
-                .iter()
-                .enumerate()
-                .map(|(i, elem)| {
-                    self.get_obj_type(
-                        py,
-                        elem,
-                        &mut ctx.unifier,
-                        &ctx.top_level.definitions.read(),
-                        &ctx.primitives,
-                    )
-                    .map_err(|e| super::CompileError::new_err(format!("Error getting element {}: {}", i, e)))
-                    .map(|ty| ty.map(|ty| ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, ty)))
-                })
-                .collect();
-            let types = types?.unwrap();
-            let ty = ctx.ctx.struct_type(&types, false);
-
-            {
-                if self.global_value_ids.read().contains(&id) {
-                    let global = ctx.module.get_global(&id_str).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                        ctx.module.add_global(ty, Some(AddressSpace::Generic), &id_str)
-                    });
-                    return Ok(Some(global.as_pointer_value().into()));
-                } else {
-                    self.global_value_ids.write().insert(id);
-                }
-            }
-
             let val: Result<Option<Vec<_>>, _> =
                 elements.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, elem)| self.get_obj_value(py, elem, ctx, generator).map_err(|e|
                         super::CompileError::new_err(format!("Error getting element {}: {}", i, e)))).collect();
             let val = val?.unwrap();
             let val = ctx.ctx.const_struct(&val, false);
-            let global = ctx.module.add_global(ty, Some(AddressSpace::Generic), &id_str);
+            Ok(Some(val.into()))
-            global.set_initializer(&val);
-            Ok(Some(global.as_pointer_value().into()))
         } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.option {
             if id == self.primitive_ids.none {
                 // for option type, just a null ptr, whose type needs to be casted in codegen
@@ -862,13 +832,13 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                     Some(v) => {
                         let global_str = format!("{}_option", id);
                         {
-                            if self.global_value_ids.read().contains(&id) {
+                            if self.global_value_ids.read().contains_key(&id) {
                                 let global = ctx.module.get_global(&global_str).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                                     ctx.module.add_global(v.get_type(), Some(AddressSpace::Generic), &global_str)
                                 });
                                 return Ok(Some(global.as_pointer_value().into()));
                             } else {
-                                self.global_value_ids.write().insert(id);
+                                self.global_value_ids.write().insert(id, obj.into());
                             }
                         }
                         let global = ctx.module.add_global(v.get_type(), Some(AddressSpace::Generic), &global_str);
@@ -895,13 +865,13 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                 .get_element_type()
                 .into_struct_type();
             {
-                if self.global_value_ids.read().contains(&id) {
+                if self.global_value_ids.read().contains_key(&id) {
                     let global = ctx.module.get_global(&id_str).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                         ctx.module.add_global(ty, Some(AddressSpace::Generic), &id_str)
                     });
                     return Ok(Some(global.as_pointer_value().into()));
                 } else {
-                    self.global_value_ids.write().insert(id);
+                    self.global_value_ids.write().insert(id, obj.into());
                 }
             }
             // should be classes
@@ -910,15 +880,32 @@ impl InnerResolver {
             if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, .. } = &*definition {
                 let values: Result<Option<Vec<_>>, _> = fields
                     .iter()
-                    .map(|(name, _, _)| {
+                    .map(|(name, ty, _)| {
-                        self.get_obj_value(py, obj.getattr(&name.to_string())?, ctx, generator).map_err(|e|
+                        let v = self.get_obj_value(py, obj.getattr(&name.to_string())?, ctx, generator)
-                            super::CompileError::new_err(format!("Error getting field {}: {}", name, e)))
+                            .map_err(|e| super::CompileError::new_err(format!("Error getting field {}: {}", name, e)));
+                        match (v, ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(*ty).as_ref()) {
+                            (Ok(Some(v)), TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. })
+                                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.option.get_obj_id(&ctx.unifier) =>
+                            {
+                                let actual_ptr_ty = ctx
+                                    .get_llvm_type(generator, *params.iter().next().unwrap().1)
+                                    .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic);
+                                Ok(Some(ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
+                                    v,
+                                    actual_ptr_ty,
+                                    "option_none_ptr_cast",
+                                )))
+                            }
+                            (v, _) => v,
+                        }
                     })
                     .collect();
                 let values = values?;
                 if let Some(values) = values {
                     let val = ty.const_named_struct(&values);
-                    let global = ctx.module.add_global(ty, Some(AddressSpace::Generic), &id_str);
+                    let global = ctx.module.get_global(&id_str).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        ctx.module.add_global(ty, Some(AddressSpace::Generic), &id_str)
+                    });
                     global.set_initializer(&val);
                     Ok(Some(global.as_pointer_value().into()))
                 } else {
@@ -935,6 +922,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
         py: Python,
         obj: &PyAny,
     ) -> PyResult<Result<SymbolValue, String>> {
+        let id: u64 = self.helper.id_fn.call1(py, (obj,))?.extract(py)?;
         let ty_id: u64 =
             self.helper.id_fn.call1(py, (self.helper.type_fn.call1(py, (obj,))?,))?.extract(py)?;
         Ok(if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.int || ty_id == self.primitive_ids.int32 {
@@ -943,6 +931,12 @@ impl InnerResolver {
         } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.int64 {
             let val: i64 = obj.extract()?;
             Ok(SymbolValue::I64(val))
+        } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.uint32 {
+            let val: u32 = obj.extract()?;
+            Ok(SymbolValue::U32(val))
+        } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.uint64 {
+            let val: u64 = obj.extract()?;
+            Ok(SymbolValue::U64(val))
         } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.bool {
             let val: bool = obj.extract()?;
             Ok(SymbolValue::Bool(val))
@@ -953,13 +947,17 @@ impl InnerResolver {
             let elements: &PyTuple = obj.cast_as()?;
             let elements: Result<Result<Vec<_>, String>, _> =
                 elements.iter().map(|elem| self.get_default_param_obj_value(py, elem)).collect();
-            let elements = match elements? {
+            elements?.map(SymbolValue::Tuple)
-                Ok(el) => el,
+        } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.option {
-                Err(err) => return Ok(Err(err)),
+            if id == self.primitive_ids.none {
-            };
+                Ok(SymbolValue::OptionNone)
-            Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(elements))
             } else {
-            Err("only primitives values and tuple can be default parameter value".into())
+                self
+                    .get_default_param_obj_value(py, obj.getattr("_nac3_option").unwrap())?
+                    .map(|v| SymbolValue::OptionSome(Box::new(v)))
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err("only primitives values, option and tuple can be default parameter value".into())
         })
     }
 }
@@ -975,8 +973,9 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
                     for (key, val) in members.iter() {
                         let key: &str = key.extract()?;
                         if key == id.to_string() {
-                            sym_value =
+                            if let Ok(Ok(v)) = self.0.get_default_param_obj_value(py, val) {
-                                Some(self.0.get_default_param_obj_value(py, val).unwrap().unwrap());
+                                sym_value = Some(v)
+                            }
                             break;
                         }
                     }
@@ -984,7 +983,7 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
                 })
                 .unwrap()
             }
-            _ => unimplemented!("other type of expr not supported at {}", expr.location),
+            _ => unreachable!("only for resolving names"),
         }
     }
 

nac3core/src/codegen/expr.rs

@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
         &mut self,
         generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
         val: &SymbolValue,
+        ty: Type,
     ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
         match val {
             SymbolValue::I32(v) => self.ctx.i32_type().const_int(*v as u64, true).into(),
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
                 ty.const_named_struct(&[str_ptr, size.into()]).into()
             }
             SymbolValue::Tuple(ls) => {
-                let vals = ls.iter().map(|v| self.gen_symbol_val(generator, v)).collect_vec();
+                let vals = ls.iter().map(|v| self.gen_symbol_val(generator, v, ty)).collect_vec();
                 let fields = vals.iter().map(|v| v.get_type()).collect_vec();
                 let ty = self.ctx.struct_type(&fields, false);
                 let ptr = self.builder.build_alloca(ty, "tuple");
@@ -124,6 +125,37 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
                 }
                 self.builder.build_load(ptr, "tup_val")
             }
+            SymbolValue::OptionSome(v) => {
+                let ty = match self.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty).as_ref() {
+                    TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. }
+                        if *obj_id == self.primitives.option.get_obj_id(&self.unifier) =>
+                    {
+                        *params.iter().next().unwrap().1
+                    }
+                    _ => unreachable!("must be option type"),
+                };
+                let val = self.gen_symbol_val(generator, v, ty);
+                let ptr = self.builder.build_alloca(val.get_type(), "default_opt_some");
+                self.builder.build_store(ptr, val);
+                ptr.into()
+            }
+            SymbolValue::OptionNone => {
+                let ty = match self.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty).as_ref() {
+                    TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. }
+                        if *obj_id == self.primitives.option.get_obj_id(&self.unifier) =>
+                    {
+                        *params.iter().next().unwrap().1
+                    }
+                    _ => unreachable!("must be option type"),
+                };
+                let actual_ptr_type =
+                    self.get_llvm_type(generator, ty).ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic);
+                self.builder.build_bitcast(
+                    self.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic).const_null(),
+                    actual_ptr_type,
+                    "default_opt_none",
+                )
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -355,9 +387,9 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn gen_string<G: CodeGenerator, S: Into<String>>(
+    pub fn gen_string<S: Into<String>>(
         &mut self,
-        generator: &mut G,
+        generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
         s: S,
     ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
         self.gen_const(generator, &nac3parser::ast::Constant::Str(s.into()), self.primitives.str)
@@ -410,6 +442,19 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
         err_msg: &str,
         params: [Option<IntValue<'ctx>>; 3],
         loc: Location,
+    ) {
+        let err_msg = self.gen_string(generator, err_msg);
+        self.make_assert_impl(generator, cond, err_name, err_msg, params, loc)
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_assert_impl<G: CodeGenerator>(
+        &mut self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        cond: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        err_name: &str,
+        err_msg: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        params: [Option<IntValue<'ctx>>; 3],
+        loc: Location,
     ) {
         let i1 = self.ctx.bool_type();
         let i1_true = i1.const_all_ones();
@@ -436,7 +481,6 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
         let exn_block = self.ctx.append_basic_block(current_fun, "fail");
         self.builder.build_conditional_branch(cond, then_block, exn_block);
         self.builder.position_at_end(exn_block);
-        let err_msg = self.gen_string(generator, err_msg);
         self.raise_exn(generator, err_name, err_msg, params, loc);
         self.builder.position_at_end(then_block);
     }
@@ -593,7 +637,7 @@ pub fn gen_call<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
                     }
                     mapping.insert(
                         k.name,
-                        ctx.gen_symbol_val(generator, &k.default_value.unwrap()).into(),
+                        ctx.gen_symbol_val(generator, &k.default_value.unwrap(), k.ty).into(),
                     );
                 }
                 // reorder the parameters
@@ -904,15 +948,12 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
     } else if ty1 == ctx.primitives.float && ty2 == ctx.primitives.int32 {
         // Pow is the only operator that would pass typecheck between float and int
         assert!(*op == Operator::Pow);
-        // TODO: throw exception when rhs is out of i16 bound
+        let i32_t = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-        // since llvm intrinsic only support to i16 for f64
+        let pow_intr = ctx.module.get_function("llvm.powi.f64.i32").unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let i16_t = ctx.ctx.i16_type();
-        let pow_intr = ctx.module.get_function("llvm.powi.f64.i16").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             let f64_t = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
-            let ty = f64_t.fn_type(&[f64_t.into(), i16_t.into()], false);
+            let ty = f64_t.fn_type(&[f64_t.into(), i32_t.into()], false);
-            ctx.module.add_function("llvm.powi.f64.i16", ty, None)
+            ctx.module.add_function("llvm.powi.f64.i32", ty, None)
         });
-        let right = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(right.into_int_value(), i16_t, "r_pow");
         ctx.builder
             .build_call(pow_intr, &[left.into(), right.into()], "f_pow_i")
             .try_as_basic_value()
@@ -957,26 +998,21 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
             None => {
                 let resolver = ctx.resolver.clone();
                 let val = resolver.get_symbol_value(*id, ctx).unwrap();
-                // if is tuple, need to deref it to handle tuple as value
                 // if is option, need to cast pointer to handle None
-                match (
+                match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(expr.custom.unwrap()) {
-                    &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(expr.custom.unwrap()),
+                    TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. }
-                    resolver
+                        if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.option.get_obj_id(&ctx.unifier) =>
-                        .get_symbol_value(*id, ctx)
+                    {
-                        .unwrap()
+                        if let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(ptr) = val.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)? {
-                        .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?,
-                ) {
-                    (TypeEnum::TTuple { .. }, BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(ptr)) => {
-                        ctx.builder.build_load(ptr, "tup_val").into()
-                    }
-                    (TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. }, BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(ptr))
-                        if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.option.get_obj_id(&ctx.unifier) => {
                             let actual_ptr_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(
                                 generator,
                                 *params.iter().next().unwrap().1,
                             )
                             .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic);
                             ctx.builder.build_bitcast(ptr, actual_ptr_ty, "option_ptr_cast").into()
+                        } else {
+                            unreachable!("option obj must be ptr")
+                        }
                     }
                     _ => val,
                 }
@@ -990,7 +1026,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 .map(|x| {
                     generator
                         .gen_expr(ctx, x)
-                        .map_or_else(|e| Err(e), |v| v.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator))
+                        .map_or_else(Err, |v| v.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator))
                 })
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
             let ty = if elements.is_empty() {
@@ -1023,7 +1059,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 .map(|x| {
                     generator
                         .gen_expr(ctx, x)
-                        .map_or_else(|e| Err(e), |v| v.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator))
+                        .map_or_else(Err, |v| v.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator))
                 })
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
             let element_ty = element_val.iter().map(BasicValueEnum::get_type).collect_vec();
@@ -1051,7 +1087,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
                         v.into_pointer_value(),
                         &[zero, int32.const_int(index as u64, false)],
                     ))) as Result<_, String>
-                }, |v| Ok(v))?,
+                }, Ok)?,
                 ValueEnum::Dynamic(v) => {
                     let index = ctx.get_attr_index(value.custom.unwrap(), *attr);
                     ValueEnum::Dynamic(ctx.build_gep_and_load(
@@ -1232,21 +1268,44 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 .unwrap()
                 .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?
                 .into_int_value();
+            let body_ty = body.custom.unwrap();
+            let is_none = ctx.unifier.get_representative(body_ty) == ctx.primitives.none;
+            let result = if !is_none {
+                let llvm_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, body_ty);
+                Some(ctx.builder.build_alloca(llvm_ty, "if_exp_result"))
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
             let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();
             let then_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "then");
             let else_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "else");
             let cont_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "cont");
             ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(test, then_bb, else_bb);
             ctx.builder.position_at_end(then_bb);
-            let a = generator.gen_expr(ctx, body)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?;
+            let a = generator.gen_expr(ctx, body)?;
+            match result {
+                None => None,
+                Some(v) => {
+                    let a = a.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?;
+                    Some(ctx.builder.build_store(v, a))
+                }
+            };
             ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb);
             ctx.builder.position_at_end(else_bb);
-            let b = generator.gen_expr(ctx, orelse)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?;
+            let b = generator.gen_expr(ctx, orelse)?;
+            match result {
+                None => None,
+                Some(v) => {
+                    let b = b.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?;
+                    Some(ctx.builder.build_store(v, b))
+                }
+            };
             ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb);
             ctx.builder.position_at_end(cont_bb);
-            let phi = ctx.builder.build_phi(a.get_type(), "ifexpr");
+            match result {
-            phi.add_incoming(&[(&a, then_bb), (&b, else_bb)]);
+                None => return Ok(None),
-            phi.as_basic_value().into()
+                Some(v) => return Ok(Some(ctx.builder.build_load(v, "if_exp_val_load").into()))
+            }
         }
         ExprKind::Call { func, args, keywords } => {
             let mut params = args
@@ -1319,8 +1378,8 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
                             ctx.make_assert(
                                 generator,
                                 not_null,
-                                "0:ValueError",
+                                "0:UnwrapNoneError",
-                                "unwrap on none",
+                                "",
                                 [None, None, None],
                                 expr.location,
                             );

nac3core/src/codegen/mod.rs

@@ -360,13 +360,14 @@ fn need_sret<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>) -> bool {
     need_sret_impl(ctx, ty, true)
 }
 
-pub fn gen_func<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
+pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenContext) -> Result<(), String>> (
     context: &'ctx Context,
     generator: &mut G,
     registry: &WorkerRegistry,
     builder: Builder<'ctx>,
     module: Module<'ctx>,
     task: CodeGenTask,
+    codegen_function: F
 ) -> Result<(Builder<'ctx>, Module<'ctx>, FunctionValue<'ctx>), (Builder<'ctx>, String)> {
     let top_level_ctx = registry.top_level_ctx.clone();
     let static_value_store = registry.static_value_store.clone();
@@ -572,25 +573,34 @@ pub fn gen_func<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
         need_sret: has_sret
     };
 
-    let mut err = None;
+    let result = codegen_function(generator, &mut code_gen_context);
-    for stmt in task.body.iter() {
+
-        if let Err(e) = generator.gen_stmt(&mut code_gen_context, stmt) {
-            err = Some(e);
-            break;
-        }
-        if code_gen_context.is_terminated() {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
     // after static analysis, only void functions can have no return at the end.
     if !code_gen_context.is_terminated() {
         code_gen_context.builder.build_return(None);
     }
 
     let CodeGenContext { builder, module, .. } = code_gen_context;
-    if let Some(e) = err {
+    if let Err(e) = result {
         return Err((builder, e));
     }
 
     Ok((builder, module, fn_val))
 }
+
+pub fn gen_func<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
+    context: &'ctx Context,
+    generator: &mut G,
+    registry: &WorkerRegistry,
+    builder: Builder<'ctx>,
+    module: Module<'ctx>,
+    task: CodeGenTask,
+) -> Result<(Builder<'ctx>, Module<'ctx>, FunctionValue<'ctx>), (Builder<'ctx>, String)> {
+    let body = task.body.clone();
+    gen_func_impl(context, generator, registry, builder, module, task, |generator, ctx| {
+        for stmt in body.iter() {
+            generator.gen_stmt(ctx, stmt)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    })
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/stmt.rs

@@ -189,7 +189,8 @@ pub fn gen_for<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
         if ctx.unifier.unioned(iter.custom.unwrap(), ctx.primitives.range) {
             // setup
             let iter_val = iter_val.into_pointer_value();
-            let i = generator.gen_store_target(ctx, target)?;
+            let i = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, int32.into())?;
+            let user_i = generator.gen_store_target(ctx, target)?;
             let (start, end, step) = destructure_range(ctx, iter_val);
             ctx.builder.build_store(i, ctx.builder.build_int_sub(start, step, "start_init"));
             ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(test_bb);
@@ -207,6 +208,7 @@ pub fn gen_for<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 "start_loop",
             );
             ctx.builder.build_store(i, tmp);
+            ctx.builder.build_store(user_i, tmp);
             // // if step > 0, continue when i < end
             let cmp1 = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(inkwell::IntPredicate::SLT, tmp, end, "cmp1");
             // if step < 0, continue when i > end
@@ -973,7 +975,25 @@ pub fn gen_stmt<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 gen_raise(generator, ctx, None, stmt.location);
             }
         }
-        _ => unimplemented!(),
+        StmtKind::Assert { test, msg, .. } => {
+            let test =
+                generator.gen_expr(ctx, test)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?;
+            let err_msg = match msg {
+                Some(msg) => {
+                    generator.gen_expr(ctx, msg)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator)?
+                }
+                None => ctx.gen_string(generator, ""),
+            };
+            ctx.make_assert_impl(
+                generator,
+                test.into_int_value(),
+                "0:AssertionError",
+                err_msg,
+                [None, None, None],
+                stmt.location,
+            )
+        }
+        _ => unimplemented!()
     };
     Ok(())
 }

nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_exception_id(&self, tyid: usize) -> usize {
+    fn get_exception_id(&self, _tyid: usize) -> usize {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }
@@ -185,8 +185,17 @@ fn test_primitives() {
             init:
               %add = add i32 %0, %1
               %cmp = icmp eq i32 %add, 1
-              %ifexpr = select i1 %cmp, i32 %0, i32 0
+              br i1 %cmp, label %then, label %else
-              ret i32 %ifexpr
+            
+            then:                                             ; preds = %init
+              br label %cont
+            
+            else:                                             ; preds = %init
+              br label %cont
+            
+            cont:                                             ; preds = %else, %then
+              %if_exp_result.0 = phi i32 [ %0, %then ], [ 0, %else ]
+              ret i32 %if_exp_result.0
             }
        "}
         .trim();

nac3core/src/symbol_resolver.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::{
         typedef::{Type, Unifier},
     },
 };
-use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue};
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue};
 use itertools::{chain, izip};
 use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Location, StrRef};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ pub enum SymbolValue {
     Double(f64),
     Bool(bool),
     Tuple(Vec<SymbolValue>),
+    OptionSome(Box<SymbolValue>),
+    OptionNone,
 }
 
 impl Display for SymbolValue {
@@ -50,6 +52,8 @@ impl Display for SymbolValue {
             SymbolValue::Tuple(t) => {
                 write!(f, "({})", t.iter().map(|v| format!("{}", v)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", "))
             }
+            SymbolValue::OptionSome(v) => write!(f, "Some({})", v),
+            SymbolValue::OptionNone => write!(f, "none"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -106,6 +110,12 @@ impl<'ctx> From<FloatValue<'ctx>> for ValueEnum<'ctx> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'ctx> From<StructValue<'ctx>> for ValueEnum<'ctx> {
+    fn from(v: StructValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        ValueEnum::Dynamic(v.into())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'ctx> ValueEnum<'ctx> {
     pub fn to_basic_value_enum<'a>(
         self,

nac3core/src/toplevel/builtins.rs

@@ -105,7 +105,8 @@ pub fn get_builtins(primitives: &mut (PrimitiveStore, Unifier)) -> BuiltinInfo {
         ("__param2__".into(), int64, true),
     ];
 
-    // for Option, is_some and is_none share the same type
+    // for Option, is_some and is_none share the same type: () -> bool,
+    // and they are methods under the same class `Option`
     let (is_some_ty, unwrap_ty, (option_ty_var, option_ty_var_id)) =
         if let TypeEnum::TObj { fields, params, .. } =
             primitives.1.get_ty(primitives.0.option).as_ref()
@@ -262,7 +263,7 @@ pub fn get_builtins(primitives: &mut (PrimitiveStore, Unifier)) -> BuiltinInfo {
             instance_to_stmt: Default::default(),
             resolver: None,
             codegen_callback: Some(Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(
-                |ctx, obj, _, _, generator| {
+                |_, _, _, _, _| {
                     unreachable!("handled in gen_expr")
                 },
             )))),

nac3core/src/toplevel/composer.rs

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                 assert!(name == *simple_name);
                 builtin_ty.insert(name, *signature);
                 builtin_id.insert(name, DefinitionId(id));
-            } else if let TopLevelDef::Class { name, constructor, object_id, type_vars, .. } = &*def
+            } else if let TopLevelDef::Class { name, constructor, object_id, .. } = &*def
             {
                 assert!(id == object_id.0);
                 if let Some(constructor) = constructor {

nac3core/src/toplevel/helper.rs

@@ -416,76 +416,77 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
         primitive: &PrimitiveStore,
         unifier: &mut Unifier,
     ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let res = match val {
+        fn type_default_param(
-            SymbolValue::Bool(..) => {
+            val: &SymbolValue,
-                if matches!(ty, TypeAnnotation::Primitive(t) if *t == primitive.bool) {
+            primitive: &PrimitiveStore,
-                    None
+            unifier: &mut Unifier,
-                } else {
+        ) -> TypeAnnotation {
-                    Some("bool".to_string())
+            match val {
+                SymbolValue::Bool(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitive.bool),
+                SymbolValue::Double(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitive.float),
+                SymbolValue::I32(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitive.int32),
+                SymbolValue::I64(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitive.int64),
+                SymbolValue::U32(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitive.uint32),
+                SymbolValue::U64(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitive.uint64),
+                SymbolValue::Str(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitive.str),
+                SymbolValue::Tuple(vs) => {
+                    let vs_tys = vs
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|v| type_default_param(v, primitive, unifier))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                    TypeAnnotation::Tuple(vs_tys)
+                }
+                SymbolValue::OptionNone => TypeAnnotation::CustomClass {
+                    id: primitive.option.get_obj_id(unifier),
+                    params: Default::default(),
+                },
+                SymbolValue::OptionSome(v) => {
+                    let ty = type_default_param(v, primitive, unifier);
+                    TypeAnnotation::CustomClass {
+                        id: primitive.option.get_obj_id(unifier),
+                        params: vec![ty],
                     }
                 }
-            SymbolValue::Double(..) => {
-                if matches!(ty, TypeAnnotation::Primitive(t) if *t == primitive.float) {
-                    None
-                } else {
-                    Some("float".to_string())
             }
         }
-            SymbolValue::I32(..) => {
+
-                if matches!(ty, TypeAnnotation::Primitive(t) if *t == primitive.int32) {
+        fn is_compatible(
-                    None
+            found: &TypeAnnotation,
-                } else {
+            expect: &TypeAnnotation,
-                    Some("int32".to_string())
+            unifier: &mut Unifier,
+            primitive: &PrimitiveStore,
+        ) -> bool {
+            match (found, expect) {
+                (TypeAnnotation::Primitive(f), TypeAnnotation::Primitive(e)) => {
+                    unifier.unioned(*f, *e)
+                }
+                (
+                    TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: f_id, params: f_param },
+                    TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: e_id, params: e_param },
+                ) => {
+                    *f_id == *e_id
+                        && *f_id == primitive.option.get_obj_id(unifier)
+                        && (f_param.is_empty()
+                            || (f_param.len() == 1
+                                && e_param.len() == 1
+                                && is_compatible(&f_param[0], &e_param[0], unifier, primitive)))
+                }
+                (TypeAnnotation::Tuple(f), TypeAnnotation::Tuple(e)) => {
+                    f.len() == e.len()
+                        && f.iter()
+                            .zip(e.iter())
+                            .all(|(f, e)| is_compatible(f, e, unifier, primitive))
+                }
+                _ => false,
             }
         }
-            SymbolValue::I64(..) => {
+
-                if matches!(ty, TypeAnnotation::Primitive(t) if *t == primitive.int64) {
+        let found = type_default_param(val, primitive, unifier);
-                    None
+        if !is_compatible(&found, ty, unifier, primitive) {
-                } else {
-                    Some("int64".to_string())
-                }
-            }
-            SymbolValue::U32(..) => {
-                if matches!(ty, TypeAnnotation::Primitive(t) if *t == primitive.uint32) {
-                    None
-                } else {
-                    Some("uint32".to_string())
-                }
-            }
-            SymbolValue::U64(..) => {
-                if matches!(ty, TypeAnnotation::Primitive(t) if *t == primitive.uint64) {
-                    None
-                } else {
-                    Some("uint64".to_string())
-                }
-            }
-            SymbolValue::Str(..) => {
-                if matches!(ty, TypeAnnotation::Primitive(t) if *t == primitive.str) {
-                    None
-                } else {
-                    Some("str".to_string())
-                }
-            }
-            SymbolValue::Tuple(elts) => {
-                if let TypeAnnotation::Tuple(elts_ty) = ty {
-                    for (e, t) in elts.iter().zip(elts_ty.iter()) {
-                        Self::check_default_param_type(e, t, primitive, unifier)?
-                    }
-                    if elts.len() != elts_ty.len() {
-                        Some(format!("tuple of length {}", elts.len()))
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Some("tuple".to_string())
-                }
-            }
-        };
-        if let Some(found) = res {
             Err(format!(
                 "incompatible default parameter type, expect {}, found {}",
                 ty.stringify(unifier),
-                found
+                found.stringify(unifier),
             ))
         } else {
             Ok(())
@@ -511,6 +512,10 @@ pub fn parse_parameter_default_value(
             Constant::Tuple(tuple) => Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(
                 tuple.iter().map(|x| handle_constant(x, loc)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
             )),
+            Constant::None => Err(format!(
+                "`None` is not supported, use `none` for option type instead ({})",
+                loc
+            )),
             _ => unimplemented!("this constant is not supported at {}", loc),
         }
     }
@@ -548,6 +553,11 @@ pub fn parse_parameter_default_value(
                     }
                     _ => Err(format!("only allow constant integer here at {}", default.location))
                 }
+                ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "Some".into() => Ok(
+                    SymbolValue::OptionSome(
+                        Box::new(parse_parameter_default_value(&args[0], resolver)?)
+                    )
+                ),
                 _ => Err(format!("unsupported default parameter at {}", default.location)),
             }
         }
@@ -556,15 +566,20 @@ pub fn parse_parameter_default_value(
             .map(|x| parse_parameter_default_value(x, resolver))
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
         )),
+        ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() => Ok(SymbolValue::OptionNone),
         ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
             resolver.get_default_param_value(default).ok_or_else(
                 || format!(
-                    "`{}` cannot be used as a default parameter at {} (not primitive type or tuple / not defined?)",
+                    "`{}` cannot be used as a default parameter at {} \
+                    (not primitive type, option or tuple / not defined?)",
                     id,
                     default.location
                 )
             )
         }
-        _ => Err(format!("unsupported default parameter at {}", default.location))
+        _ => Err(format!(
+            "unsupported default parameter (not primitive type, option or tuple) at {}",
+            default.location
+        ))
     }
 }

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__generic_class.snap

@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ expression: res_vec
 
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"Generic_A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: Generic_A, params: [\\\"V\\\"]}\", \"{class: B, params: []}\"],\nfields: [\"aa\", \"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"V\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"Generic_A\",\nancestors: [\"Generic_A[V]\", \"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\", \"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"V\"]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [18]\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"{class: B, params: []}\"],\nfields: [\"aa\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__inheritance_override.snap

@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ expression: res_vec
 
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: A, params: [\\\"T\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[t:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[t:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\"]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[t:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[c:C], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"{class: B, params: [\\\"var7\\\"]}\", \"{class: A, params: [\\\"float\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"var7\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B[var7]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"var7\"]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"{class: C, params: []}\", \"{class: B, params: [\\\"bool\\\"]}\", \"{class: A, params: [\\\"float\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\", \"e\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"B[bool]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\", \"e\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__list_tuple_generic.snap

@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ expression: res_vec
 ---
 [
     "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:list[int32], b:tuple[T, float]], A[B, bool]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: A, params: [\\\"T\\\", \\\"V\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[v:V], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:T], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\", \"V\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T, V]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[v:V], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:T], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\", \"V\"]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[v:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [20]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [25]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"gfun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[float]]], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"{class: B, params: []}\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__self1.snap

@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ expression: res_vec
 
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: A, params: [\\\"var6\\\", \\\"var7\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"var6\", \"var7\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[var6, var7]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"var6\", \"var7\"]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[bool, float], b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"{class: B, params: []}\", \"{class: A, params: [\\\"int64\\\", \\\"bool\\\"]}\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:B], B]\"), (\"bar\", \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[B]]], tuple[A[bool, virtual[A[B, int32]]], B]]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"A[int64, bool]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:B], B]\"), (\"bar\", \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[B]]], tuple[A[bool, virtual[A[B, int32]]], B]]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], B]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.bar\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[B]]], tuple[A[bool, virtual[A[B, int32]]], B]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__simple_class_compose.snap

@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ expression: res_vec
 
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: A, params: []}\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [26]\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"{class: B, params: []}\", \"{class: C, params: []}\", \"{class: A, params: []}\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"{class: C, params: []}\", \"{class: A, params: []}\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__simple_pass_in_class.snap

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 541
+assertion_line: 549
 expression: res_vec
 
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"{class: A, params: []}\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs

@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
     }
 
     fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
-        self.0.id_to_def.lock().get(&id).cloned().ok_or("Unknown identifier".to_string())
+        self.0.id_to_def.lock().get(&id).cloned().ok_or_else(|| "Unknown identifier".to_string())
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_exception_id(&self, tyid: usize) -> usize {
+    fn get_exception_id(&self, _tyid: usize) -> usize {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }

nac3core/src/toplevel/type_annotation.rs

@@ -29,20 +29,28 @@ impl TypeAnnotation {
                         {
                             (*name).into()
                         } else {
-                            format!("def_{}", id.0)
+                            unreachable!()
                         }
                     }
-                    None => format!("def_{}", id.0),
+                    None => format!("class_def_{}", id.0),
                 };
                 format!(
-                    "{{class: {}, params: {:?}}}",
+                    "{}{}",
                     class_name,
-                    params.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec()
+                    {
+                        let param_list = params.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", ");
+                        if param_list.is_empty() {
+                            "".into()
+                        } else {
+                            format!("[{}]", param_list)
+                        }
+                    }
                 )
             }
-            Virtual(ty) | List(ty) => ty.stringify(unifier),
+            Virtual(ty) => format!("virtual[{}]", ty.stringify(unifier)),
+            List(ty) => format!("list[{}]", ty.stringify(unifier)),
             Tuple(types) => {
-                format!("({:?})", types.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec())
+                format!("tuple[{}]", types.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", "))
             }
         }
     }

nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/mod.rs

@@ -426,6 +426,13 @@ impl<'a> fold::Fold<()> for Inferencer<'a> {
                 let res_ty = self.infer_bin_ops(stmt.location, target, op, value)?;
                 self.unify(res_ty, target.custom.unwrap(), &stmt.location)?;
             }
+            ast::StmtKind::Assert { test, msg, .. } => {
+                self.unify(test.custom.unwrap(), self.primitives.bool, &test.location)?;
+                match msg {
+                    Some(m) => self.unify(m.custom.unwrap(), self.primitives.str, &m.location)?,
+                    None => ()
+                }
+            }
             _ => return report_error("Unsupported statement type", stmt.location),
         };
         Ok(stmt)

nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/test.rs

@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
     }
 
     fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
-        self.id_to_def.get(&id).cloned().ok_or("Unknown identifier".to_string())
+        self.id_to_def.get(&id).cloned().ok_or_else(|| "Unknown identifier".to_string())
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_exception_id(&self, tyid: usize) -> usize {
+    fn get_exception_id(&self, _tyid: usize) -> usize {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/parser.rs

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_lambda() {
         let source = "lambda x, y: x * y"; // lambda(x, y): x * y";
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_parse_tuples() {
         let source = "a, b = 4, 5";
 
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
   pass
  def method_with_default(self, arg='default'):
   pass";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ while i < 2: # nac3: 4
     # nac3: if1
     if 1: # nac3: if2
         3";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
     }
     
     #[test]
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ while test: # nac3: while3
     # nac3: simple assign0 
     a = 3 # nac3: simple assign1
 ";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ if a: # nac3: small2
 for i in a: # nac3: for1
     pass
 ";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -224,6 +224,6 @@ for i in a: # nac3: for1
 if a: # nac3: something
 a = 3
 ";
-        assert!(parse_program(&source, Default::default()).is_err());
+        assert!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).is_err());
     }
 }

nac3standalone/demo/demo.rs

@@ -74,6 +74,11 @@ pub extern "C" fn __nac3_personality(_state: u32, _exception_object: u32, _conte
     unimplemented!();
 }
 
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn __nac3_raise(_state: u32, _exception_object: u32, _context: u32) -> u32 {
+    unimplemented!();
+}
+
 extern "C" {
     fn run() -> i32;
 }

nac3standalone/demo/src/default_param.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+@extern
+def output_int32(x: int32):
+    ...
+
+def f1(a: int32 = 4):
+    output_int32(a)
+
+def f2(a: int64 = int64(123)):
+    output_int32(int32(a))
+
+def f3(a: uint32 = uint32(234)):
+    output_int32(int32(a))
+
+def f4(a: tuple[int32, tuple[int32, int32], int64] = (4, (5, 6), int64(7))):
+    output_int32(a[0])
+    output_int32(a[1][0])
+    output_int32(a[1][1])
+    output_int32(int32(a[2]))
+
+def f5(a: float = 3.45):
+    output_int32(int32(a))
+
+def f6(a: Option[list[int32]] = none):
+    if a.is_none():
+        a = Some([11,22,33])
+        output_int32(a.unwrap()[2])
+
+def f7(a: Option[tuple[int32, int64]] = Some((3, int64(123)))):
+    if a.is_some():
+        a_unwrap = a.unwrap()
+        output_int32(a_unwrap[0])
+        output_int32(int32(a_unwrap[1]))
+
+
+def run() -> int32:
+    f1()
+    f2()
+    f3()
+    f4()
+    f5()
+    f6()
+    f7()
+    return 0

nac3standalone/demo/src/loop.py

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+@extern
+def output_int32(x: int32):
+    ...
+
+def run() -> int32:
+    for _ in range(10):
+        output_int32(_)
+        _ = 0
+    return 0

nac3standalone/demo/src/pow.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+@extern
+def output_float64(f: float):
+    ...
+
+
+def run() -> int32:
+    output_float64(float(3 ** 1))
+    output_float64(float(3 ** 0))
+    output_float64(float(3 ** 19))
+    output_float64(1.0 ** -100)
+    output_float64(1.0 ** -2)
+    output_float64(1.0 ** 0)
+    output_float64(1.0 ** 1)
+    output_float64(1.0 ** 100)
+    output_float64(3.0 ** 0)
+    output_float64(3.0 ** 1)
+    output_float64(3.0 ** 2)
+    output_float64(3.0 ** -1)
+    output_float64(3.0 ** -2)
+    output_float64(3.0 ** -32767)
+    output_float64(3.0 ** -3.0)
+    output_float64(3.0 ** -0.0)
+    output_float64(3.0 ** 0.0)
+    output_float64(4.0 ** 0.5)
+    output_float64(4.0 ** -0.5)
+    return 0

nac3standalone/demo/src/tuple.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+@extern
+def output_int32_list(x: list[int32]):
+    ...
+
+@extern
+def output_int32(x: int32):
+    ...
+
+class A:
+    a: int32
+    b: bool
+    def __init__(self, a: int32, b: bool):
+        self.a = a
+        self.b = b
+
+def run() -> int32:
+    data = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+
+    t = [(d, d + d) for d in data]
+    for i in t:
+        tt = (Some(i[1]), i[0])
+        tl = ([i[0], i[1] + i[0]], i[1])
+        output_int32(tt[0].unwrap())
+        output_int32(tt[1])
+        output_int32(tl[0][0])
+        output_int32(tl[0][1])
+        output_int32(tl[1])
+    
+    return 0

nix/windows/default.nix

@@ -33,13 +33,14 @@ let
   };
 in rec {
   llvm-nac3 = pkgs.stdenvNoCC.mkDerivation rec {
-    name = "llvm-nac3-msys2";
+    pname = "llvm-nac3-msys2";
+    version = "13.0.1";
     src-llvm = pkgs.fetchurl {
-      url = "https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-13.0.1/llvm-13.0.1.src.tar.xz";
+      url = "https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-${version}/llvm-${version}.src.tar.xz";
       sha256 = "sha256-7GuA2Cw4SsrS3BkpA6bPLNuv+4ibhL+5janXHmMPyDQ=";
     };
     src-clang = pkgs.fetchurl {
-      url = "https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-13.0.1/clang-13.0.1.src.tar.xz";
+      url = "https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-${version}/clang-${version}.src.tar.xz";
       sha256 = "sha256-eHqeLZn1yHIKoXc+S+AJRhzTDTvUD90kWR5HNGfJF8k=";
     };
     buildInputs = [ pkgs.wineWowPackages.stable ];
@@ -73,11 +74,12 @@ in rec {
       ''
       wine64 ninja install
       '';
+    dontFixup = true;
   };
   nac3artiq = pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
-    name = "nac3artiq";
+    name = "nac3artiq-msys2";
-    src = ../.;
+    src = ../../.;
-    cargoLock = { lockFile = ../Cargo.lock; };
+    cargoLock = { lockFile = ../../Cargo.lock; };
     nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.wineWowPackages.stable pkgs.zip ];
     buildPhase =
       ''
@@ -101,6 +103,38 @@ in rec {
       '';
     dontFixup = true;
   };
+  lld = pkgs.stdenvNoCC.mkDerivation rec {
+    pname = "lld-msys2";
+    version = "13.0.1";
+    src = pkgs.fetchurl {
+      url = "https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-${version}/lld-${version}.src.tar.xz";
+      sha256 = "sha256-Zmr3Rei/e2gFM7TRi3ox3HyrV1sebk0mGSK7r9lkTPs=";
+    };
+    buildInputs = [ pkgs.wineWowPackages.stable ];
+    phases = [ "unpackPhase" "patchPhase" "configurePhase" "buildPhase" "installPhase" ];
+    patches = [ ./lld-disable-macho.diff ];
+    configurePhase =
+      ''
+      export HOME=`mktemp -d`
+      export WINEDEBUG=-all
+      export WINEPATH=Z:${msys2-env}/mingw64/bin\;Z:${llvm-nac3}/bin
+      ${silenceFontconfig}
+      mkdir build
+      cd build
+      wine64 cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=Z:$out
+      '';
+    buildPhase =
+      ''
+      wine64 ninja
+      '';
+    installPhase =
+      ''
+      mkdir -p $out $out/nix-support
+      cp bin/ld.lld.exe $out
+      echo file binary-dist $out/ld.lld.exe >> $out/nix-support/hydra-build-products
+      '';
+    dontFixup = true;
+  };
   wine-msys2 = pkgs.writeShellScriptBin "wine-msys2"
     ''
     export WINEDEBUG=-all

nix/windows/lld-disable-macho.diff

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+diff '--color=auto' -Naur lld-13.0.1.src/CMakeLists.txt lld-13.0.1.src-new/CMakeLists.txt
+--- lld-13.0.1.src/CMakeLists.txt	2022-01-21 05:31:59.000000000 +0800
++++ lld-13.0.1.src-new/CMakeLists.txt	2022-03-27 18:26:30.284921982 +0800
+@@ -206,7 +206,6 @@
+ add_subdirectory(docs)
+ add_subdirectory(COFF)
+ add_subdirectory(ELF)
+-add_subdirectory(MachO)
+ add_subdirectory(MinGW)
+ add_subdirectory(wasm)
+ 
+diff '--color=auto' -Naur lld-13.0.1.src/tools/lld/CMakeLists.txt lld-13.0.1.src-new/tools/lld/CMakeLists.txt
+--- lld-13.0.1.src/tools/lld/CMakeLists.txt	2022-01-21 05:31:59.000000000 +0800
++++ lld-13.0.1.src-new/tools/lld/CMakeLists.txt	2022-03-27 18:26:40.805046295 +0800
+@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
+   lldCOFF
+   lldDriver
+   lldELF
+-  lldMachO2
+   lldMinGW
+   lldWasm
+   )
+diff '--color=auto' -Naur lld-13.0.1.src/tools/lld/lld.cpp lld-13.0.1.src-new/tools/lld/lld.cpp
+--- lld-13.0.1.src/tools/lld/lld.cpp	2022-01-21 05:31:59.000000000 +0800
++++ lld-13.0.1.src-new/tools/lld/lld.cpp	2022-03-27 08:43:54.205524156 +0800
+@@ -148,10 +148,6 @@
+     return !elf::link(args, exitEarly, stdoutOS, stderrOS);
+   case WinLink:
+     return !coff::link(args, exitEarly, stdoutOS, stderrOS);
+-  case Darwin:
+-    return !macho::link(args, exitEarly, stdoutOS, stderrOS);
+-  case DarwinOld:
+-    return !mach_o::link(args, exitEarly, stdoutOS, stderrOS);
+   case Wasm:
+     return !lld::wasm::link(args, exitEarly, stdoutOS, stderrOS);
+   default: