WIP

Used macros to reduce code duplication in `codegen/extern_fns`

Reviewed-on: M-Labs/nac3#453
Co-authored-by: abdul124 <ar@m-labs.hk>
Co-committed-by: abdul124 <ar@m-labs.hk>

.clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+doc-valid-idents = ["CPython", "NumPy", ".."]

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# See https://pre-commit.com for more information
+# See https://pre-commit.com/hooks.html for more hooks
+
+default_stages: [commit]
+
+repos:
+  - repo: local
+    hooks:
+      - id: nac3-cargo-fmt
+        name: nac3 cargo format
+        entry: cargo
+        language: system
+        types: [file, rust]
+        pass_filenames: false
+        description: Runs cargo fmt on the codebase.
+        args: [fmt]
+      - id: nac3-cargo-clippy
+        name: nac3 cargo clippy
+        entry: cargo
+        language: system
+        types: [file, rust]
+        pass_filenames: false
+        description: Runs cargo clippy on the codebase.
+        args: [clippy, --tests]

README.md

@@ -51,3 +51,12 @@ Use ``nix develop`` in this repository to enter a development shell.
 If you are using a different shell than bash you can use e.g. ``nix develop --command fish``.
 
 Build NAC3 with ``cargo build --release``. See the demonstrations in ``nac3artiq`` and ``nac3standalone``.
+
+### Pre-Commit Hooks
+
+You are strongly recommended to use the provided pre-commit hooks to automatically reformat files and check for non-optimal Rust practices using Clippy. Run `pre-commit install` to install the hook and `pre-commit` will automatically run `cargo fmt` and `cargo clippy` for you.
+
+Several things to note:
+
+- If `cargo fmt` or `cargo clippy` returns an error, the pre-commit hook will fail. You should fix all errors before trying to commit again.
+- If `cargo fmt` reformats some files, the pre-commit hook will also fail. You should review the changes and, if satisfied, try to commit again.

flake.lock

@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
   "nodes": {
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1701389149,
+        "lastModified": 1720418205,
-        "narHash": "sha256-rU1suTIEd5DGCaAXKW6yHoCfR1mnYjOXQFOaH7M23js=",
+        "narHash": "sha256-cPJoFPXU44GlhWg4pUk9oUPqurPlCFZ11ZQPk21GTPU=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "5de0b32be6e85dc1a9404c75131316e4ffbc634c",
+        "rev": "655a58a72a6601292512670343087c2d75d859c1",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
         "owner": "NixOS",
-        "ref": "nixos-23.11",
+        "ref": "nixos-unstable",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
         "type": "github"
       }

flake.nix

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   description = "The third-generation ARTIQ compiler";
 
-  inputs.nixpkgs.url = github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-23.11;
+  inputs.nixpkgs.url = github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable;
 
   outputs = { self, nixpkgs }:
     let
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
           ''
           mkdir -p $out/bin
           ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang-unwrapped}/bin/clang $out/bin/clang-irrt
+          ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang}/bin/clang $out/bin/clang-irrt-test
           ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out}/bin/llvm-as $out/bin/llvm-as-irrt
           '';
         nac3artiq = pkgs.python3Packages.toPythonModule (
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@
             cargoLock = {
               lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
             };
+            cargoTestFlags = [ "--features" "test" ];
             passthru.cargoLock = cargoLock;
             nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang llvm-tools-irrt pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out llvm-nac3 ];
             buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3 ];
@@ -94,8 +96,8 @@
             (pkgs.fetchFromGitHub {
               owner = "m-labs";
               repo = "artiq";
-              rev = "8b4572f9cad34ac0c2b6f6bba9382e7b59b2f93b";
+              rev = "923ca3377d42c815f979983134ec549dc39d3ca0";
-              sha256 = "sha256-O/0sUSxxXU1AL9cmT9qdzCkzdOKREBNftz22/8ouQcc=";
+              sha256 = "sha256-oJoEeNEeNFSUyh6jXG8Tzp6qHVikeHS0CzfE+mODPgw=";
             })
           ];
           buildInputs = [
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@
         buildInputs = with pkgs; [
           # build dependencies
           packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-nac3
-          llvmPackages_14.clang  # demo
+          llvmPackages_14.clang llvmPackages_14.llvm.out  # for running nac3standalone demos
           packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt
           cargo
           rustc
@@ -159,8 +161,12 @@
           # development tools
           cargo-insta
           clippy
+          pre-commit
           rustfmt
+          rust-analyzer
         ];
+        # https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Rust#Shell.nix_example
+        RUST_SRC_PATH = "${pkgs.rust.packages.stable.rustPlatform.rustLibSrc}";
       };
       devShells.x86_64-linux.msys2 = pkgs.mkShell {
         name = "nac3-dev-shell-msys2";

nac3artiq/Cargo.toml

@@ -9,16 +9,16 @@ name = "nac3artiq"
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
-itertools = "0.12"
+itertools = "0.13"
-pyo3 = { version = "0.20", features = ["extension-module"] }
+pyo3 = { version = "0.21", features = ["extension-module", "gil-refs"] }
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-tempfile = "3.8"
+tempfile = "3.10"
 nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }
 nac3ld = { path = "../nac3ld" }
 
 [dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.2"
+version = "0.4"
 default-features = false
 features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
 

nac3artiq/demo/string_attribute_issue337.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class Demo:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+    attr1: KernelInvariant[str]
+    attr2: KernelInvariant[int32]
+
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+        self.attr2 = 32
+        self.attr1 = "SAMPLE"
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        print_int32(self.attr2)
+        self.attr1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    Demo().run()

nac3artiq/demo/support_class_attr_issue102.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+
+@nac3
+class Demo:
+    attr1: KernelInvariant[int32] = 2
+    attr2: int32 = 4
+    attr3: Kernel[int32]
+
+    @kernel
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.attr3 = 8
+
+
+@nac3
+class NAC3Devices:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+    attr4: KernelInvariant[int32] = 16
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        Demo.attr1  # Supported
+        # Demo.attr2  # Field not accessible on Kernel
+        # Demo.attr3  # Only attributes can be accessed in this way
+        # Demo.attr1 = 2  # Attributes are immutable
+
+        self.attr4  # Attributes can be accessed within class
+
+        obj = Demo()
+        obj.attr1  # Attributes can be accessed by class objects
+
+        NAC3Devices.attr4  # Attributes accessible for classes without __init__
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    NAC3Devices().run()

nac3artiq/src/codegen.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 use nac3core::{
     codegen::{
         expr::gen_call,
+        llvm_intrinsics::{call_int_smax, call_stackrestore, call_stacksave},
         stmt::{gen_block, gen_with},
         CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
     },
     symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, GenCall},
+    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys, DefinitionId, GenCall},
-    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum}
+    typecheck::typedef::{iter_type_vars, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, VarMap},
 };
 
 use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, ExprKind, Located, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef};
@@ -15,7 +16,10 @@ use inkwell::{
     context::Context, module::Linkage, types::IntType, values::BasicValueEnum, AddressSpace,
 };
 
-use pyo3::{PyObject, PyResult, Python, types::{PyDict, PyList}};
+use pyo3::{
+    types::{PyDict, PyList},
+    PyObject, PyResult, Python,
+};
 
 use crate::{symbol_resolver::InnerResolver, timeline::TimeFns};
 
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ enum ParallelMode {
     ///
     /// Each function call within the `with` block (except those within a nested `sequential` block)
     /// are treated to be executed in parallel.
-    Deep
+    Deep,
 }
 
 pub struct ArtiqCodeGenerator<'a> {
@@ -60,7 +64,7 @@ pub struct ArtiqCodeGenerator<'a> {
     end: Option<Expr<Option<Type>>>,
     timeline: &'a (dyn TimeFns + Sync),
 
-    /// The [ParallelMode] of the current parallel context.
+    /// The [`ParallelMode`] of the current parallel context.
     ///
     /// The current parallel context refers to the nearest `with parallel` or `with legacy_parallel`
     /// statement, which is used to determine when and how the timeline should be updated.
@@ -91,14 +95,13 @@ impl<'a> ArtiqCodeGenerator<'a> {
     ///
     /// Direct-`parallel` block context refers to when the generator is generating statements whose
     /// closest parent `with` statement is a `with parallel` block.
-    fn timeline_reset_start(
+    fn timeline_reset_start(&mut self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>) -> Result<(), String> {
-        &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
         if let Some(start) = self.start.clone() {
-            let start_val = self.gen_expr(ctx, &start)?
+            let start_val = self.gen_expr(ctx, &start)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(
-                .unwrap()
+                ctx,
-                .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, self, start.custom.unwrap())?;
+                self,
+                start.custom.unwrap(),
+            )?;
             self.timeline.emit_at_mu(ctx, start_val);
         }
 
@@ -124,30 +127,22 @@ impl<'a> ArtiqCodeGenerator<'a> {
         store_name: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), String> {
         if let Some(end) = end {
-            let old_end = self.gen_expr(ctx, &end)?
+            let old_end = self.gen_expr(ctx, &end)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(
-                .unwrap()
-                .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, self, end.custom.unwrap())?;
-            let now = self.timeline.emit_now_mu(ctx);
-            let smax = ctx.module.get_function("llvm.smax.i64").unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                let i64 = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
-                ctx.module.add_function(
-                    "llvm.smax.i64",
-                    i64.fn_type(&[i64.into(), i64.into()], false),
-                    None,
-                )
-            });
-            let max = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_call(smax, &[old_end.into(), now.into()], "smax")
-                .try_as_basic_value()
-                .left()
-                .unwrap();
-            let end_store = self.gen_store_target(
                 ctx,
-                &end,
+                self,
-                store_name.map(|name| format!("{name}.addr")).as_deref())?
+                end.custom.unwrap(),
+            )?;
+            let now = self.timeline.emit_now_mu(ctx);
+            let max =
+                call_int_smax(ctx, old_end.into_int_value(), now.into_int_value(), Some("smax"));
+            let end_store = self
+                .gen_store_target(
+                    ctx,
+                    &end,
+                    store_name.map(|name| format!("{name}.addr")).as_deref(),
+                )?
                 .unwrap();
-            ctx.builder.build_store(end_store, max);
+            ctx.builder.build_store(end_store, max).unwrap();
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -167,11 +162,14 @@ impl<'b> CodeGenerator for ArtiqCodeGenerator<'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn gen_block<'ctx, 'a, 'c, I: Iterator<Item=&'c Stmt<Option<Type>>>>(
+    fn gen_block<'ctx, 'a, 'c, I: Iterator<Item = &'c Stmt<Option<Type>>>>(
         &mut self,
         ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-        stmts: I
+        stmts: I,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> where Self: Sized {
+    ) -> Result<(), String>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
         // Legacy parallel emits timeline end-update/timeline-reset after each top-level statement
         // in the parallel block
         if self.parallel_mode == ParallelMode::Legacy {
@@ -215,9 +213,7 @@ impl<'b> CodeGenerator for ArtiqCodeGenerator<'b> {
         ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
     ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let StmtKind::With { items, body, .. } = &stmt.node else {
+        let StmtKind::With { items, body, .. } = &stmt.node else { unreachable!() };
-            unreachable!()
-        };
 
         if items.len() == 1 && items[0].optional_vars.is_none() {
             let item = &items[0];
@@ -242,9 +238,11 @@ impl<'b> CodeGenerator for ArtiqCodeGenerator<'b> {
                     let old_parallel_mode = self.parallel_mode;
 
                     let now = if let Some(old_start) = &old_start {
-                        self.gen_expr(ctx, old_start)?
+                        self.gen_expr(ctx, old_start)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(
-                            .unwrap()
+                            ctx,
-                            .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, self, old_start.custom.unwrap())?
+                            self,
+                            old_start.custom.unwrap(),
+                        )?
                     } else {
                         self.timeline.emit_now_mu(ctx)
                     };
@@ -262,13 +260,13 @@ impl<'b> CodeGenerator for ArtiqCodeGenerator<'b> {
                             let start_expr = Located {
                                 // location does not matter at this point
                                 location: stmt.location,
-                                node: ExprKind::Name { id: start, ctx: name_ctx.clone() },
+                                node: ExprKind::Name { id: start, ctx: *name_ctx },
                                 custom: Some(ctx.primitives.int64),
                             };
                             let start = self
                                 .gen_store_target(ctx, &start_expr, Some("start.addr"))?
                                 .unwrap();
-                            ctx.builder.build_store(start, now);
+                            ctx.builder.build_store(start, now).unwrap();
                             Ok(Some(start_expr)) as Result<_, String>
                         },
                         |v| Ok(Some(v)),
@@ -277,13 +275,11 @@ impl<'b> CodeGenerator for ArtiqCodeGenerator<'b> {
                     let end_expr = Located {
                         // location does not matter at this point
                         location: stmt.location,
-                        node: ExprKind::Name { id: end, ctx: name_ctx.clone() },
+                        node: ExprKind::Name { id: end, ctx: *name_ctx },
                         custom: Some(ctx.primitives.int64),
                     };
-                    let end = self
+                    let end = self.gen_store_target(ctx, &end_expr, Some("end.addr"))?.unwrap();
-                        .gen_store_target(ctx, &end_expr, Some("end.addr"))?
+                    ctx.builder.build_store(end, now).unwrap();
-                        .unwrap();
-                    ctx.builder.build_store(end, now);
                     self.end = Some(end_expr);
                     self.name_counter += 1;
                     self.parallel_mode = match id.to_string().as_str() {
@@ -312,10 +308,11 @@ impl<'b> CodeGenerator for ArtiqCodeGenerator<'b> {
 
                     // set duration
                     let end_expr = self.end.take().unwrap();
-                    let end_val = self
+                    let end_val = self.gen_expr(ctx, &end_expr)?.unwrap().to_basic_value_enum(
-                        .gen_expr(ctx, &end_expr)?
+                        ctx,
-                        .unwrap()
+                        self,
-                        .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, self, end_expr.custom.unwrap())?;
+                        end_expr.custom.unwrap(),
+                    )?;
 
                     // inside a sequential block
                     if old_start.is_none() {
@@ -396,9 +393,32 @@ fn gen_rpc_tag(
                     gen_rpc_tag(ctx, *ty, buffer)?;
                 }
             }
-            TList { ty } => {
+            TObj { obj_id, params, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::List.id() => {
+                let ty = iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap().ty;
+
                 buffer.push(b'l');
-                gen_rpc_tag(ctx, *ty, buffer)?;
+                gen_rpc_tag(ctx, ty, buffer)?;
+            }
+            TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
+                let (ndarray_dtype, ndarray_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);
+                let ndarray_ndims = if let TLiteral { values, .. } =
+                    &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndarray_ndims)
+                {
+                    if values.len() != 1 {
+                        return Err(format!("NDArray types with multiple literal bounds for ndims is not supported: {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(ty)));
+                    }
+
+                    let value = values[0].clone();
+                    u64::try_from(value.clone())
+                        .map_err(|()| format!("Expected u64 for ndarray.ndims, got {value}"))?
+                } else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                };
+                assert!((0u64..=u64::from(u8::MAX)).contains(&ndarray_ndims));
+
+                buffer.push(b'a');
+                buffer.push((ndarray_ndims & 0xFF) as u8);
+                gen_rpc_tag(ctx, ndarray_dtype, buffer)?;
             }
             _ => return Err(format!("Unsupported type: {:?}", ctx.unifier.stringify(ty))),
         }
@@ -419,7 +439,7 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
     let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
     let tag_ptr_type = ctx.ctx.struct_type(&[ptr_type.into(), size_type.into()], false);
 
-    let service_id = int32.const_int(fun.1.0 as u64, false);
+    let service_id = int32.const_int(fun.1 .0 as u64, false);
     // -- setup rpc tags
     let mut tag = Vec::new();
     if obj.is_some() {
@@ -445,7 +465,7 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
                 format!("tagptr{}", fun.1 .0).as_str(),
             );
             tag_arr_ptr.set_initializer(&int8.const_array(
-                &tag.iter().map(|v| int8.const_int(*v as u64, false)).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                &tag.iter().map(|v| int8.const_int(u64::from(*v), false)).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             ));
             tag_arr_ptr.set_linkage(Linkage::Private);
             let tag_ptr = ctx.module.add_global(tag_ptr_type, None, &hash);
@@ -463,23 +483,15 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
 
     let arg_length = args.len() + usize::from(obj.is_some());
 
-    let stacksave = ctx.module.get_function("llvm.stacksave").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+    let stackptr = call_stacksave(ctx, Some("rpc.stack"));
-        ctx.module.add_function("llvm.stacksave", ptr_type.fn_type(&[], false), None)
+    let args_ptr = ctx
-    });
+        .builder
-    let stackrestore = ctx.module.get_function("llvm.stackrestore").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        .build_array_alloca(
-        ctx.module.add_function(
+            ptr_type,
-            "llvm.stackrestore",
+            ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_int(arg_length as u64, false),
-            ctx.ctx.void_type().fn_type(&[ptr_type.into()], false),
+            "argptr",
-            None,
         )
-    });
+        .unwrap();
-
-    let stackptr = ctx.builder.build_call(stacksave, &[], "rpc.stack");
-    let args_ptr = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(
-        ptr_type,
-        ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_int(arg_length as u64, false),
-        "argptr",
-    );
 
     // -- rpc args handling
     let mut keys = fun.0.args.clone();
@@ -489,10 +501,8 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
     }
     // default value handling
     for k in keys {
-        mapping.insert(
+        mapping
-            k.name,
+            .insert(k.name, ctx.gen_symbol_val(generator, &k.default_value.unwrap(), k.ty).into());
-            ctx.gen_symbol_val(generator, &k.default_value.unwrap(), k.ty).into()
-        );
     }
     // reorder the parameters
     let mut real_params = fun
@@ -511,17 +521,19 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
     }
 
     for (i, arg) in real_params.iter().enumerate() {
-        let arg_slot = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, arg.get_type(), Some(&format!("rpc.arg{i}"))).unwrap();
+        let arg_slot =
-        ctx.builder.build_store(arg_slot, *arg);
+            generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, arg.get_type(), Some(&format!("rpc.arg{i}"))).unwrap();
-        let arg_slot = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(arg_slot, ptr_type, "rpc.arg");
+        ctx.builder.build_store(arg_slot, *arg).unwrap();
+        let arg_slot = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(arg_slot, ptr_type, "rpc.arg").unwrap();
         let arg_ptr = unsafe {
             ctx.builder.build_gep(
                 args_ptr,
                 &[int32.const_int(i as u64, false)],
                 &format!("rpc.arg{i}"),
             )
-        };
+        }
-        ctx.builder.build_store(arg_ptr, arg_slot);
+        .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(arg_ptr, arg_slot).unwrap();
     }
 
     // call
@@ -539,18 +551,12 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
             None,
         )
     });
-    ctx.builder.build_call(
+    ctx.builder
-        rpc_send,
+        .build_call(rpc_send, &[service_id.into(), tag_ptr.into(), args_ptr.into()], "rpc.send")
-        &[service_id.into(), tag_ptr.into(), args_ptr.into()],
+        .unwrap();
-        "rpc.send",
-    );
 
     // reclaim stack space used by arguments
-    ctx.builder.build_call(
+    call_stackrestore(ctx, stackptr);
-        stackrestore,
-        &[stackptr.try_as_basic_value().unwrap_left().into()],
-        "rpc.stackrestore",
-    );
 
     // -- receive value:
     // T result = {
@@ -578,41 +584,35 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
 
     let ret_ty = ctx.get_llvm_abi_type(generator, fun.0.ret);
     let need_load = !ret_ty.is_pointer_type();
-    let slot = ctx.builder.build_alloca(ret_ty, "rpc.ret.slot");
+    let slot = ctx.builder.build_alloca(ret_ty, "rpc.ret.slot").unwrap();
-    let slotgen = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(slot, ptr_type, "rpc.ret.ptr");
+    let slotgen = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(slot, ptr_type, "rpc.ret.ptr").unwrap();
-    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb);
+    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();
     ctx.builder.position_at_end(head_bb);
 
-    let phi = ctx.builder.build_phi(ptr_type, "rpc.ptr");
+    let phi = ctx.builder.build_phi(ptr_type, "rpc.ptr").unwrap();
     phi.add_incoming(&[(&slotgen, prehead_bb)]);
     let alloc_size = ctx
         .build_call_or_invoke(rpc_recv, &[phi.as_basic_value()], "rpc.size.next")
         .unwrap()
         .into_int_value();
-    let is_done = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+    let is_done = ctx
-        inkwell::IntPredicate::EQ,
+        .builder
-        int32.const_zero(),
+        .build_int_compare(inkwell::IntPredicate::EQ, int32.const_zero(), alloc_size, "rpc.done")
-        alloc_size,
+        .unwrap();
-        "rpc.done",
-    );
 
-    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(is_done, tail_bb, alloc_bb);
+    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(is_done, tail_bb, alloc_bb).unwrap();
     ctx.builder.position_at_end(alloc_bb);
 
-    let alloc_ptr = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(ptr_type, alloc_size, "rpc.alloc");
+    let alloc_ptr = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(ptr_type, alloc_size, "rpc.alloc").unwrap();
-    let alloc_ptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(alloc_ptr, ptr_type, "rpc.alloc.ptr");
+    let alloc_ptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(alloc_ptr, ptr_type, "rpc.alloc.ptr").unwrap();
     phi.add_incoming(&[(&alloc_ptr, alloc_bb)]);
-    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb);
+    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();
 
     ctx.builder.position_at_end(tail_bb);
 
-    let result = ctx.builder.build_load(slot, "rpc.result");
+    let result = ctx.builder.build_load(slot, "rpc.result").unwrap();
     if need_load {
-        ctx.builder.build_call(
+        call_stackrestore(ctx, stackptr);
-            stackrestore,
-            &[stackptr.try_as_basic_value().unwrap_left().into()],
-            "rpc.stackrestore",
-        );
     }
     Ok(Some(result))
 }
@@ -633,14 +633,20 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
         let mut scratch_buffer = Vec::new();
         for val in (*globals).values() {
             let val = val.as_ref(py);
-            let ty = inner_resolver.get_obj_type(py, val, &mut ctx.unifier, &top_levels, &ctx.primitives)?;
+            let ty = inner_resolver.get_obj_type(
+                py,
+                val,
+                &mut ctx.unifier,
+                &top_levels,
+                &ctx.primitives,
+            )?;
             if let Err(ty) = ty {
-                return Ok(Err(ty))
+                return Ok(Err(ty));
             }
             let ty = ty.unwrap();
             match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(ty) {
                 TypeEnum::TObj { fields, obj_id, .. }
-                    if *obj_id != ctx.primitives.option.get_obj_id(&ctx.unifier) =>
+                    if *obj_id != ctx.primitives.option.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
                 {
                     // we only care about primitive attributes
                     // for non-primitive attributes, they should be in another global
@@ -648,14 +654,19 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
                     let obj = inner_resolver.get_obj_value(py, val, ctx, generator, ty)?.unwrap();
                     for (name, (field_ty, is_mutable)) in fields {
                         if !is_mutable {
-                            continue
+                            continue;
                         }
                         if gen_rpc_tag(ctx, *field_ty, &mut scratch_buffer).is_ok() {
                             attributes.push(name.to_string());
-                            let index = ctx.get_attr_index(ty, *name);
+                            let (index, _) = ctx.get_attr_index(ty, *name);
-                            values.push((*field_ty, ctx.build_gep_and_load(
+                            values.push((
-                                            obj.into_pointer_value(),
+                                *field_ty,
-                                            &[zero, int32.const_int(index as u64, false)], None)));
+                                ctx.build_gep_and_load(
+                                    obj.into_pointer_value(),
+                                    &[zero, int32.const_int(index as u64, false)],
+                                    None,
+                                ),
+                            ));
                         }
                     }
                     if !attributes.is_empty() {
@@ -664,33 +675,46 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
                         pydict.set_item("fields", attributes)?;
                         host_attributes.append(pydict)?;
                     }
-                },
+                }
-                TypeEnum::TList { ty: elem_ty } => {
+                TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::List.id() => {
-                    if gen_rpc_tag(ctx, *elem_ty, &mut scratch_buffer).is_ok() {
+                    let elem_ty = iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap().ty;
+
+                    if gen_rpc_tag(ctx, elem_ty, &mut scratch_buffer).is_ok() {
                         let pydict = PyDict::new(py);
                         pydict.set_item("obj", val)?;
                         host_attributes.append(pydict)?;
-                        values.push((ty, inner_resolver.get_obj_value(py, val, ctx, generator, ty)?.unwrap()));
+                        values.push((
+                            ty,
+                            inner_resolver.get_obj_value(py, val, ctx, generator, ty)?.unwrap(),
+                        ));
                     }
-                },
+                }
                 _ => {}
             }
         }
         let fun = FunSignature {
-            args: values.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, (ty, _))| FuncArg {
+            args: values
-                name: i.to_string().into(),
+                .iter()
-                ty: *ty,
+                .enumerate()
-                default_value: None
+                .map(|(i, (ty, _))| FuncArg {
-            }).collect(),
+                    name: i.to_string().into(),
+                    ty: *ty,
+                    default_value: None,
+                })
+                .collect(),
             ret: ctx.primitives.none,
-            vars: HashMap::default()
+            vars: VarMap::default(),
         };
-        let args: Vec<_> = values.into_iter().map(|(_, val)| (None, ValueEnum::Dynamic(val))).collect();
+        let args: Vec<_> =
-        if let Err(e) = rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, None, (&fun, DefinitionId(0)), args, generator) {
+            values.into_iter().map(|(_, val)| (None, ValueEnum::Dynamic(val))).collect();
+        if let Err(e) =
+            rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, None, (&fun, PrimDef::Int32.id()), args, generator)
+        {
             return Ok(Err(e));
         }
         Ok(Ok(()))
-    }).unwrap()?;
+    })
+    .unwrap()?;
     Ok(())
 }
 

nac3artiq/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,21 @@
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn,
+    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+    clippy::cast_sign_loss,
+    clippy::enum_glob_use,
+    clippy::similar_names,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
+
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::fs;
 use std::io::Write;
@@ -14,16 +32,16 @@ use inkwell::{
     OptimizationLevel,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use nac3core::codegen::{CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, gen_func_impl};
+use nac3core::codegen::{gen_func_impl, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions};
 use nac3core::toplevel::builtins::get_exn_constructor;
-use nac3core::typecheck::typedef::{TypeEnum, Unifier};
+use nac3core::typecheck::typedef::{TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap};
 use nac3parser::{
     ast::{ExprKind, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
     parser::parse_program,
 };
+use pyo3::create_exception;
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
 use pyo3::{exceptions, types::PyBytes, types::PyDict, types::PySet};
-use pyo3::create_exception;
 
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 
@@ -46,7 +64,7 @@ use tempfile::{self, TempDir};
 use crate::codegen::attributes_writeback;
 use crate::{
     codegen::{rpc_codegen_callback, ArtiqCodeGenerator},
-    symbol_resolver::{InnerResolver, PythonHelper, Resolver, DeferredEvaluationStore},
+    symbol_resolver::{DeferredEvaluationStore, InnerResolver, PythonHelper, Resolver},
 };
 
 mod codegen;
@@ -63,6 +81,17 @@ enum Isa {
     CortexA9,
 }
 
+impl Isa {
+    /// Returns the number of bits in `size_t` for the [`Isa`].
+    fn get_size_type(self) -> u32 {
+        if self == Isa::Host {
+            64u32
+        } else {
+            32u32
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct PrimitivePythonId {
     int: u64,
@@ -73,7 +102,11 @@ pub struct PrimitivePythonId {
     float: u64,
     float64: u64,
     bool: u64,
+    np_bool_: u64,
+    string: u64,
+    np_str_: u64,
     list: u64,
+    ndarray: u64,
     tuple: u64,
     typevar: u64,
     const_generic_marker: u64,
@@ -126,9 +159,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
 
         for mut stmt in parser_result {
             let include = match stmt.node {
-                StmtKind::ClassDef {
+                StmtKind::ClassDef { ref decorator_list, ref mut body, ref mut bases, .. } => {
-                    ref decorator_list, ref mut body, ref mut bases, ..
-                } => {
                     let nac3_class = decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
                         if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
                             id.to_string() == "nac3"
@@ -148,7 +179,8 @@ impl Nac3 {
                                     if *id == "Exception".into() {
                                         Ok(true)
                                     } else {
-                                        let base_obj = module.getattr(py, id.to_string().as_str())?;
+                                        let base_obj =
+                                            module.getattr(py, id.to_string().as_str())?;
                                         let base_id = id_fn.call1((base_obj,))?.extract()?;
                                         Ok(registered_class_ids.contains(&base_id))
                                     }
@@ -277,9 +309,11 @@ impl Nac3 {
         py: Python,
         link_fn: &dyn Fn(&Module) -> PyResult<T>,
     ) -> PyResult<T> {
+        let size_t = self.isa.get_size_type();
         let (mut composer, mut builtins_def, mut builtins_ty) = TopLevelComposer::new(
             self.builtins.clone(),
             ComposerConfig { kernel_ann: Some("Kernel"), kernel_invariant_ann: "KernelInvariant" },
+            size_t,
         );
 
         let builtins = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?;
@@ -327,8 +361,9 @@ impl Nac3 {
             let class_obj;
             if let StmtKind::ClassDef { name, .. } = &stmt.node {
                 let class = py_module.getattr(name.to_string().as_str()).unwrap();
-                if issubclass.call1((class, exn_class)).unwrap().extract().unwrap() &&
+                if issubclass.call1((class, exn_class)).unwrap().extract().unwrap()
-                    class.getattr("artiq_builtin").is_err() {
+                    && class.getattr("artiq_builtin").is_err()
+                {
                     class_obj = Some(class);
                 } else {
                     class_obj = None;
@@ -374,12 +409,12 @@ impl Nac3 {
             let (name, def_id, ty) = composer
                 .register_top_level(stmt.clone(), Some(resolver.clone()), path, false)
                 .map_err(|e| {
-                    CompileError::new_err(format!(
+                    CompileError::new_err(format!("compilation failed\n----------\n{e}"))
-                        "compilation failed\n----------\n{e}"
-                    ))
                 })?;
             if let Some(class_obj) = class_obj {
-                self.exception_ids.write().insert(def_id.0, store_obj.call1(py, (class_obj, ))?.extract(py)?);
+                self.exception_ids
+                    .write()
+                    .insert(def_id.0, store_obj.call1(py, (class_obj,))?.extract(py)?);
             }
 
             match &stmt.node {
@@ -456,17 +491,22 @@ impl Nac3 {
             exception_ids: self.exception_ids.clone(),
             deferred_eval_store: self.deferred_eval_store.clone(),
         });
-        let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver(inner_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
+        let resolver =
+            Arc::new(Resolver(inner_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
         let (_, def_id, _) = composer
             .register_top_level(synthesized.pop().unwrap(), Some(resolver.clone()), "", false)
             .unwrap();
 
         let fun_signature =
-            FunSignature { args: vec![], ret: self.primitive.none, vars: HashMap::new() };
+            FunSignature { args: vec![], ret: self.primitive.none, vars: VarMap::new() };
         let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
         let mut cache = HashMap::new();
-        let signature =
+        let signature = store.from_signature(
-            store.from_signature(&mut composer.unifier, &self.primitive, &fun_signature, &mut cache);
+            &mut composer.unifier,
+            &self.primitive,
+            &fun_signature,
+            &mut cache,
+        );
         let signature = store.add_cty(signature);
 
         if let Err(e) = composer.start_analysis(true) {
@@ -485,13 +525,11 @@ impl Nac3 {
                     msg.unwrap_or(e.iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n"))
                 )))
             } else {
-                Err(CompileError::new_err(
+                Err(CompileError::new_err(format!(
-                    format!(
+                    "compilation failed\n----------\n{}",
-                        "compilation failed\n----------\n{}",
+                    e.iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n"),
-                        e.iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n"),
+                )))
-                    ),
+            };
-                ))
-            }
         }
         let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
 
@@ -519,7 +557,9 @@ impl Nac3 {
                                         py,
                                         (
                                             id.0.into_py(py),
-                                            class_def.getattr(py, name.to_string().as_str()).unwrap(),
+                                            class_def
+                                                .getattr(py, name.to_string().as_str())
+                                                .unwrap(),
                                         ),
                                     )
                                     .unwrap();
@@ -534,7 +574,8 @@ impl Nac3 {
             let defs = top_level.definitions.read();
             let mut definition = defs[def_id.0].write();
             let TopLevelDef::Function { instance_to_stmt, instance_to_symbol, .. } =
-                &mut *definition else {
+                &mut *definition
+            else {
                 unreachable!()
             };
 
@@ -556,8 +597,12 @@ impl Nac3 {
 
         let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
         let mut cache = HashMap::new();
-        let signature =
+        let signature = store.from_signature(
-            store.from_signature(&mut composer.unifier, &self.primitive, &fun_signature, &mut cache);
+            &mut composer.unifier,
+            &self.primitive,
+            &fun_signature,
+            &mut cache,
+        );
         let signature = store.add_cty(signature);
         let attributes_writeback_task = CodeGenTask {
             subst: Vec::default(),
@@ -590,23 +635,28 @@ impl Nac3 {
 
         let membuffer = membuffers.clone();
         py.allow_threads(|| {
-            let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(
+            let (registry, handles) =
-                threads,
+                WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level.clone(), &self.llvm_options, &f);
-                top_level.clone(),
-                &self.llvm_options,
-                &f
-            );
             registry.add_task(task);
             registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 
-            let mut generator = ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("attributes_writeback".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
+            let mut generator =
+                ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("attributes_writeback".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
             let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
             let module = context.create_module("attributes_writeback");
             let builder = context.create_builder();
-            let (_, module, _) = gen_func_impl(&context, &mut generator, &registry, builder, module,
+            let (_, module, _) = gen_func_impl(
-                attributes_writeback_task, |generator, ctx| {
+                &context,
+                &mut generator,
+                &registry,
+                builder,
+                module,
+                attributes_writeback_task,
+                |generator, ctx| {
                     attributes_writeback(ctx, generator, inner_resolver.as_ref(), &host_attributes)
-                }).unwrap();
+                },
+            )
+            .unwrap();
             let buffer = module.write_bitcode_to_memory();
             let buffer = buffer.as_slice().into();
             membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
@@ -622,13 +672,24 @@ impl Nac3 {
                 .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(buffer, "main"))
                 .unwrap();
 
-            main.link_in_module(other)
+            main.link_in_module(other).map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
-                .map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
         }
         let builder = context.create_builder();
-        let modinit_return = main.get_function("__modinit__").unwrap().get_last_basic_block().unwrap().get_terminator().unwrap();
+        let modinit_return = main
+            .get_function("__modinit__")
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_last_basic_block()
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_terminator()
+            .unwrap();
         builder.position_before(&modinit_return);
-        builder.build_call(main.get_function("attributes_writeback").unwrap(), &[], "attributes_writeback");
+        builder
+            .build_call(
+                main.get_function("attributes_writeback").unwrap(),
+                &[],
+                "attributes_writeback",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
 
         main.link_in_module(load_irrt(&context))
             .map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
@@ -642,10 +703,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
         }
 
         // Demote all global variables that will not be referenced in the kernel to private
-        let preserved_symbols: Vec<&'static [u8]> = vec![
+        let preserved_symbols: Vec<&'static [u8]> = vec![b"typeinfo", b"now"];
-            b"typeinfo",
-            b"now",
-        ];
         let mut global_option = main.get_first_global();
         while let Some(global) = global_option {
             if !preserved_symbols.contains(&(global.get_name().to_bytes())) {
@@ -654,7 +712,9 @@ impl Nac3 {
             global_option = global.get_next_global();
         }
 
-        let target_machine = self.llvm_options.target
+        let target_machine = self
+            .llvm_options
+            .target
             .create_target_machine(self.llvm_options.opt_level)
             .expect("couldn't create target machine");
 
@@ -718,10 +778,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
     }
 }
 
-fn link_with_lld(
+fn link_with_lld(elf_filename: String, obj_filename: String) -> PyResult<()> {
-    elf_filename: String,
-    obj_filename: String,
-) -> PyResult<()>{
     let linker_args = vec![
         "-shared".to_string(),
         "--eh-frame-hdr".to_string(),
@@ -740,9 +797,7 @@ fn link_with_lld(
             return Err(CompileError::new_err("failed to start linker"));
         }
     } else {
-        return Err(CompileError::new_err(
+        return Err(CompileError::new_err("linker returned non-zero status code"));
-            "linker returned non-zero status code",
-        ));
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -752,7 +807,7 @@ fn add_exceptions(
     composer: &mut TopLevelComposer,
     builtin_def: &mut HashMap<StrRef, DefinitionId>,
     builtin_ty: &mut HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
-    error_names: &[&str]
+    error_names: &[&str],
 ) -> Vec<Type> {
     let mut types = Vec::new();
     // note: this is only for builtin exceptions, i.e. the exception name is "0:{exn}"
@@ -765,7 +820,7 @@ fn add_exceptions(
             // constructor id
             def_id + 1,
             &mut composer.unifier,
-            &composer.primitives_ty
+            &composer.primitives_ty,
         );
         composer.definition_ast_list.push((Arc::new(RwLock::new(exception_class)), None));
         composer.definition_ast_list.push((Arc::new(RwLock::new(exception_fn)), None));
@@ -792,11 +847,11 @@ impl Nac3 {
             Isa::RiscV32IMA => &timeline::NOW_PINNING_TIME_FNS,
             Isa::CortexA9 | Isa::Host => &timeline::EXTERN_TIME_FNS,
         };
-        let primitive: PrimitiveStore = TopLevelComposer::make_primitives().0;
+        let primitive: PrimitiveStore = TopLevelComposer::make_primitives(isa.get_size_type()).0;
         let builtins = vec![
             (
                 "now_mu".into(),
-                FunSignature { args: vec![], ret: primitive.int64, vars: HashMap::new() },
+                FunSignature { args: vec![], ret: primitive.int64, vars: VarMap::new() },
                 Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(move |ctx, _, _, _, _| {
                     Ok(Some(time_fns.emit_now_mu(ctx)))
                 }))),
@@ -810,11 +865,12 @@ impl Nac3 {
                         default_value: None,
                     }],
                     ret: primitive.none,
-                    vars: HashMap::new(),
+                    vars: VarMap::new(),
                 },
                 Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
                     let arg_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
-                    let arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, arg_ty).unwrap();
+                    let arg =
+                        args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, arg_ty).unwrap();
                     time_fns.emit_at_mu(ctx, arg);
                     Ok(None)
                 }))),
@@ -828,11 +884,12 @@ impl Nac3 {
                         default_value: None,
                     }],
                     ret: primitive.none,
-                    vars: HashMap::new(),
+                    vars: VarMap::new(),
                 },
                 Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
                     let arg_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
-                    let arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, arg_ty).unwrap();
+                    let arg =
+                        args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, arg_ty).unwrap();
                     time_fns.emit_delay_mu(ctx, arg);
                     Ok(None)
                 }))),
@@ -846,8 +903,9 @@ impl Nac3 {
         let types_mod = PyModule::import(py, "types").unwrap();
 
         let get_id = |x: &PyAny| id_fn.call1((x,)).and_then(PyAny::extract).unwrap();
-        let get_attr_id = |obj: &PyModule, attr| id_fn.call1((obj.getattr(attr).unwrap(),))
+        let get_attr_id = |obj: &PyModule, attr| {
-            .unwrap().extract().unwrap();
+            id_fn.call1((obj.getattr(attr).unwrap(),)).unwrap().extract().unwrap()
+        };
         let primitive_ids = PrimitivePythonId {
             virtual_id: get_id(artiq_builtins.get_item("virtual").ok().flatten().unwrap()),
             generic_alias: (
@@ -856,16 +914,22 @@ impl Nac3 {
             ),
             none: get_id(artiq_builtins.get_item("none").ok().flatten().unwrap()),
             typevar: get_attr_id(typing_mod, "TypeVar"),
-            const_generic_marker: get_id(artiq_builtins.get_item("_ConstGenericMarker").ok().flatten().unwrap()),
+            const_generic_marker: get_id(
+                artiq_builtins.get_item("_ConstGenericMarker").ok().flatten().unwrap(),
+            ),
             int: get_attr_id(builtins_mod, "int"),
             int32: get_attr_id(numpy_mod, "int32"),
             int64: get_attr_id(numpy_mod, "int64"),
             uint32: get_attr_id(numpy_mod, "uint32"),
             uint64: get_attr_id(numpy_mod, "uint64"),
             bool: get_attr_id(builtins_mod, "bool"),
+            np_bool_: get_attr_id(numpy_mod, "bool_"),
+            string: get_attr_id(builtins_mod, "str"),
+            np_str_: get_attr_id(numpy_mod, "str_"),
             float: get_attr_id(builtins_mod, "float"),
             float64: get_attr_id(numpy_mod, "float64"),
             list: get_attr_id(builtins_mod, "list"),
+            ndarray: get_attr_id(numpy_mod, "ndarray"),
             tuple: get_attr_id(builtins_mod, "tuple"),
             exception: get_attr_id(builtins_mod, "Exception"),
             option: get_id(artiq_builtins.get_item("Option").ok().flatten().unwrap()),
@@ -889,7 +953,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
             llvm_options: CodeGenLLVMOptions {
                 opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
                 target: Nac3::get_llvm_target_options(isa),
-            }
+            },
         })
     }
 
@@ -939,7 +1003,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
                     .expect("couldn't write module to file");
                 link_with_lld(
                     filename.to_string(),
-                    working_directory.join("module.o").to_string_lossy().to_string()
+                    working_directory.join("module.o").to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                 )?;
                 Ok(())
             };
@@ -987,7 +1051,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
                 let filename = filename_path.to_str().unwrap();
                 link_with_lld(
                     filename.to_string(),
-                    working_directory.join("module.o").to_string_lossy().to_string()
+                    working_directory.join("module.o").to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                 )?;
 
                 Ok(PyBytes::new(py, &fs::read(filename).unwrap()).into())

nac3artiq/src/timeline.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-use inkwell::{values::BasicValueEnum, AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering};
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue},
+    AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering,
+};
+use itertools::Either;
 use nac3core::codegen::CodeGenContext;
 
 /// Functions for manipulating the timeline.
 pub trait TimeFns {
-
     /// Emits LLVM IR for `now_mu`.
     fn emit_now_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx>;
 
@@ -26,32 +29,33 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_hiptr =
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
-            ctx.builder.build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr");
+            .builder
-
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
-        let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr else {
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
-            unreachable!()
+            .unwrap();
-        };
 
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
             ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
-        };
+        }
+        .unwrap();
 
-        let (BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_hi), BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_lo)) = (
+        let now_hi = ctx
-            ctx.builder.build_load(now_hiptr, "now.hi"),
+            .builder
-            ctx.builder.build_load(now_loptr, "now.lo"),
+            .build_load(now_hiptr, "now.hi")
-        ) else {
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
-            unreachable!()
+            .unwrap();
-        };
+        let now_lo = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now_loptr, "now.lo")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
 
-        let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "");
+        let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "").unwrap();
-        let shifted_hi = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(
+        let shifted_hi =
-            zext_hi,
+            ctx.builder.build_left_shift(zext_hi, i64_type.const_int(32, false), "").unwrap();
-            i64_type.const_int(32, false),
+        let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "").unwrap();
-            "",
+        ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now_mu").map(Into::into).unwrap()
-        );
-        let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "");
-        ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now_mu").into()
     }
 
     fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
@@ -59,105 +63,100 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
 
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
-        let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(time) = t else {
+        let time = t.into_int_value();
-            unreachable!()
-        };
 
-        let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
+        let time_hi = ctx
-            ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "time.hi"),
+            .builder
-            i32_type,
+            .build_int_truncate(
-            "",
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "time.hi").unwrap(),
-        );
+                i32_type,
-        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo");
+                "",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
-            now,
+            .builder
-            i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()),
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
-            "now.hi.addr",
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
-        );
+            .unwrap();
-
-        let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr else {
-            unreachable!()
-        };
 
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
             ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
-        };
+        }
+        .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_hiptr =
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
-            ctx.builder.build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr");
+            .builder
-
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
-        let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr else {
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
-            unreachable!()
+            .unwrap();
-        };
 
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
             ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(2, false)], "now.lo.addr")
-        };
+        }
+        .unwrap();
 
-        let (
+        let now_hi = ctx
-            BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_hi),
+            .builder
-            BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_lo),
+            .build_load(now_hiptr, "now.hi")
-            BasicValueEnum::IntValue(dt),
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
-        ) = (
+            .unwrap();
-            ctx.builder.build_load(now_hiptr, "now.hi"),
+        let now_lo = ctx
-            ctx.builder.build_load(now_loptr, "now.lo"),
+            .builder
-            dt,
+            .build_load(now_loptr, "now.lo")
-        ) else {
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
-            unreachable!()
+            .unwrap();
-        };
+        let dt = dt.into_int_value();
 
-        let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "");
+        let zext_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_hi, i64_type, "").unwrap();
-        let shifted_hi = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(
+        let shifted_hi =
-            zext_hi,
+            ctx.builder.build_left_shift(zext_hi, i64_type.const_int(32, false), "").unwrap();
-            i64_type.const_int(32, false),
+        let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "").unwrap();
-            "",
+        let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now").unwrap();
-        );
-        let zext_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(now_lo, i64_type, "");
-        let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(shifted_hi, zext_lo, "now");
 
-        let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "time");
+        let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "time").unwrap();
-        let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
+        let time_hi = ctx
-            ctx.builder.build_right_shift(
+            .builder
-                time,
+            .build_int_truncate(
-                i64_type.const_int(32, false),
+                ctx.builder
-                false,
+                    .build_right_shift(time, i64_type.const_int(32, false), false, "")
-                "",
+                    .unwrap(),
-            ),
+                i32_type,
-            i32_type,
+                "time.hi",
-            "time.hi",
+            )
-        );
+            .unwrap();
-        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo");
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
 
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
     }
@@ -174,16 +173,16 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_raw = ctx.builder.build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "now");
+        let now_raw = ctx
-
+            .builder
-        let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_raw) = now_raw else {
+            .build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "now")
-            unreachable!()
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
-        };
+            .unwrap();
 
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
-        let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now.lo");
+        let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now.lo").unwrap();
-        let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now.hi");
+        let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now.hi").unwrap();
-        ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_mu").into()
+        ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_mu").map(Into::into).unwrap()
     }
 
     fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
@@ -191,48 +190,44 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
 
-        let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(time) = t else {
+        let time = t.into_int_value();
-            unreachable!()
-        };
 
-        let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
+        let time_hi = ctx
-            ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, ""),
+            .builder
-            i32_type,
+            .build_int_truncate(
-            "time.hi",
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "").unwrap(),
-        );
+                i32_type,
-        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc");
+                "time.hi",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "now_trunc").unwrap();
         let now = ctx
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
-            now,
+            .builder
-            i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()),
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
-            "now.hi.addr",
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
-        );
+            .unwrap();
-
-        let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr else {
-            unreachable!()
-        };
 
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
             ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now.lo.addr")
-        };
+        }
+        .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
         let i32_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
         let i64_type = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
         let i64_32 = i64_type.const_int(32, false);
@@ -240,41 +235,45 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
             .module
             .get_global("now")
             .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
-        let now_raw = ctx.builder.build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "");
+        let now_raw = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_load(now.as_pointer_value(), "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+            .unwrap();
 
-        let (BasicValueEnum::IntValue(now_raw), BasicValueEnum::IntValue(dt)) = (now_raw, dt) else { 
+        let dt = dt.into_int_value();
-            unreachable!() 
-        };
 
-        let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now.lo");
+        let now_lo = ctx.builder.build_left_shift(now_raw, i64_32, "now.lo").unwrap();
-        let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now.hi");
+        let now_hi = ctx.builder.build_right_shift(now_raw, i64_32, false, "now.hi").unwrap();
-        let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_val");
+        let now_val = ctx.builder.build_or(now_lo, now_hi, "now_val").unwrap();
-        let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "time");
+        let time = ctx.builder.build_int_add(now_val, dt, "time").unwrap();
-        let time_hi = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(
+        let time_hi = ctx
-            ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "time.hi"),
+            .builder
-            i32_type,
+            .build_int_truncate(
-            "now_trunc",
+                ctx.builder.build_right_shift(time, i64_32, false, "time.hi").unwrap(),
-        );
+                i32_type,
-        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo");
+                "now_trunc",
-        let now_hiptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(
+            )
-            now,
+            .unwrap();
-            i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()),
+        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
-            "now.hi.addr",
+        let now_hiptr = ctx
-        );
+            .builder
-
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
-        let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(now_hiptr) = now_hiptr else { 
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
-            unreachable!()
+            .unwrap();
-        };
 
         let now_loptr = unsafe {
             ctx.builder.build_gep(now_hiptr, &[i32_type.const_int(1, false)], "now.lo.addr")
-        };
+        }
+        .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_hiptr, time_hi)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
         ctx.builder
             .build_store(now_loptr, time_lo)
+            .unwrap()
             .set_atomic_ordering(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent)
             .unwrap();
     }
@@ -289,7 +288,11 @@ impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
         let now_mu = ctx.module.get_function("now_mu").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             ctx.module.add_function("now_mu", ctx.ctx.i64_type().fn_type(&[], false), None)
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(now_mu, &[], "now_mu").try_as_basic_value().left().unwrap()
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_call(now_mu, &[], "now_mu")
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap()
     }
 
     fn emit_at_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, t: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
@@ -300,14 +303,10 @@ impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
                 None,
             )
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(at_mu, &[t.into()], "at_mu");
+        ctx.builder.build_call(at_mu, &[t.into()], "at_mu").unwrap();
     }
 
-    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(
+    fn emit_delay_mu<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) {
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        dt: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
-    ) {
         let delay_mu = ctx.module.get_function("delay_mu").unwrap_or_else(|| {
             ctx.module.add_function(
                 "delay_mu",
@@ -315,7 +314,7 @@ impl TimeFns for ExternTimeFns {
                 None,
             )
         });
-        ctx.builder.build_call(delay_mu, &[dt.into()], "delay_mu");
+        ctx.builder.build_call(delay_mu, &[dt.into()], "delay_mu").unwrap();
     }
 }
 

nac3ast/Cargo.toml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ constant-optimization = ["fold"]
 fold = []
 
 [dependencies]
-lazy_static = "1.4"
+lazy_static = "1.5"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-string-interner = "0.14"
+string-interner = "0.17"
 fxhash = "0.2"

nac3ast/src/constant.rs

@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ impl From<bool> for Constant {
 }
 impl From<i32> for Constant {
     fn from(i: i32) -> Constant {
-        Self::Int(i as i128)
+        Self::Int(i128::from(i))
     }
 }
 impl From<i64> for Constant {
     fn from(i: i64) -> Constant {
-        Self::Int(i as i128)
+        Self::Int(i128::from(i))
     }
 }
 
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ pub enum ConversionFlag {
 }
 
 impl ConversionFlag {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn try_from_byte(b: u8) -> Option<Self> {
         match b {
             b's' => Some(Self::Str),
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ pub struct ConstantOptimizer {
 #[cfg(feature = "constant-optimization")]
 impl ConstantOptimizer {
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self { _priv: () }
     }
@@ -85,33 +87,22 @@ impl<U> crate::fold::Fold<U> for ConstantOptimizer {
     fn fold_expr(&mut self, node: crate::Expr<U>) -> Result<crate::Expr<U>, Self::Error> {
         match node.node {
             crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx } => {
-                let elts = elts
+                let elts =
-                    .into_iter()
+                    elts.into_iter().map(|x| self.fold_expr(x)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-                    .map(|x| self.fold_expr(x))
+                let expr =
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                    if elts.iter().all(|e| matches!(e.node, crate::ExprKind::Constant { .. })) {
-                let expr = if elts
+                        let tuple = elts
-                    .iter()
+                            .into_iter()
-                    .all(|e| matches!(e.node, crate::ExprKind::Constant { .. }))
+                            .map(|e| match e.node {
-                {
+                                crate::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => value,
-                    let tuple = elts
+                                _ => unreachable!(),
-                        .into_iter()
+                            })
-                        .map(|e| match e.node {
+                            .collect();
-                            crate::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => value,
+                        crate::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Tuple(tuple), kind: None }
-                            _ => unreachable!(),
+                    } else {
-                        })
+                        crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx }
-                        .collect();
+                    };
-                    crate::ExprKind::Constant {
+                Ok(crate::Expr { node: expr, custom: node.custom, location: node.location })
-                        value: Constant::Tuple(tuple),
-                        kind: None,
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx }
-                };
-                Ok(crate::Expr {
-                    node: expr,
-                    custom: node.custom,
-                    location: node.location,
-                })
             }
             _ => crate::fold::fold_expr(self, node),
         }
@@ -127,7 +118,7 @@ mod tests {
         use crate::fold::Fold;
         use crate::*;
 
-        let location = Location::new(0, 0, Default::default());
+        let location = Location::new(0, 0, FileName::default());
         let custom = ();
         let ast = Located {
             location,
@@ -138,18 +129,12 @@ mod tests {
                     Located {
                         location,
                         custom,
-                        node: ExprKind::Constant {
+                        node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 1.into(), kind: None },
-                            value: 1.into(),
-                            kind: None,
-                        },
                     },
                     Located {
                         location,
                         custom,
-                        node: ExprKind::Constant {
+                        node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 2.into(), kind: None },
-                            value: 2.into(),
-                            kind: None,
-                        },
                     },
                     Located {
                         location,
@@ -160,26 +145,17 @@ mod tests {
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 3.into(), kind: None },
-                                        value: 3.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
                                 },
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 4.into(), kind: None },
-                                        value: 4.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
                                 },
                                 Located {
                                     location,
                                     custom,
-                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant { value: 5.into(), kind: None },
-                                        value: 5.into(),
-                                        kind: None,
-                                    },
                                 },
                             ],
                         },
@@ -187,9 +163,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             },
         };
-        let new_ast = ConstantOptimizer::new()
+        let new_ast = ConstantOptimizer::new().fold_expr(ast).unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
-            .fold_expr(ast)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
         assert_eq!(
             new_ast,
             Located {
@@ -199,11 +173,7 @@ mod tests {
                     value: Constant::Tuple(vec![
                         1.into(),
                         2.into(),
-                        Constant::Tuple(vec![
+                        Constant::Tuple(vec![3.into(), 4.into(), 5.into(),])
-                            3.into(),
-                            4.into(),
-                            5.into(),
-                        ])
                     ]),
                     kind: None
                 },

nac3ast/src/fold_helpers.rs

@@ -64,11 +64,4 @@ macro_rules! simple_fold {
     };
 }
 
-simple_fold!(
+simple_fold!(usize, String, bool, StrRef, constant::Constant, constant::ConversionFlag);
-    usize,
-    String,
-    bool,
-    StrRef,
-    constant::Constant,
-    constant::ConversionFlag
-);

nac3ast/src/impls.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use crate::{Constant, ExprKind};
 
 impl<U> ExprKind<U> {
     /// Returns a short name for the node suitable for use in error messages.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
             ExprKind::BoolOp { .. } | ExprKind::BinOp { .. } | ExprKind::UnaryOp { .. } => {
@@ -34,10 +35,7 @@ impl<U> ExprKind<U> {
             ExprKind::Starred { .. } => "starred",
             ExprKind::Slice { .. } => "slice",
             ExprKind::JoinedStr { values } => {
-                if values
+                if values.iter().any(|e| matches!(e.node, ExprKind::JoinedStr { .. })) {
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|e| matches!(e.node, ExprKind::JoinedStr { .. }))
-                {
                     "f-string expression"
                 } else {
                     "literal"

nac3ast/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,19 @@
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
+
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate lazy_static;
 
@@ -9,6 +25,6 @@ mod impls;
 mod location;
 
 pub use ast_gen::*;
-pub use location::{Location, FileName};
+pub use location::{FileName, Location};
 
 pub type Suite<U = ()> = Vec<Stmt<U>>;

nac3ast/src/location.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Datatypes to support source location information.
-use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use crate::ast_gen::StrRef;
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::fmt;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ impl From<String> for FileName {
 pub struct Location {
     pub row: usize,
     pub column: usize,
-    pub file: FileName
+    pub file: FileName,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for Location {
@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ impl Ord for Location {
     fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
         let file_cmp = self.file.0.to_string().cmp(&other.file.0.to_string());
         if file_cmp != Ordering::Equal {
-            return file_cmp
+            return file_cmp;
         }
 
         let row_cmp = self.row.cmp(&other.row);
         if row_cmp != Ordering::Equal {
-            return row_cmp
+            return row_cmp;
         }
 
         self.column.cmp(&other.column)
@@ -76,23 +76,22 @@ impl Location {
                 )
             }
         }
-        Visualize {
+        Visualize { loc: *self, line, desc }
-            loc: *self,
-            line,
-            desc,
-        }
     }
 }
 
 impl Location {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(row: usize, column: usize, file: FileName) -> Self {
         Location { row, column, file }
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn row(&self) -> usize {
         self.row
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn column(&self) -> usize {
         self.column
     }

nac3core/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+[features]
+test = []
+
 [package]
 name = "nac3core"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -5,14 +8,17 @@ authors = ["M-Labs"]
 edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
-itertools = "0.12"
+itertools = "0.13"
 crossbeam = "0.8"
+indexmap = "2.2"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-rayon = "1.5"
+rayon = "1.8"
 nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
+strum = "0.26.2"
+strum_macros = "0.26.4"
 
 [dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.2"
+version = "0.4"
 default-features = false
 features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
 

nac3core/build.rs

@@ -7,31 +7,41 @@ use std::{
     process::{Command, Stdio},
 };
 
-fn main() {
+fn compile_irrt(irrt_dir: &Path, out_dir: &Path) {
-    const FILE: &str = "src/codegen/irrt/irrt.c";
+    let irrt_cpp_path = irrt_dir.join("irrt.cpp");
 
     /*
      * HACK: Sadly, clang doesn't let us emit generic LLVM bitcode.
      * Compiling for WASM32 and filtering the output with regex is the closest we can get.
      */
-    const FLAG: &[&str] = &[
+    let flags: &[&str] = &[
         "--target=wasm32",
-        FILE,
+        irrt_cpp_path.to_str().unwrap(),
-        "-O3",
+        "-x",
+        "c++",
+        "-fno-discard-value-names",
+        "-fno-exceptions",
+        "-fno-rtti",
+        match env::var("PROFILE").as_deref() {
+            Ok("debug") => "-O0",
+            Ok("release") => "-O3",
+            flavor => panic!("Unknown or missing build flavor {flavor:?}"),
+        },
         "-emit-llvm",
         "-S",
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
+        "-Werror=return-type",
+        "-I",
+        irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap(),
         "-o",
         "-",
     ];
 
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={FILE}");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", out_dir.to_str().unwrap());
-    let out_dir = env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap();
-    let out_path = Path::new(&out_dir);
 
     let output = Command::new("clang-irrt")
-        .args(FLAG)
+        .args(flags)
         .output()
         .map(|o| {
             assert!(o.status.success(), "{}", std::str::from_utf8(&o.stderr).unwrap());
@@ -43,7 +53,11 @@ fn main() {
     let output = std::str::from_utf8(&output.stdout).unwrap().replace("\r\n", "\n");
     let mut filtered_output = String::with_capacity(output.len());
 
-    let regex_filter = Regex::new(r"(?ms:^define.*?\}$)|(?m:^declare.*?$)").unwrap();
+    // (?ms:^define.*?\}$) to capture `define` blocks
+    // (?m:^declare.*?$) to capture `declare` blocks
+    // (?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$) to capture `type` declarations
+    let regex_filter =
+        Regex::new(r"(?ms:^define.*?\}$)|(?m:^declare.*?$)|(?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$)").unwrap();
     for f in regex_filter.captures_iter(&output) {
         assert_eq!(f.len(), 1);
         filtered_output.push_str(&f[0]);
@@ -56,18 +70,65 @@ fn main() {
 
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT");
     if env::var("DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT").is_ok() {
-        let mut file = File::create(out_path.join("irrt.ll")).unwrap();
+        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt.ll")).unwrap();
         file.write_all(output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-        let mut file = File::create(out_path.join("irrt-filtered.ll")).unwrap();
+        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt-filtered.ll")).unwrap();
         file.write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
     }
 
     let mut llvm_as = Command::new("llvm-as-irrt")
         .stdin(Stdio::piped())
         .arg("-o")
-        .arg(out_path.join("irrt.bc"))
+        .arg(out_dir.join("irrt.bc"))
         .spawn()
         .unwrap();
     llvm_as.stdin.as_mut().unwrap().write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
     assert!(llvm_as.wait().unwrap().success());
 }
+
+fn compile_irrt_test(irrt_dir: &Path, out_dir: &Path) {
+    let irrt_test_cpp_path = irrt_dir.join("irrt_test.cpp");
+    let exe_path = out_dir.join("irrt_test.out");
+
+    let flags: &[&str] = &[
+        irrt_test_cpp_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+        "-x",
+        "c++",
+        "-I",
+        irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap(),
+        "-g",
+        "-fno-discard-value-names",
+        "-O0",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Wextra",
+        "-Werror=return-type",
+        "-lm", // for `tgamma()`, `lgamma()`
+        "-o",
+        exe_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+    ];
+
+    Command::new("clang-irrt-test")
+        .args(flags)
+        .output()
+        .map(|o| {
+            assert!(o.status.success(), "{}", std::str::from_utf8(&o.stderr).unwrap());
+            o
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", out_dir.to_str().unwrap());
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let out_dir = env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap();
+    let out_dir = Path::new(&out_dir);
+
+    let irrt_dir = Path::new("./irrt");
+
+    compile_irrt(irrt_dir, out_dir);
+
+    // https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/2549
+    // `cargo test -F test` to also build `irrt_test.cpp
+    if cfg!(feature = "test") {
+        compile_irrt_test(irrt_dir, out_dir);
+    }
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#include "irrt_everything.hpp"
+
+/*
+    This file will be read by `clang-irrt` to conveniently produce LLVM IR for `nac3core/codegen`.
+*/

nac3core/irrt/irrt.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+#ifndef IRRT_DONT_TYPEDEF_INTS
+typedef _BitInt(8) int8_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(8) uint8_t;
+typedef _BitInt(32) int32_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(32) uint32_t;
+typedef _BitInt(64) int64_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(64) uint64_t;
+#endif
+
+// NDArray indices are always `uint32_t`.
+typedef uint32_t NDIndex;
+// The type of an index or a value describing the length of a range/slice is
+// always `int32_t`.
+typedef int32_t SliceIndex;
+
+template <typename T>
+static T max(T a, T b) {
+    return a > b ? a : b;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+static T min(T a, T b) {
+    return a > b ? b : a;
+}
+
+// adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
+// need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
+template <typename T>
+static T __nac3_int_exp_impl(T base, T exp) {
+    T res = 1;
+    /* repeated squaring method */
+    do {
+        if (exp & 1) {
+            res *= base; /* for n odd */
+        }
+        exp >>= 1;
+        base *= base;
+    } while (exp);
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename SizeT>
+static SizeT __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(
+    const SizeT *list_data,
+    SizeT list_len,
+    SizeT begin_idx,
+    SizeT end_idx
+) {
+    __builtin_assume(end_idx <= list_len);
+
+    SizeT num_elems = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = begin_idx; i < end_idx; ++i) {
+        SizeT val = list_data[i];
+        __builtin_assume(val > 0);
+        num_elems *= val;
+    }
+    return num_elems;
+}
+
+template <typename SizeT>
+static void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(
+    SizeT index,
+    const SizeT *dims,
+    SizeT num_dims,
+    NDIndex *idxs
+) {
+    SizeT stride = 1;
+    for (SizeT dim = 0; dim < num_dims; dim++) {
+        SizeT i = num_dims - dim - 1;
+        __builtin_assume(dims[i] > 0);
+        idxs[i] = (index / stride) % dims[i];
+        stride *= dims[i];
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename SizeT>
+static SizeT __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(
+    const SizeT *dims,
+    SizeT num_dims,
+    const NDIndex *indices,
+    SizeT num_indices
+) {
+    SizeT idx = 0;
+    SizeT stride = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_dims; ++i) {
+        SizeT ri = num_dims - i - 1;
+        if (ri < num_indices) {
+            idx += stride * indices[ri];
+        }
+
+        __builtin_assume(dims[i] > 0);
+        stride *= dims[ri];
+    }
+    return idx;
+}
+
+template <typename SizeT>
+static void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(
+    const SizeT *lhs_dims,
+    SizeT lhs_ndims,
+    const SizeT *rhs_dims,
+    SizeT rhs_ndims,
+    SizeT *out_dims
+) {
+    SizeT max_ndims = lhs_ndims > rhs_ndims ? lhs_ndims : rhs_ndims;
+
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < max_ndims; ++i) {
+        const SizeT *lhs_dim_sz = i < lhs_ndims ? &lhs_dims[lhs_ndims - i - 1] : nullptr;
+        const SizeT *rhs_dim_sz = i < rhs_ndims ? &rhs_dims[rhs_ndims - i - 1] : nullptr;
+        SizeT *out_dim = &out_dims[max_ndims - i - 1];
+
+        if (lhs_dim_sz == nullptr) {
+            *out_dim = *rhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (rhs_dim_sz == nullptr) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*lhs_dim_sz == 1) {
+            *out_dim = *rhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*rhs_dim_sz == 1) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*lhs_dim_sz == *rhs_dim_sz) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else {
+            __builtin_unreachable();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename SizeT>
+static void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(
+    const SizeT *src_dims,
+    SizeT src_ndims,
+    const NDIndex *in_idx,
+    NDIndex *out_idx
+) {
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < src_ndims; ++i) {
+        SizeT src_i = src_ndims - i - 1;
+        out_idx[src_i] = src_dims[src_i] == 1 ? 0 : in_idx[src_i];
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+static void __nac3_ndarray_strides_from_shape_impl(
+    SizeT ndims,
+    SizeT *shape,
+    SizeT *dst_strides
+) {
+    SizeT stride_product = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+        int dim_i = ndims - i - 1;
+        dst_strides[dim_i] = stride_product;
+        stride_product *= shape[dim_i];
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    #define DEF_nac3_int_exp_(T) \
+        T __nac3_int_exp_##T(T base, T exp) {\
+            return __nac3_int_exp_impl(base, exp);\
+        }
+
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int32_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int64_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint32_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint64_t)
+
+    SliceIndex __nac3_slice_index_bound(SliceIndex i, const SliceIndex len) {
+        if (i < 0) {
+            i = len + i;
+        }
+        if (i < 0) {
+            return 0;
+        } else if (i > len) {
+            return len;
+        }
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    SliceIndex __nac3_range_slice_len(
+        const SliceIndex start,
+        const SliceIndex end,
+        const SliceIndex step
+    ) {
+        SliceIndex diff = end - start;
+        if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
+            return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
+        } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
+            return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
+        } else {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
+    // both dest_step and src_step are +1.
+    // - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
+    // - The end index is *inclusive*,
+    // - The length of src and dest slice size should already
+    // be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
+    SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(
+        SliceIndex dest_start,
+        SliceIndex dest_end,
+        SliceIndex dest_step,
+        uint8_t *dest_arr,
+        SliceIndex dest_arr_len,
+        SliceIndex src_start,
+        SliceIndex src_end,
+        SliceIndex src_step,
+        uint8_t *src_arr,
+        SliceIndex src_arr_len,
+        const SliceIndex size
+    ) {
+        /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
+        if (dest_arr_len == 0) return dest_arr_len;
+        /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
+        if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
+            const SliceIndex src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
+            const SliceIndex dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
+            if (src_len > 0) {
+                __builtin_memmove(
+                    dest_arr + dest_start * size,
+                    src_arr + src_start * size,
+                    src_len * size
+                );
+            }
+            if (dest_len > 0) {
+                /* dropping */
+                __builtin_memmove(
+                    dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size,
+                    dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                    (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
+                );
+            }
+            /* shrink size */
+            return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
+        }
+        /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
+        uint8_t need_alloca =
+            (dest_arr == src_arr)
+            && !(
+                max(dest_start, dest_end) < min(src_start, src_end)
+                || max(src_start, src_end) < min(dest_start, dest_end)
+            );
+        if (need_alloca) {
+            uint8_t *tmp = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(__builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size));
+            __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
+            src_arr = tmp;
+        }
+        SliceIndex src_ind = src_start;
+        SliceIndex dest_ind = dest_start;
+        for (;
+            (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end);
+            src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step
+        ) {
+            /* for constant optimization */
+            if (size == 1) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
+            } else if (size == 4) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
+            } else if (size == 8) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
+            } else {
+                /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
+            }
+        }
+        /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
+        /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
+        if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
+            __builtin_memmove(
+                dest_arr + dest_ind * size,
+                dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
+            );
+            return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
+        }
+        return dest_arr_len;
+    }
+
+    int32_t __nac3_isinf(double x) {
+        return __builtin_isinf(x);
+    }
+
+    int32_t __nac3_isnan(double x) {
+        return __builtin_isnan(x);
+    }
+
+    double tgamma(double arg);
+
+    double __nac3_gamma(double z) {
+        // Handling for denormals
+        //     | x                 | Python gamma(x) | C tgamma(x) |
+        // --- | ----------------- | --------------- | ----------- |
+        // (1) | nan               | nan             | nan         |
+        // (2) | -inf              | -inf            | inf         |
+        // (3) | inf               | inf             | inf         |
+        // (4) | 0.0               | inf             | inf         |
+        // (5) | {-1.0, -2.0, ...} | inf             | nan         |
+
+        // (1)-(3)
+        if (__builtin_isinf(z) || __builtin_isnan(z)) {
+            return z;
+        }
+
+        double v = tgamma(z);
+
+        // (4)-(5)
+        return __builtin_isinf(v) || __builtin_isnan(v) ? __builtin_inf() : v;
+    }
+
+    double lgamma(double arg);
+
+    double __nac3_gammaln(double x) {
+        // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+        // - scipy: gammaln(-inf) -> -inf
+        // - libm : lgamma(-inf) -> inf
+
+        if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+            return x;
+        }
+
+        return lgamma(x);
+    }
+
+    double j0(double x);
+
+    double __nac3_j0(double x) {
+        // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+        // - scipy: j0(inf) -> nan
+        // - libm : j0(inf) -> 0.0
+
+        if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+            return __builtin_nan("");
+        }
+
+        return j0(x);
+    }
+
+    uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_calc_size(
+        const uint32_t *list_data,
+        uint32_t list_len,
+        uint32_t begin_idx,
+        uint32_t end_idx
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(list_data, list_len, begin_idx, end_idx);
+    }
+
+    uint64_t __nac3_ndarray_calc_size64(
+        const uint64_t *list_data,
+        uint64_t list_len,
+        uint64_t begin_idx,
+        uint64_t end_idx
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(list_data, list_len, begin_idx, end_idx);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices(
+        uint32_t index,
+        const uint32_t* dims,
+        uint32_t num_dims,
+        NDIndex* idxs
+    ) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(index, dims, num_dims, idxs);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64(
+        uint64_t index,
+        const uint64_t* dims,
+        uint64_t num_dims,
+        NDIndex* idxs
+    ) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(index, dims, num_dims, idxs);
+    }
+
+    uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index(
+        const uint32_t* dims,
+        uint32_t num_dims,
+        const NDIndex* indices,
+        uint32_t num_indices
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(dims, num_dims, indices, num_indices);
+    }
+
+    uint64_t __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64(
+        const uint64_t* dims,
+        uint64_t num_dims,
+        const NDIndex* indices,
+        uint64_t num_indices
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(dims, num_dims, indices, num_indices);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast(
+        const uint32_t *lhs_dims,
+        uint32_t lhs_ndims,
+        const uint32_t *rhs_dims,
+        uint32_t rhs_ndims,
+        uint32_t *out_dims
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(lhs_dims, lhs_ndims, rhs_dims, rhs_ndims, out_dims);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64(
+        const uint64_t *lhs_dims,
+        uint64_t lhs_ndims,
+        const uint64_t *rhs_dims,
+        uint64_t rhs_ndims,
+        uint64_t *out_dims
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(lhs_dims, lhs_ndims, rhs_dims, rhs_ndims, out_dims);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx(
+        const uint32_t *src_dims,
+        uint32_t src_ndims,
+        const NDIndex *in_idx,
+        NDIndex *out_idx
+    ) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64(
+        const uint64_t *src_dims,
+        uint64_t src_ndims,
+        const NDIndex *in_idx,
+        NDIndex *out_idx
+    ) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_strides_from_shape(uint32_t ndims, uint32_t* shape, uint32_t* dst_strides) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_strides_from_shape_impl(ndims, shape, dst_strides);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_strides_from_shape64(uint64_t ndims, uint64_t* shape, uint64_t* dst_strides) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_strides_from_shape_impl(ndims, shape, dst_strides);
+    }
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt_basic.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt_utils.hpp"
+#include "irrt_typedefs.hpp"
+
+/*
+    This header contains IRRT implementations
+    that do not deserved to be categorized (e.g., into numpy, etc.)
+
+    Check out other *.hpp files before including them here!!
+*/
+
+// The type of an index or a value describing the length of a range/slice is
+// always `int32_t`.
+
+namespace {
+    // adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
+    // need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
+    template <typename T>
+    T __nac3_int_exp_impl(T base, T exp) {
+        T res = 1;
+        /* repeated squaring method */
+        do {
+            if (exp & 1) {
+                res *= base; /* for n odd */
+            }
+            exp >>= 1;
+            base *= base;
+        } while (exp);
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    #define DEF_nac3_int_exp_(T) \
+        T __nac3_int_exp_##T(T base, T exp) {\
+            return __nac3_int_exp_impl(base, exp);\
+        }
+
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int32_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int64_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint32_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint64_t)
+
+    SliceIndex __nac3_slice_index_bound(SliceIndex i, const SliceIndex len) {
+        if (i < 0) {
+            i = len + i;
+        }
+        if (i < 0) {
+            return 0;
+        } else if (i > len) {
+            return len;
+        }
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    SliceIndex __nac3_range_slice_len(
+        const SliceIndex start,
+        const SliceIndex end,
+        const SliceIndex step
+    ) {
+        SliceIndex diff = end - start;
+        if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
+            return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
+        } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
+            return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
+        } else {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
+    // both dest_step and src_step are +1.
+    // - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
+    // - The end index is *inclusive*,
+    // - The length of src and dest slice size should already
+    // be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
+    SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(
+        SliceIndex dest_start,
+        SliceIndex dest_end,
+        SliceIndex dest_step,
+        uint8_t *dest_arr,
+        SliceIndex dest_arr_len,
+        SliceIndex src_start,
+        SliceIndex src_end,
+        SliceIndex src_step,
+        uint8_t *src_arr,
+        SliceIndex src_arr_len,
+        const SliceIndex size
+    ) {
+        /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
+        if (dest_arr_len == 0) return dest_arr_len;
+        /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
+        if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
+            const SliceIndex src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
+            const SliceIndex dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
+            if (src_len > 0) {
+                __builtin_memmove(
+                    dest_arr + dest_start * size,
+                    src_arr + src_start * size,
+                    src_len * size
+                );
+            }
+            if (dest_len > 0) {
+                /* dropping */
+                __builtin_memmove(
+                    dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size,
+                    dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                    (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
+                );
+            }
+            /* shrink size */
+            return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
+        }
+        /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
+        uint8_t need_alloca =
+            (dest_arr == src_arr)
+            && !(
+                max(dest_start, dest_end) < min(src_start, src_end)
+                || max(src_start, src_end) < min(dest_start, dest_end)
+            );
+        if (need_alloca) {
+            uint8_t *tmp = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(__builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size));
+            __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
+            src_arr = tmp;
+        }
+        SliceIndex src_ind = src_start;
+        SliceIndex dest_ind = dest_start;
+        for (;
+            (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end);
+            src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step
+        ) {
+            /* for constant optimization */
+            if (size == 1) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
+            } else if (size == 4) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
+            } else if (size == 8) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
+            } else {
+                /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
+            }
+        }
+        /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
+        /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
+        if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
+            __builtin_memmove(
+                dest_arr + dest_ind * size,
+                dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
+            );
+            return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
+        }
+        return dest_arr_len;
+    }
+
+    int32_t __nac3_isinf(double x) {
+        return __builtin_isinf(x);
+    }
+
+    int32_t __nac3_isnan(double x) {
+        return __builtin_isnan(x);
+    }
+
+    double tgamma(double arg);
+
+    double __nac3_gamma(double z) {
+        // Handling for denormals
+        //     | x                 | Python gamma(x) | C tgamma(x) |
+        // --- | ----------------- | --------------- | ----------- |
+        // (1) | nan               | nan             | nan         |
+        // (2) | -inf              | -inf            | inf         |
+        // (3) | inf               | inf             | inf         |
+        // (4) | 0.0               | inf             | inf         |
+        // (5) | {-1.0, -2.0, ...} | inf             | nan         |
+
+        // (1)-(3)
+        if (__builtin_isinf(z) || __builtin_isnan(z)) {
+            return z;
+        }
+
+        double v = tgamma(z);
+
+        // (4)-(5)
+        return __builtin_isinf(v) || __builtin_isnan(v) ? __builtin_inf() : v;
+    }
+
+    double lgamma(double arg);
+
+    double __nac3_gammaln(double x) {
+        // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+        // - scipy: gammaln(-inf) -> -inf
+        // - libm : lgamma(-inf) -> inf
+
+        if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+            return x;
+        }
+
+        return lgamma(x);
+    }
+
+    double j0(double x);
+
+    double __nac3_j0(double x) {
+        // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+        // - scipy: j0(inf) -> nan
+        // - libm : j0(inf) -> 0.0
+
+        if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+            return __builtin_nan("");
+        }
+
+        return j0(x);
+    }
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt_everything.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt_utils.hpp"
+#include "irrt_typedefs.hpp"
+#include "irrt_basic.hpp"
+#include "irrt_slice.hpp"
+#include "irrt_numpy_ndarray.hpp"
+
+/*
+    All IRRT implementations.
+
+    We don't have any pre-compiled objects, so we are writing all implementations in headers and
+    concatenate them with `#include` into one massive source file that contains all the IRRT stuff.
+*/

nac3core/irrt/irrt_numpy_ndarray.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt_utils.hpp"
+#include "irrt_typedefs.hpp"
+#include "irrt_slice.hpp"
+
+/*
+    NDArray-related implementations.
+`*/
+
+// NDArray indices are always `uint32_t`.
+using NDIndex = uint32_t;
+
+namespace {
+    namespace ndarray_util {
+        template <typename SizeT>
+        static void set_indices_by_nth(SizeT ndims, const SizeT* shape, SizeT* indices, SizeT nth) {
+            for (int32_t i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+                int32_t dim_i = ndims - i - 1;
+                int32_t dim = shape[dim_i];
+
+                indices[dim_i] = nth % dim;
+                nth /= dim;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Compute the strides of an ndarray given an ndarray `shape`
+        // and assuming that the ndarray is *fully C-contagious*.
+        //
+        // You might want to read up on https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-1/.
+        template <typename SizeT>
+        static void set_strides_by_shape(SizeT itemsize, SizeT ndims, SizeT* dst_strides, const SizeT* shape) {
+            SizeT stride_product = 1;
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+                int dim_i = ndims - i - 1;
+                dst_strides[dim_i] = stride_product * itemsize;
+                stride_product *= shape[dim_i];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Compute the size/# of elements of an ndarray given its shape
+        template <typename SizeT>
+        static SizeT calc_size_from_shape(SizeT ndims, const SizeT* shape) {
+            SizeT size = 1;
+            for (SizeT dim_i = 0; dim_i < ndims; dim_i++) size *= shape[dim_i];
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        template <typename SizeT>
+        static bool can_broadcast_shape_to(
+            const SizeT target_ndims,
+            const SizeT *target_shape,
+            const SizeT src_ndims,
+            const SizeT *src_shape
+        ) {
+            /*
+                // See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/basics.broadcasting.html
+
+                This function handles this example:
+                ```
+                Image  (3d array): 256 x 256 x 3
+                Scale  (1d array):             3
+                Result (3d array): 256 x 256 x 3
+                ```
+
+                Other interesting examples to consider:
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([3], [1, 1, 1, 1, 3]) == true`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([3], [3, 1]) == false`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([256, 256, 3], [256, 1, 3]) == true`
+
+                In cases when the shapes contain zero(es):
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([0], [1]) == true`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([0], [2]) == false`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1]) == true`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1, 1]) == true`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1, 4, 1, 1]) == true`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([4, 3], [0, 3]) == false`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([4, 3], [0, 0]) == false`
+            */
+
+            // This is essentially doing the following in Python:
+            // `for target_dim, src_dim in itertools.zip_longest(target_shape[::-1], src_shape[::-1], fillvalue=1)`
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < max(target_ndims, src_ndims); i++) {
+                SizeT target_dim_i = target_ndims - i - 1;
+                SizeT src_dim_i = src_ndims - i - 1;
+
+                bool target_dim_exists = target_dim_i >= 0;
+                bool src_dim_exists = src_dim_i >= 0;
+
+                SizeT target_dim = target_dim_exists ? target_shape[target_dim_i] : 1;
+                SizeT src_dim = src_dim_exists ? src_shape[src_dim_i] : 1;
+
+                bool ok = src_dim == 1 || target_dim == src_dim;
+                if (!ok) return false;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    typedef uint8_t NDSliceType;
+    extern "C" {
+        const NDSliceType INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_INDEX = 0;
+        const NDSliceType INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE = 1;
+    }
+
+    struct NDSlice {
+        // A poor-man's `std::variant<int, UserRange>`
+        NDSliceType type;
+
+        /*
+            if type == INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_INDEX => `slice` points to a single `SizeT`
+            if type == INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE => `slice` points to a single `UserRange`
+        */
+        uint8_t *slice;
+    };
+
+    namespace ndarray_util {
+        template<typename SizeT>
+        SizeT deduce_ndims_after_slicing(SizeT ndims, SizeT num_slices, const NDSlice *slices) {
+            irrt_assert(num_slices <= ndims);
+
+            SizeT final_ndims = ndims;
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_slices; i++) {
+                if (slices[i].type == INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_INDEX) {
+                    final_ndims--; // An integer slice demotes the rank by 1
+                }
+            }
+            return final_ndims;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename SizeT>
+    struct NDArrayIndicesIter {
+        SizeT ndims;
+        const SizeT *shape;
+        SizeT *indices;
+
+        void set_indices_zero() {
+            __builtin_memset(indices, 0, sizeof(SizeT) * ndims);
+        }
+
+        void next() {
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+                SizeT dim_i = ndims - i - 1;
+
+                indices[dim_i]++;
+                if (indices[dim_i] < shape[dim_i]) {
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    indices[dim_i] = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // The NDArray object. `SizeT` is the *signed* size type of this ndarray.
+    //
+    // NOTE: The order of fields is IMPORTANT. DON'T TOUCH IT
+    //
+    // Some resources you might find helpful:
+    // - The official numpy implementations:
+    //   - https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/735a477f0bc2b5b84d0e72d92f224bde78d4e069/doc/source/reference/c-api/types-and-structures.rst
+    // - On strides (about reshaping, slicing, C-contagiousness, etc)
+    //   - https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-1/.
+    //   - https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-2/.
+    //   - https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-3/.
+    template <typename SizeT>
+    struct NDArray {
+        // The underlying data this `ndarray` is pointing to.
+        //
+        // NOTE: Formally this should be of type `void *`, but clang
+        // translates `void *` to `i8 *` when run with `-S -emit-llvm`,
+        // so we will put `uint8_t *` here for clarity.
+        uint8_t *data;
+
+        // The number of bytes of a single element in `data`.
+        //
+        // The `SizeT` is treated as `unsigned`.
+        SizeT itemsize;
+
+        // The number of dimensions of this shape.
+        //
+        // The `SizeT` is treated as `unsigned`.
+        SizeT ndims;
+
+        // Array shape, with length equal to `ndims`.
+        //
+        // The `SizeT` is treated as `unsigned`.
+        //
+        // NOTE: `shape` can contain 0.
+        //   (those appear when the user makes an out of bounds slice into an ndarray, e.g., `np.zeros((3, 3))[400:].shape == (0, 3)`)
+        SizeT *shape;
+
+        // Array strides (stride value is in number of bytes, NOT number of elements), with length equal to `ndims`.
+        //
+        // The `SizeT` is treated as `signed`.
+        //
+        // NOTE: `strides` can have negative numbers.
+        //   (those appear when there is a slice with a negative step, e.g., `my_array[::-1]`)
+        SizeT *strides;
+
+        // Calculate the size/# of elements of an `ndarray`.
+        // This function corresponds to `np.size(<ndarray>)` or `ndarray.size`
+        SizeT size() {
+            return ndarray_util::calc_size_from_shape(ndims, shape);
+        }
+
+        // Calculate the number of bytes of its content of an `ndarray` *in its view*.
+        // This function corresponds to `ndarray.nbytes`
+        SizeT nbytes() {
+            return this->size() * itemsize;
+        }
+
+        void set_value_at_pelement(uint8_t* pelement, const uint8_t* pvalue) {
+            __builtin_memcpy(pelement, pvalue, itemsize);
+        }
+
+        uint8_t* get_pelement(const SizeT *indices) {
+            uint8_t* element = data;
+            for (SizeT dim_i = 0; dim_i < ndims; dim_i++)
+                element += indices[dim_i] * strides[dim_i];
+            return element;
+        }
+
+        uint8_t* get_nth_pelement(SizeT nth) {
+            irrt_assert(0 <= nth);
+            irrt_assert(nth < this->size());
+
+            SizeT* indices = (SizeT*) __builtin_alloca(sizeof(SizeT) * this->ndims);
+            ndarray_util::set_indices_by_nth(this->ndims, this->shape, indices, nth);
+            return get_pelement(indices);
+        }
+
+        // Get pointer to the first element of this ndarray, assuming
+        // `this->size() > 0`, i.e., not "degenerate" due to zeroes in `this->shape`)
+        //
+        // This is particularly useful for when the ndarray is just containing a single scalar.
+        uint8_t* get_first_pelement() {
+            irrt_assert(this->size() > 0);
+            return this->data; // ...It is simply `this->data`
+        }
+
+        // Is the given `indices` valid/in-bounds?
+        bool in_bounds(const SizeT *indices) {
+            for (SizeT dim_i = 0; dim_i < ndims; dim_i++) {
+                bool dim_ok = indices[dim_i] < shape[dim_i];
+                if (!dim_ok) return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Fill the ndarray with a value
+        void fill_generic(const uint8_t* pvalue) {
+            NDArrayIndicesIter<SizeT> iter;
+            iter.ndims = this->ndims;
+            iter.shape = this->shape;
+            iter.indices = (SizeT*) __builtin_alloca(sizeof(SizeT) * ndims);
+            iter.set_indices_zero();
+
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < this->size(); i++, iter.next()) {
+                uint8_t* pelement = get_pelement(iter.indices);
+                set_value_at_pelement(pelement, pvalue);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Set the strides of the ndarray with `ndarray_util::set_strides_by_shape`
+        void set_strides_by_shape() {
+            ndarray_util::set_strides_by_shape(itemsize, ndims, strides, shape);
+        }
+
+        // https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.eye.html
+        void set_to_eye(SizeT k, const uint8_t* zero_pvalue, const uint8_t* one_pvalue) {
+            __builtin_assume(ndims == 2);
+
+            // TODO: Better implementation
+
+            fill_generic(zero_pvalue);
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < min(shape[0], shape[1]); i++) {
+                SizeT row = i;
+                SizeT col = i + k;
+                SizeT indices[2] = { row, col };
+
+                if (!in_bounds(indices)) continue;
+
+                uint8_t* pelement = get_pelement(indices);
+                set_value_at_pelement(pelement, one_pvalue);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // To support numpy complex slices (e.g., `my_array[:50:2,4,:2:-1]`)
+        //
+        // Things assumed by this function:
+        // - `dst_ndarray` is allocated by the caller
+        // - `dst_ndarray.ndims` has the correct value (according to `ndarray_util::deduce_ndims_after_slicing`).
+        //   - ... and `dst_ndarray.shape` and `dst_ndarray.strides` have been allocated by the caller as well
+        //
+        // Other notes:
+        // - `dst_ndarray->data` does not have to be set, it will be derived.
+        // - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` does not have to be set, it will be set to `this->itemsize`
+        // - `dst_ndarray->shape` and `dst_ndarray.strides` can contain empty values
+        void slice(SizeT num_ndslices, NDSlice* ndslices, NDArray<SizeT>* dst_ndarray) {
+            // REFERENCE CODE (check out `_index_helper` in `__getitem__`):
+            //   https://github.com/wadetb/tinynumpy/blob/0d23d22e07062ffab2afa287374c7b366eebdda1/tinynumpy/tinynumpy.py#L652
+
+            irrt_assert(dst_ndarray->ndims == ndarray_util::deduce_ndims_after_slicing(this->ndims, num_ndslices, ndslices));
+
+            dst_ndarray->data = this->data;
+
+            SizeT this_axis = 0;
+            SizeT dst_axis = 0;
+
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_ndslices; i++) {
+                NDSlice *ndslice = &ndslices[i];
+                if (ndslice->type == INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_INDEX) {
+                    // Handle when the ndslice is just a single (possibly negative) integer
+                    // e.g., `my_array[::2, -5, ::-1]`
+                    //                      ^^------ like this
+                    SizeT index_user = *((SizeT*) ndslice->slice);
+                    SizeT index = resolve_index_in_length(this->shape[this_axis], index_user);
+                    dst_ndarray->data += index * this->strides[this_axis]; // Add offset
+
+                    // Next
+                    this_axis++;
+                } else if (ndslice->type == INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE) {
+                    // Handle when the ndslice is a slice (represented by UserSlice in IRRT)
+                    // e.g., `my_array[::2, -5, ::-1]`
+                    //                 ^^^------^^^^----- like these
+                    UserSlice<SizeT>* user_slice = (UserSlice<SizeT>*) ndslice->slice;
+                    Slice<SizeT> slice = user_slice->indices(this->shape[this_axis]); // To resolve negative indices and other funny stuff written by the user
+
+                    // NOTE: There is no need to write special code to handle negative steps/strides.
+                    // This simple implementation meticulously handles both positive and negative steps/strides.
+                    // Check out the tinynumpy and IRRT's test cases if you are not convinced.
+                    dst_ndarray->data += slice.start * this->strides[this_axis]; // Add offset (NOTE: no need to `* itemsize`, strides count in # of bytes)
+                    dst_ndarray->strides[dst_axis] = slice.step * this->strides[this_axis]; // Determine stride
+                    dst_ndarray->shape[dst_axis] = slice.len(); // Determine shape dimension
+
+                    // Next
+                    dst_axis++;
+                    this_axis++;
+                } else {
+                    __builtin_unreachable();
+                }
+            }
+
+            irrt_assert(dst_axis == dst_ndarray->ndims); // Sanity check on the implementation
+        }
+
+        // Similar to `np.broadcast_to(<ndarray>, <target_shape>)`
+        // Assumptions:
+        //   - `this` has to be fully initialized.
+        //   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` has to be set.
+        //   - `dst_ndarray->shape` has to be set, this determines the shape `this` broadcasts to.
+        //
+        // Other notes:
+        //   - `dst_ndarray->data` does not have to be set, it will be set to `this->data`.
+        //   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` does not have to be set, it will be set to `this->data`.
+        //   - `dst_ndarray->strides` does not have to be set, it will be overwritten.
+        //
+        // Cautions:
+        //   ```
+        //   xs = np.zeros((4,))
+        //   ys = np.zero((4, 1))
+        //   ys[:] = xs # ok
+        // 
+        //   xs = np.zeros((1, 4))
+        //   ys = np.zero((4,))
+        //   ys[:] = xs # allowed
+        //   # However `np.broadcast_to(xs, (4,))` would fails, as per numpy's broadcasting rule.
+        //   # and apparently numpy will "deprecate" this? SEE https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/21744
+        //   # This implementation will NOT support this assignment.
+        //   ```
+        void broadcast_to(NDArray<SizeT>* dst_ndarray) {
+            dst_ndarray->data = this->data;
+            dst_ndarray->itemsize = this->itemsize;
+
+            irrt_assert(
+                ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(
+                    dst_ndarray->ndims,
+                    dst_ndarray->shape,
+                    this->ndims,
+                    this->shape
+                )
+            );
+
+            SizeT stride_product = 1;
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < max(this->ndims, dst_ndarray->ndims); i++) {
+                SizeT this_dim_i = this->ndims - i - 1;
+                SizeT dst_dim_i = dst_ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
+
+                bool this_dim_exists = this_dim_i >= 0;
+                bool dst_dim_exists = dst_dim_i >= 0;
+
+                // TODO: Explain how this works
+                bool c1 = this_dim_exists && this->shape[this_dim_i] == 1;
+                bool c2 = dst_dim_exists && dst_ndarray->shape[dst_dim_i] != 1;
+                if (!this_dim_exists || (c1 && c2)) {
+                    dst_ndarray->strides[dst_dim_i] = 0; // Freeze it in-place
+                } else {
+                    dst_ndarray->strides[dst_dim_i] = stride_product * this->itemsize;
+                    stride_product *= this->shape[this_dim_i]; // NOTE: this_dim_exist must be true here.
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Simulates `this_ndarray[:] = src_ndarray`, with automatic broadcasting.
+        // Caution on https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/21744
+        // Also see `NDArray::broadcast_to`
+        void assign_with(NDArray<SizeT>* src_ndarray) {
+            irrt_assert(
+                ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(
+                    this->ndims,
+                    this->shape,
+                    src_ndarray->ndims,
+                    src_ndarray->shape
+                )
+            );
+
+            // Broadcast the `src_ndarray` to make the reading process *much* easier
+            SizeT* broadcasted_src_ndarray_strides = __builtin_alloca(sizeof(SizeT) * this->ndims); // Remember to allocate strides beforehand
+            NDArray<SizeT> broadcasted_src_ndarray = {
+                .ndims = this->ndims,
+                .shape = this->shape,
+                .strides = broadcasted_src_ndarray_strides
+            };
+            src_ndarray->broadcast_to(&broadcasted_src_ndarray);
+
+            // Using iter instead of `get_nth_pelement` because it is slightly faster
+            SizeT* indices = __builtin_alloca(sizeof(SizeT) * this->ndims);
+            auto iter = NDArrayIndicesIter<SizeT> {
+                .ndims = this->ndims,
+                .shape = this->shape,
+                .indices = indices
+            };
+            const SizeT this_size = this->size();
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < this_size; i++, iter.next()) {
+                uint8_t* src_pelement = broadcasted_src_ndarray_strides->get_pelement(indices);
+                uint8_t* this_pelement = this->get_pelement(indices);
+                this->set_value_at_pelement(src_pelement, src_pelement);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_size(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+        return ndarray->size();
+    }
+
+    uint64_t __nac3_ndarray_size64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+        return ndarray->size();
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_fill_generic(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, uint8_t* pvalue) {
+        ndarray->fill_generic(pvalue);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_fill_generic64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray, uint8_t* pvalue) {
+        ndarray->fill_generic(pvalue);
+    }
+
+    // void __nac3_ndarray_slice(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, int32_t num_slices, NDSlice<int32_t> *slices, NDArray<int32_t> *dst_ndarray) {
+    //     // ndarray->slice(num_slices, slices, dst_ndarray);
+    // }
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt_slice.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt_utils.hpp"
+#include "irrt_typedefs.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+    // A proper slice in IRRT, all negative indices have be resolved to absolute values.
+    // Even though nac3core's slices are always `int32_t`, we will template slice anyway
+    // since this struct is used as a general utility.
+    template <typename T>
+    struct Slice {
+        T start;
+        T stop;
+        T step;
+
+        // The length/The number of elements of the slice if it were a range,
+        // i.e., the value of `len(range(this->start, this->stop, this->end))`
+        T len() {
+            T diff = stop - start;
+            if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
+                return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
+            } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
+                return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
+            } else {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    T resolve_index_in_length(T length, T index) {
+        irrt_assert(length >= 0);
+        if (index < 0) {
+            // Remember that index is negative, so do a plus here
+            return max(length + index, 0);
+        } else {
+            return min(length, index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: using a bitfield for the `*_defined` is better, at the
+    // cost of a more annoying implementation in nac3core inkwell
+    template <typename T>
+    struct UserSlice {
+        uint8_t start_defined;
+        T start;
+
+        uint8_t stop_defined;
+        T stop;
+
+        uint8_t step_defined;
+        T step;
+
+        // Like Python's `slice(start, stop, step).indices(length)`
+        Slice<T> indices(T length) {
+            // NOTE: This function implements Python's `slice.indices` *FAITHFULLY*.
+            // SEE: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/f62161837e68c1c77961435f1b954412dd5c2b65/Objects/sliceobject.c#L546
+            irrt_assert(length >= 0);
+            irrt_assert(!step_defined || step != 0); // step_defined -> step != 0; step cannot be zero if specified by user
+
+            Slice<T> result;
+            result.step = step_defined ? step : 1;
+            bool step_is_negative = result.step < 0;
+
+            if (start_defined) {
+                result.start = resolve_index_in_length(length, start);
+            } else {
+                result.start = step_is_negative ? length - 1 : 0;
+            }
+            
+            if (stop_defined) {
+                result.stop = resolve_index_in_length(length, stop);
+            } else {
+                result.stop = step_is_negative ? -1 : length;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    };
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt_test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+// This file will be compiled like a real C++ program,
+// and we do have the luxury to use the standard libraries.
+// That is if the nix flakes do not have issues... especially on msys2...
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+// Set `IRRT_DONT_TYPEDEF_INTS` because `cstdint` defines them
+#define IRRT_DONT_TYPEDEF_INTS
+#include "irrt_everything.hpp"
+
+void test_fail() {
+    printf("[!] Test failed\n");
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+void __begin_test(const char* function_name, const char* file, int line) {
+    printf("######### Running %s @ %s:%d\n", function_name, file, line);
+}
+
+#define BEGIN_TEST() __begin_test(__FUNCTION__, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+template <typename T>
+void debug_print_array(const char* format, int len, T* as) {
+    printf("[");
+    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        if (i != 0) printf(", ");
+        printf(format, as[i]);
+    }
+    printf("]");
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void assert_arrays_match(const char* label, const char* format, int len, T* expected, T* got) {
+    if (!arrays_match(len, expected, got)) {
+        printf(">>>>>>> %s\n", label);
+        printf("    Expecting = ");
+        debug_print_array(format, len, expected);
+        printf("\n");
+        printf("          Got = ");
+        debug_print_array(format, len, got);
+        printf("\n");
+        test_fail();
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void assert_values_match(const char* label, const char* format, T expected, T got) {
+    if (expected != got) {
+        printf(">>>>>>> %s\n", label);
+        printf("    Expecting = ");
+        printf(format, expected);
+        printf("\n");
+        printf("          Got = ");
+        printf(format, got);
+        printf("\n");
+        test_fail();
+    }
+}
+
+void print_repeated(const char *str, int count) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        printf("%s", str);
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT, typename ElementT>
+void __print_ndarray_aux(const char *format, bool first, bool last, SizeT* cursor, SizeT depth, NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    // A really lazy recursive implementation
+    
+    // Add left padding unless its the first entry (since there would be "[[[" before it)
+    if (!first) {
+        print_repeated(" ", depth);
+    }
+
+    const SizeT dim = ndarray->shape[depth];
+    if (depth + 1 == ndarray->ndims) {
+        // Recursed down to last dimension, print the values in a nice list
+        printf("[");
+
+        SizeT* indices = (SizeT*) __builtin_alloca(sizeof(SizeT) * ndarray->ndims);
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
+            ndarray_util::set_indices_by_nth(ndarray->ndims, ndarray->shape, indices, *cursor);
+            ElementT* pelement = (ElementT*) ndarray->get_pelement(indices);
+            ElementT element = *pelement;
+
+            if (i != 0) printf(", "); // List delimiter
+            printf(format, element);
+            printf("(@");
+            debug_print_array("%d", ndarray->ndims, indices);
+            printf(")");
+
+            (*cursor)++;
+        }
+        printf("]");
+    } else {
+        printf("[");
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndarray->shape[depth]; i++) {
+            __print_ndarray_aux<SizeT, ElementT>(
+                format,
+                i == 0, // first?
+                i + 1 == dim, // last?
+                cursor,
+                depth + 1,
+                ndarray
+            );
+        }
+        printf("]");
+    }
+
+    // Add newline unless its the last entry (since there will be "]]]" after it)
+    if (!last) {
+        print_repeated("\n", depth);
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT, typename ElementT>
+void print_ndarray(const char *format, NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    if (ndarray->ndims == 0) {
+        printf("<empty ndarray>");
+    } else {
+        SizeT cursor = 0;
+        __print_ndarray_aux<SizeT, ElementT>(format, true, true, &cursor, 0, ndarray);
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+}
+
+void test_calc_size_from_shape_normal() {
+    // Test shapes with normal values
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    int32_t shape[4] = { 2, 3, 5, 7 };
+    assert_values_match("size", "%d", 210, ndarray_util::calc_size_from_shape<int32_t>(4, shape));
+}
+
+void test_calc_size_from_shape_has_zero() {
+    // Test shapes with 0 in them
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    int32_t shape[4] = { 2, 0, 5, 7 };
+    assert_values_match("size", "%d", 0, ndarray_util::calc_size_from_shape<int32_t>(4, shape));
+}
+
+void test_set_strides_by_shape() {
+    // Test `set_strides_by_shape()`
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    int32_t shape[4] = { 99, 3, 5, 7 };
+    int32_t strides[4] = { 0 };
+    ndarray_util::set_strides_by_shape((int32_t) sizeof(int32_t), 4, strides, shape);
+
+    int32_t expected_strides[4] = {
+        105 * sizeof(int32_t),
+        35 * sizeof(int32_t),
+        7 * sizeof(int32_t),
+        1 * sizeof(int32_t)
+    };
+    assert_arrays_match("strides", "%u", 4u, expected_strides, strides);
+}
+
+void test_ndarray_indices_iter_normal() {
+    // Test NDArrayIndicesIter normal behavior
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    int32_t shape[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };
+    int32_t indices[3] = { 0, 0, 0 };
+    auto iter = NDArrayIndicesIter<int32_t> {
+        .ndims = 3,
+        .shape = shape,
+        .indices = indices
+    };
+
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #0", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 0, 0 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #1", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 0, 1 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #2", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 0, 2 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #3", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 1, 0 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #4", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 1, 1 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #5", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 1, 2 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #6", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 0, 0 }); // Loops back
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #7", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 0, 1 });
+}
+
+void test_ndarray_fill_generic() {
+    // Test ndarray fill_generic
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    // Choose a type that's neither int32_t nor uint64_t (candidates of SizeT) to spice it up
+    // Also make all the octets non-zero, to see if `memcpy` in `fill_generic` is working perfectly.
+    uint16_t fill_value = 0xFACE;
+
+    uint16_t in_data[6] = { 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 }; // Fill `data` with values that != `999`
+    int32_t in_itemsize = sizeof(uint16_t);
+    const int32_t in_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t in_shape[in_ndims] = { 2, 3 };
+    int32_t in_strides[in_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> ndarray = {
+        .data = (uint8_t*) in_data,
+        .itemsize = in_itemsize,
+        .ndims = in_ndims,
+        .shape = in_shape,
+        .strides = in_strides,
+    };
+    ndarray.set_strides_by_shape();
+    ndarray.fill_generic((uint8_t*) &fill_value); // `fill_generic` here
+
+    uint16_t expected_data[6] = { fill_value, fill_value, fill_value, fill_value, fill_value, fill_value };
+    assert_arrays_match("data", "0x%hX", 6, expected_data, in_data);
+}
+
+void test_ndarray_set_to_eye() {
+    // Test `set_to_eye` behavior (helper function to implement `np.eye()`)
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    double in_data[9] = { 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0 };
+    int32_t in_itemsize = sizeof(double);
+    const int32_t in_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t in_shape[in_ndims] = { 3, 3 };
+    int32_t in_strides[in_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> ndarray = {
+        .data = (uint8_t*) in_data,
+        .itemsize = in_itemsize,
+        .ndims = in_ndims,
+        .shape = in_shape,
+        .strides = in_strides,
+    };
+    ndarray.set_strides_by_shape();
+
+    double zero = 0.0;
+    double one = 1.0;
+    ndarray.set_to_eye(1, (uint8_t*) &zero, (uint8_t*) &one);
+
+    assert_values_match("in_data[0]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[0]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[1]", "%f", 1.0, in_data[1]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[2]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[2]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[3]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[3]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[4]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[4]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[5]", "%f", 1.0, in_data[5]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[6]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[6]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[7]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[7]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[8]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[8]);
+}
+
+void test_slice_1() {
+    // Test `slice(5, None, None).indices(100) == slice(5, 100, 1)`
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    UserSlice<int> user_slice = {
+        .start_defined = 1,
+        .start = 5,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 0,
+    };
+
+    auto slice = user_slice.indices(100);
+    assert_values_match("start", "%d", 5, slice.start);
+    assert_values_match("stop", "%d", 100, slice.stop);
+    assert_values_match("step", "%d", 1, slice.step);
+}
+
+void test_slice_2() {
+    // Test `slice(400, 999, None).indices(100) == slice(100, 100, 1)`
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    UserSlice<int> user_slice = {
+        .start_defined = 1,
+        .start = 400,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 0,
+    };
+
+    auto slice = user_slice.indices(100);
+    assert_values_match("start", "%d", 100, slice.start);
+    assert_values_match("stop", "%d", 100, slice.stop);
+    assert_values_match("step", "%d", 1, slice.step);
+}
+
+void test_slice_3() {
+    // Test `slice(-10, -5, None).indices(100) == slice(90, 95, 1)`
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    UserSlice<int> user_slice = {
+        .start_defined = 1,
+        .start = -10,
+        .stop_defined = 1,
+        .stop = -5,
+        .step_defined = 0,
+    };
+
+    auto slice = user_slice.indices(100);
+    assert_values_match("start", "%d", 90, slice.start);
+    assert_values_match("stop", "%d", 95, slice.stop);
+    assert_values_match("step", "%d", 1, slice.step);
+}
+
+void test_slice_4() {
+    // Test `slice(None, None, -5).indices(100) == (99, -1, -5)`
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    UserSlice<int> user_slice = {
+        .start_defined = 0,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 1,
+        .step = -5
+    };
+
+    auto slice = user_slice.indices(100);
+    assert_values_match("start", "%d", 99, slice.start);
+    assert_values_match("stop", "%d", -1, slice.stop);
+    assert_values_match("step", "%d", -5, slice.step);
+}
+
+void test_ndslice_1() {
+    /*
+        Reference Python code:
+        ```python
+        ndarray = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float64).reshape((3, 4));
+        # array([[ 0.,  1.,  2.,  3.],
+        #        [ 4.,  5.,  6.,  7.],
+        #        [ 8.,  9., 10., 11.]])
+
+        dst_ndarray = ndarray[-2:, 1::2]
+        # array([[ 5.,  7.],
+        #        [ 9., 11.]])
+
+        assert dst_ndarray.shape == (2, 2)
+        assert dst_ndarray.strides == (32, 16)
+        assert dst_ndarray[0, 0] == 5.0
+        assert dst_ndarray[0, 1] == 7.0
+        assert dst_ndarray[1, 0] == 9.0
+        assert dst_ndarray[1, 1] == 11.0
+        ```
+    */
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    double in_data[12] = { 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0 };
+    int32_t in_itemsize = sizeof(double);
+    const int32_t in_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t in_shape[in_ndims] = { 3, 4 };
+    int32_t in_strides[in_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> ndarray = {
+        .data = (uint8_t*) in_data,
+        .itemsize = in_itemsize,
+        .ndims = in_ndims,
+        .shape = in_shape,
+        .strides = in_strides
+    };
+    ndarray.set_strides_by_shape();
+
+    // Destination ndarray
+    // As documented, ndims and shape & strides must be allocated and determined by the caller.
+    const int32_t dst_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t dst_shape[dst_ndims] = {999, 999}; // Empty values
+    int32_t dst_strides[dst_ndims] = {999, 999}; // Empty values
+    NDArray<int32_t> dst_ndarray = {
+        .data = nullptr,
+        .ndims = dst_ndims,
+        .shape = dst_shape,
+        .strides = dst_strides
+    };
+
+    // Create the slice in `ndarray[-2::, 1::2]`
+    UserSlice<int32_t> user_slice_1 = {
+        .start_defined = 1,
+        .start = -2,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 0
+    };
+
+    UserSlice<int32_t> user_slice_2 = {
+        .start_defined = 1,
+        .start = 1,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 1,
+        .step = 2
+    };
+
+    const int32_t num_ndslices = 2;
+    NDSlice ndslices[num_ndslices] = {
+        { .type = INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE, .slice = (uint8_t*) &user_slice_1 },
+        { .type = INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE, .slice = (uint8_t*) &user_slice_2 }
+    };
+
+    ndarray.slice(num_ndslices, ndslices, &dst_ndarray);
+
+    int32_t expected_shape[dst_ndims] = { 2, 2 };
+    int32_t expected_strides[dst_ndims] = { 32, 16 };
+    assert_arrays_match("shape", "%d", dst_ndims, expected_shape, dst_ndarray.shape);
+    assert_arrays_match("strides", "%d", dst_ndims, expected_strides, dst_ndarray.strides);
+
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 0]", "%f", 5.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 0, 0 })));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 1]", "%f", 7.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 0, 1 })));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[1, 0]", "%f", 9.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 1, 0 })));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[1, 1]", "%f", 11.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 1, 1 })));
+}
+
+void test_ndslice_2() {
+    /*
+        ```python
+        ndarray = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float64).reshape((3, 4))
+        # array([[ 0.,  1.,  2.,  3.],
+        #        [ 4.,  5.,  6.,  7.],
+        #        [ 8.,  9., 10., 11.]])
+
+        dst_ndarray = ndarray[2, ::-2]
+        # array([11.,  9.])
+
+        assert dst_ndarray.shape == (2,)
+        assert dst_ndarray.strides == (-16,)
+        assert dst_ndarray[0] == 11.0
+        assert dst_ndarray[1] == 9.0
+
+        dst_ndarray[1, 0] == 99 # If you write to `dst_ndarray`
+        assert ndarray[1, 3] == 99 # `ndarray` also updates!!
+        ```
+    */
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    double in_data[12] = { 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0 };
+    int32_t in_itemsize = sizeof(double);
+    const int32_t in_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t in_shape[in_ndims] = { 3, 4 };
+    int32_t in_strides[in_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> ndarray = {
+        .data = (uint8_t*) in_data,
+        .itemsize = in_itemsize,
+        .ndims = in_ndims,
+        .shape = in_shape,
+        .strides = in_strides
+    };
+    ndarray.set_strides_by_shape();
+
+    // Destination ndarray
+    // As documented, ndims and shape & strides must be allocated and determined by the caller.
+    const int32_t dst_ndims = 1;
+    int32_t dst_shape[dst_ndims] = {999}; // Empty values
+    int32_t dst_strides[dst_ndims] = {999}; // Empty values
+    NDArray<int32_t> dst_ndarray = {
+        .data = nullptr,
+        .ndims = dst_ndims,
+        .shape = dst_shape,
+        .strides = dst_strides
+    };
+
+    // Create the slice in `ndarray[2, ::-2]`
+    int32_t user_slice_1 = 2;
+    UserSlice<int32_t> user_slice_2 = {
+        .start_defined = 0,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 1,
+        .step = -2
+    };
+
+    const int32_t num_ndslices = 2;
+    NDSlice ndslices[num_ndslices] = {
+        { .type = INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_INDEX, .slice = (uint8_t*) &user_slice_1 },
+        { .type = INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE, .slice = (uint8_t*) &user_slice_2 }
+    };
+
+    ndarray.slice(num_ndslices, ndslices, &dst_ndarray);
+
+    int32_t expected_shape[dst_ndims] = { 2 };
+    int32_t expected_strides[dst_ndims] = { -16 };
+    assert_arrays_match("shape", "%d", dst_ndims, expected_shape, dst_ndarray.shape);
+    assert_arrays_match("strides", "%d", dst_ndims, expected_strides, dst_ndarray.strides);
+
+    // [5.0, 3.0]
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0]", "%f", 11.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 0 })));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[1]", "%f", 9.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 1 })));
+}
+
+void test_can_broadcast_shape() {
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([3], [1, 1, 1, 1, 3]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 3 }, 5, (int32_t[]) { 1, 1, 1, 1, 3 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([3], [3, 1]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 3 }, 2, (int32_t[]) { 3, 1 }));
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([3], [3]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 3 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 3 }));
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([1], [3]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 1 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 3 }));
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([1], [1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 1 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 1 }));
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([256, 256, 3], [256, 1, 3]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(3, (int32_t[]) { 256, 256, 3 }, 3, (int32_t[]) { 256, 1, 3 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([256, 256, 3], [3]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(3, (int32_t[]) { 256, 256, 3 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 3 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([256, 256, 3], [2]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(3, (int32_t[]) { 256, 256, 3 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 2 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([256, 256, 3], [1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(3, (int32_t[]) { 256, 256, 3 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 1 })
+    );
+
+    // In cases when the shapes contain zero(es)
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([0], [1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 0 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 1 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([0], [2]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 0 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 2 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(4, (int32_t[]) { 0, 4, 0, 0 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 1 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1, 1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(4, (int32_t[]) { 0, 4, 0, 0 }, 4, (int32_t[]) { 1, 1, 1, 1 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1, 4, 1, 1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(4, (int32_t[]) { 0, 4, 0, 0 }, 4, (int32_t[]) { 1, 4, 1, 1 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([4, 3], [0, 3]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(2, (int32_t[]) { 4, 3 }, 2, (int32_t[]) { 0, 3 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([4, 3], [0, 0]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(2, (int32_t[]) { 4, 3 }, 2, (int32_t[]) { 0, 0 })
+    );
+}
+
+void test_ndarray_broadcast_1() {
+    /*
+    # array = np.array([[19.9, 29.9, 39.9, 49.9]], dtype=np.float64)
+    # >>> [[19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]]
+    #
+    # array = np.broadcast_to(array, (2, 3, 4))
+    # >>> [[[19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]
+    # >>>   [19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]
+    # >>>   [19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]]
+    # >>>  [[19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]
+    # >>>   [19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]
+    # >>>   [19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]]]
+    #
+    # assery array.strides == (0, 0, 8)
+
+    */
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    double in_data[4] = { 19.9, 29.9, 39.9, 49.9 };
+    const int32_t in_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t in_shape[in_ndims] = {1, 4};
+    int32_t in_strides[in_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> ndarray = {
+        .data = (uint8_t*) in_data,
+        .itemsize = sizeof(double),
+        .ndims = in_ndims,
+        .shape = in_shape,
+        .strides = in_strides
+    };
+    ndarray.set_strides_by_shape();
+
+    const int32_t dst_ndims = 3;
+    int32_t dst_shape[dst_ndims] = {2, 3, 4};
+    int32_t dst_strides[dst_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> dst_ndarray = {
+        .ndims = dst_ndims,
+        .shape = dst_shape,
+        .strides = dst_strides
+    };
+
+    ndarray.broadcast_to(&dst_ndarray);
+
+    assert_arrays_match("dst_ndarray->strides", "%d", dst_ndims, (int32_t[]) { 0, 0, 8 }, dst_ndarray.strides);
+
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 0, 0]", "%f", 19.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[]) {0, 0, 0})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 0, 1]", "%f", 29.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[]) {0, 0, 1})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 0, 2]", "%f", 39.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[]) {0, 0, 2})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 0, 3]", "%f", 49.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[]) {0, 0, 3})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 1, 0]", "%f", 19.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[]) {0, 1, 0})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 1, 1]", "%f", 29.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[]) {0, 1, 1})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 1, 2]", "%f", 39.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[]) {0, 1, 2})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 1, 3]", "%f", 49.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[]) {0, 1, 3})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[1, 2, 3]", "%f", 49.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement((int32_t[]) {1, 2, 3})));
+}
+
+void test_assign_with() {
+    /*
+        ```
+        xs = np.array([[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0], [7.0, 8.0, 9.0]], dtype=np.float64)
+        ys = xs.shape
+        ```
+    */
+}
+
+int main() {
+    test_calc_size_from_shape_normal();
+    test_calc_size_from_shape_has_zero();
+    test_set_strides_by_shape();
+    test_ndarray_indices_iter_normal();
+    test_ndarray_fill_generic();
+    test_ndarray_set_to_eye();
+    test_slice_1();
+    test_slice_2();
+    test_slice_3();
+    test_slice_4();
+    test_ndslice_1();
+    test_ndslice_2();
+    test_can_broadcast_shape();
+    test_ndarray_broadcast_1();
+    test_assign_with();
+    return 0;
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt_typedefs.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// This is made toggleable since `irrt_test.cpp` itself would include
+// headers that define the `int_t` family.
+#ifndef IRRT_DONT_TYPEDEF_INTS
+typedef _BitInt(8) int8_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(8) uint8_t;
+typedef _BitInt(32) int32_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(32) uint32_t;
+typedef _BitInt(64) int64_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(64) uint64_t;
+#endif
+
+typedef int32_t SliceIndex;

nac3core/irrt/irrt_utils.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt_typedefs.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+    template <typename T>
+    T max(T a, T b) {
+        return a > b ? a : b;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    T min(T a, T b) {
+        return a > b ? b : a;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    bool arrays_match(int len, T *as, T *bs) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            if (as[i] != bs[i]) return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void irrt_panic() {
+        // Crash the program for now.
+        // TODO: Don't crash the program
+        //       ... or at least produce a good message when doing testing IRRT
+            
+        uint8_t* death = nullptr;
+        *death = 0; // TODO: address 0 on hardware might be writable?
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Make this a macro and allow it to be toggled on/off (e.g., debug vs release)
+    void irrt_assert(bool condition) {
+        if (!condition) irrt_panic();
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/concrete_type.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,13 @@ use crate::{
     toplevel::DefinitionId,
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+        typedef::{
+            into_var_map, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVar, TypeVarId, Unifier,
+        },
     },
 };
 
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
@@ -44,13 +47,10 @@ pub enum ConcreteTypeEnum {
     TTuple {
         ty: Vec<ConcreteType>,
     },
-    TList {
-        ty: ConcreteType,
-    },
     TObj {
         obj_id: DefinitionId,
         fields: HashMap<StrRef, (ConcreteType, bool)>,
-        params: HashMap<u32, ConcreteType>,
+        params: IndexMap<TypeVarId, ConcreteType>,
     },
     TVirtual {
         ty: ConcreteType,
@@ -58,11 +58,10 @@ pub enum ConcreteTypeEnum {
     TFunc {
         args: Vec<ConcreteFuncArg>,
         ret: ConcreteType,
-        vars: HashMap<u32, ConcreteType>,
+        vars: HashMap<TypeVarId, ConcreteType>,
     },
-    TConstant {
+    TLiteral {
-        value: SymbolValue,
+        values: Vec<SymbolValue>,
-        ty: ConcreteType,
     },
 }
 
@@ -165,9 +164,6 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                         .map(|t| self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *t, cache))
                         .collect(),
                 },
-                TypeEnum::TList { ty } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TList {
-                    ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache),
-                },
                 TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TObj {
                     obj_id: *obj_id,
                     fields: fields
@@ -202,10 +198,9 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                 TypeEnum::TFunc(signature) => {
                     self.from_signature(unifier, primitives, signature, cache)
                 }
-                TypeEnum::TConstant { value, ty, .. } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TConstant {
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
-                    value: value.clone(),
+                    ConcreteTypeEnum::TLiteral { values: values.clone() }
-                    ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache),
+                }
-                },
                 _ => unreachable!("{:?}", ty_enum.get_type_name()),
             };
             let index = if let Some(ConcreteType(index)) = cache.get(&ty).unwrap() {
@@ -231,7 +226,7 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
             return if let Some(ty) = ty {
                 *ty
             } else {
-                *ty = Some(unifier.get_dummy_var().0);
+                *ty = Some(unifier.get_dummy_var().ty);
                 ty.unwrap()
             };
         }
@@ -259,9 +254,6 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                     .map(|cty| self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache))
                     .collect(),
             },
-            ConcreteTypeEnum::TList { ty } => {
-                TypeEnum::TList { ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache) }
-            }
             ConcreteTypeEnum::TVirtual { ty } => {
                 TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache) }
             }
@@ -273,10 +265,10 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                         (*name, (self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, cty.0, cache), cty.1))
                     })
                     .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-                params: params
+                params: into_var_map(params.iter().map(|(&id, cty)| {
-                    .iter()
+                    let ty = self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache);
-                    .map(|(id, cty)| (*id, self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache)))
+                    TypeVar { id, ty }
-                    .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                })),
             },
             ConcreteTypeEnum::TFunc { args, ret, vars } => TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: args
@@ -288,15 +280,13 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                     })
                     .collect(),
                 ret: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ret, cache),
-                vars: vars
+                vars: into_var_map(vars.iter().map(|(&id, cty)| {
-                    .iter()
+                    let ty = self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache);
-                    .map(|(id, cty)| (*id, self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache)))
+                    TypeVar { id, ty }
-                    .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                })),
             }),
-            ConcreteTypeEnum::TConstant { value, ty } => TypeEnum::TConstant {
+            ConcreteTypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
-                value: value.clone(),
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values: values.clone(), loc: None }
-                ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache),
-                loc: None,
             }
         };
         let result = unifier.add_ty(result);

nac3core/src/codegen/extern_fns.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+use inkwell::attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc};
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue};
+use itertools::Either;
+
+use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+
+/// Macro to generate extern function
+/// Both function return type and function parameter type are `FloatValue`
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `unary/binary`: Whether the extern function requires one (unary) or two (binary) operands
+/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
+/// * `$extern_fn:literal`: Name of underlying extern function
+///
+/// Optional Arguments:
+/// * `$(,$attributes:literal)*)`: Attributes linked with the extern function
+/// The default attributes are "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", and "writeonly"
+/// These will be used unless other attributes are specified
+/// * `$(,$args:ident)*`: Operands of the extern function
+/// The data type of these operands will be set to `FloatValue`
+///  
+macro_rules! generate_extern_fn {
+    ("unary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg, "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly");
+    };
+    ("unary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg $(,$attributes)*);
+    };
+    ("binary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg1, arg2, "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly");
+    };
+    ("binary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg1, arg2 $(,$attributes)*);
+    };
+    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$args:ident)* $(,$attributes:literal)*) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($extern_fn), "`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/math/", stringify!($llvm_name), ") function." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx>(
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>
+            $(,$args: FloatValue<'ctx>)*,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            const FN_NAME: &str = $extern_fn;
+
+            let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+            $(debug_assert_eq!($args.get_type(), llvm_f64);)*
+
+            let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[$($args.get_type().into()),*], false);
+                let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+                for attr in [$($attributes),*] {
+                    func.add_attribute(
+                        AttributeLoc::Function,
+                        ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+                    );
+                }
+                func
+            });
+
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_call(extern_fn, &[$($args.into()),*], name.unwrap_or_default())
+                .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+                .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+                .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_tan, "tan");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_asin, "asin");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_acos, "acos");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_atan, "atan");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_sinh, "sinh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_cosh, "cosh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_tanh, "tanh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_asinh, "asinh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_acosh, "acosh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_atanh, "atanh");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_expm1, "expm1");
+generate_extern_fn!(
+    "unary",
+    call_cbrt,
+    "cbrt",
+    "mustprogress",
+    "nofree",
+    "nosync",
+    "nounwind",
+    "readonly",
+    "willreturn"
+);
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_erf, "erf", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_erfc, "erfc", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("unary", call_j1, "j1", "nounwind");
+
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_atan2, "atan2");
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_hypot, "hypot", "nounwind");
+generate_extern_fn!("binary", call_nextafter, "nextafter", "nounwind");
+
+/// Invokes the [`ldexp`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/math/ldexp) function.
+pub fn call_ldexp<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    arg: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+    exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "ldexp";
+
+    let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    debug_assert_eq!(arg.get_type(), llvm_f64);
+    debug_assert_eq!(exp.get_type(), llvm_i32);
+
+    let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_f64.fn_type(&[llvm_f64.into(), llvm_i32.into()], false);
+        let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+        for attr in ["mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn"] {
+            func.add_attribute(
+                AttributeLoc::Function,
+                ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+            );
+        }
+
+        func
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(extern_fn, &[arg.into(), exp.into()], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::{
-    codegen::{expr::*, stmt::*, bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, CodeGenContext},
+    codegen::{bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, classes::ArraySliceValue, expr::*, stmt::*, CodeGenContext},
     symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
     toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
     typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},
@@ -92,6 +92,18 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
         gen_var(ctx, ty, name)
     }
 
+    /// Allocate memory for a variable and return a pointer pointing to it.
+    /// The default implementation places the allocations at the start of the function.
+    fn gen_array_var_alloc<'ctx>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Result<ArraySliceValue<'ctx>, String> {
+        gen_array_var(ctx, ty, size, name)
+    }
+
     /// Return a pointer pointing to the target of the expression.
     fn gen_store_target<'ctx>(
         &mut self,
@@ -131,8 +143,8 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
         gen_while(self, ctx, stmt)
     }
 
-    /// Generate code for a while expression.
+    /// Generate code for a for expression.
-    /// Return true if the while loop must early return
+    /// Return true if the for loop must early return
     fn gen_for(
         &mut self,
         ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
@@ -198,7 +210,7 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     fn bool_to_i1<'ctx>(
         &self,
         ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>
+        bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>,
     ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
         bool_to_i1(&ctx.builder, bool_value)
     }
@@ -207,7 +219,7 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
     fn bool_to_i8<'ctx>(
         &self,
         ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>
+        bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>,
     ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
         bool_to_i8(&ctx.builder, ctx.ctx, bool_value)
     }
@@ -227,7 +239,6 @@ impl DefaultCodeGenerator {
 }
 
 impl CodeGenerator for DefaultCodeGenerator {
-
     /// Returns the name for this [`CodeGenerator`].
     fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/irrt.c

@@ -1,199 +0,0 @@
-typedef _BitInt(8) int8_t;
-typedef unsigned _BitInt(8) uint8_t;
-typedef _BitInt(32) int32_t;
-typedef unsigned _BitInt(32) uint32_t;
-typedef _BitInt(64) int64_t;
-typedef unsigned _BitInt(64) uint64_t;
-
-# define MAX(a, b) (a > b ? a : b)
-# define MIN(a, b) (a > b ? b : a)
-
-// adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
-// need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
-#define DEF_INT_EXP(T) T __nac3_int_exp_##T( \
-    T base, \
-    T exp \
-) { \
-    T res = (T)1; \
-    /* repeated squaring method */ \
-    do { \
-       if (exp & 1) res *= base;  /* for n odd */ \
-       exp >>= 1; \
-       base *= base; \
-    } while (exp); \
-    return res; \
-} \
-
-DEF_INT_EXP(int32_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(int64_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(uint32_t)
-DEF_INT_EXP(uint64_t)
-
-
-int32_t __nac3_slice_index_bound(int32_t i, const int32_t len) {
-    if (i < 0) {
-        i = len + i;
-    }
-    if (i < 0) {
-        return 0;
-    } else if (i > len) {
-        return len;
-    }
-    return i;
-}
-
-int32_t __nac3_range_slice_len(const int32_t start, const int32_t end, const int32_t step) {
-    int32_t diff = end - start;
-    if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
-        return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
-    } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
-        return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
-    } else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-// Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
-// both dest_step and src_step are +1.
-// - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
-// - The end index is *inclusive*,
-// - The length of src and dest slice size should already
-// be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
-int32_t __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(
-    int32_t dest_start,
-    int32_t dest_end,
-    int32_t dest_step,
-    uint8_t *dest_arr,
-    int32_t dest_arr_len,
-    int32_t src_start,
-    int32_t src_end,
-    int32_t src_step,
-    uint8_t *src_arr,
-    int32_t src_arr_len,
-    const int32_t size
-) {
-    /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
-    if (dest_arr_len == 0) return dest_arr_len;
-    /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
-    if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
-        const int32_t src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
-        const int32_t dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
-        if (src_len > 0) {
-            __builtin_memmove(
-                dest_arr + dest_start * size,
-                src_arr + src_start * size,
-                src_len * size
-            );
-        }
-        if (dest_len > 0) {
-            /* dropping */
-            __builtin_memmove(
-                dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size,
-                dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
-                (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
-            );
-        }
-        /* shrink size */
-        return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
-    }
-    /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
-    uint8_t need_alloca =
-        (dest_arr == src_arr)
-        && !(
-            MAX(dest_start, dest_end) < MIN(src_start, src_end)
-            || MAX(src_start, src_end) < MIN(dest_start, dest_end)
-        );
-    if (need_alloca) {
-        uint8_t *tmp = __builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size);
-        __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
-        src_arr = tmp;
-    }
-    int32_t src_ind = src_start;
-    int32_t dest_ind = dest_start;
-    for (;
-        (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end);
-        src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step
-    ) {
-        /* for constant optimization */
-        if (size == 1) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
-        } else if (size == 4) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
-        } else if (size == 8) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
-        } else {
-            /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
-        }
-    }
-    /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
-    /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
-    if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
-        __builtin_memmove(
-            dest_arr + dest_ind * size,
-            dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
-            (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
-        );
-        return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
-    }
-    return dest_arr_len;
-}
-
-int32_t __nac3_isinf(double x) {
-    return __builtin_isinf(x);
-}
-
-int32_t __nac3_isnan(double x) {
-    return __builtin_isnan(x);
-}
-
-double tgamma(double arg);
-
-double __nac3_gamma(double z) {
-    // Handling for denormals
-    //     | x                 | Python gamma(x) | C tgamma(x) |
-    // --- | ----------------- | --------------- | ----------- |
-    // (1) | nan               | nan             | nan         |
-    // (2) | -inf              | -inf            | inf         |
-    // (3) | inf               | inf             | inf         |
-    // (4) | 0.0               | inf             | inf         |
-    // (5) | {-1.0, -2.0, ...} | inf             | nan         |
-
-    // (1)-(3)
-    if (__builtin_isinf(z) || __builtin_isnan(z)) {
-        return z;
-    }
-
-    double v = tgamma(z);
-
-    // (4)-(5)
-    return __builtin_isinf(v) || __builtin_isnan(v) ? __builtin_inf() : v;
-}
-
-double lgamma(double arg);
-
-double __nac3_gammaln(double x) {
-    // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
-    // - scipy: gammaln(-inf) -> -inf
-    // - libm : lgamma(-inf) -> inf
-
-    if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
-        return x;
-    }
-
-    return lgamma(x);
-}
-
-double j0(double x);
-
-double __nac3_j0(double x) {
-    // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
-    // - scipy: j0(inf) -> nan
-    // - libm : j0(inf) -> 0.0
-
-    if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
-        return __builtin_nan("");
-    }
-
-    return j0(x);
-}

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,26 @@
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::Type;
+use crate::{typecheck::typedef::Type, util::SizeVariant};
 
-use super::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+mod test;
+
+use super::{
+    classes::{
+        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayValue, NpArrayType,
+        NpArrayValue, TypedArrayLikeAdapter, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+    },
+    llvm_intrinsics, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+use crate::codegen::classes::TypedArrayLikeAccessor;
+use crate::codegen::stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing;
 use inkwell::{
     attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
     context::Context,
     memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
     module::Module,
-    types::BasicTypeEnum,
+    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, FunctionType, IntType, PointerType},
-    values::{FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, FunctionValue, IntValue},
     AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
 };
+use itertools::Either;
 use nac3parser::ast::Expr;
 
 #[must_use]
@@ -34,8 +45,8 @@ pub fn load_irrt(ctx: &Context) -> Module {
 
 // repeated squaring method adapted from GNU Scientific Library:
 // https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
-pub fn integer_power<'ctx>(
+pub fn integer_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+    generator: &mut G,
     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     base: IntValue<'ctx>,
     exp: IntValue<'ctx>,
@@ -54,12 +65,15 @@ pub fn integer_power<'ctx>(
         ctx.module.add_function(symbol, fn_type, None)
     });
     // throw exception when exp < 0
-    let ge_zero = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+    let ge_zero = ctx
-        IntPredicate::SGE,
+        .builder
-        exp,
+        .build_int_compare(
-        exp.get_type().const_zero(),
+            IntPredicate::SGE,
-        "assert_int_pow_ge_0",
+            exp,
-    );
+            exp.get_type().const_zero(),
+            "assert_int_pow_ge_0",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
     ctx.make_assert(
         generator,
         ge_zero,
@@ -70,13 +84,14 @@ pub fn integer_power<'ctx>(
     );
     ctx.builder
         .build_call(pow_fun, &[base.into(), exp.into()], "call_int_pow")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .unwrap_left()
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .into_int_value()
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
 }
 
-pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx>(
+pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+    generator: &mut G,
     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     start: IntValue<'ctx>,
     end: IntValue<'ctx>,
@@ -90,12 +105,10 @@ pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx>(
     });
 
     // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
-    let not_zero = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+    let not_zero = ctx
-        IntPredicate::NE,
+        .builder
-        step,
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, step, step.get_type().const_zero(), "range_step_ne")
-        step.get_type().const_zero(),
+        .unwrap();
-        "range_step_ne",
-    );
     ctx.make_assert(
         generator,
         not_zero,
@@ -106,10 +119,10 @@ pub fn calculate_len_for_slice_range<'ctx>(
     );
     ctx.builder
         .build_call(len_func, &[start.into(), end.into(), step.into()], "calc_len")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .left()
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
         .unwrap()
-        .into_int_value()
 }
 
 /// NOTE: the output value of the end index of this function should be compared ***inclusively***,
@@ -158,13 +171,12 @@ pub fn handle_slice_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
     step: &Option<Box<Expr<Option<Type>>>>,
     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     generator: &mut G,
-    list: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    length: IntValue<'ctx>,
 ) -> Result<Option<(IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>)>, String> {
     let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
     let zero = int32.const_zero();
     let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
-    let length = ctx.build_gep_and_load(list, &[zero, one], Some("length")).into_int_value();
+    let length = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(length, int32, "leni32").unwrap();
-    let length = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(length, int32, "leni32");
     Ok(Some(match (start, end, step) {
         (s, e, None) => (
             if let Some(s) = s.as_ref() {
@@ -184,7 +196,7 @@ pub fn handle_slice_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 } else {
                     length
                 };
-                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "final_end")
+                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "final_end").unwrap()
             },
             one,
         ),
@@ -192,15 +204,18 @@ pub fn handle_slice_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
             let step = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, step)? {
                 v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ctx.primitives.int32)?.into_int_value()
             } else {
-                return Ok(None)
+                return Ok(None);
             };
             // assert step != 0, throw exception if not
-            let not_zero = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+            let not_zero = ctx
-                IntPredicate::NE,
+                .builder
-                step,
+                .build_int_compare(
-                step.get_type().const_zero(),
+                    IntPredicate::NE,
-                "range_step_ne",
+                    step,
-            );
+                    step.get_type().const_zero(),
+                    "range_step_ne",
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             ctx.make_assert(
                 generator,
                 not_zero,
@@ -209,49 +224,66 @@ pub fn handle_slice_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                 [None, None, None],
                 ctx.current_loc,
             );
-            let len_id = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(length, one, "lenmin1");
+            let len_id = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(length, one, "lenmin1").unwrap();
-            let neg = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, step, zero, "step_is_neg");
+            let neg = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, step, zero, "step_is_neg")
+                .unwrap();
             (
                 match s {
                     Some(s) => {
                         let Some(s) = handle_slice_index_bound(s, ctx, generator, length)? else {
-                            return Ok(None)
+                            return Ok(None);
                         };
                         ctx.builder
                             .build_select(
-                                ctx.builder.build_and(
+                                ctx.builder
-                                    ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+                                    .build_and(
-                                        IntPredicate::EQ,
+                                        ctx.builder
-                                        s,
+                                            .build_int_compare(
-                                        length,
+                                                IntPredicate::EQ,
-                                        "s_eq_len",
+                                                s,
-                                    ),
+                                                length,
-                                    neg,
+                                                "s_eq_len",
-                                    "should_minus_one",
+                                            )
-                                ),
+                                            .unwrap(),
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(s, one, "s_min"),
+                                        neg,
+                                        "should_minus_one",
+                                    )
+                                    .unwrap(),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(s, one, "s_min").unwrap(),
                                 s,
                                 "final_start",
                             )
-                            .into_int_value()
+                            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                            .unwrap()
                     }
-                    None => ctx.builder.build_select(neg, len_id, zero, "stt").into_int_value(),
+                    None => ctx
+                        .builder
+                        .build_select(neg, len_id, zero, "stt")
+                        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                        .unwrap(),
                 },
                 match e {
                     Some(e) => {
                         let Some(e) = handle_slice_index_bound(e, ctx, generator, length)? else {
-                            return Ok(None)
+                            return Ok(None);
                         };
                         ctx.builder
                             .build_select(
                                 neg,
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_add(e, one, "end_add_one"),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_add(e, one, "end_add_one").unwrap(),
-                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "end_sub_one"),
+                                ctx.builder.build_int_sub(e, one, "end_sub_one").unwrap(),
                                 "final_end",
                             )
-                            .into_int_value()
+                            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                            .unwrap()
                     }
-                    None => ctx.builder.build_select(neg, zero, len_id, "end").into_int_value(),
+                    None => ctx
+                        .builder
+                        .build_select(neg, zero, len_id, "end")
+                        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+                        .unwrap(),
                 },
                 step,
             )
@@ -277,27 +309,28 @@ pub fn handle_slice_index_bound<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
     let i = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, i)? {
         v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, i.custom.unwrap())?
     } else {
-        return Ok(None)
+        return Ok(None);
     };
-    Ok(Some(ctx
+    Ok(Some(
-        .builder
+        ctx.builder
-        .build_call(func, &[i.into(), length.into()], "bounded_ind")
+            .build_call(func, &[i.into(), length.into()], "bounded_ind")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .left()
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .unwrap()
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
-        .into_int_value()))
+            .unwrap(),
+    ))
 }
 
 /// This function handles 'end' **inclusively**.
 /// Order of tuples `assign_idx` and `value_idx` is ('start', 'end', 'step').
 /// Negative index should be handled before entering this function
-pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx>(
+pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+    generator: &mut G,
     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
-    dest_arr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    dest_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
     dest_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
-    src_arr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
     src_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
 ) {
     let size_ty = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
@@ -326,76 +359,63 @@ pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx>(
 
     let zero = int32.const_zero();
     let one = int32.const_int(1, false);
-    let dest_arr_ptr = ctx.build_gep_and_load(dest_arr, &[zero, zero], Some("dest.addr"));
+    let dest_arr_ptr = dest_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-    let dest_arr_ptr = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(
+    let dest_arr_ptr =
-        dest_arr_ptr.into_pointer_value(),
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(dest_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "dest_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
-        elem_ptr_type,
+    let dest_len = dest_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("dest.len"));
-        "dest_arr_ptr_cast",
+    let dest_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(dest_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
-    );
+    let src_arr_ptr = src_arr.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-    let dest_len = ctx.build_gep_and_load(dest_arr, &[zero, one], Some("dest.len")).into_int_value();
+    let src_arr_ptr =
-    let dest_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(dest_len, int32, "srclen32");
+        ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(src_arr_ptr, elem_ptr_type, "src_arr_ptr_cast").unwrap();
-    let src_arr_ptr = ctx.build_gep_and_load(src_arr, &[zero, zero], Some("src.addr"));
+    let src_len = src_arr.load_size(ctx, Some("src.len"));
-    let src_arr_ptr = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(
+    let src_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(src_len, int32, "srclen32").unwrap();
-        src_arr_ptr.into_pointer_value(),
-        elem_ptr_type,
-        "src_arr_ptr_cast",
-    );
-    let src_len = ctx.build_gep_and_load(src_arr, &[zero, one], Some("src.len")).into_int_value();
-    let src_len = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(src_len, int32, "srclen32");
 
     // index in bound and positive should be done
     // assert if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest), and
     // throw exception if not satisfied
-    let src_end = ctx.builder
+    let src_end = ctx
+        .builder
         .build_select(
-            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
-                IntPredicate::SLT,
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(src_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
-                src_idx.2,
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(src_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
-                zero,
-                "is_neg",
-            ),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(src_idx.1, one, "e_min_one"),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_add(src_idx.1, one, "e_add_one"),
             "final_e",
         )
-        .into_int_value();
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
-    let dest_end = ctx.builder
+        .unwrap();
+    let dest_end = ctx
+        .builder
         .build_select(
-            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+            ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, dest_idx.2, zero, "is_neg").unwrap(),
-                IntPredicate::SLT,
+            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(dest_idx.1, one, "e_min_one").unwrap(),
-                dest_idx.2,
+            ctx.builder.build_int_add(dest_idx.1, one, "e_add_one").unwrap(),
-                zero,
-                "is_neg",
-            ),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_sub(dest_idx.1, one, "e_min_one"),
-            ctx.builder.build_int_add(dest_idx.1, one, "e_add_one"),
             "final_e",
         )
-        .into_int_value();
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
     let src_slice_len =
         calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, src_idx.0, src_end, src_idx.2);
     let dest_slice_len =
         calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, dest_idx.0, dest_end, dest_idx.2);
-    let src_eq_dest = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+    let src_eq_dest = ctx
-        IntPredicate::EQ,
+        .builder
-        src_slice_len,
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_eq_dest")
-        dest_slice_len,
+        .unwrap();
-        "slice_src_eq_dest",
+    let src_slt_dest = ctx
-    );
+        .builder
-    let src_slt_dest = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, src_slice_len, dest_slice_len, "slice_src_slt_dest")
-        IntPredicate::SLT,
+        .unwrap();
-        src_slice_len,
+    let dest_step_eq_one = ctx
-        dest_slice_len,
+        .builder
-        "slice_src_slt_dest",
+        .build_int_compare(
-    );
+            IntPredicate::EQ,
-    let dest_step_eq_one = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(
+            dest_idx.2,
-        IntPredicate::EQ,
+            dest_idx.2.get_type().const_int(1, false),
-        dest_idx.2,
+            "slice_dest_step_eq_one",
-        dest_idx.2.get_type().const_int(1, false),
+        )
-        "slice_dest_step_eq_one",
+        .unwrap();
-    );
+    let cond_1 = ctx.builder.build_and(dest_step_eq_one, src_slt_dest, "slice_cond_1").unwrap();
-    let cond_1 = ctx.builder.build_and(dest_step_eq_one, src_slt_dest, "slice_cond_1");
+    let cond = ctx.builder.build_or(src_eq_dest, cond_1, "slice_cond").unwrap();
-    let cond = ctx.builder.build_or(src_eq_dest, cond_1, "slice_cond");
     ctx.make_assert(
         generator,
         cond,
@@ -425,34 +445,34 @@ pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx>(
                     BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => t.size_of().unwrap(),
                     _ => unreachable!(),
                 };
-                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size")
+                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size").unwrap()
             }
             .into(),
         ];
         ctx.builder
             .build_call(slice_assign_fun, args.as_slice(), "slice_assign")
-            .try_as_basic_value()
+            .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-            .unwrap_left()
+            .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-            .into_int_value()
+            .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+            .unwrap()
     };
     // update length
     let need_update =
-        ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, new_len, dest_len, "need_update");
+        ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, new_len, dest_len, "need_update").unwrap();
     let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();
     let update_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "update");
     let cont_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "cont");
-    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(need_update, update_bb, cont_bb);
+    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(need_update, update_bb, cont_bb).unwrap();
     ctx.builder.position_at_end(update_bb);
-    let dest_len_ptr = unsafe { ctx.builder.build_gep(dest_arr, &[zero, one], "dest_len_ptr") };
+    let new_len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, size_ty, "new_len").unwrap();
-    let new_len = ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, size_ty, "new_len");
+    dest_arr.store_size(ctx, generator, new_len);
-    ctx.builder.build_store(dest_len_ptr, new_len);
+    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
-    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb);
     ctx.builder.position_at_end(cont_bb);
 }
 
 /// Generates a call to `isinf` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
-pub fn call_isinf<'ctx>(
+pub fn call_isinf<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+    generator: &mut G,
     ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
 ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
@@ -461,18 +481,20 @@ pub fn call_isinf<'ctx>(
         ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isinf", fn_type, None)
     });
 
-    let ret = ctx.builder
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
         .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isinf")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .unwrap_left()
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .into_int_value();
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
 
     generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
 }
 
 /// Generates a call to `isnan` in IR. Returns an `i1` representing the result.
-pub fn call_isnan<'ctx>(
+pub fn call_isnan<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+    generator: &mut G,
     ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
 ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
@@ -481,20 +503,19 @@ pub fn call_isnan<'ctx>(
         ctx.module.add_function("__nac3_isnan", fn_type, None)
     });
 
-    let ret = ctx.builder
+    let ret = ctx
+        .builder
         .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "isnan")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .unwrap_left()
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .into_int_value();
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
 
     generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret)
 }
 
 /// Generates a call to `gamma` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
-pub fn call_gamma<'ctx>(
+pub fn call_gamma<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
-    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
-) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
     let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
 
     let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gamma").unwrap_or_else(|| {
@@ -504,16 +525,14 @@ pub fn call_gamma<'ctx>(
 
     ctx.builder
         .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gamma")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .unwrap_left()
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
-        .into_float_value()
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
 }
 
 /// Generates a call to `gammaln` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
-pub fn call_gammaln<'ctx>(
+pub fn call_gammaln<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
-    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
-) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
     let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
 
     let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_gammaln").unwrap_or_else(|| {
@@ -523,16 +542,14 @@ pub fn call_gammaln<'ctx>(
 
     ctx.builder
         .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "gammaln")
-        .try_as_basic_value()
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .unwrap_left()
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
-        .into_float_value()
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
 }
 
 /// Generates a call to `j0` in IR. Returns an `f64` representing the result.
-pub fn call_j0<'ctx>(
+pub fn call_j0<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
-    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    v: FloatValue<'ctx>,
-) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
     let llvm_f64 = ctx.ctx.f64_type();
 
     let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function("__nac3_j0").unwrap_or_else(|| {
@@ -542,7 +559,433 @@ pub fn call_j0<'ctx>(
 
     ctx.builder
         .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[v.into()], "j0")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_size`. Returns an [`IntValue`] representing the
+/// calculated total size.
+///
+/// * `dims` - An [`ArrayLikeIndexer`] containing the size of each dimension.
+/// * `range` - The dimension index to begin and end (exclusively) calculating the dimensions for,
+/// or [`None`] if starting from the first dimension and ending at the last dimension respectively.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_size<'ctx, G, Dims>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dims: &Dims,
+    (begin, end): (Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, Option<IntValue<'ctx>>),
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Dims: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64",
+        bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_t = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+        &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+        false,
+    );
+    let ndarray_calc_size_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name, ndarray_calc_size_fn_t, None)
+        });
+
+    let begin = begin.unwrap_or_else(|| llvm_usize.const_zero());
+    let end = end.unwrap_or_else(|| dims.size(ctx, generator));
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_size_fn,
+            &[
+                dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                dims.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+                begin.into(),
+                end.into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices`. Returns a [`TypeArrayLikeAdpater`]
+/// containing `i32` indices of the flattened index.
+///
+/// * `index` - The index to compute the multidimensional index for.
+/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+/// `NDArray`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_nd_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    index: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64",
+        bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
+
+    let indices = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, ndarray_num_dims, "").unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn,
+            &[
+                index.into(),
+                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+                indices.into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(indices, ndarray_num_dims, None),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}
+
+fn call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl<'ctx, G, Indices>(
+    generator: &G,
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &Indices,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Indices: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        IntType::try_from(indices.element_type(ctx, generator))
+            .map(IntType::get_bit_width)
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        llvm_i32.get_bit_width(),
+        "Expected i32 value for argument `indices` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+    );
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        indices.size(ctx, generator).get_type().get_bit_width(),
+        llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
+        "Expected usize integer value for argument `indices_size` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+    );
+
+    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64",
+        bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
+
+    let index = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_flatten_index_fn,
+            &[
+                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+                indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                indices.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    index
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index`. Returns the flattened index for the
+/// multidimensional index.
+///
+/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+/// `NDArray`.
+/// * `indices` - The multidimensional index to compute the flattened index for.
+pub fn call_ndarray_flatten_index<'ctx, G, Index>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    indices: &Index,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+where
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    Index: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+{
+    call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(generator, ctx, ndarray, indices)
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast`. Returns a tuple containing the number of
+/// dimension and size of each dimension of the resultant `ndarray`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    lhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    rhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64",
+        bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                    llvm_usize.into(),
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                    llvm_usize.into(),
+                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let min_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umin(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+
+    gen_for_callback_incrementing(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        llvm_usize.const_zero(),
+        (min_ndims, false),
+        |generator, ctx, _, idx| {
+            let idx = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(min_ndims, idx, "").unwrap();
+            let (lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz) = unsafe {
+                (
+                    lhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+                    rhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+                )
+            };
+
+            let llvm_usize_const_one = llvm_usize.const_int(1, false);
+            let lhs_eqz = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+                .unwrap();
+            let rhs_eqz = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, rhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+                .unwrap();
+            let lhs_or_rhs_eqz = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_eqz, rhs_eqz, "").unwrap();
+
+            let lhs_eq_rhs = ctx
+                .builder
+                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz, "")
+                .unwrap();
+
+            let is_compatible = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_or_rhs_eqz, lhs_eq_rhs, "").unwrap();
+
+            ctx.make_assert(
+                generator,
+                is_compatible,
+                "0:ValueError",
+                "operands could not be broadcast together",
+                [None, None, None],
+                ctx.current_loc,
+            );
+
+            Ok(())
+        },
+        llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let max_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umax(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+    let lhs_dims = lhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let rhs_dims = rhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let out_dims = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_usize, max_ndims, "").unwrap();
+    let out_dims = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_dims, max_ndims, None);
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+            &[
+                lhs_dims.into(),
+                lhs_ndims.into(),
+                rhs_dims.into(),
+                rhs_ndims.into(),
+                out_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+            ],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        out_dims,
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx`. Returns an [`ArrayAllocaValue`]
+/// containing the indices used for accessing `array` corresponding to the index of the broadcasted
+/// array `broadcast_idx`.
+pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index<
+    'ctx,
+    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    BroadcastIdx: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>,
+>(
+    generator: &mut G,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    array: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    broadcast_idx: &BroadcastIdx,
+) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx",
+        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64",
+        bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+    };
+    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+                false,
+            );
+
+            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+        });
+
+    let broadcast_size = broadcast_idx.size(ctx, generator);
+    let out_idx = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, broadcast_size, "").unwrap();
+
+    let array_dims = array.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+    let array_ndims = array.load_ndims(ctx);
+    let broadcast_idx_ptr = unsafe {
+        broadcast_idx.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+    };
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(
+            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+            &[array_dims.into(), array_ndims.into(), broadcast_idx_ptr.into(), out_idx.into()],
+            "",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_idx, broadcast_size, None),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+    )
+}
+
+fn get_size_variant<'ctx>(ty: IntType<'ctx>) -> SizeVariant {
+    match ty.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => SizeVariant::Bits32,
+        64 => SizeVariant::Bits64,
+        _ => unreachable!("Unsupported int type bit width {}", ty.get_bit_width()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_size_type_dependent_function<'ctx, BuildFuncTypeFn>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    size_type: IntType<'ctx>,
+    base_name: &str,
+    build_func_type: BuildFuncTypeFn,
+) -> FunctionValue<'ctx>
+where
+    BuildFuncTypeFn: Fn() -> FunctionType<'ctx>,
+{
+    let mut fn_name = base_name.to_owned();
+    match get_size_variant(size_type) {
+        SizeVariant::Bits32 => {
+            // The original fn_name is the correct function name
+        }
+        SizeVariant::Bits64 => {
+            // Append "64" at the end, this is the naming convention for 64-bit
+            fn_name.push_str("64");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get (or declare then get if does not exist) the corresponding function
+    ctx.module.get_function(&fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = build_func_type();
+        ctx.module.add_function(&fn_name, fn_type, None)
+    })
+}
+
+fn get_ndarray_struct_ptr<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, size_type: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+    let i8_type = ctx.i8_type();
+
+    let ndarray_ty = NpArrayType { size_type, elem_type: i8_type.as_basic_type_enum() };
+    let struct_ty = ndarray_ty.fields().whole_struct.as_struct_type(ctx);
+    struct_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_size<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NpArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let size_type = ndarray.ty.size_type;
+    let function = get_size_type_dependent_function(ctx, size_type, "__nac3_ndarray_size", || {
+        size_type.fn_type(&[get_ndarray_struct_ptr(ctx.ctx, size_type).into()], false)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(function, &[ndarray.ptr.into()], "size")
+        .unwrap()
         .try_as_basic_value()
         .unwrap_left()
-        .into_float_value()
+        .into_int_value()
 }

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::{path::Path, process::Command};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn run_irrt_test() {
+        assert!(
+            cfg!(feature = "test"),
+            "Please do `cargo test -F test` to compile `irrt_test.out` and run test"
+        );
+
+        let irrt_test_out_path = Path::new(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/irrt_test.out"));
+        let output = Command::new(irrt_test_out_path.to_str().unwrap()).output().unwrap();
+
+        if !output.status.success() {
+            eprintln!("irrt_test failed with status {}:", output.status);
+            eprintln!("====== stdout ======");
+            eprintln!("{}", String::from_utf8(output.stdout).unwrap());
+            eprintln!("====== stderr ======");
+            eprintln!("{}", String::from_utf8(output.stderr).unwrap());
+            eprintln!("====================");
+
+            panic!("irrt_test failed");
+        }
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/llvm_intrinsics.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+use inkwell::context::Context;
+use inkwell::intrinsics::Intrinsic;
+use inkwell::types::AnyTypeEnum::IntType;
+use inkwell::types::FloatType;
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue};
+use inkwell::AddressSpace;
+use itertools::Either;
+
+/// Returns the string representation for the floating-point type `ft` when used in intrinsic
+/// functions.
+fn get_float_intrinsic_repr(ctx: &Context, ft: FloatType) -> &'static str {
+    // Standard LLVM floating-point types
+    if ft == ctx.f16_type() {
+        return "f16";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.f32_type() {
+        return "f32";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.f64_type() {
+        return "f64";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.f128_type() {
+        return "f128";
+    }
+
+    // Non-standard floating-point types
+    if ft == ctx.x86_f80_type() {
+        return "f80";
+    }
+    if ft == ctx.ppc_f128_type() {
+        return "ppcf128";
+    }
+
+    unreachable!()
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.stacksave`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-stacksave-intrinsic)
+/// intrinsic.
+pub fn call_stacksave<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.stacksave";
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[]))
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Invokes the
+/// [`llvm.stackrestore`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-stackrestore-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// - `ptr`: The pointer storing the address to restore the stack to.
+pub fn call_stackrestore<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.stackrestore";
+
+    /*
+        SEE https://github.com/TheDan64/inkwell/issues/496
+
+        We want `llvm.stackrestore`, but the following would generate `llvm.stackrestore.p0i8`.
+        ```ignore
+        let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+            .and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[llvm_p0i8.into()]))
+            .unwrap();
+        ```
+
+        Temp workaround by manually declaring the intrinsic with the correct function name instead.
+    */
+    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
+
+        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
+    });
+
+    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[ptr.into()], "").unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.memcpy`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-memcpy-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// * `dest` - The pointer to the destination. Must be a pointer to an integer type.
+/// * `src` - The pointer to the source. Must be a pointer to an integer type.
+/// * `len` - The number of bytes to copy.
+/// * `is_volatile` - Whether the `memcpy` operation should be `volatile`.
+pub fn call_memcpy<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dest: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_volatile: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.memcpy";
+
+    debug_assert!(dest.get_type().get_element_type().is_int_type());
+    debug_assert!(src.get_type().get_element_type().is_int_type());
+    debug_assert_eq!(
+        dest.get_type().get_element_type().into_int_type().get_bit_width(),
+        src.get_type().get_element_type().into_int_type().get_bit_width(),
+    );
+    debug_assert!(matches!(len.get_type().get_bit_width(), 32 | 64));
+    debug_assert_eq!(is_volatile.get_type().get_bit_width(), 1);
+
+    let llvm_dest_t = dest.get_type();
+    let llvm_src_t = src.get_type();
+    let llvm_len_t = len.get_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| {
+            intrinsic.get_declaration(
+                &ctx.module,
+                &[llvm_dest_t.into(), llvm_src_t.into(), llvm_len_t.into()],
+            )
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[dest.into(), src.into(), len.into(), is_volatile.into()], "")
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Invokes the `llvm.memcpy` intrinsic.
+///
+/// Unlike [`call_memcpy`], this function accepts any type of pointer value. If `dest` or `src` is
+/// not a pointer to an integer, the pointer(s) will be cast to `i8*` before invoking `memcpy`.
+pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    dest: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    src: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_volatile: IntValue<'ctx>,
+) {
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let dest_elem_t = dest.get_type().get_element_type();
+    let src_elem_t = src.get_type().get_element_type();
+
+    let dest = if matches!(dest_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        dest
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bitcast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    let src = if matches!(src_elem_t, IntType(t) if t.get_bit_width() == 8) {
+        src
+    } else {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_bitcast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+
+    call_memcpy(ctx, dest, src, len, is_volatile);
+}
+
+/// Macro to find and generate build call for llvm intrinsic (body of llvm intrinsic function)
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `$ctx:ident`: Reference to the current Code Generation Context
+/// * `$name:ident`: Optional name to be assigned to the llvm build call (Option<&str>)
+/// * `$llvm_name:literal`: Name of underlying llvm intrinsic function
+/// * `$map_fn:ident`: Mapping function to be applied on `BasicValue` (`BasicValue` -> Function Return Type)
+/// Use `BasicValueEnum::into_int_value` for Integer return type and `BasicValueEnum::into_float_value` for Float return type
+/// * `$llvm_ty:ident`: Type of first operand
+/// * `,($val:ident)*`: Comma separated list of operands
+macro_rules! generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body {
+    ($ctx:ident, $name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $map_fn:expr, $llvm_ty:ident $(,$val:ident)*) => {{
+        const FN_NAME: &str = concat!("llvm.", $llvm_name);
+        let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME).and_then(|intrinsic| intrinsic.get_declaration(&$ctx.module, &[$llvm_ty.into()])).unwrap();
+        $ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[$($val.into()),*],  $name.unwrap_or_default()).map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value).map(|v| v.map_left($map_fn)).map(Either::unwrap_left).unwrap()
+    }};
+}
+
+/// Macro to generate the llvm intrinsic function using [`generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body`].
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// * `float/int`: Indicates the return and argument type of the function
+/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
+/// * `$llvm_name:literal`: Name of underlying llvm intrinsic function
+/// Omit "llvm." prefix from the function name i.e. use "ceil" instead of "llvm.ceil"
+/// * `$val:ident`: The operand for unary operations
+/// * `$val1:ident`, `$val2:ident`: The operands for binary operations
+macro_rules! generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn {
+    ("float", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            let llvm_ty = $val.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_float_value, llvm_ty, $val)
+        }
+    };
+    ("float", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val1:ident, $val2:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val1: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            $val2: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+            debug_assert_eq!($val1.get_type(), $val2.get_type());
+            let llvm_ty = $val1.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_float_value, llvm_ty, $val1, $val2)
+        }
+    };
+    ("int", $fn_name:ident, $llvm_name:literal, $val1:ident, $val2:ident) => {
+        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the [`", stringify!($llvm_name), "`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-", stringify!($llvm_name), "-intrinsic) intrinsic." )]
+        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx> (
+            ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+            $val1: IntValue<'ctx>,
+            $val2: IntValue<'ctx>,
+            name: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+            debug_assert_eq!($val1.get_type().get_bit_width(), $val2.get_type().get_bit_width());
+            let llvm_ty = $val1.get_type();
+            generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(ctx, name, $llvm_name, BasicValueEnum::into_int_value, llvm_ty, $val1, $val2)
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.abs`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-abs-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+///
+/// * `src` - The value for which the absolute value is to be returned.
+/// * `is_int_min_poison` - Whether `poison` is to be returned if `src` is `INT_MIN`.
+pub fn call_int_abs<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    src: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    is_int_min_poison: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    debug_assert_eq!(is_int_min_poison.get_type().get_bit_width(), 1);
+    debug_assert!(is_int_min_poison.is_const());
+
+    let src_type = src.get_type();
+    generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body!(
+        ctx,
+        name,
+        "abs",
+        BasicValueEnum::into_int_value,
+        src_type,
+        src,
+        is_int_min_poison
+    )
+}
+
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_smax, "smax", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_smin, "smin", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_umax, "umax", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_int_umin, "umin", a, b);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("int", call_expect, "expect", val, expected_val);
+
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_sqrt, "sqrt", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_sin, "sin", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_cos, "cos", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_pow, "pow", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_exp, "exp", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_exp2, "exp2", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log, "log", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log10, "log10", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_log2, "log2", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_fabs, "fabs", src);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_minnum, "minnum", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_maxnum, "maxnum", val, power);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_copysign, "copysign", mag, sgn);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_floor, "floor", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_ceil, "ceil", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_round, "round", val);
+generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn!("float", call_float_rint, "rint", val);
+
+/// Invokes the [`llvm.powi`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-powi-intrinsic) intrinsic.
+pub fn call_float_powi<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    val: FloatValue<'ctx>,
+    power: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) -> FloatValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.powi";
+
+    let llvm_val_t = val.get_type();
+    let llvm_power_t = power.get_type();
+
+    let intrinsic_fn = Intrinsic::find(FN_NAME)
+        .and_then(|intrinsic| {
+            intrinsic.get_declaration(&ctx.module, &[llvm_val_t.into(), llvm_power_t.into()])
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[val.into(), power.into()], name.unwrap_or_default())
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_float_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/mod.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
+    codegen::classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
     symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver},
-    toplevel::{TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef},
+    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef},
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::{CodeLocation, PrimitiveStore},
         typedef::{CallId, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
@@ -8,24 +9,22 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use crossbeam::channel::{unbounded, Receiver, Sender};
 use inkwell::{
-    AddressSpace,
-    IntPredicate,
-    OptimizationLevel,
     attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
     basic_block::BasicBlock,
     builder::Builder,
     context::Context,
+    debug_info::{
+        AsDIScope, DICompileUnit, DIFlagsConstants, DIScope, DISubprogram, DebugInfoBuilder,
+    },
     module::Module,
     passes::PassBuilderOptions,
     targets::{CodeModel, RelocMode, Target, TargetMachine, TargetTriple},
     types::{AnyType, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
     values::{BasicValueEnum, FunctionValue, IntValue, PhiValue, PointerValue},
-    debug_info::{
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
-        DebugInfoBuilder, DICompileUnit, DISubprogram, AsDIScope, DIFlagsConstants, DIScope
-    },
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use nac3parser::ast::{Stmt, StrRef, Location};
+use nac3parser::ast::{Location, Stmt, StrRef};
 use parking_lot::{Condvar, Mutex};
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::sync::{
@@ -34,10 +33,15 @@ use std::sync::{
 };
 use std::thread;
 
+pub mod builtin_fns;
+pub mod classes;
 pub mod concrete_type;
 pub mod expr;
+pub mod extern_fns;
 mod generator;
 pub mod irrt;
+pub mod llvm_intrinsics;
+pub mod numpy;
 pub mod stmt;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -80,7 +84,6 @@ pub struct CodeGenTargetMachineOptions {
 }
 
 impl CodeGenTargetMachineOptions {
-
     /// Creates an instance of [`CodeGenTargetMachineOptions`] using the triple of the host machine.
     /// Other options are set to defaults.
     #[must_use]
@@ -109,13 +112,11 @@ impl CodeGenTargetMachineOptions {
     ///
     /// See [`Target::create_target_machine`].
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn create_target_machine(
+    pub fn create_target_machine(&self, level: OptimizationLevel) -> Option<TargetMachine> {
-        &self,
-        level: OptimizationLevel,
-    ) -> Option<TargetMachine> {
         let triple = TargetTriple::create(self.triple.as_str());
-        let target = Target::from_triple(&triple)
+        let target = Target::from_triple(&triple).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("could not create target from target triple {}", self.triple));
+            panic!("could not create target from target triple {}", self.triple)
+        });
 
         target.create_target_machine(
             &triple,
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ impl CodeGenTargetMachineOptions {
             self.features.as_str(),
             level,
             self.reloc_mode,
-            self.code_model
+            self.code_model,
         )
     }
 }
@@ -134,24 +135,23 @@ pub struct CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
 
     /// The [Builder] instance for creating LLVM IR statements.
     pub builder: Builder<'ctx>,
-    /// The [DebugInfoBuilder], [compilation unit information][DICompileUnit], and
+    /// The [`DebugInfoBuilder`], [compilation unit information][DICompileUnit], and
     /// [scope information][DIScope] of this context.
     pub debug_info: (DebugInfoBuilder<'ctx>, DICompileUnit<'ctx>, DIScope<'ctx>),
 
     /// The module for which [this context][CodeGenContext] is generating into.
     pub module: Module<'ctx>,
 
-    /// The [TopLevelContext] associated with [this context][CodeGenContext].
+    /// The [`TopLevelContext`] associated with [this context][CodeGenContext].
     pub top_level: &'a TopLevelContext,
     pub unifier: Unifier,
     pub resolver: Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>,
     pub static_value_store: Arc<Mutex<StaticValueStore>>,
 
-    /// A [HashMap] containing the mapping between the names of variables currently in-scope and
+    /// A [`HashMap`] containing the mapping between the names of variables currently in-scope and
     /// its value information.
     pub var_assignment: HashMap<StrRef, VarValue<'ctx>>,
 
-    ///
     pub type_cache: HashMap<Type, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
     pub primitives: PrimitiveStore,
     pub calls: Arc<HashMap<CodeLocation, CallId>>,
@@ -160,24 +160,24 @@ pub struct CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
     /// Cache for constant strings.
     pub const_strings: HashMap<String, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>,
 
-    /// [BasicBlock] containing all `alloca` statements for the current function.
+    /// [`BasicBlock`] containing all `alloca` statements for the current function.
     pub init_bb: BasicBlock<'ctx>,
     pub exception_val: Option<PointerValue<'ctx>>,
 
     /// The header and exit basic blocks of a loop in this context. See
-    /// https://llvm.org/docs/LoopTerminology.html for explanation of these terminology.
+    /// <https://llvm.org/docs/LoopTerminology.html> for explanation of these terminology.
     pub loop_target: Option<(BasicBlock<'ctx>, BasicBlock<'ctx>)>,
 
-    /// The target [BasicBlock] to jump to when performing stack unwind.
+    /// The target [`BasicBlock`] to jump to when performing stack unwind.
     pub unwind_target: Option<BasicBlock<'ctx>>,
 
-    /// The target [BasicBlock] to jump to before returning from the function.
+    /// The target [`BasicBlock`] to jump to before returning from the function.
     ///
     /// If this field is [None] when generating a return from a function, `ret` with no argument can
     /// be emitted.
     pub return_target: Option<BasicBlock<'ctx>>,
 
-    /// The [PointerValue] containing the return value of the function.
+    /// The [`PointerValue`] containing the return value of the function.
     pub return_buffer: Option<PointerValue<'ctx>>,
 
     // outer catch clauses
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ pub struct CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
 
     /// Whether `sret` is needed for the first parameter of the function.
     ///
-    /// See [need_sret].
+    /// See [`need_sret`].
     pub need_sret: bool,
 
     /// The current source location.
@@ -194,7 +194,6 @@ pub struct CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
-
     /// Whether the [current basic block][Builder::get_insert_block] referenced by `builder`
     /// contains a [terminator statement][BasicBlock::get_terminator].
     pub fn is_terminated(&self) -> bool {
@@ -236,11 +235,10 @@ pub struct WorkerRegistry {
     static_value_store: Arc<Mutex<StaticValueStore>>,
 
     /// LLVM-related options for code generation.
-    llvm_options: CodeGenLLVMOptions,
+    pub llvm_options: CodeGenLLVMOptions,
 }
 
 impl WorkerRegistry {
-
     /// Creates workers for this registry.
     #[must_use]
     pub fn create_workers<G: CodeGenerator + Send + 'static>(
@@ -275,9 +273,15 @@ impl WorkerRegistry {
             let registry = registry.clone();
             let registry2 = registry.clone();
             let f = f.clone();
-            let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
+
-                registry.worker_thread(generator.as_mut(), &f);
+            let worker_thread_name =
-            });
+                format!("codegen-worker-{worker_id}", worker_id = generator.get_name());
+            let handle = thread::Builder::new()
+                .name(worker_thread_name)
+                .spawn(move || {
+                    registry.worker_thread(generator.as_mut(), &f);
+                })
+                .unwrap();
             let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
                 if let Err(e) = handle.join() {
                     if let Some(e) = e.downcast_ref::<&'static str>() {
@@ -362,7 +366,11 @@ impl WorkerRegistry {
             *self.task_count.lock() -= 1;
             self.wait_condvar.notify_all();
         }
-        assert!(errors.is_empty(), "Codegen error: {}", errors.into_iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n"));
+        assert!(
+            errors.is_empty(),
+            "Codegen error: {}",
+            errors.into_iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n")
+        );
 
         let result = module.verify();
         if let Err(err) = result {
@@ -375,13 +383,20 @@ impl WorkerRegistry {
             .llvm_options
             .target
             .create_target_machine(self.llvm_options.opt_level)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("could not create target machine from properties {:?}", self.llvm_options.target));
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!(
+                    "could not create target machine from properties {:?}",
+                    self.llvm_options.target
+                )
+            });
         let passes = format!("default<O{}>", self.llvm_options.opt_level as u32);
         let result = module.run_passes(passes.as_str(), &target_machine, pass_options);
         if let Err(err) = result {
-            panic!("Failed to run optimization for module `{}`: {}",
+            panic!(
-                   module.get_name().to_str().unwrap(),
+                "Failed to run optimization for module `{}`: {}",
-                   err.to_string());
+                module.get_name().to_str().unwrap(),
+                err.to_string()
+            );
         }
 
         f.run(&module);
@@ -407,14 +422,14 @@ pub struct CodeGenTask {
 ///
 /// This function is used to obtain the in-memory representation of `ty`, e.g. a `bool` variable
 /// would be represented by an `i8`.
-fn get_llvm_type<'ctx>(
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn get_llvm_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     ctx: &'ctx Context,
     module: &Module<'ctx>,
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+    generator: &mut G,
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     top_level: &TopLevelContext,
     type_cache: &mut HashMap<Type, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
-    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
 ) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
     use TypeEnum::*;
@@ -424,29 +439,51 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx>(
         let ty_enum = unifier.get_ty(ty);
         let result = match &*ty_enum {
             TObj { obj_id, fields, .. } => {
-                // check to avoid treating primitives other than Option as classes
+                // check to avoid treating non-class primitives as classes
-                if obj_id.0 <= 10 {
+                if PrimDef::contains_id(*obj_id) {
-                    match (unifier.get_ty(ty).as_ref(), unifier.get_ty(primitives.option).as_ref())
+                    return match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty) {
-                    {
+                        TObj { obj_id, params, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::Option.id() => {
-                        (
+                            get_llvm_type(
-                            TObj { obj_id, params, .. },
-                            TObj { obj_id: opt_id, .. },
-                        ) if *obj_id == *opt_id => {
-                            return get_llvm_type(
                                 ctx,
                                 module,
                                 generator,
                                 unifier,
                                 top_level,
                                 type_cache,
-                                primitives,
                                 *params.iter().next().unwrap().1,
                             )
                             .ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
-                            .into();
+                            .into()
                         }
-                        _ => unreachable!("must be option type"),
+
-                    }
+                        TObj { obj_id, params, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::List.id() => {
+                            let element_type = get_llvm_type(
+                                ctx,
+                                module,
+                                generator,
+                                unifier,
+                                top_level,
+                                type_cache,
+                                *params.iter().next().unwrap().1,
+                            );
+
+                            ListType::new(generator, ctx, element_type).as_base_type().into()
+                        }
+
+                        TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
+                            let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ty);
+                            let element_type = get_llvm_type(
+                                ctx, module, generator, unifier, top_level, type_cache, dtype,
+                            );
+
+                            NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx, element_type).as_base_type().into()
+                        }
+
+                        _ => unreachable!(
+                            "LLVM type for primitive {} is missing",
+                            unifier.stringify(ty)
+                        ),
+                    };
                 }
                 // a struct with fields in the order of declaration
                 let top_level_defs = top_level.definitions.read();
@@ -462,7 +499,7 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx>(
                     let struct_type = ctx.opaque_struct_type(&name);
                     type_cache.insert(
                         unifier.get_representative(ty),
-                        struct_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into()
+                        struct_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
                     );
                     let fields = fields_list
                         .iter()
@@ -474,7 +511,6 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx>(
                                 unifier,
                                 top_level,
                                 type_cache,
-                                primitives,
                                 fields[&f.0].0,
                             )
                         })
@@ -482,31 +518,18 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx>(
                     struct_type.set_body(&fields, false);
                     struct_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into()
                 };
-                return ty
+                return ty;
             }
             TTuple { ty } => {
                 // a struct with fields in the order present in the tuple
                 let fields = ty
                     .iter()
                     .map(|ty| {
-                        get_llvm_type(
+                        get_llvm_type(ctx, module, generator, unifier, top_level, type_cache, *ty)
-                            ctx, module, generator, unifier, top_level, type_cache, primitives, *ty,
-                        )
                     })
                     .collect_vec();
                 ctx.struct_type(&fields, false).into()
             }
-            TList { ty } => {
-                // a struct with an integer and a pointer to an array
-                let element_type = get_llvm_type(
-                    ctx, module, generator, unifier, top_level, type_cache, primitives, *ty,
-                );
-                let fields = [
-                    element_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
-                    generator.get_size_type(ctx).into(),
-                ];
-                ctx.struct_type(&fields, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into()
-            }
             TVirtual { .. } => unimplemented!(),
             _ => unreachable!("{}", ty_enum.get_type_name()),
         };
@@ -524,10 +547,11 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx>(
 /// ABI representation is that the in-memory representation must be at least byte-sized and must
 /// be byte-aligned for the variable to be addressable in memory, whereas there is no such
 /// restriction for ABI representations.
-fn get_llvm_abi_type<'ctx>(
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn get_llvm_abi_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
     ctx: &'ctx Context,
     module: &Module<'ctx>,
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+    generator: &mut G,
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     top_level: &TopLevelContext,
     type_cache: &mut HashMap<Type, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
@@ -539,8 +563,8 @@ fn get_llvm_abi_type<'ctx>(
     return if unifier.unioned(ty, primitives.bool) {
         ctx.bool_type().into()
     } else {
-        get_llvm_type(ctx, module, generator, unifier, top_level, type_cache, primitives, ty)
+        get_llvm_type(ctx, module, generator, unifier, top_level, type_cache, ty)
-    }
+    };
 }
 
 /// Whether `sret` is needed for a return value with type `ty`.
@@ -556,8 +580,9 @@ fn need_sret(ty: BasicTypeEnum) -> bool {
         match ty {
             BasicTypeEnum::IntType(_) | BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(_) => false,
             BasicTypeEnum::FloatType(_) if maybe_large => false,
-            BasicTypeEnum::StructType(ty) if maybe_large && ty.count_fields() <= 2 =>
+            BasicTypeEnum::StructType(ty) if maybe_large && ty.count_fields() <= 2 => {
-                ty.get_field_types().iter().any(|ty| need_sret_impl(*ty, false)),
+                ty.get_field_types().iter().any(|ty| need_sret_impl(*ty, false))
+            }
             _ => true,
         }
     }
@@ -565,14 +590,18 @@ fn need_sret(ty: BasicTypeEnum) -> bool {
 }
 
 /// Implementation for generating LLVM IR for a function.
-pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenContext) -> Result<(), String>> (
+pub fn gen_func_impl<
+    'ctx,
+    G: CodeGenerator,
+    F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenContext) -> Result<(), String>,
+>(
     context: &'ctx Context,
     generator: &mut G,
     registry: &WorkerRegistry,
     builder: Builder<'ctx>,
     module: Module<'ctx>,
     task: CodeGenTask,
-    codegen_function: F
+    codegen_function: F,
 ) -> Result<(Builder<'ctx>, Module<'ctx>, FunctionValue<'ctx>), (Builder<'ctx>, String)> {
     let top_level_ctx = registry.top_level_ctx.clone();
     let static_value_store = registry.static_value_store.clone();
@@ -580,6 +609,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
         let (unifier, primitives) = &top_level_ctx.unifiers.read()[task.unifier_index];
         (Unifier::from_shared_unifier(unifier), *primitives)
     };
+    unifier.put_primitive_store(&primitives);
     unifier.top_level = Some(top_level_ctx.clone());
 
     let mut cache = HashMap::new();
@@ -613,6 +643,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
         str: unifier.get_representative(primitives.str),
         exception: unifier.get_representative(primitives.exception),
         option: unifier.get_representative(primitives.option),
+        ..primitives
     };
 
     let mut type_cache: HashMap<_, _> = [
@@ -634,10 +665,10 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
                     str_type.set_body(&fields, false);
                     str_type.into()
                 }
-                Some(t) => t.as_basic_type_enum()
+                Some(t) => t.as_basic_type_enum(),
             }
         }),
-        (primitives.range, context.i32_type().array_type(3).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into()),
+        (primitives.range, RangeType::new(context).as_base_type().into()),
         (primitives.exception, {
             let name = "Exception";
             if let Some(t) = module.get_struct_type(name) {
@@ -651,7 +682,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
                 exception.set_body(&fields, false);
                 exception.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).as_basic_type_enum()
             }
-        })
+        }),
     ]
     .iter()
     .copied()
@@ -659,8 +690,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
     // NOTE: special handling of option cannot use this type cache since it contains type var,
     // handled inside get_llvm_type instead
 
-    let ConcreteTypeEnum::TFunc { args, ret, .. } =
+    let ConcreteTypeEnum::TFunc { args, ret, .. } = task.store.get(task.signature) else {
-        task.store.get(task.signature) else {
         unreachable!()
     };
 
@@ -677,7 +707,16 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
     let ret_type = if unifier.unioned(ret, primitives.none) {
         None
     } else {
-        Some(get_llvm_abi_type(context, &module, generator, &mut unifier, top_level_ctx.as_ref(), &mut type_cache, &primitives, ret))
+        Some(get_llvm_abi_type(
+            context,
+            &module,
+            generator,
+            &mut unifier,
+            top_level_ctx.as_ref(),
+            &mut type_cache,
+            &primitives,
+            ret,
+        ))
     };
 
     let has_sret = ret_type.map_or(false, |ty| need_sret(ty));
@@ -704,7 +743,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
 
     let fn_type = match ret_type {
         Some(ret_type) if !has_sret => ret_type.fn_type(&params, false),
-        _ => context.void_type().fn_type(&params, false)
+        _ => context.void_type().fn_type(&params, false),
     };
 
     let symbol = &task.symbol_name;
@@ -719,9 +758,13 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
         fn_val.set_personality_function(personality);
     }
     if has_sret {
-        fn_val.add_attribute(AttributeLoc::Param(0),
+        fn_val.add_attribute(
-            context.create_type_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id("sret"),
+            AttributeLoc::Param(0),
-            ret_type.unwrap().as_any_type_enum()));
+            context.create_type_attribute(
+                Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id("sret"),
+                ret_type.unwrap().as_any_type_enum(),
+            ),
+        );
     }
 
     let init_bb = context.append_basic_block(fn_val, "init");
@@ -739,13 +782,10 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
             &mut unifier,
             top_level_ctx.as_ref(),
             &mut type_cache,
-            &primitives,
             arg.ty,
         );
-        let alloca = builder.build_alloca(
+        let alloca =
-            local_type,
+            builder.build_alloca(local_type, &format!("{}.addr", &arg.name.to_string())).unwrap();
-            &format!("{}.addr", &arg.name.to_string()),
-        );
 
         // Remap boolean parameters into i8
         let param = if local_type.is_int_type() && param.is_int_value() {
@@ -756,19 +796,20 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
                 bool_to_i8(&builder, context, param_val)
             } else {
                 param_val
-            }.into()
+            }
+            .into()
         } else {
             param
         };
 
-        builder.build_store(alloca, param);
+        builder.build_store(alloca, param).unwrap();
         var_assignment.insert(arg.name, (alloca, None, 0));
     }
 
     let return_buffer = if has_sret {
         Some(fn_val.get_nth_param(0).unwrap().into_pointer_value())
     } else {
-        fn_type.get_return_type().map(|v| builder.build_alloca(v, "$ret"))
+        fn_type.get_return_type().map(|v| builder.build_alloca(v, "$ret").unwrap())
     };
 
     let static_values = {
@@ -780,7 +821,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
         *static_val = Some(v);
     }
 
-    builder.build_unconditional_branch(body_bb);
+    builder.build_unconditional_branch(body_bb).unwrap();
     builder.position_at_end(body_bb);
 
     let (dibuilder, compile_unit) = module.create_debug_info_builder(
@@ -789,11 +830,8 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
         /* filename */
         &task
             .body
-            .get(0)
+            .first()
-            .map_or_else(
+            .map_or_else(|| "<nac3_internal>".to_string(), |f| f.location.file.0.to_string()),
-                || "<nac3_internal>".to_string(),
-                |f| f.location.file.0.to_string(),
-            ),
         /* directory */ "",
         /* producer */ "NAC3",
         /* is_optimized */ registry.llvm_options.opt_level != OptimizationLevel::None,
@@ -819,7 +857,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
         inkwell::debug_info::DIFlags::PUBLIC,
     );
     let (row, col) =
-        task.body.get(0).map_or_else(|| (0, 0), |b| (b.location.row, b.location.column));
+        task.body.first().map_or_else(|| (0, 0), |b| (b.location.row, b.location.column));
     let func_scope: DISubprogram<'_> = dibuilder.create_function(
         /* scope */ compile_unit.as_debug_info_scope(),
         /* func name */ symbol,
@@ -866,7 +904,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
         row as u32,
         col as u32,
         func_scope.as_debug_info_scope(),
-        None
+        None,
     );
     code_gen_context.builder.set_current_debug_location(loc);
 
@@ -874,7 +912,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator, F: FnOnce(&mut G, &mut CodeGenConte
 
     // after static analysis, only void functions can have no return at the end.
     if !code_gen_context.is_terminated() {
-        code_gen_context.builder.build_return(None);
+        code_gen_context.builder.build_return(None).unwrap();
     }
 
     code_gen_context.builder.unset_current_debug_location();
@@ -916,12 +954,14 @@ fn bool_to_i1<'ctx>(builder: &Builder<'ctx>, bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>) -> IntV
     if bool_value.get_type().get_bit_width() == 1 {
         bool_value
     } else {
-        builder.build_int_compare(
+        builder
-            IntPredicate::NE,
+            .build_int_compare(
-            bool_value,
+                IntPredicate::NE,
-            bool_value.get_type().const_zero(),
+                bool_value,
-            "tobool"
+                bool_value.get_type().const_zero(),
-        )
+                "tobool",
+            )
+            .unwrap()
     }
 }
 
@@ -929,21 +969,23 @@ fn bool_to_i1<'ctx>(builder: &Builder<'ctx>, bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>) -> IntV
 fn bool_to_i8<'ctx>(
     builder: &Builder<'ctx>,
     ctx: &'ctx Context,
-    bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>
+    bool_value: IntValue<'ctx>,
 ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
     let value_bits = bool_value.get_type().get_bit_width();
     match value_bits {
         8 => bool_value,
-        1 => builder.build_int_z_extend(bool_value, ctx.i8_type(), "frombool"),
+        1 => builder.build_int_z_extend(bool_value, ctx.i8_type(), "frombool").unwrap(),
         _ => bool_to_i8(
             builder,
             ctx,
-            builder.build_int_compare(
+            builder
-                IntPredicate::NE,
+                .build_int_compare(
-                bool_value,
+                    IntPredicate::NE,
-                bool_value.get_type().const_zero(),
+                    bool_value,
-                ""
+                    bool_value.get_type().const_zero(),
-            )
+                    "",
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
         ),
     }
 }
@@ -969,9 +1011,20 @@ fn gen_in_range_check<'ctx>(
     stop: IntValue<'ctx>,
     step: IntValue<'ctx>,
 ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-    let sign = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SGT, step, ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_zero(), "");
+    let sign = ctx
-    let lo = ctx.builder.build_select(sign, value, stop, "").into_int_value();
+        .builder
-    let hi = ctx.builder.build_select(sign, stop, value, "").into_int_value();
+        .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SGT, step, ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_zero(), "")
+        .unwrap();
+    let lo = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_select(sign, value, stop, "")
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
+    let hi = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_select(sign, stop, value, "")
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
+        .unwrap();
 
-    ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, lo, hi, "cmp")
+    ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, lo, hi, "cmp").unwrap()
 }

nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs

@@ -1,22 +1,27 @@
 use crate::{
     codegen::{
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
+        classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
-        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
+        CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask,
+        CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
     },
     symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
     toplevel::{
-        composer::TopLevelComposer, DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
+        composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
+        DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
     },
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::{FunctionData, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
     },
 };
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use indoc::indoc;
 use inkwell::{
     targets::{InitializationConfig, Target},
-    OptimizationLevel
+    OptimizationLevel,
 };
+use nac3parser::ast::FileName;
 use nac3parser::{
     ast::{fold::Fold, StrRef},
     parser::parse_program,
@@ -52,13 +57,13 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         _: &PrimitiveStore,
         str: StrRef,
     ) -> Result<Type, String> {
-        self.id_to_type.get(&str).cloned().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", str))
+        self.id_to_type.get(&str).copied().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{str}`"))
     }
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         _: StrRef,
-        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
@@ -67,10 +72,8 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         self.id_to_def
             .read()
             .get(&id)
-            .cloned()
+            .copied()
-            .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from([
+            .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from([format!("cannot find symbol `{id}`")]))
-                format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", id),
-            ]))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
@@ -89,9 +92,9 @@ fn test_primitives() {
         d = a if c == 1 else 0
         return d
         "};
-    let statements = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
-    let composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
     let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
     let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
     let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
@@ -100,7 +103,7 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver {
         id_to_type: HashMap::new(),
         id_to_def: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        class_names: HashMap::default(),
     }) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     let threads = vec![DefaultCodeGenerator::new("test".into(), 32).into()];
@@ -110,7 +113,7 @@ fn test_primitives() {
             FuncArg { name: "b".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None },
         ],
         ret: primitives.int32,
-        vars: HashMap::new(),
+        vars: VarMap::new(),
     };
 
     let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
@@ -125,12 +128,12 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     };
     let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
     let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "b".into()].iter().cloned().collect();
+    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "b".into()].into();
     let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
         top_level: &top_level,
         function_data: &mut function_data,
         unifier: &mut unifier,
-        variable_mapping: Default::default(),
+        variable_mapping: HashMap::default(),
         primitives: &primitives,
         virtual_checks: &mut virtual_checks,
         calls: &mut calls,
@@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ fn test_primitives() {
     });
 
     let task = CodeGenTask {
-        subst: Default::default(),
+        subst: Vec::default(),
         symbol_name: "testing".into(),
         body: Arc::new(statements),
         unifier_index: 0,
@@ -225,12 +228,7 @@ fn test_primitives() {
         opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
         target: CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host_triple(),
     };
-    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(
+    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
-        threads,
-        top_level,
-        &llvm_options,
-        &f
-    );
     registry.add_task(task);
     registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 }
@@ -241,14 +239,14 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         a = foo(a)
         return a * 2
         "};
-    let statements_1 = parse_program(source_1, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements_1 = parse_program(source_1, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
     let source_2 = indoc! { "
         return a + 1
         "};
-    let statements_2 = parse_program(source_2, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements_2 = parse_program(source_2, FileName::default()).unwrap();
 
-    let composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
     let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
     let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
     let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
@@ -257,7 +255,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     let signature = FunSignature {
         args: vec![FuncArg { name: "a".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None }],
         ret: primitives.int32,
-        vars: HashMap::new(),
+        vars: VarMap::new(),
     };
     let fun_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(signature.clone()));
     let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
@@ -281,7 +279,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     let resolver = Resolver {
         id_to_type: HashMap::new(),
         id_to_def: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        class_names: HashMap::default(),
     };
     resolver.add_id_def("foo".into(), DefinitionId(foo_id));
     let resolver = Arc::new(resolver) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
@@ -302,12 +300,12 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     };
     let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
     let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "foo".into()].iter().cloned().collect();
+    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "foo".into()].into();
     let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
         top_level: &top_level,
         function_data: &mut function_data,
         unifier: &mut unifier,
-        variable_mapping: Default::default(),
+        variable_mapping: HashMap::default(),
         primitives: &primitives,
         virtual_checks: &mut virtual_checks,
         calls: &mut calls,
@@ -336,11 +334,11 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         &mut *top_level.definitions.read()[foo_id].write()
     {
         instance_to_stmt.insert(
-            "".to_string(),
+            String::new(),
             FunInstance {
                 body: Arc::new(statements_2),
                 calls: Arc::new(inferencer.calls.clone()),
-                subst: Default::default(),
+                subst: IndexMap::default(),
                 unifier_id: 0,
             },
         );
@@ -356,7 +354,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
     });
 
     let task = CodeGenTask {
-        subst: Default::default(),
+        subst: Vec::default(),
         symbol_name: "testing".to_string(),
         body: Arc::new(statements_1),
         calls: Arc::new(calls1),
@@ -415,12 +413,39 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
         target: CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host_triple(),
     };
-    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(
+    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
-        threads,
-        top_level,
-        &llvm_options,
-        &f
-    );
     registry.add_task(task);
     registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_list_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), 64);
+
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
+
+    let llvm_list = ListType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
+    assert!(ListType::is_type(llvm_list.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_range_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+
+    let llvm_range = RangeType::new(&ctx);
+    assert!(RangeType::is_type(llvm_range.as_base_type()).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_classes_ndarray_type_new() {
+    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), 64);
+
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
+
+    let llvm_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
+    assert!(NDArrayType::is_type(llvm_ndarray.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+}

nac3core/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,26 @@
-#![warn(clippy::all)]
+#![deny(
-#![allow(dead_code)]
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    dead_code,
+    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+    clippy::cast_sign_loss,
+    clippy::enum_glob_use,
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::similar_names,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
 
 pub mod codegen;
 pub mod symbol_resolver;
 pub mod toplevel;
 pub mod typecheck;
+pub mod util;

nac3core/src/symbol_resolver.rs

@@ -1,22 +1,18 @@
 use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{collections::HashMap, collections::HashSet, fmt::Display};
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum;
 use crate::{
-    codegen::CodeGenContext,
+    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef, type_annotation::TypeAnnotation},
+    toplevel::{type_annotation::TypeAnnotation, DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
-};
-use crate::{
-    codegen::CodeGenerator,
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{Type, Unifier},
+        typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
     },
 };
 use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue};
-use itertools::{chain, izip};
+use itertools::{chain, izip, Itertools};
 use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Expr, Location, StrRef};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 
@@ -43,7 +39,7 @@ impl SymbolValue {
         constant: &Constant,
         expected_ty: Type,
         primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
-        unifier: &mut Unifier
+        unifier: &mut Unifier,
     ) -> Result<Self, String> {
         match constant {
             Constant::None => {
@@ -66,24 +62,16 @@ impl SymbolValue {
                 } else {
                     Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty:?}, but got str"))
                 }
-            },
+            }
             Constant::Int(i) => {
                 if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.int32) {
-                    i32::try_from(*i)
+                    i32::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::I32).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                        .map(SymbolValue::I32)
-                        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                 } else if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.int64) {
-                    i64::try_from(*i)
+                    i64::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::I64).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                        .map(SymbolValue::I64)
-                        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                 } else if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.uint32) {
-                    u32::try_from(*i)
+                    u32::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::U32).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                        .map(SymbolValue::U32)
-                        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                 } else if unifier.unioned(expected_ty, primitives.uint64) {
-                    u64::try_from(*i)
+                    u64::try_from(*i).map(SymbolValue::U64).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-                        .map(SymbolValue::U64)
-                        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                 } else {
                     Err(format!("Expected {}, but got int", unifier.stringify(expected_ty)))
                 }
@@ -91,7 +79,10 @@ impl SymbolValue {
             Constant::Tuple(t) => {
                 let expected_ty = unifier.get_ty(expected_ty);
                 let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } = expected_ty.as_ref() else {
-                    return Err(format!("Expected {:?}, but got Tuple", expected_ty.get_type_name()))
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "Expected {:?}, but got Tuple",
+                        expected_ty.get_type_name()
+                    ));
                 };
 
                 assert_eq!(ty.len(), t.len());
@@ -109,7 +100,45 @@ impl SymbolValue {
                 } else {
                     Err(format!("Expected {expected_ty:?}, but got float"))
                 }
-            },
+            }
+            _ => Err(format!("Unsupported value type {constant:?}")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a [`SymbolValue`] from a [`Constant`], with its type being inferred from the constant value.
+    ///
+    /// * `constant` - The constant to create the value from.
+    pub fn from_constant_inferred(constant: &Constant) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        match constant {
+            Constant::None => Ok(SymbolValue::OptionNone),
+            Constant::Bool(b) => Ok(SymbolValue::Bool(*b)),
+            Constant::Str(s) => Ok(SymbolValue::Str(s.to_string())),
+            Constant::Int(i) => {
+                let i = *i;
+                if i >= 0 {
+                    i32::try_from(i)
+                        .map(SymbolValue::I32)
+                        .or_else(|_| i64::try_from(i).map(SymbolValue::I64))
+                        .map_err(|_| {
+                            format!("Literal cannot be expressed as any integral type: {i}")
+                        })
+                } else {
+                    u32::try_from(i)
+                        .map(SymbolValue::U32)
+                        .or_else(|_| u64::try_from(i).map(SymbolValue::U64))
+                        .map_err(|_| {
+                            format!("Literal cannot be expressed as any integral type: {i}")
+                        })
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Tuple(t) => {
+                let elems = t
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(Self::from_constant_inferred)
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<SymbolValue>, _>>()?;
+                Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(elems))
+            }
+            Constant::Float(f) => Ok(SymbolValue::Double(*f)),
             _ => Err(format!("Unsupported value type {constant:?}")),
         }
     }
@@ -125,28 +154,27 @@ impl SymbolValue {
             SymbolValue::Double(_) => primitives.float,
             SymbolValue::Bool(_) => primitives.bool,
             SymbolValue::Tuple(vs) => {
-                let vs_tys = vs
+                let vs_tys = vs.iter().map(|v| v.get_type(primitives, unifier)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                    .iter()
+                unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vs_tys })
-                    .map(|v| v.get_type(primitives, unifier))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple {
-                    ty: vs_tys,
-                })
             }
             SymbolValue::OptionSome(_) | SymbolValue::OptionNone => primitives.option,
         }
     }
 
     /// Returns the [`TypeAnnotation`] representing the data type of this value.
-    pub fn get_type_annotation(&self, primitives: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifier) -> TypeAnnotation {
+    pub fn get_type_annotation(
+        &self,
+        primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+        unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    ) -> TypeAnnotation {
         match self {
-            SymbolValue::Bool(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.bool),
+            SymbolValue::Bool(..)
-            SymbolValue::Double(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.float),
+            | SymbolValue::Double(..)
-            SymbolValue::I32(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.int32),
+            | SymbolValue::I32(..)
-            SymbolValue::I64(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.int64),
+            | SymbolValue::I64(..)
-            SymbolValue::U32(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.uint32),
+            | SymbolValue::U32(..)
-            SymbolValue::U64(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.uint64),
+            | SymbolValue::U64(..)
-            SymbolValue::Str(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.str),
+            | SymbolValue::Str(..) => TypeAnnotation::Primitive(self.get_type(primitives, unifier)),
             SymbolValue::Tuple(vs) => {
                 let vs_tys = vs
                     .iter()
@@ -155,13 +183,13 @@ impl SymbolValue {
                 TypeAnnotation::Tuple(vs_tys)
             }
             SymbolValue::OptionNone => TypeAnnotation::CustomClass {
-                id: primitives.option.get_obj_id(unifier),
+                id: primitives.option.obj_id(unifier).unwrap(),
                 params: Vec::default(),
             },
             SymbolValue::OptionSome(v) => {
                 let ty = v.get_type_annotation(primitives, unifier);
                 TypeAnnotation::CustomClass {
-                    id: primitives.option.get_obj_id(unifier),
+                    id: primitives.option.obj_id(unifier).unwrap(),
                     params: vec![ty],
                 }
             }
@@ -169,7 +197,11 @@ impl SymbolValue {
     }
 
     /// Returns the [`TypeEnum`] representing the data type of this value.
-    pub fn get_type_enum(&self, primitives: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifier) -> Rc<TypeEnum> {
+    pub fn get_type_enum(
+        &self,
+        primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+        unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    ) -> Rc<TypeEnum> {
         let ty = self.get_type(primitives, unifier);
         unifier.get_ty(ty)
     }
@@ -200,6 +232,38 @@ impl Display for SymbolValue {
     }
 }
 
+impl TryFrom<SymbolValue> for u64 {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    /// Tries to convert a [`SymbolValue`] into a [`u64`], returning [`Err`] if the value is not
+    /// numeric or if the value cannot be converted into a `u64` without overflow.
+    fn try_from(value: SymbolValue) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match value {
+            SymbolValue::I32(v) => u64::try_from(v).map_err(|_| ()),
+            SymbolValue::I64(v) => u64::try_from(v).map_err(|_| ()),
+            SymbolValue::U32(v) => Ok(u64::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::U64(v) => Ok(v),
+            _ => Err(()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<SymbolValue> for i128 {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    /// Tries to convert a [`SymbolValue`] into a [`i128`], returning [`Err`] if the value is not
+    /// numeric.
+    fn try_from(value: SymbolValue) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match value {
+            SymbolValue::I32(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::I64(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::U32(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            SymbolValue::U64(v) => Ok(i128::from(v)),
+            _ => Err(()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait StaticValue {
     /// Returns a unique identifier for this value.
     fn get_unique_identifier(&self) -> u64;
@@ -232,10 +296,10 @@ pub trait StaticValue {
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum ValueEnum<'ctx> {
-    /// [ValueEnum] representing a static value.
+    /// [`ValueEnum`] representing a static value.
     Static(Arc<dyn StaticValue + Send + Sync>),
 
-    /// [ValueEnum] representing a dynamic value.
+    /// [`ValueEnum`] representing a dynamic value.
     Dynamic(BasicValueEnum<'ctx>),
 }
 
@@ -270,7 +334,6 @@ impl<'ctx> From<StructValue<'ctx>> for ValueEnum<'ctx> {
 }
 
 impl<'ctx> ValueEnum<'ctx> {
-
     /// Converts this [`ValueEnum`] to a [`BasicValueEnum`].
     pub fn to_basic_value_enum<'a>(
         self,
@@ -312,7 +375,7 @@ pub trait SymbolResolver {
         &self,
         _unifier: &mut Unifier,
         _top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
-        _primitives: &PrimitiveStore
+        _primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     ) -> Result<(), String> {
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -325,12 +388,12 @@ thread_local! {
         "float".into(),
         "bool".into(),
         "virtual".into(),
-        "list".into(),
         "tuple".into(),
         "str".into(),
         "Exception".into(),
         "uint32".into(),
         "uint64".into(),
+        "Literal".into(),
     ];
 }
 
@@ -349,12 +412,12 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
     let float_id = ids[2];
     let bool_id = ids[3];
     let virtual_id = ids[4];
-    let list_id = ids[5];
+    let tuple_id = ids[5];
-    let tuple_id = ids[6];
+    let str_id = ids[6];
-    let str_id = ids[7];
+    let exn_id = ids[7];
-    let exn_id = ids[8];
+    let uint32_id = ids[8];
-    let uint32_id = ids[9];
+    let uint64_id = ids[9];
-    let uint64_id = ids[10];
+    let literal_id = ids[10];
 
     let name_handling = |id: &StrRef, loc: Location, unifier: &mut Unifier| {
         if *id == int32_id {
@@ -379,40 +442,29 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
                 let def = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].read();
                 if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = &*def {
                     if !type_vars.is_empty() {
-                        return Err(HashSet::from([
+                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                            format!(
+                            "Unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got 0",
-                                "Unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got 0",
+                            type_vars.len()
-                                type_vars.len()
+                        )]));
-                            ),
-                        ]))
                     }
                     let fields = chain(
                         fields.iter().map(|(k, v, m)| (*k, (*v, *m))),
                         methods.iter().map(|(k, v, _)| (*k, (*v, false))),
                     )
-                        .collect();
+                    .collect();
-                    Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+                    Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params: VarMap::default() }))
-                        obj_id,
-                        fields,
-                        params: HashMap::default(),
-                    }))
                 } else {
-                    Err(HashSet::from([
+                    Err(HashSet::from([format!("Cannot use function name as type at {loc}")]))
-                        format!("Cannot use function name as type at {loc}"),
-                    ]))
                 }
             } else {
-                let ty = resolver
+                let ty =
-                    .get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, *id)
+                    resolver.get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, *id).map_err(
-                    .map_err(|e| HashSet::from([
+                        |e| HashSet::from([format!("Unknown type annotation at {loc}: {e}")]),
-                        format!("Unknown type annotation at {loc}: {e}"),
+                    )?;
-                    ]))?;
                 if let TypeEnum::TVar { .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(ty) {
                     Ok(ty)
                 } else {
-                    Err(HashSet::from([
+                    Err(HashSet::from([format!("Unknown type annotation {id} at {loc}")]))
-                        format!("Unknown type annotation {id} at {loc}"),
-                    ]))
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -422,9 +474,6 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
         if *id == virtual_id {
             let ty = parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, slice)?;
             Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty }))
-        } else if *id == list_id {
-            let ty = parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, slice)?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }))
         } else if *id == tuple_id {
             if let Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
                 let ty = elts
@@ -435,10 +484,31 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
                     .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
                 Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty }))
             } else {
-                Err(HashSet::from([
+                Err(HashSet::from(["Expected multiple elements for tuple".into()]))
-                    "Expected multiple elements for tuple".into()
-                ]))
             }
+        } else if *id == literal_id {
+            let mut parse_literal = |elt: &Expr<T>| {
+                let ty = parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, elt)?;
+                let ty_enum = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty);
+                match ty_enum {
+                    TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => Ok(values.clone()),
+                    _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                        "Expected literal in type argument for Literal at {}",
+                        elt.location
+                    )])),
+                }
+            };
+
+            let values = if let Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
+                elts.iter().map(&mut parse_literal).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
+            } else {
+                vec![parse_literal(slice)?]
+            }
+            .into_iter()
+            .flatten()
+            .collect_vec();
+
+            Ok(unifier.get_fresh_literal(values, Some(slice.location)))
         } else {
             let types = if let Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
                 elts.iter()
@@ -454,15 +524,13 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
             let def = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].read();
             if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = &*def {
                 if types.len() != type_vars.len() {
-                    return Err(HashSet::from([
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                        format!(
+                        "Unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got {}",
-                            "Unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got {}",
+                        type_vars.len(),
-                            type_vars.len(),
+                        types.len()
-                            types.len()
+                    )]));
-                        ),
-                    ]))
                 }
-                let mut subst = HashMap::new();
+                let mut subst = VarMap::new();
                 for (var, ty) in izip!(type_vars.iter(), types.iter()) {
                     let id = if let TypeEnum::TVar { id, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(*var) {
                         *id
@@ -484,9 +552,7 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
                 }));
                 Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params: subst }))
             } else {
-                Err(HashSet::from([
+                Err(HashSet::from(["Cannot use function name as type".into()]))
-                    "Cannot use function name as type".into(),
-                ]))
             }
         }
     };
@@ -497,14 +563,13 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
             if let Name { id, .. } = &value.node {
                 subscript_name_handle(id, slice, unifier)
             } else {
-                Err(HashSet::from([
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location)]))
-                    format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location),
-                ]))
             }
         }
-        _ => Err(HashSet::from([
+        Constant { value, .. } => SymbolValue::from_constant_inferred(value)
-            format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location),
+            .map(|v| unifier.get_fresh_literal(vec![v], Some(expr.location)))
-        ])),
+            .map_err(|err| HashSet::from([err])),
+        _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location)])),
     }
 }
 

nac3core/src/toplevel/helper.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,298 @@
 use std::convert::TryInto;
 
 use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
+use crate::toplevel::numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys;
+use crate::typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, Mapping, TypeVarId, VarMap};
 use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Location};
+use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
+use strum_macros::EnumIter;
 
 use super::*;
 
+/// All primitive types and functions in nac3core.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, EnumIter, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum PrimDef {
+    // Classes
+    Int32,
+    Int64,
+    Float,
+    Bool,
+    None,
+    Range,
+    Str,
+    Exception,
+    UInt32,
+    UInt64,
+    Option,
+    List,
+    NDArray,
+
+    // Member Functions
+    OptionIsSome,
+    OptionIsNone,
+    OptionUnwrap,
+    NDArrayCopy,
+    NDArrayFill,
+    FunInt32,
+    FunInt64,
+    FunUInt32,
+    FunUInt64,
+    FunFloat,
+    FunNpNDArray,
+    FunNpEmpty,
+    FunNpZeros,
+    FunNpOnes,
+    FunNpFull,
+    FunNpArray,
+    FunNpEye,
+    FunNpIdentity,
+    FunRound,
+    FunRound64,
+    FunNpRound,
+    FunRangeInit,
+    FunStr,
+    FunBool,
+    FunFloor,
+    FunFloor64,
+    FunNpFloor,
+    FunCeil,
+    FunCeil64,
+    FunNpCeil,
+    FunLen,
+    FunMin,
+    FunNpMin,
+    FunNpMinimum,
+    FunMax,
+    FunNpMax,
+    FunNpMaximum,
+    FunAbs,
+    FunNpIsNan,
+    FunNpIsInf,
+    FunNpSin,
+    FunNpCos,
+    FunNpExp,
+    FunNpExp2,
+    FunNpLog,
+    FunNpLog10,
+    FunNpLog2,
+    FunNpFabs,
+    FunNpSqrt,
+    FunNpRint,
+    FunNpTan,
+    FunNpArcsin,
+    FunNpArccos,
+    FunNpArctan,
+    FunNpSinh,
+    FunNpCosh,
+    FunNpTanh,
+    FunNpArcsinh,
+    FunNpArccosh,
+    FunNpArctanh,
+    FunNpExpm1,
+    FunNpCbrt,
+    FunSpSpecErf,
+    FunSpSpecErfc,
+    FunSpSpecGamma,
+    FunSpSpecGammaln,
+    FunSpSpecJ0,
+    FunSpSpecJ1,
+    FunNpArctan2,
+    FunNpCopysign,
+    FunNpFmax,
+    FunNpFmin,
+    FunNpLdExp,
+    FunNpHypot,
+    FunNpNextAfter,
+
+    // Top-Level Functions
+    FunSome,
+}
+
+/// Associated details of a [`PrimDef`]
+pub enum PrimDefDetails {
+    PrimFunction { name: &'static str, simple_name: &'static str },
+    PrimClass { name: &'static str },
+}
+
+impl PrimDef {
+    /// Get the assigned [`DefinitionId`] of this [`PrimDef`].
+    ///
+    /// The assigned definition ID is defined by the position this [`PrimDef`] enum unit variant is defined at,
+    /// with the first `PrimDef`'s definition id being `0`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn id(&self) -> DefinitionId {
+        DefinitionId(*self as usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a definition ID is that of a [`PrimDef`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn contains_id(id: DefinitionId) -> bool {
+        Self::iter().any(|prim| prim.id() == id)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the definition "simple name" of this [`PrimDef`].
+    ///
+    /// If the [`PrimDef`] is a function, this corresponds to [`TopLevelDef::Function::simple_name`].
+    ///
+    /// If the [`PrimDef`] is a class, this returns [`None`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn simple_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self.details() {
+            PrimDefDetails::PrimFunction { simple_name, .. } => simple_name,
+            PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { .. } => {
+                panic!("PrimDef {self:?} has no simple_name as it is not a function.")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the definition "name" of this [`PrimDef`].
+    ///
+    /// If the [`PrimDef`] is a function, this corresponds to [`TopLevelDef::Function::name`].
+    ///
+    /// If the [`PrimDef`] is a class, this corresponds to [`TopLevelDef::Class::name`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self.details() {
+            PrimDefDetails::PrimFunction { name, .. } | PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { name } => name,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the associated details of this [`PrimDef`]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn details(self) -> PrimDefDetails {
+        fn class(name: &'static str) -> PrimDefDetails {
+            PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { name }
+        }
+
+        fn fun(name: &'static str, simple_name: Option<&'static str>) -> PrimDefDetails {
+            PrimDefDetails::PrimFunction { simple_name: simple_name.unwrap_or(name), name }
+        }
+
+        match self {
+            PrimDef::Int32 => class("int32"),
+            PrimDef::Int64 => class("int64"),
+            PrimDef::Float => class("float"),
+            PrimDef::Bool => class("bool"),
+            PrimDef::None => class("none"),
+            PrimDef::Range => class("range"),
+            PrimDef::Str => class("str"),
+            PrimDef::Exception => class("Exception"),
+            PrimDef::UInt32 => class("uint32"),
+            PrimDef::UInt64 => class("uint64"),
+            PrimDef::Option => class("Option"),
+            PrimDef::OptionIsSome => fun("Option.is_some", Some("is_some")),
+            PrimDef::OptionIsNone => fun("Option.is_none", Some("is_none")),
+            PrimDef::OptionUnwrap => fun("Option.unwrap", Some("unwrap")),
+            PrimDef::List => class("list"),
+            PrimDef::NDArray => class("ndarray"),
+            PrimDef::NDArrayCopy => fun("ndarray.copy", Some("copy")),
+            PrimDef::NDArrayFill => fun("ndarray.fill", Some("fill")),
+            PrimDef::FunInt32 => fun("int32", None),
+            PrimDef::FunInt64 => fun("int64", None),
+            PrimDef::FunUInt32 => fun("uint32", None),
+            PrimDef::FunUInt64 => fun("uint64", None),
+            PrimDef::FunFloat => fun("float", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpNDArray => fun("np_ndarray", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpEmpty => fun("np_empty", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpZeros => fun("np_zeros", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpOnes => fun("np_ones", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpFull => fun("np_full", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpArray => fun("np_array", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpEye => fun("np_eye", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpIdentity => fun("np_identity", None),
+            PrimDef::FunRound => fun("round", None),
+            PrimDef::FunRound64 => fun("round64", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpRound => fun("np_round", None),
+            PrimDef::FunRangeInit => fun("range.__init__", Some("__init__")),
+            PrimDef::FunStr => fun("str", None),
+            PrimDef::FunBool => fun("bool", None),
+            PrimDef::FunFloor => fun("floor", None),
+            PrimDef::FunFloor64 => fun("floor64", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpFloor => fun("np_floor", None),
+            PrimDef::FunCeil => fun("ceil", None),
+            PrimDef::FunCeil64 => fun("ceil64", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpCeil => fun("np_ceil", None),
+            PrimDef::FunLen => fun("len", None),
+            PrimDef::FunMin => fun("min", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpMin => fun("np_min", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpMinimum => fun("np_minimum", None),
+            PrimDef::FunMax => fun("max", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpMax => fun("np_max", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpMaximum => fun("np_maximum", None),
+            PrimDef::FunAbs => fun("abs", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpIsNan => fun("np_isnan", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpIsInf => fun("np_isinf", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpSin => fun("np_sin", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpCos => fun("np_cos", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpExp => fun("np_exp", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpExp2 => fun("np_exp2", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpLog => fun("np_log", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpLog10 => fun("np_log10", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpLog2 => fun("np_log2", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpFabs => fun("np_fabs", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpSqrt => fun("np_sqrt", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpRint => fun("np_rint", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpTan => fun("np_tan", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpArcsin => fun("np_arcsin", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpArccos => fun("np_arccos", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpArctan => fun("np_arctan", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpSinh => fun("np_sinh", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpCosh => fun("np_cosh", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpTanh => fun("np_tanh", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpArcsinh => fun("np_arcsinh", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpArccosh => fun("np_arccosh", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpArctanh => fun("np_arctanh", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpExpm1 => fun("np_expm1", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpCbrt => fun("np_cbrt", None),
+            PrimDef::FunSpSpecErf => fun("sp_spec_erf", None),
+            PrimDef::FunSpSpecErfc => fun("sp_spec_erfc", None),
+            PrimDef::FunSpSpecGamma => fun("sp_spec_gamma", None),
+            PrimDef::FunSpSpecGammaln => fun("sp_spec_gammaln", None),
+            PrimDef::FunSpSpecJ0 => fun("sp_spec_j0", None),
+            PrimDef::FunSpSpecJ1 => fun("sp_spec_j1", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpArctan2 => fun("np_arctan2", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpCopysign => fun("np_copysign", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpFmax => fun("np_fmax", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpFmin => fun("np_fmin", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpLdExp => fun("np_ldexp", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpHypot => fun("np_hypot", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpNextAfter => fun("np_nextafter", None),
+            PrimDef::FunSome => fun("Some", None),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Asserts that a [`PrimDef`] is in an allowlist.
+///
+/// Like `debug_assert!`, this statements of this function are only
+/// enabled if `cfg!(debug_assertions)` is true.
+pub fn debug_assert_prim_is_allowed(prim: PrimDef, allowlist: &[PrimDef]) {
+    if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+        let allowed = allowlist.iter().any(|p| *p == prim);
+        assert!(
+            allowed,
+            "Disallowed primitive definition. Got {prim:?}, but expects it to be in {allowlist:?}"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Construct the fields of class `Exception`
+/// See [`TypeEnum::TObj::fields`] and [`TopLevelDef::Class::fields`]
+#[must_use]
+pub fn make_exception_fields(int32: Type, int64: Type, str: Type) -> Vec<(StrRef, Type, bool)> {
+    vec![
+        ("__name__".into(), int32, true),
+        ("__file__".into(), str, true),
+        ("__line__".into(), int32, true),
+        ("__col__".into(), int32, true),
+        ("__func__".into(), str, true),
+        ("__message__".into(), str, true),
+        ("__param0__".into(), int64, true),
+        ("__param1__".into(), int64, true),
+        ("__param2__".into(), int64, true),
+    ]
+}
+
 impl TopLevelDef {
     pub fn to_string(&self, unifier: &mut Unifier) -> String {
         match self {
@@ -44,94 +332,133 @@ impl TopLevelDef {
 
 impl TopLevelComposer {
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn make_primitives() -> (PrimitiveStore, Unifier) {
+    pub fn make_primitives(size_t: u32) -> (PrimitiveStore, Unifier) {
         let mut unifier = Unifier::new();
         let int32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(0),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let int64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(1),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let float = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(2),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Float.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let bool = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(3),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Bool.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let none = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(4),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::None.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let range = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(5),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Range.id(),
-            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            fields: [
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+                ("start".into(), (int32, true)),
-        });
+                ("stop".into(), (int32, true)),
-        let str = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+                ("step".into(), (int32, true)),
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(6),
-            fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
-        });
-        let exception = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(7),
-            fields: vec![
-                ("__name__".into(), (int32, true)),
-                ("__file__".into(), (str, true)),
-                ("__line__".into(), (int32, true)),
-                ("__col__".into(), (int32, true)),
-                ("__func__".into(), (str, true)),
-                ("__message__".into(), (str, true)),
-                ("__param0__".into(), (int64, true)),
-                ("__param1__".into(), (int64, true)),
-                ("__param2__".into(), (int64, true)),
             ]
             .into_iter()
-            .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+            .collect(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
+        });
+        let str = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Str.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
+        });
+        let exception = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Exception.id(),
+            fields: make_exception_fields(int32, int64, str)
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(name, ty, mutable)| (name, (ty, mutable)))
+                .collect(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(8),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(9),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
 
         let option_type_var = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("option_type_var".into()), None);
         let is_some_type_fun_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
             args: vec![],
             ret: bool,
-            vars: HashMap::from([(option_type_var.1, option_type_var.0)]),
+            vars: into_var_map([option_type_var]),
         }));
         let unwrap_fun_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
             args: vec![],
-            ret: option_type_var.0,
+            ret: option_type_var.ty,
-            vars: HashMap::from([(option_type_var.1, option_type_var.0)]),
+            vars: into_var_map([option_type_var]),
         }));
         let option = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(10),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Option.id(),
             fields: vec![
-                ("is_some".into(), (is_some_type_fun_ty, true)),
+                (PrimDef::OptionIsSome.simple_name().into(), (is_some_type_fun_ty, true)),
-                ("is_none".into(), (is_some_type_fun_ty, true)),
+                (PrimDef::OptionIsNone.simple_name().into(), (is_some_type_fun_ty, true)),
-                ("unwrap".into(), (unwrap_fun_ty, true)),
+                (PrimDef::OptionUnwrap.simple_name().into(), (unwrap_fun_ty, true)),
             ]
             .into_iter()
             .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-            params: HashMap::from([(option_type_var.1, option_type_var.0)]),
+            params: into_var_map([option_type_var]),
         });
 
+        let size_t_ty = match size_t {
+            32 => uint32,
+            64 => uint64,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+
+        let list_elem_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+        let list = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+            fields: Mapping::new(),
+            params: into_var_map([list_elem_tvar]),
+        });
+
+        let ndarray_dtype_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("ndarray_dtype".into()), None);
+        let ndarray_ndims_tvar =
+            unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(size_t_ty, Some("ndarray_ndims".into()), None);
+        let ndarray_copy_fun_ret_ty = unifier.get_fresh_var(None, None);
+        let ndarray_copy_fun_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
+            args: vec![],
+            ret: ndarray_copy_fun_ret_ty.ty,
+            vars: into_var_map([ndarray_dtype_tvar, ndarray_ndims_tvar]),
+        }));
+        let ndarray_fill_fun_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
+            args: vec![FuncArg {
+                name: "value".into(),
+                ty: ndarray_dtype_tvar.ty,
+                default_value: None,
+            }],
+            ret: none,
+            vars: into_var_map([ndarray_dtype_tvar, ndarray_ndims_tvar]),
+        }));
+        let ndarray = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::NDArray.id(),
+            fields: Mapping::from([
+                (PrimDef::NDArrayCopy.simple_name().into(), (ndarray_copy_fun_ty, true)),
+                (PrimDef::NDArrayFill.simple_name().into(), (ndarray_fill_fun_ty, true)),
+            ]),
+            params: into_var_map([ndarray_dtype_tvar, ndarray_ndims_tvar]),
+        });
+
+        unifier.unify(ndarray_copy_fun_ret_ty.ty, ndarray).unwrap();
+
         let primitives = PrimitiveStore {
             int32,
             int64,
@@ -144,7 +471,11 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
             str,
             exception,
             option,
+            list,
+            ndarray,
+            size_t,
         };
+        unifier.put_primitive_store(&primitives);
         crate::typecheck::magic_methods::set_primitives_magic_methods(&primitives, &mut unifier);
         (primitives, unifier)
     }
@@ -153,7 +484,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
     /// when first registering, the `type_vars`, fields, methods, ancestors are invalid
     #[must_use]
     pub fn make_top_level_class_def(
-        index: usize,
+        obj_id: DefinitionId,
         resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
         name: StrRef,
         constructor: Option<Type>,
@@ -161,9 +492,10 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
     ) -> TopLevelDef {
         TopLevelDef::Class {
             name,
-            object_id: DefinitionId(index),
+            object_id: obj_id,
             type_vars: Vec::default(),
             fields: Vec::default(),
+            attributes: Vec::default(),
             methods: Vec::default(),
             ancestors: Vec::default(),
             constructor,
@@ -272,13 +604,11 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
     }
 
     /// get the `var_id` of a given `TVar` type
-    pub fn get_var_id(var_ty: Type, unifier: &mut Unifier) -> Result<u32, HashSet<String>> {
+    pub fn get_var_id(var_ty: Type, unifier: &mut Unifier) -> Result<TypeVarId, HashSet<String>> {
         if let TypeEnum::TVar { id, .. } = unifier.get_ty(var_ty).as_ref() {
             Ok(*id)
         } else {
-            Err(HashSet::from([
+            Err(HashSet::from(["not type var".to_string()]))
-                "not type var".to_string(),
-            ]))
         }
     }
 
@@ -295,25 +625,27 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
         let (
             TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature { args: this_args, ret: this_ret, .. }),
             TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature { args: other_args, ret: other_ret, .. }),
-        ) = (this, other) else {
+        ) = (this, other)
+        else {
             unreachable!("this function must be called with function type")
         };
 
         // check args
-        let args_ok = this_args
+        let args_ok =
-            .iter()
+            this_args
-            .map(|FuncArg { name, ty, .. }| (name, type_var_to_concrete_def.get(ty).unwrap()))
+                .iter()
-            .zip(other_args.iter().map(|FuncArg { name, ty, .. }| {
+                .map(|FuncArg { name, ty, .. }| (name, type_var_to_concrete_def.get(ty).unwrap()))
-                (name, type_var_to_concrete_def.get(ty).unwrap())
+                .zip(other_args.iter().map(|FuncArg { name, ty, .. }| {
-            }))
+                    (name, type_var_to_concrete_def.get(ty).unwrap())
-            .all(|(this, other)| {
+                }))
-                if this.0 == &"self".into() && this.0 == other.0 {
+                .all(|(this, other)| {
-                    true
+                    if this.0 == &"self".into() && this.0 == other.0 {
-                } else {
+                        true
-                    this.0 == other.0
+                    } else {
-                        && check_overload_type_annotation_compatible(this.1, other.1, unifier)
+                        this.0 == other.0
-                }
+                            && check_overload_type_annotation_compatible(this.1, other.1, unifier)
-            });
+                    }
+                });
 
         // check rets
         let ret_ok = check_overload_type_annotation_compatible(
@@ -356,12 +688,10 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                         }
                     } =>
                 {
-                    return Err(HashSet::from([
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                        format!(
+                        "redundant type annotation for class fields at {}",
-                            "redundant type annotation for class fields at {}",
+                        s.location
-                            s.location
+                    )]))
-                        ),
-                    ]))
                 }
                 ast::StmtKind::Assign { targets, .. } => {
                     for t in targets {
@@ -438,7 +768,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                     TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: e_id, params: e_param },
                 ) => {
                     *f_id == *e_id
-                        && *f_id == primitive.option.get_obj_id(unifier)
+                        && *f_id == primitive.option.obj_id(unifier).unwrap()
                         && (f_param.is_empty()
                             || (f_param.len() == 1
                                 && e_param.len() == 1
@@ -485,93 +815,126 @@ pub fn parse_parameter_default_value(
             Constant::Tuple(tuple) => Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(
                 tuple.iter().map(|x| handle_constant(x, loc)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
             )),
-            Constant::None => Err(HashSet::from([
+            Constant::None => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                format!(
+                "`None` is not supported, use `none` for option type instead ({loc})"
-                    "`None` is not supported, use `none` for option type instead ({loc})"
+            )])),
-                ),
-            ])),
             _ => unimplemented!("this constant is not supported at {}", loc),
         }
     }
     match &default.node {
         ast::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => handle_constant(value, &default.location),
-        ast::ExprKind::Call { func, args, .. } if args.len() == 1 => {
+        ast::ExprKind::Call { func, args, .. } if args.len() == 1 => match &func.node {
-            match &func.node {
+            ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "int64".into() => match &args[0].node {
-                ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "int64".into() => match &args[0].node {
+                ast::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Int(v), .. } => {
-                    ast::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Int(v), .. } => {
+                    let v: Result<i64, _> = (*v).try_into();
-                        let v: Result<i64, _> = (*v).try_into();
+                    match v {
-                        match v {
+                        Ok(v) => Ok(SymbolValue::I64(v)),
-                            Ok(v) => Ok(SymbolValue::I64(v)),
+                        _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                            _ => Err(HashSet::from([
+                            "default param value out of range at {}",
-                                format!("default param value out of range at {}", default.location)
+                            default.location
-                            ])),
+                        )])),
-                        }
                     }
-                    _ => Err(HashSet::from([
-                        format!("only allow constant integer here at {}", default.location),
-                    ]))
                 }
-                ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "uint32".into() => match &args[0].node {
+                _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                    ast::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Int(v), .. } => {
+                    "only allow constant integer here at {}",
-                        let v: Result<u32, _> = (*v).try_into();
+                    default.location
-                        match v {
+                )])),
-                            Ok(v) => Ok(SymbolValue::U32(v)),
+            },
-                            _ => Err(HashSet::from([
+            ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "uint32".into() => match &args[0].node {
-                                format!("default param value out of range at {}", default.location),
+                ast::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Int(v), .. } => {
-                            ])),
+                    let v: Result<u32, _> = (*v).try_into();
-                        }
+                    match v {
+                        Ok(v) => Ok(SymbolValue::U32(v)),
+                        _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                            "default param value out of range at {}",
+                            default.location
+                        )])),
                     }
-                    _ => Err(HashSet::from([
-                        format!("only allow constant integer here at {}", default.location),
-                    ]))
                 }
-                ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "uint64".into() => match &args[0].node {
+                _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                    ast::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Int(v), .. } => {
+                    "only allow constant integer here at {}",
-                        let v: Result<u64, _> = (*v).try_into();
+                    default.location
-                        match v {
+                )])),
-                            Ok(v) => Ok(SymbolValue::U64(v)),
+            },
-                            _ => Err(HashSet::from([
+            ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "uint64".into() => match &args[0].node {
-                                format!("default param value out of range at {}", default.location),
+                ast::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Int(v), .. } => {
-                            ])),
+                    let v: Result<u64, _> = (*v).try_into();
-                        }
+                    match v {
+                        Ok(v) => Ok(SymbolValue::U64(v)),
+                        _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                            "default param value out of range at {}",
+                            default.location
+                        )])),
                     }
-                    _ => Err(HashSet::from([
-                        format!("only allow constant integer here at {}", default.location),
-                    ]))
                 }
-                ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "Some".into() => Ok(
+                _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                    SymbolValue::OptionSome(
+                    "only allow constant integer here at {}",
-                        Box::new(parse_parameter_default_value(&args[0], resolver)?)
+                    default.location
-                    )
+                )])),
-                ),
+            },
-                _ => Err(HashSet::from([
+            ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "Some".into() => Ok(SymbolValue::OptionSome(
-                    format!("unsupported default parameter at {}", default.location),
+                Box::new(parse_parameter_default_value(&args[0], resolver)?),
-                ])),
+            )),
-            }
+            _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-        }
+                "unsupported default parameter at {}",
-        ast::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(elts
+                default.location
-            .iter()
+            )])),
-            .map(|x| parse_parameter_default_value(x, resolver))
+        },
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
+        ast::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(
+            elts.iter()
+                .map(|x| parse_parameter_default_value(x, resolver))
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
         )),
         ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() => Ok(SymbolValue::OptionNone),
         ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
-            resolver.get_default_param_value(default).ok_or_else(
+            resolver.get_default_param_value(default).ok_or_else(|| {
-                || HashSet::from([
+                HashSet::from([format!(
-                    format!(
+                    "`{}` cannot be used as a default parameter at {} \
-                        "`{}` cannot be used as a default parameter at {} \
                         (not primitive type, option or tuple / not defined?)",
-                        id,
+                    id, default.location
-                        default.location
+                )])
-                    ),
+            })
-                ])
-            )
         }
-        _ => Err(HashSet::from([
+        _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-            format!(
+            "unsupported default parameter (not primitive type, option or tuple) at {}",
-                "unsupported default parameter (not primitive type, option or tuple) at {}",
+            default.location
-                default.location
+        )])),
-            ),
+    }
-        ]))
+}
+
+/// Obtains the element type of an array-like type.
+pub fn arraylike_flatten_element_type(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type) -> Type {
+    match &*unifier.get_ty(ty) {
+        TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
+            unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ty).0
+        }
+
+        TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::List.id() => {
+            arraylike_flatten_element_type(unifier, iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap().ty)
+        }
+        _ => ty,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Obtains the number of dimensions of an array-like type.
+pub fn arraylike_get_ndims(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type) -> u64 {
+    match &*unifier.get_ty(ty) {
+        TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
+            let ndims = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ty).1;
+            let TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndims) else {
+                panic!("Expected TLiteral for ndarray.ndims, got {}", unifier.stringify(ndims))
+            };
+
+            if values.len() > 1 {
+                todo!("Getting num of dimensions for ndarray with more than one ndim bound is unimplemented")
+            }
+
+            u64::try_from(values[0].clone()).unwrap()
+        }
+
+        TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::List.id() => {
+            arraylike_get_ndims(unifier, iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap().ty) + 1
+        }
+        _ => 0,
     }
 }

nac3core/src/toplevel/mod.rs

@@ -8,14 +8,19 @@ use std::{
 
 use super::codegen::CodeGenContext;
 use super::typecheck::type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore;
-use super::typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, SharedUnifier, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier};
+use super::typecheck::typedef::{
+    FunSignature, FuncArg, SharedUnifier, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap,
+};
 use crate::{
     codegen::CodeGenerator,
     symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
-    typecheck::{type_inferencer::CodeLocation, typedef::CallId},
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::CodeLocation,
+        typedef::{CallId, TypeVarId},
+    },
 };
 use inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum;
-use itertools::{izip, Itertools};
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use nac3parser::ast::{self, Location, Stmt, StrRef};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 
@@ -25,34 +30,40 @@ pub struct DefinitionId(pub usize);
 pub mod builtins;
 pub mod composer;
 pub mod helper;
+pub mod numpy;
 pub mod type_annotation;
 use composer::*;
 use type_annotation::*;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
 
-type GenCallCallback = Box<
+type GenCallCallback = dyn for<'ctx, 'a> Fn(
-    dyn for<'ctx, 'a> Fn(
+        &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
-            &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
-            Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
+        (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
-            (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
+        Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
-            Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
+        &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
-            &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+    ) -> Result<Option<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>, String>
-        ) -> Result<Option<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>, String>
+    + Send
-        + Send
+    + Sync;
-        + Sync,
->;
 
 pub struct GenCall {
-    fp: GenCallCallback,
+    fp: Box<GenCallCallback>,
 }
 
 impl GenCall {
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn new(fp: GenCallCallback) -> GenCall {
+    pub fn new(fp: Box<GenCallCallback>) -> GenCall {
         GenCall { fp }
     }
 
+    /// Creates a dummy instance of [`GenCall`], which invokes [`unreachable!()`] with the given
+    /// `reason`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn create_dummy(reason: String) -> GenCall {
+        Self::new(Box::new(move |_, _, _, _, _| unreachable!("{reason}")))
+    }
+
     pub fn run<'ctx>(
         &self,
         ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
@@ -75,7 +86,7 @@ impl Debug for GenCall {
 pub struct FunInstance {
     pub body: Arc<Vec<Stmt<Option<Type>>>>,
     pub calls: Arc<HashMap<CodeLocation, CallId>>,
-    pub subst: HashMap<u32, Type>,
+    pub subst: VarMap,
     pub unifier_id: usize,
 }
 
@@ -84,7 +95,7 @@ pub enum TopLevelDef {
     Class {
         /// Name for error messages and symbols.
         name: StrRef,
-        /// Object ID used for [TypeEnum].
+        /// Object ID used for [`TypeEnum`].
         object_id: DefinitionId,
         /// type variables bounded to the class.
         type_vars: Vec<Type>,
@@ -92,6 +103,10 @@ pub enum TopLevelDef {
         ///
         /// Name and type is mutable.
         fields: Vec<(StrRef, Type, bool)>,
+        /// Class Attributes.
+        ///
+        /// Name, type, value.
+        attributes: Vec<(StrRef, Type, ast::Constant)>,
         /// Class methods, pointing to the corresponding function definition.
         methods: Vec<(StrRef, Type, DefinitionId)>,
         /// Ancestor classes, including itself.
@@ -111,7 +126,7 @@ pub enum TopLevelDef {
         /// Function signature.
         signature: Type,
         /// Instantiated type variable IDs.
-        var_id: Vec<u32>,
+        var_id: Vec<TypeVarId>,
         /// Function instance to symbol mapping
         ///
         /// * Key: String representation of type variable values, sorted by variable ID in ascending

nac3core/src/toplevel/numpy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+use crate::{
+    toplevel::helper::PrimDef,
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
+        typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier, VarMap},
+    },
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+/// Creates a `ndarray` [`Type`] with the given type arguments.
+///
+/// * `dtype` - The element type of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+/// specialized.
+/// * `ndims` - The number of dimensions of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+/// specialized.
+pub fn make_ndarray_ty(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    dtype: Option<Type>,
+    ndims: Option<Type>,
+) -> Type {
+    subst_ndarray_tvars(unifier, primitives.ndarray, dtype, ndims)
+}
+
+/// Substitutes type variables in `ndarray`.
+///
+/// * `dtype` - The element type of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+/// specialized.
+/// * `ndims` - The number of dimensions of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
+/// specialized.
+pub fn subst_ndarray_tvars(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    ndarray: Type,
+    dtype: Option<Type>,
+    ndims: Option<Type>,
+) -> Type {
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndarray) else {
+        panic!("Expected `ndarray` to be TObj, but got {}", unifier.stringify(ndarray))
+    };
+    debug_assert_eq!(*obj_id, PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    if dtype.is_none() && ndims.is_none() {
+        return ndarray;
+    }
+
+    let tvar_ids = params.iter().map(|(obj_id, _)| *obj_id).collect_vec();
+    debug_assert_eq!(tvar_ids.len(), 2);
+
+    let mut tvar_subst = VarMap::new();
+    if let Some(dtype) = dtype {
+        tvar_subst.insert(tvar_ids[0], dtype);
+    }
+    if let Some(ndims) = ndims {
+        tvar_subst.insert(tvar_ids[1], ndims);
+    }
+
+    unifier.subst(ndarray, &tvar_subst).unwrap_or(ndarray)
+}
+
+fn unpack_ndarray_tvars(unifier: &mut Unifier, ndarray: Type) -> Vec<(TypeVarId, Type)> {
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, params, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndarray) else {
+        panic!("Expected `ndarray` to be TObj, but got {}", unifier.stringify(ndarray))
+    };
+    debug_assert_eq!(*obj_id, PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    debug_assert_eq!(params.len(), 2);
+
+    params
+        .iter()
+        .sorted_by_key(|(obj_id, _)| *obj_id)
+        .map(|(var_id, ty)| (*var_id, *ty))
+        .collect_vec()
+}
+
+/// Unpacks the type variable IDs of `ndarray` into a tuple. The elements of the tuple corresponds
+/// to `dtype` (the element type) and `ndims` (the number of dimensions) of the `ndarray`
+/// respectively.
+pub fn unpack_ndarray_var_ids(unifier: &mut Unifier, ndarray: Type) -> (TypeVarId, TypeVarId) {
+    unpack_ndarray_tvars(unifier, ndarray).into_iter().map(|v| v.0).collect_tuple().unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Unpacks the type variables of `ndarray` into a tuple. The elements of the tuple corresponds to
+/// `dtype` (the element type) and `ndims` (the number of dimensions) of the `ndarray` respectively.
+pub fn unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier: &mut Unifier, ndarray: Type) -> (Type, Type) {
+    unpack_ndarray_tvars(unifier, ndarray).into_iter().map(|v| v.1).collect_tuple().unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__generic_class.snap

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ expression: res_vec
 [
     "Class {\nname: \"Generic_A\",\nancestors: [\"Generic_A[V]\", \"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\", \"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"V\"]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [22]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(245)]\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__inheritance_override.snap

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ expression: res_vec
     "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[t:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[c:C], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B[typevar11]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar11\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B[typevar234]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar234\"]\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"B[bool]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\", \"e\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__list_tuple_generic.snap

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ expression: res_vec
 [
     "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:list[int32], b:tuple[T, float]], A[B, bool]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T, V]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[v:V], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:T], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\", \"V\"]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[v:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [24]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[v:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(247)]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [29]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(252)]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"gfun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[float]]], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"gfun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[list[float], int32]], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__self1.snap

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
 expression: res_vec
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[typevar10, typevar11]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar10\", \"typevar11\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[typevar233, typevar234]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar233\", \"typevar234\"]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[bool, float], b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"A[int64, bool]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[bool, float]], A[bool, int32]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:B], B]\"), (\"bar\", \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[B]]], tuple[A[bool, virtual[A[B, int32]]], B]]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"A[int64, bool]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:B], B]\"), (\"bar\", \"fn[[a:A[list[B], int32]], tuple[A[virtual[A[B, int32]], bool], B]]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], B]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"B.bar\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[int32, list[B]]], tuple[A[bool, virtual[A[B, int32]]], B]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"B.bar\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[list[B], int32]], tuple[A[virtual[A[B, int32]], bool], B]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3core__toplevel__test__test_analyze__simple_class_compose.snap

@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ expression: res_vec
     "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [30]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(253)]\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"C.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
     "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"ff\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [38]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"ff\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(261)]\n}\n",
 ]

nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::typecheck::typedef::into_var_map;
 use crate::{
     codegen::CodeGenContext,
     symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
@@ -8,13 +11,12 @@ use crate::{
     },
 };
 use indoc::indoc;
+use nac3parser::ast::FileName;
 use nac3parser::{ast::fold::Fold, parser::parse_program};
 use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
 use test_case::test_case;
 
-use super::*;
-
 struct ResolverInternal {
     id_to_type: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
     id_to_def: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, DefinitionId>>,
@@ -52,20 +54,24 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
             .id_to_type
             .lock()
             .get(&str)
-            .cloned()
+            .copied()
-            .ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", str))
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{str}`"))
     }
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         _: StrRef,
-        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
     fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
-        self.0.id_to_def.lock().get(&id).cloned()
+        self.0
+            .id_to_def
+            .lock()
+            .get(&id)
+            .copied()
             .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from(["Unknown identifier".to_string()]))
     }
 
@@ -111,13 +117,13 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
     "register"
 )]
 fn test_simple_register(source: Vec<&str>) {
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let mut composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
-        composer.register_top_level(ast, None, "".into(), false).unwrap();
+        composer.register_top_level(ast, None, "", false).unwrap();
     }
 }
 
@@ -131,14 +137,14 @@ fn test_simple_register(source: Vec<&str>) {
     "register"
 )]
 fn test_simple_register_without_constructor(source: &str) {
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let mut composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
-    let ast = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let ast = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
     let ast = ast[0].clone();
-    composer.register_top_level(ast, None, "".into(), true).unwrap();
+    composer.register_top_level(ast, None, "", true).unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             def fun(a: int32) -> int32:
                 return a
@@ -152,35 +158,35 @@ fn test_simple_register_without_constructor(source: &str) {
                 return 3
         "},
     ],
-    vec![
+    &[
         "fn[[a:0], 0]",
         "fn[[a:2], 4]",
         "fn[[b:1], 0]",
     ],
-    vec![
+    &[
         "fun",
         "foo",
         "f"
     ];
     "function compose"
 )]
-fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&str>) {
+fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let mut composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     let internal_resolver = Arc::new(ResolverInternal {
-        id_to_def: Default::default(),
+        id_to_def: Mutex::default(),
-        id_to_type: Default::default(),
+        id_to_type: Mutex::default(),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        class_names: Mutex::default(),
     });
     let resolver =
         Arc::new(Resolver(internal_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
         let (id, def_id, ty) =
-            composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "".into(), false).unwrap();
+            composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "", false).unwrap();
         internal_resolver.add_id_def(id, def_id);
         if let Some(ty) = ty {
             internal_resolver.add_id_type(id, ty);
@@ -206,7 +212,7 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
 }
 
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A():
                 a: int32
@@ -239,11 +245,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                 pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "simple class compose"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class Generic_A(Generic[V], B):
                 a: int64
@@ -261,11 +267,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "generic class"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             def foo(a: list[int32], b: tuple[T, float]) -> A[B, bool]:
                 pass
@@ -290,11 +296,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "list tuple generic"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T, V]):
                 a: A[float, bool]
@@ -315,11 +321,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "self1"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 a: int32
@@ -349,11 +355,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "inheritance_override"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -362,11 +368,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["application of type vars to generic class is not currently supported (at unknown:4:24)"];
+    &["application of type vars to generic class is not currently supported (at unknown:4:24)"];
     "err no type var in generic app"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(B):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -378,11 +384,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["cyclic inheritance detected"];
+    &["cyclic inheritance detected"];
     "cyclic1"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(B[bool, int64]):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -399,30 +405,30 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "},
     ],
-    vec!["cyclic inheritance detected"];
+    &["cyclic inheritance detected"];
     "cyclic2"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A:
                 pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["5: Class {\nname: \"A\",\ndef_id: DefinitionId(5),\nancestors: [CustomClassKind { id: DefinitionId(5), params: [] }],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}"];
+    &["5: Class {\nname: \"A\",\ndef_id: DefinitionId(5),\nancestors: [CustomClassKind { id: DefinitionId(5), params: [] }],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}"];
     "simple pass in class"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![indoc! {"
+    &[indoc! {"
         class A:
             def __init__():
                 pass
     "}],
-    vec!["__init__ method must have a `self` parameter (at unknown:2:5)"];
+    &["__init__ method must have a `self` parameter (at unknown:2:5)"];
     "err no self_1"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(B, Generic[T], C):
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -440,11 +446,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
         "}
 
     ],
-    vec!["a class definition can only have at most one base class declaration and one generic declaration (at unknown:1:24)"];
+    &["a class definition can only have at most one base class declaration and one generic declaration (at unknown:1:24)"];
     "err multiple inheritance"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 a: int32
@@ -465,11 +471,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["method fun has same name as ancestors' method, but incompatible type"];
+    &["method fun has same name as ancestors' method, but incompatible type"];
     "err_incompatible_inheritance_method"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A(Generic[T]):
                 a: int32
@@ -491,11 +497,11 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["field `a` has already declared in the ancestor classes"];
+    &["field `a` has already declared in the ancestor classes"];
     "err_incompatible_inheritance_field"
 )]
 #[test_case(
-    vec![
+    &[
         indoc! {"
             class A:
                 def __init__(self):
@@ -508,12 +514,12 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, tys: Vec<&str>, names: Vec<&s
                     pass
         "}
     ],
-    vec!["duplicate definition of class `A` (at unknown:1:1)"];
+    &["duplicate definition of class `A` (at unknown:1:1)"];
     "class same name"
 )]
-fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
+fn test_analyze(source: &[&str], res: &[&str]) {
     let print = false;
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let mut composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     let internal_resolver = make_internal_resolver_with_tvar(
         vec![
@@ -528,15 +534,15 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
         Arc::new(Resolver(internal_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
         let (id, def_id, ty) = {
-            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "".into(), false) {
+            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "", false) {
                 Ok(x) => x,
                 Err(msg) => {
                     if print {
-                        println!("{}", msg);
+                        println!("{msg}");
                     } else {
                         assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
                     }
@@ -582,7 +588,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                 return fib(n - 1)
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "simple function"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -615,7 +621,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                 return a.fun() + 2
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "simple class body"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -640,7 +646,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                 return [a, b]
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "type var fun"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -661,7 +667,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                     return ret if self.b else self.fun(self.a)
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "type var class"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -685,12 +691,12 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                         self.b = True
         "}
     ],
-    vec![];
+    &[];
     "no_init_inst_check"
 )]
-fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
+fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: &[&str]) {
     let print = true;
-    let mut composer: TopLevelComposer = Default::default();
+    let mut composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
 
     let internal_resolver = make_internal_resolver_with_tvar(
         vec![
@@ -712,15 +718,15 @@ fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
         Arc::new(Resolver(internal_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
     for s in source {
-        let ast = parse_program(s, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         let ast = ast[0].clone();
 
         let (id, def_id, ty) = {
-            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "".into(), false) {
+            match composer.register_top_level(ast, Some(resolver.clone()), "", false) {
                 Ok(x) => x,
                 Err(msg) => {
                     if print {
-                        println!("{}", msg);
+                        println!("{msg}");
                     } else {
                         assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
                     }
@@ -743,9 +749,7 @@ fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
     } else {
         // skip 5 to skip primitives
         let mut stringify_folder = TypeToStringFolder { unifier: &mut composer.unifier };
-        for (_i, (def, _)) in
+        for (def, _) in composer.definition_ast_list.iter().skip(composer.builtin_num) {
-            composer.definition_ast_list.iter().skip(composer.builtin_num).enumerate()
-        {
             let def = &*def.read();
 
             if let TopLevelDef::Function { instance_to_stmt, name, .. } = def {
@@ -754,7 +758,7 @@ fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
                     name,
                     instance_to_stmt.len()
                 );
-                for inst in instance_to_stmt.iter() {
+                for inst in instance_to_stmt {
                     let ast = &inst.1.body;
                     for b in ast.iter() {
                         println!("{:?}", stringify_folder.fold_stmt(b.clone()).unwrap());
@@ -772,22 +776,29 @@ fn make_internal_resolver_with_tvar(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     print: bool,
 ) -> Arc<ResolverInternal> {
+    let list_elem_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+    let list = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+        fields: HashMap::new(),
+        params: into_var_map([list_elem_tvar]),
+    });
+
     let res: Arc<ResolverInternal> = ResolverInternal {
-        id_to_def: Default::default(),
+        id_to_def: Mutex::new(HashMap::from([("list".into(), PrimDef::List.id())])),
         id_to_type: tvars
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(name, range)| {
                 (name, {
-                    let (ty, id) = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(range.as_slice(), None, None);
+                    let tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(range.as_slice(), None, None);
                     if print {
-                        println!("{}: {:?}, typevar{}", name, ty, id);
+                        println!("{}: {:?}, typevar{}", name, tvar.ty, tvar.id);
                     }
-                    ty
+                    tvar.ty
                 })
             })
             .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>()
             .into(),
-        class_names: Default::default(),
+        class_names: Mutex::new(HashMap::from([("list".into(), list)])),
     }
     .into();
     if print {
@@ -807,8 +818,8 @@ impl<'a> Fold<Option<Type>> for TypeToStringFolder<'a> {
         Ok(if let Some(ty) = user {
             self.unifier.internal_stringify(
                 ty,
-                &mut |id| format!("class{}", id.to_string()),
+                &mut |id| format!("class{id}"),
-                &mut |id| format!("typevar{}", id.to_string()),
+                &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
                 &mut None,
             )
         } else {

nac3core/src/toplevel/type_annotation.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
 use super::*;
+use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::typecheck::typedef::VarMap;
+use nac3parser::ast::Constant;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum TypeAnnotation {
@@ -13,17 +16,8 @@ pub enum TypeAnnotation {
     // can only be CustomClassKind
     Virtual(Box<TypeAnnotation>),
     TypeVar(Type),
-    /// A constant used in the context of a const-generic variable.
+    /// A `Literal` allowing a subset of literals.
-    Constant {
+    Literal(Vec<Constant>),
-        /// The non-type variable associated with this constant.
-        ///
-        /// Invoking [Unifier::get_ty] on this type will return a [TypeEnum::TVar] representing the
-        /// const generic variable of which this constant is associated with.
-        ty: Type,
-        /// The constant value of this constant.
-        value: SymbolValue
-    },
-    List(Box<TypeAnnotation>),
     Tuple(Vec<TypeAnnotation>),
 }
 
@@ -34,9 +28,7 @@ impl TypeAnnotation {
             Primitive(ty) | TypeVar(ty) => unifier.stringify(*ty),
             CustomClass { id, params } => {
                 let class_name = if let Some(ref top) = unifier.top_level {
-                    if let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } =
+                    if let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } = &*top.definitions.read()[id.0].read() {
-                        &*top.definitions.read()[id.0].read()
-                    {
                         (*name).into()
                     } else {
                         unreachable!()
@@ -44,24 +36,25 @@ impl TypeAnnotation {
                 } else {
                     format!("class_def_{}", id.0)
                 };
-                format!(
+                format!("{}{}", class_name, {
-                    "{}{}",
+                    let param_list =
-                    class_name,
+                        params.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", ");
-                    {
+                    if param_list.is_empty() {
-                        let param_list = params.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", ");
+                        String::new()
-                        if param_list.is_empty() {
+                    } else {
-                            String::new()
+                        format!("[{param_list}]")
-                        } else {
-                            format!("[{param_list}]")
-                        }
                     }
-                )
+                })
+            }
+            Literal(values) => {
+                format!("Literal({})", values.iter().map(|v| format!("{v:?}")).join(", "))
             }
-            Constant { value, .. } => format!("Const({value})"),
             Virtual(ty) => format!("virtual[{}]", ty.stringify(unifier)),
-            List(ty) => format!("list[{}]", ty.stringify(unifier)),
             Tuple(types) => {
-                format!("tuple[{}]", types.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", "))
+                format!(
+                    "tuple[{}]",
+                    types.iter().map(|p| p.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec().join(", ")
+                )
             }
         }
     }
@@ -73,19 +66,18 @@ impl TypeAnnotation {
 /// generic variables associated with the definition.
 /// * `type_var` - The type variable associated with the type argument currently being parsed. Pass
 /// [`None`] when this function is invoked externally.
-pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
+pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T, S: std::hash::BuildHasher + Clone>(
     resolver: &(dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync),
     top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     expr: &ast::Expr<T>,
     // the key stores the type_var of this topleveldef::class, we only need this field here
-    locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>,
+    locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>, S>,
-    type_var: Option<Type>,
 ) -> Result<TypeAnnotation, HashSet<String>> {
     let name_handle = |id: &StrRef,
                        unifier: &mut Unifier,
-                       locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>| {
+                       locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>, S>| {
         if id == &"int32".into() {
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.int32))
         } else if id == &"int64".into() {
@@ -101,7 +93,7 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
         } else if id == &"str".into() {
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.str))
         } else if id == &"Exception".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: DefinitionId(7), params: Vec::default() })
+            Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: PrimDef::Exception.id(), params: Vec::default() })
         } else if let Ok(obj_id) = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id) {
             let type_vars = {
                 let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].try_read();
@@ -109,12 +101,10 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                     if let TopLevelDef::Class { type_vars, .. } = &*def_read {
                         type_vars.clone()
                     } else {
-                        return Err(HashSet::from([
+                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                            format!(
+                            "function cannot be used as a type (at {})",
-                                "function cannot be used as a type (at {})",
+                            expr.location
-                                expr.location
+                        )]));
-                            ),
-                        ]))
                     }
                 } else {
                     locked.get(&obj_id).unwrap().clone()
@@ -122,29 +112,29 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
             };
             // check param number here
             if !type_vars.is_empty() {
-                return Err(HashSet::from([
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                    format!(
+                    "expect {} type variable parameter but got 0 (at {})",
-                        "expect {} type variable parameter but got 0 (at {})",
+                    type_vars.len(),
-                        type_vars.len(),
+                    expr.location,
-                        expr.location,
+                )]));
-                    ),
-                ]))
             }
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params: vec![] })
         } else if let Ok(ty) = resolver.get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, *id) {
             if let TypeEnum::TVar { .. } = unifier.get_ty(ty).as_ref() {
-                let var = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some(*id), Some(expr.location)).0;
+                let var = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some(*id), Some(expr.location)).ty;
                 unifier.unify(var, ty).unwrap();
                 Ok(TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(ty))
             } else {
-                Err(HashSet::from([
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                    format!("`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})", id, expr.location),
+                    "`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})",
-                ]))
+                    id, expr.location
+                )]))
             }
         } else {
-            Err(HashSet::from([
+            Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                format!("`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})", id, expr.location),
+                "`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})",
-            ]))
+                id, expr.location
+            )]))
         }
     };
 
@@ -152,12 +142,12 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
         |id: &StrRef,
          slice: &ast::Expr<T>,
          unifier: &mut Unifier,
-         mut locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>| {
+         mut locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>, S>| {
-            if ["virtual".into(), "Generic".into(), "list".into(), "tuple".into(), "Option".into()].contains(id)
+            if ["virtual".into(), "Generic".into(), "tuple".into(), "Option".into()].contains(id) {
-            {
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                return Err(HashSet::from([
+                    "keywords cannot be class name (at {})",
-                    format!("keywords cannot be class name (at {})", expr.location),
+                    expr.location
-                ]))
+                )]));
             }
             let obj_id = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id)?;
             let type_vars = {
@@ -180,19 +170,16 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                     vec![slice]
                 };
                 if type_vars.len() != params_ast.len() {
-                    return Err(HashSet::from([
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                        format!(
+                        "expect {} type parameters but got {} (at {})",
-                            "expect {} type parameters but got {} (at {})",
+                        type_vars.len(),
-                            type_vars.len(),
+                        params_ast.len(),
-                            params_ast.len(),
+                        params_ast[0].location,
-                            params_ast[0].location,
+                    )]));
-                        ),
-                    ]))
                 }
                 let result = params_ast
                     .iter()
-                    .enumerate()
+                    .map(|x| {
-                    .map(|(idx, x)| {
                         parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
                             resolver,
                             top_level_defs,
@@ -203,7 +190,6 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                                 locked.insert(obj_id, type_vars.clone());
                                 locked.clone()
                             },
-                            Some(type_vars[idx]),
                         )
                     })
                     .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
@@ -218,7 +204,7 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                             "application of type vars to generic class is not currently supported (at {})",
                             params_ast[0].location
                         ),
-                    ]))
+                    ]));
                 }
             };
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params: param_type_infos })
@@ -239,7 +225,6 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                 primitives,
                 slice.as_ref(),
                 locked,
-                None,
             )?;
             if !matches!(def, TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { .. }) {
                 unreachable!("must be concretized custom class kind in the virtual")
@@ -247,24 +232,6 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Virtual(def.into()))
         }
 
-        // list
-        ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. }
-            if {
-                matches!(&value.node, ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"list".into())
-            } =>
-        {
-            let def_ann = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
-                resolver,
-                top_level_defs,
-                unifier,
-                primitives,
-                slice.as_ref(),
-                locked,
-                None,
-            )?;
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::List(def_ann.into()))
-        }
-
         // option
         ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. }
             if {
@@ -278,7 +245,6 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                 primitives,
                 slice.as_ref(),
                 locked,
-                None,
             )?;
             let id =
                 if let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } = unifier.get_ty(primitives.option).as_ref() {
@@ -312,54 +278,76 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                         primitives,
                         e,
                         locked.clone(),
-                        None,
                     )
                 })
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
             Ok(TypeAnnotation::Tuple(type_annotations))
         }
 
+        // Literal
+        ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. }
+            if {
+                matches!(&value.node, ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"Literal".into())
+            } =>
+        {
+            let tup_elts = {
+                if let ast::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
+                    elts.as_slice()
+                } else {
+                    std::slice::from_ref(slice.as_ref())
+                }
+            };
+            let type_annotations = tup_elts
+                .iter()
+                .map(|e| match &e.node {
+                    ast::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => {
+                        Ok(TypeAnnotation::Literal(vec![value.clone()]))
+                    }
+                    _ => parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
+                        resolver,
+                        top_level_defs,
+                        unifier,
+                        primitives,
+                        e,
+                        locked.clone(),
+                    ),
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
+                .into_iter()
+                .flat_map(|type_ann| match type_ann {
+                    TypeAnnotation::Literal(values) => values,
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                })
+                .collect_vec();
+
+            if type_annotations.len() == 1 {
+                Ok(TypeAnnotation::Literal(type_annotations))
+            } else {
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                    "multiple literal bounds are currently unsupported (at {})",
+                    value.location
+                )]))
+            }
+        }
+
         // custom class
         ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. } => {
             if let ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = &value.node {
                 class_name_handle(id, slice, unifier, locked)
             } else {
-                Err(HashSet::from([
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                    format!("unsupported expression type for class name (at {})", value.location)
+                    "unsupported expression type for class name (at {})",
-                ]))
+                    value.location
+                )]))
             }
         }
 
-        ast::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => {
+        ast::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => Ok(TypeAnnotation::Literal(vec![value.clone()])),
-            let type_var = type_var.expect("Expect type variable to be present");
 
-            let ntv_ty_enum = unifier.get_ty_immutable(type_var);
+        _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-            let TypeEnum::TVar { range: underlying_ty, .. } = ntv_ty_enum.as_ref() else {
+            "unsupported expression for type annotation (at {})",
-                unreachable!()
+            expr.location
-            };
+        )])),
-            let underlying_ty = underlying_ty[0];
-
-            let value = SymbolValue::from_constant(value, underlying_ty, primitives, unifier)
-                .map_err(|err| HashSet::from([err]))?;
-
-            if matches!(value, SymbolValue::Str(_) | SymbolValue::Tuple(_) | SymbolValue::OptionSome(_)) {
-                return Err(HashSet::from([
-                    format!(
-                        "expression {value} is not allowed for constant type annotation (at {})",
-                        expr.location
-                    ),
-                ]))
-            }
-
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::Constant {
-                ty: type_var,
-                value,
-            })
-        }
-
-        _ => Err(HashSet::from([
-            format!("unsupported expression for type annotation (at {})", expr.location),
-        ])),
     }
 }
 
@@ -370,7 +358,7 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
     top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     ann: &TypeAnnotation,
-    subst_list: &mut Option<Vec<Type>>
+    subst_list: &mut Option<Vec<Type>>,
 ) -> Result<Type, HashSet<String>> {
     match ann {
         TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params } => {
@@ -381,34 +369,34 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
             };
 
             if type_vars.len() != params.len() {
-                return Err(HashSet::from([
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                    format!(
+                    "unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got {}",
-                        "unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got {}",
+                    type_vars.len(),
-                        type_vars.len(),
+                    params.len()
-                        params.len()
+                )]));
-                    ),
-                ]))
             }
 
-                    let param_ty = params
+            let param_ty = params
-                        .iter()
+                .iter()
-                        .map(|x| {
+                .map(|x| {
-                            get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
+                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(top_level_defs, unifier, x, subst_list)
-                                top_level_defs,
+                })
-                                unifier,
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-                                x,
-                                subst_list
-                            )
-                        })
-                        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
 
             let subst = {
                 // check for compatible range
                 // TODO: if allow type var to be applied(now this disallowed in the parse_to_type_annotation), need more check
-                let mut result: HashMap<u32, Type> = HashMap::new();
+                let mut result = VarMap::new();
                 for (tvar, p) in type_vars.iter().zip(param_ty) {
                     match unifier.get_ty(*tvar).as_ref() {
-                        TypeEnum::TVar { id, range, fields: None, name, loc, is_const_generic: false } => {
+                        TypeEnum::TVar {
+                            id,
+                            range,
+                            fields: None,
+                            name,
+                            loc,
+                            is_const_generic: false,
+                        } => {
                             let ok: bool = {
                                 // create a temp type var and unify to check compatibility
                                 p == *tvar || {
@@ -417,24 +405,22 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                                         *name,
                                         *loc,
                                     );
-                                    unifier.unify(temp.0, p).is_ok()
+                                    unifier.unify(temp.ty, p).is_ok()
                                 }
                             };
                             if ok {
                                 result.insert(*id, p);
                             } else {
-                                return Err(HashSet::from([
+                                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                                    format!(
+                                    "cannot apply type {} to type variable with id {:?}",
-                                        "cannot apply type {} to type variable with id {:?}",
+                                    unifier.internal_stringify(
-                                        unifier.internal_stringify(
+                                        p,
-                                            p,
+                                        &mut |id| format!("class{id}"),
-                                            &mut |id| format!("class{id}"),
+                                        &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
-                                            &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
+                                        &mut None
-                                            &mut None
+                                    ),
-                                        ),
+                                    *id
-                                        *id
+                                )]));
-                                    )
-                                ]))
                             }
                         }
 
@@ -443,24 +429,18 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                             let ok: bool = {
                                 // create a temp type var and unify to check compatibility
                                 p == *tvar || {
-                                    let temp = unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(
+                                    let temp = unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(ty, *name, *loc);
-                                        ty,
+                                    unifier.unify(temp.ty, p).is_ok()
-                                        *name,
-                                        *loc,
-                                    );
-                                    unifier.unify(temp.0, p).is_ok()
                                 }
                             };
                             if ok {
                                 result.insert(*id, p);
                             } else {
-                                return Err(HashSet::from([
+                                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                                    format!(
+                                    "cannot apply type {} to type variable {}",
-                                        "cannot apply type {} to type variable {}",
+                                    unifier.stringify(p),
-                                        unifier.stringify(p),
+                                    name.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("typevar{id}").into()),
-                                        name.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("typevar{id}").into()),
+                                )]));
-                                    ),
-                                ]))
                             }
                         }
 
@@ -469,6 +449,7 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                 }
                 result
             };
+            // Class Attributes keep a copy with Class Definition and are not added to objects
             let mut tobj_fields = methods
                 .iter()
                 .map(|(name, ty, _)| {
@@ -495,14 +476,14 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
             Ok(ty)
         }
         TypeAnnotation::Primitive(ty) | TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(ty) => Ok(*ty),
-        TypeAnnotation::Constant { ty, value, .. } => {
+        TypeAnnotation::Literal(values) => {
-            let ty_enum = unifier.get_ty(*ty);
+            let values = values
-            let TypeEnum::TVar { range: ntv_underlying_ty, loc, is_const_generic: true, .. } = &*ty_enum else {
+                .iter()
-                unreachable!("{} ({})", unifier.stringify(*ty), ty_enum.get_type_name());
+                .map(SymbolValue::from_constant_inferred)
-            };
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+                .map_err(|err| HashSet::from([err]))?;
 
-            let ty = ntv_underlying_ty[0];
+            let var = unifier.get_fresh_literal(values, None);
-            let var = unifier.get_fresh_constant(value.clone(), ty, *loc);
             Ok(var)
         }
         TypeAnnotation::Virtual(ty) => {
@@ -510,19 +491,10 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                 top_level_defs,
                 unifier,
                 ty.as_ref(),
-                subst_list
+                subst_list,
             )?;
             Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty }))
         }
-        TypeAnnotation::List(ty) => {
-            let ty = get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
-                top_level_defs,
-                unifier,
-                ty.as_ref(),
-                subst_list
-            )?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }))
-        }
         TypeAnnotation::Tuple(tys) => {
             let tys = tys
                 .iter()
@@ -563,7 +535,7 @@ pub fn get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(ann: &TypeAnnotation) -> Vec<Ty
     let mut result: Vec<TypeAnnotation> = Vec::new();
     match ann {
         TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(..) => result.push(ann.clone()),
-        TypeAnnotation::Virtual(ann) | TypeAnnotation::List(ann) => {
+        TypeAnnotation::Virtual(ann) => {
             result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(ann.as_ref()));
         }
         TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { params, .. } => {
@@ -576,7 +548,7 @@ pub fn get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(ann: &TypeAnnotation) -> Vec<Ty
                 result.extend(get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(a));
             }
         }
-        TypeAnnotation::Primitive(..) | TypeAnnotation::Constant { .. } => {}
+        TypeAnnotation::Primitive(..) | TypeAnnotation::Literal { .. } => {}
     }
     result
 }
@@ -597,14 +569,14 @@ pub fn check_overload_type_annotation_compatible(
             let (
                 TypeEnum::TVar { id: a, fields: None, .. },
                 TypeEnum::TVar { id: b, fields: None, .. },
-            ) = (a, b) else {
+            ) = (a, b)
+            else {
                 unreachable!("must be type var")
             };
 
             a == b
         }
-        (TypeAnnotation::Virtual(a), TypeAnnotation::Virtual(b))
+        (TypeAnnotation::Virtual(a), TypeAnnotation::Virtual(b)) => {
-        | (TypeAnnotation::List(a), TypeAnnotation::List(b)) => {
             check_overload_type_annotation_compatible(a.as_ref(), b.as_ref(), unifier)
         }
 

nac3core/src/typecheck/function_check.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
 
 use super::type_inferencer::Inferencer;
-use super::typedef::Type;
+use super::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum};
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, Constant, Expr, ExprKind, Operator::{LShift, RShift}, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef};
+use nac3parser::ast::{
+    self, Constant, Expr, ExprKind,
+    Operator::{LShift, RShift},
+    Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef,
+};
 use std::{collections::HashSet, iter::once};
 
 impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
     fn should_have_value(&mut self, expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
         if matches!(expr.custom, Some(ty) if self.unifier.unioned(ty, self.primitives.none)) {
-            Err(HashSet::from([
+            Err(HashSet::from([format!("Error at {}: cannot have value none", expr.location)]))
-                format!("Error at {}: cannot have value none", expr.location),
-            ]))
         } else {
             Ok(())
         }
@@ -22,9 +24,9 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
         defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
     ) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
         match &pattern.node {
-            ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() => Err(HashSet::from([
+            ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() => {
-                format!("cannot assign to a `none` (at {})", pattern.location),
+                Err(HashSet::from([format!("cannot assign to a `none` (at {})", pattern.location)]))
-            ])),
+            }
             ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
                 if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
                     defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
@@ -44,20 +46,17 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 self.should_have_value(value)?;
                 self.check_expr(slice, defined_identifiers)?;
                 if let TypeEnum::TTuple { .. } = &*self.unifier.get_ty(value.custom.unwrap()) {
-                    return Err(HashSet::from([
+                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                        format!(
+                        "Error at {}: cannot assign to tuple element",
-                            "Error at {}: cannot assign to tuple element",
+                        value.location
-                            value.location
+                    )]));
-                        ),
-                    ]))
                 }
                 Ok(())
             }
-            ExprKind::Constant { .. } => {
+            ExprKind::Constant { .. } => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                Err(HashSet::from([
+                "cannot assign to a constant (at {})",
-                    format!("cannot assign to a constant (at {})", pattern.location),
+                pattern.location
-                ]))
+            )])),
-            }
             _ => self.check_expr(pattern, defined_identifiers),
         }
     }
@@ -69,14 +68,15 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
     ) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
         // there are some cases where the custom field is None
         if let Some(ty) = &expr.custom {
-            if !matches!(&expr.node, ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Ellipsis, .. }) && !self.unifier.is_concrete(*ty, &self.function_data.bound_variables) {
+            if !matches!(&expr.node, ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Ellipsis, .. })
-                return Err(HashSet::from([
+                && !ty.obj_id(self.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id())
-                    format!(
+                && !self.unifier.is_concrete(*ty, &self.function_data.bound_variables)
-                        "expected concrete type at {} but got {}",
+            {
-                        expr.location,
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                        self.unifier.get_ty(*ty).get_type_name()
+                    "expected concrete type at {} but got {}",
-                    )
+                    expr.location,
-                ]))
+                    self.unifier.get_ty(*ty).get_type_name()
+                )]));
             }
         }
         match &expr.node {
@@ -96,12 +96,10 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                             self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
                         }
                         Err(e) => {
-                            return Err(HashSet::from([
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                                format!(
+                                "type error at identifier `{}` ({}) at {}",
-                                    "type error at identifier `{}` ({}) at {}",
+                                id, e, expr.location
-                                    id, e, expr.location
+                            )]))
-                                )
-                            ]))
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -127,17 +125,13 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 // Check whether a bitwise shift has a negative RHS constant value
                 if *op == LShift || *op == RShift {
                     if let ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } = &right.node {
-                        let Constant::Int(rhs_val) = value else {
+                        let Constant::Int(rhs_val) = value else { unreachable!() };
-                            unreachable!()
-                        };
 
                         if *rhs_val < 0 {
-                            return Err(HashSet::from([
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                                format!(
+                                "shift count is negative at {}",
-                                    "shift count is negative at {}",
+                                right.location
-                                    right.location
+                            )]));
-                                ),
-                            ]))
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -208,6 +202,27 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Check that the return value is a non-`alloca` type, effectively only allowing primitive types.
+    ///
+    /// This is a workaround preventing the caller from using a variable `alloca`-ed in the body, which
+    /// is freed when the function returns.
+    fn check_return_value_ty(&mut self, ret_ty: Type) -> bool {
+        match &*self.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ret_ty) {
+            TypeEnum::TObj { .. } => [
+                self.primitives.int32,
+                self.primitives.int64,
+                self.primitives.uint32,
+                self.primitives.uint64,
+                self.primitives.float,
+                self.primitives.bool,
+            ]
+            .iter()
+            .any(|allowed_ty| self.unifier.unioned(ret_ty, *allowed_ty)),
+            TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => ty.iter().all(|t| self.check_return_value_ty(*t)),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
     // check statements for proper identifier def-use and return on all paths
     fn check_stmt(
         &mut self,
@@ -302,6 +317,30 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                 if let Some(value) = value {
                     self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
                     self.should_have_value(value)?;
+
+                    // Check that the return value is a non-`alloca` type, effectively only allowing primitive types.
+                    // This is a workaround preventing the caller from using a variable `alloca`-ed in the body, which
+                    // is freed when the function returns.
+                    if let Some(ret_ty) = value.custom {
+                        // Explicitly allow ellipsis as a return value, as the type of the ellipsis is contextually
+                        // inferred and just generates an unconditional assertion
+                        if matches!(
+                            value.node,
+                            ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Ellipsis, .. }
+                        ) {
+                            return Ok(true);
+                        }
+
+                        if !self.check_return_value_ty(ret_ty) {
+                            return Err(HashSet::from([
+                                format!(
+                                    "return value of type {} must be a primitive or a tuple of primitives at {}",
+                                    self.unifier.stringify(ret_ty),
+                                    value.location,
+                                ),
+                            ]));
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 Ok(true)
             }
@@ -324,7 +363,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
         let mut ret = false;
         for stmt in block {
             if ret {
-                eprintln!("warning: dead code at {:?}\n", stmt.location);
+                eprintln!("warning: dead code at {}\n", stmt.location);
             }
             if self.check_stmt(stmt, defined_identifiers)? {
                 ret = true;

nac3core/src/typecheck/magic_methods.rs

@@ -1,73 +1,150 @@
+use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::toplevel::numpy::{make_ndarray_ty, unpack_ndarray_var_tys};
 use crate::typecheck::{
     type_inferencer::*,
-    typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+    typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
 };
+use itertools::{iproduct, Itertools};
 use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
 use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Operator, Unaryop};
+use std::cmp::max;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::rc::Rc;
+use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
 
-#[must_use]
+/// The variant of a binary operator.
-pub fn binop_name(op: &Operator) -> &'static str {
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-    match op {
+pub enum BinopVariant {
-        Operator::Add => "__add__",
+    /// The normal variant.
-        Operator::Sub => "__sub__",
+    /// For addition, it would be `+`.
-        Operator::Div => "__truediv__",
+    Normal,
-        Operator::Mod => "__mod__",
+    /// The "Augmented Assigning Operator" variant.
-        Operator::Mult => "__mul__",
+    /// For addition, it would be `+=`.
-        Operator::Pow => "__pow__",
+    AugAssign,
-        Operator::BitOr => "__or__",
+}
-        Operator::BitXor => "__xor__",
+
-        Operator::BitAnd => "__and__",
+/// A binary operator with its variant.
-        Operator::LShift => "__lshift__",
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-        Operator::RShift => "__rshift__",
+pub struct Binop {
-        Operator::FloorDiv => "__floordiv__",
+    /// The base [`Operator`] of this binary operator.
-        Operator::MatMult => "__matmul__",
+    pub base: Operator,
+    /// The variant of this binary operator.
+    pub variant: BinopVariant,
+}
+
+impl Binop {
+    /// Make a [`Binop`] of the normal variant from an [`Operator`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn normal(base: Operator) -> Self {
+        Binop { base, variant: BinopVariant::Normal }
+    }
+
+    /// Make a [`Binop`] of the aug assign variant from an [`Operator`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn aug_assign(base: Operator) -> Self {
+        Binop { base, variant: BinopVariant::AugAssign }
     }
 }
 
-#[must_use]
+/// Details about an operator (unary, binary, etc...) in Python
-pub fn binop_assign_name(op: &Operator) -> &'static str {
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-    match op {
+pub struct OpInfo {
-        Operator::Add => "__iadd__",
+    /// The method name of the binary operator.
-        Operator::Sub => "__isub__",
+    /// For addition, this would be `__add__`, and `__iadd__` if
-        Operator::Div => "__itruediv__",
+    /// it is the augmented assigning variant.
-        Operator::Mod => "__imod__",
+    pub method_name: &'static str,
-        Operator::Mult => "__imul__",
+    /// The symbol of the binary operator.
-        Operator::Pow => "__ipow__",
+    /// For addition, this would be `+`, and `+=` if
-        Operator::BitOr => "__ior__",
+    /// it is the augmented assigning variant.
-        Operator::BitXor => "__ixor__",
+    pub symbol: &'static str,
-        Operator::BitAnd => "__iand__",
-        Operator::LShift => "__ilshift__",
-        Operator::RShift => "__irshift__",
-        Operator::FloorDiv => "__ifloordiv__",
-        Operator::MatMult => "__imatmul__",
-    }
 }
 
-#[must_use]
+/// Helper macro to conveniently build an [`OpInfo`].
-pub fn unaryop_name(op: &Unaryop) -> &'static str {
+///
-    match op {
+/// Example usage: `make_info("add", "+")` generates `OpInfo { name: "__add__", symbol: "+" }`
-        Unaryop::UAdd => "__pos__",
+macro_rules! make_op_info {
-        Unaryop::USub => "__neg__",
+    ($name:expr, $symbol:expr) => {
-        Unaryop::Not => "__not__",
+        OpInfo { method_name: concat!("__", $name, "__"), symbol: $symbol }
-        Unaryop::Invert => "__inv__",
+    };
-    }
 }
 
-#[must_use]
+pub trait HasOpInfo {
-pub fn comparison_name(op: &Cmpop) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo;
+}
+
+fn try_get_cmpop_info(op: Cmpop) -> Option<OpInfo> {
     match op {
-        Cmpop::Lt => Some("__lt__"),
+        Cmpop::Lt => Some(make_op_info!("lt", "<")),
-        Cmpop::LtE => Some("__le__"),
+        Cmpop::LtE => Some(make_op_info!("le", "<=")),
-        Cmpop::Gt => Some("__gt__"),
+        Cmpop::Gt => Some(make_op_info!("gt", ">")),
-        Cmpop::GtE => Some("__ge__"),
+        Cmpop::GtE => Some(make_op_info!("ge", ">=")),
-        Cmpop::Eq => Some("__eq__"),
+        Cmpop::Eq => Some(make_op_info!("eq", "==")),
-        Cmpop::NotEq => Some("__ne__"),
+        Cmpop::NotEq => Some(make_op_info!("ne", "!=")),
         _ => None,
     }
 }
 
+impl OpInfo {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn supports_cmpop(op: Cmpop) -> bool {
+        try_get_cmpop_info(op).is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasOpInfo for Cmpop {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo {
+        try_get_cmpop_info(*self).expect("{self:?} is not supported")
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasOpInfo for Binop {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo {
+        // Helper macro to generate both the normal variant [`OpInfo`] and the
+        // augmented assigning variant [`OpInfo`] for a binary operator conveniently.
+        macro_rules! info {
+            ($name:literal, $symbol:literal) => {
+                (
+                    make_op_info!($name, $symbol),
+                    make_op_info!(concat!("i", $name), concat!($symbol, "=")),
+                )
+            };
+        }
+
+        let (normal_variant, aug_assign_variant) = match self.base {
+            Operator::Add => info!("add", "+"),
+            Operator::Sub => info!("sub", "-"),
+            Operator::Div => info!("truediv", "/"),
+            Operator::Mod => info!("mod", "%"),
+            Operator::Mult => info!("mul", "*"),
+            Operator::Pow => info!("pow", "**"),
+            Operator::BitOr => info!("or", "|"),
+            Operator::BitXor => info!("xor", "^"),
+            Operator::BitAnd => info!("and", "&"),
+            Operator::LShift => info!("lshift", "<<"),
+            Operator::RShift => info!("rshift", ">>"),
+            Operator::FloorDiv => info!("floordiv", "//"),
+            Operator::MatMult => info!("matmul", "@"),
+        };
+
+        match self.variant {
+            BinopVariant::Normal => normal_variant,
+            BinopVariant::AugAssign => aug_assign_variant,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasOpInfo for Unaryop {
+    fn op_info(&self) -> OpInfo {
+        match self {
+            Unaryop::UAdd => make_op_info!("pos", "+"),
+            Unaryop::USub => make_op_info!("neg", "-"),
+            Unaryop::Not => make_op_info!("not", "not"), // i.e., `not False`, so the symbol is just `not`.
+            Unaryop::Invert => make_op_info!("inv", "~"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub(super) fn with_fields<F>(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, f: F)
 where
     F: FnOnce(&mut Unifier, &mut HashMap<StrRef, (Type, bool)>),
@@ -90,40 +167,28 @@ pub fn impl_binop(
     _store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
     ops: &[Operator],
 ) {
     with_fields(unifier, ty, |unifier, fields| {
         let (other_ty, other_var_id) = if other_ty.len() == 1 {
             (other_ty[0], None)
         } else {
-            let (ty, var_id) = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(other_ty, Some("N".into()), None);
+            let tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(other_ty, Some("N".into()), None);
-            (ty, Some(var_id))
+            (tvar.ty, Some(tvar.id))
         };
 
         let function_vars = if let Some(var_id) = other_var_id {
-            vec![(var_id, other_ty)].into_iter().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>()
+            vec![(var_id, other_ty)].into_iter().collect::<VarMap>()
         } else {
-            HashMap::new()
+            VarMap::new()
         };
 
-        for op in ops {
+        let ret_ty = ret_ty.unwrap_or_else(|| unifier.get_fresh_var(None, None).ty);
-            fields.insert(binop_name(op).into(), {
-                (
-                    unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                        ret: ret_ty,
-                        vars: function_vars.clone(),
-                        args: vec![FuncArg {
-                            ty: other_ty,
-                            default_value: None,
-                            name: "other".into(),
-                        }],
-                    })),
-                    false,
-                )
-            });
 
-            fields.insert(binop_assign_name(op).into(), {
+        for (base_op, variant) in iproduct!(ops, [BinopVariant::Normal, BinopVariant::AugAssign]) {
+            let op = Binop { base: *base_op, variant };
+            fields.insert(op.op_info().method_name.into(), {
                 (
                     unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                         ret: ret_ty,
@@ -141,15 +206,17 @@ pub fn impl_binop(
     });
 }
 
-pub fn impl_unaryop(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, ret_ty: Type, ops: &[Unaryop]) {
+pub fn impl_unaryop(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>, ops: &[Unaryop]) {
     with_fields(unifier, ty, |unifier, fields| {
+        let ret_ty = ret_ty.unwrap_or_else(|| unifier.get_fresh_var(None, None).ty);
+
         for op in ops {
             fields.insert(
-                unaryop_name(op).into(),
+                op.op_info().method_name.into(),
                 (
                     unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                         ret: ret_ty,
-                        vars: HashMap::new(),
+                        vars: VarMap::new(),
                         args: vec![],
                     })),
                     false,
@@ -161,19 +228,35 @@ pub fn impl_unaryop(unifier: &mut Unifier, ty: Type, ret_ty: Type, ops: &[Unaryo
 
 pub fn impl_cmpop(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
-    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    _store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
-    other_ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
     ops: &[Cmpop],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
     with_fields(unifier, ty, |unifier, fields| {
+        let (other_ty, other_var_id) = if other_ty.len() == 1 {
+            (other_ty[0], None)
+        } else {
+            let tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(other_ty, Some("N".into()), None);
+            (tvar.ty, Some(tvar.id))
+        };
+
+        let function_vars = if let Some(var_id) = other_var_id {
+            vec![(var_id, other_ty)].into_iter().collect::<VarMap>()
+        } else {
+            VarMap::new()
+        };
+
+        let ret_ty = ret_ty.unwrap_or_else(|| unifier.get_fresh_var(None, None).ty);
+
         for op in ops {
             fields.insert(
-                comparison_name(op).unwrap().into(),
+                op.op_info().method_name.into(),
                 (
                     unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                        ret: store.bool,
+                        ret: ret_ty,
-                        vars: HashMap::new(),
+                        vars: function_vars.clone(),
                         args: vec![FuncArg {
                             ty: other_ty,
                             default_value: None,
@@ -193,7 +276,7 @@ pub fn impl_basic_arithmetic(
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
     impl_binop(
         unifier,
@@ -211,7 +294,7 @@ pub fn impl_pow(
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
     impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::Pow]);
 }
@@ -223,19 +306,32 @@ pub fn impl_bitwise_arithmetic(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty
         store,
         ty,
         &[ty],
-        ty,
+        Some(ty),
         &[Operator::BitAnd, Operator::BitOr, Operator::BitXor],
     );
 }
 
 /// `LShift`, `RShift`
 pub fn impl_bitwise_shift(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, &[store.int32, store.uint32], ty, &[Operator::LShift, Operator::RShift]);
+    impl_binop(
+        unifier,
+        store,
+        ty,
+        &[store.int32, store.uint32],
+        Some(ty),
+        &[Operator::LShift, Operator::RShift],
+    );
 }
 
 /// `Div`
-pub fn impl_div(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, other_ty: &[Type]) {
+pub fn impl_div(
-    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, store.float, &[Operator::Div]);
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::Div]);
 }
 
 /// `FloorDiv`
@@ -244,7 +340,7 @@ pub fn impl_floordiv(
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
     impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::FloorDiv]);
 }
@@ -255,40 +351,323 @@ pub fn impl_mod(
     store: &PrimitiveStore,
     ty: Type,
     other_ty: &[Type],
-    ret_ty: Type,
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
 ) {
     impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::Mod]);
 }
 
+/// [`Operator::MatMult`]
+pub fn impl_matmul(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, ret_ty, &[Operator::MatMult]);
+}
+
 /// `UAdd`, `USub`
-pub fn impl_sign(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
+pub fn impl_sign(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>) {
-    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ty, &[Unaryop::UAdd, Unaryop::USub]);
+    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ret_ty, &[Unaryop::UAdd, Unaryop::USub]);
 }
 
 /// `Invert`
-pub fn impl_invert(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
+pub fn impl_invert(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>) {
-    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ty, &[Unaryop::Invert]);
+    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ret_ty, &[Unaryop::Invert]);
 }
 
 /// `Not`
-pub fn impl_not(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
+pub fn impl_not(unifier: &mut Unifier, _store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, ret_ty: Option<Type>) {
-    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, store.bool, &[Unaryop::Not]);
+    impl_unaryop(unifier, ty, ret_ty, &[Unaryop::Not]);
 }
 
 /// `Lt`, `LtE`, `Gt`, `GtE`
-pub fn impl_comparison(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type, other_ty: Type) {
+pub fn impl_comparison(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
     impl_cmpop(
         unifier,
         store,
         ty,
         other_ty,
         &[Cmpop::Lt, Cmpop::Gt, Cmpop::LtE, Cmpop::GtE],
+        ret_ty,
     );
 }
 
 /// `Eq`, `NotEq`
-pub fn impl_eq(unifier: &mut Unifier, store: &PrimitiveStore, ty: Type) {
+pub fn impl_eq(
-    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, ty, ty, &[Cmpop::Eq, Cmpop::NotEq]);
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    store: &PrimitiveStore,
+    ty: Type,
+    other_ty: &[Type],
+    ret_ty: Option<Type>,
+) {
+    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, ty, other_ty, &[Cmpop::Eq, Cmpop::NotEq], ret_ty);
+}
+
+/// Returns the expected return type of binary operations with at least one `ndarray` operand.
+pub fn typeof_ndarray_broadcast(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    left: Type,
+    right: Type,
+) -> Result<Type, String> {
+    let is_left_ndarray = left.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    let is_right_ndarray = right.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    assert!(is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray);
+
+    if is_left_ndarray && is_right_ndarray {
+        // Perform broadcasting on two ndarray operands.
+
+        let (left_ty_dtype, left_ty_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, left);
+        let (right_ty_dtype, right_ty_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, right);
+
+        assert!(unifier.unioned(left_ty_dtype, right_ty_dtype));
+
+        let left_ty_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(left_ty_ndims) {
+            TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => values.clone(),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        let right_ty_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(right_ty_ndims) {
+            TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => values.clone(),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+
+        let res_ndims = left_ty_ndims
+            .into_iter()
+            .cartesian_product(right_ty_ndims)
+            .map(|(left, right)| {
+                let left_val = u64::try_from(left).unwrap();
+                let right_val = u64::try_from(right).unwrap();
+
+                max(left_val, right_val)
+            })
+            .unique()
+            .map(SymbolValue::U64)
+            .collect_vec();
+        let res_ndims = unifier.get_fresh_literal(res_ndims, None);
+
+        Ok(make_ndarray_ty(unifier, primitives, Some(left_ty_dtype), Some(res_ndims)))
+    } else {
+        let (ndarray_ty, scalar_ty) = if is_left_ndarray { (left, right) } else { (right, left) };
+
+        let (ndarray_ty_dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ndarray_ty);
+
+        if unifier.unioned(ndarray_ty_dtype, scalar_ty) {
+            Ok(ndarray_ty)
+        } else {
+            let (expected_ty, actual_ty) = if is_left_ndarray {
+                (ndarray_ty_dtype, scalar_ty)
+            } else {
+                (scalar_ty, ndarray_ty_dtype)
+            };
+
+            Err(format!(
+                "Expected right-hand side operand to be {}, got {}",
+                unifier.stringify(expected_ty),
+                unifier.stringify(actual_ty),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the return type given a binary operator and its primitive operands.
+pub fn typeof_binop(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    op: Operator,
+    lhs: Type,
+    rhs: Type,
+) -> Result<Option<Type>, String> {
+    let op = Binop { base: op, variant: BinopVariant::Normal };
+
+    let is_left_list = lhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id());
+    let is_right_list = rhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id());
+    let is_left_ndarray = lhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    let is_right_ndarray = rhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    Ok(Some(match op.base {
+        Operator::Add | Operator::Sub | Operator::Mult | Operator::Mod | Operator::FloorDiv => {
+            if is_left_list || is_right_list {
+                if ![Operator::Add, Operator::Mult].contains(&op.base) {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "Binary operator {} not supported for list",
+                        op.op_info().symbol
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                if is_left_list {
+                    lhs
+                } else {
+                    rhs
+                }
+            } else if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+                typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?
+            } else if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+                lhs
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::MatMult => {
+            let (_, lhs_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, lhs);
+            let lhs_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(lhs_ndims) {
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                    assert_eq!(values.len(), 1);
+                    u64::try_from(values[0].clone()).unwrap()
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+            let (_, rhs_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, rhs);
+            let rhs_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(rhs_ndims) {
+                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
+                    assert_eq!(values.len(), 1);
+                    u64::try_from(values[0].clone()).unwrap()
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+
+            match (lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims) {
+                (2, 2) => typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?,
+                (lhs, rhs) if lhs == 0 || rhs == 0 => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                    "Input operand {} does not have enough dimensions (has {lhs}, requires {rhs})",
+                    u8::from(rhs == 0)
+                ))
+                }
+                (lhs, rhs) => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "ndarray.__matmul__ on {lhs}D and {rhs}D operands not supported"
+                    ))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::Div => {
+            if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+                typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?
+            } else if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+                primitives.float
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::Pow => {
+            if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+                typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?
+            } else if [
+                primitives.int32,
+                primitives.int64,
+                primitives.uint32,
+                primitives.uint64,
+                primitives.float,
+            ]
+            .into_iter()
+            .any(|ty| unifier.unioned(lhs, ty))
+            {
+                lhs
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Operator::LShift | Operator::RShift => lhs,
+        Operator::BitOr | Operator::BitXor | Operator::BitAnd => {
+            if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+                lhs
+            } else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+    }))
+}
+
+pub fn typeof_unaryop(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    op: Unaryop,
+    operand: Type,
+) -> Result<Option<Type>, String> {
+    let operand_obj_id = operand.obj_id(unifier);
+
+    if op == Unaryop::Not
+        && operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == primitives.ndarray.obj_id(unifier).unwrap())
+    {
+        return Err(
+            "The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous".to_string()
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(match op {
+        Unaryop::Not => match operand_obj_id {
+            Some(v) if v == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => Some(operand),
+            Some(_) => Some(primitives.bool),
+            _ => None,
+        },
+
+        Unaryop::Invert => {
+            if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::Bool.id()) {
+                Some(primitives.int32)
+            } else if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| PrimDef::iter().any(|prim| id == prim.id())) {
+                Some(operand)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+
+        Unaryop::UAdd | Unaryop::USub => {
+            if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) {
+                let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, operand);
+                if dtype.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::Bool.id()) {
+                    return Err(if op == Unaryop::UAdd {
+                        "The ufunc 'positive' cannot be applied to ndarray[bool, N]".to_string()
+                    } else {
+                        "The numpy boolean negative, the `-` operator, is not supported, use the `~` operator function instead.".to_string()
+                    });
+                }
+
+                Some(operand)
+            } else if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::Bool.id()) {
+                Some(primitives.int32)
+            } else if operand_obj_id.is_some_and(|id| PrimDef::iter().any(|prim| id == prim.id())) {
+                Some(operand)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// Returns the return type given a comparison operator and its primitive operands.
+pub fn typeof_cmpop(
+    unifier: &mut Unifier,
+    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+    _op: Cmpop,
+    lhs: Type,
+    rhs: Type,
+) -> Result<Option<Type>, String> {
+    let is_left_ndarray = lhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+    let is_right_ndarray = rhs.obj_id(unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id());
+
+    Ok(Some(if is_left_ndarray || is_right_ndarray {
+        let brd = typeof_ndarray_broadcast(unifier, primitives, lhs, rhs)?;
+        let (_, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, brd);
+
+        make_ndarray_ty(unifier, primitives, Some(primitives.bool), Some(ndims))
+    } else if unifier.unioned(lhs, rhs) {
+        primitives.bool
+    } else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }))
 }
 
 pub fn set_primitives_magic_methods(store: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifier) {
@@ -299,39 +678,77 @@ pub fn set_primitives_magic_methods(store: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifie
         bool: bool_t,
         uint32: uint32_t,
         uint64: uint64_t,
+        list: list_t,
+        ndarray: ndarray_t,
         ..
     } = *store;
+    let size_t = store.usize();
 
     /* int ======== */
     for t in [int32_t, int64_t, uint32_t, uint64_t] {
-        impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
+        let ndarray_int_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(t), None);
-        impl_pow(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
+        impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
+        impl_pow(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
         impl_bitwise_arithmetic(unifier, store, t);
         impl_bitwise_shift(unifier, store, t);
-        impl_div(unifier, store, t, &[t]);
+        impl_div(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
-        impl_floordiv(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
+        impl_floordiv(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
-        impl_mod(unifier, store, t, &[t], t);
+        impl_mod(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
-        impl_invert(unifier, store, t);
+        impl_invert(unifier, store, t, Some(t));
-        impl_not(unifier, store, t);
+        impl_not(unifier, store, t, Some(bool_t));
-        impl_comparison(unifier, store, t, t);
+        impl_comparison(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
-        impl_eq(unifier, store, t);
+        impl_eq(unifier, store, t, &[t, ndarray_int_t], None);
     }
     for t in [int32_t, int64_t] {
-        impl_sign(unifier, store, t);
+        impl_sign(unifier, store, t, Some(t));
     }
 
     /* float ======== */
-    impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t], float_t);
+    let ndarray_float_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(float_t), None);
-    impl_pow(unifier, store, float_t, &[int32_t, float_t], float_t);
+    let ndarray_int32_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(int32_t), None);
-    impl_div(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t]);
+    impl_basic_arithmetic(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
-    impl_floordiv(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t], float_t);
+    impl_pow(unifier, store, float_t, &[int32_t, float_t, ndarray_int32_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
-    impl_mod(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t], float_t);
+    impl_div(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
-    impl_sign(unifier, store, float_t);
+    impl_floordiv(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
-    impl_not(unifier, store, float_t);
+    impl_mod(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
-    impl_comparison(unifier, store, float_t, float_t);
+    impl_sign(unifier, store, float_t, Some(float_t));
-    impl_eq(unifier, store, float_t);
+    impl_not(unifier, store, float_t, Some(bool_t));
+    impl_comparison(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
+    impl_eq(unifier, store, float_t, &[float_t, ndarray_float_t], None);
 
     /* bool ======== */
-    impl_not(unifier, store, bool_t);
+    let ndarray_bool_t = make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, Some(bool_t), None);
-    impl_eq(unifier, store, bool_t);
+    impl_invert(unifier, store, bool_t, Some(int32_t));
+    impl_not(unifier, store, bool_t, Some(bool_t));
+    impl_sign(unifier, store, bool_t, Some(int32_t));
+    impl_eq(unifier, store, bool_t, &[bool_t, ndarray_bool_t], None);
+
+    /* list ======== */
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, list_t, &[list_t], Some(list_t), &[Operator::Add]);
+    impl_binop(unifier, store, list_t, &[int32_t, int64_t], Some(list_t), &[Operator::Mult]);
+    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, list_t, &[list_t], &[Cmpop::Eq, Cmpop::NotEq], Some(bool_t));
+
+    /* ndarray ===== */
+    let ndarray_usized_ndims_tvar =
+        unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(size_t, Some("ndarray_ndims".into()), None);
+    let ndarray_unsized_t =
+        make_ndarray_ty(unifier, store, None, Some(ndarray_usized_ndims_tvar.ty));
+    let (ndarray_dtype_t, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ndarray_t);
+    let (ndarray_unsized_dtype_t, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, ndarray_unsized_t);
+    impl_basic_arithmetic(
+        unifier,
+        store,
+        ndarray_t,
+        &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t],
+        None,
+    );
+    impl_pow(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_div(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_t, ndarray_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_floordiv(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_mod(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_matmul(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_t], Some(ndarray_t));
+    impl_sign(unifier, store, ndarray_t, Some(ndarray_t));
+    impl_invert(unifier, store, ndarray_t, Some(ndarray_t));
+    impl_eq(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
+    impl_comparison(unifier, store, ndarray_t, &[ndarray_unsized_t, ndarray_unsized_dtype_t], None);
 }

nac3core/src/typecheck/type_error.rs

@@ -1,24 +1,46 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::Display;
 
-use crate::typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum;
+use crate::typecheck::{magic_methods::HasOpInfo, typedef::TypeEnum};
 
-use super::typedef::{RecordKey, Type, Unifier};
+use super::{
-use nac3parser::ast::{Location, StrRef};
+    magic_methods::Binop,
+    typedef::{RecordKey, Type, Unifier},
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Location, StrRef};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum TypeErrorKind {
-    TooManyArguments {
+    GotMultipleValues {
-        expected: usize,
+        name: StrRef,
-        got: usize,
+    },
+    TooManyArguments {
+        expected_min_count: usize,
+        expected_max_count: usize,
+        got_count: usize,
+    },
+    MissingArgs {
+        missing_arg_names: Vec<StrRef>,
     },
-    MissingArgs(String),
     UnknownArgName(StrRef),
     IncorrectArgType {
         name: StrRef,
         expected: Type,
         got: Type,
     },
+    UnsupportedBinaryOpTypes {
+        operator: Binop,
+        lhs_type: Type,
+        rhs_type: Type,
+        expected_rhs_type: Type,
+    },
+    UnsupportedComparsionOpTypes {
+        operator: Cmpop,
+        lhs_type: Type,
+        rhs_type: Type,
+        expected_rhs_type: Type,
+    },
     FieldUnificationError {
         field: RecordKey,
         types: (Type, Type),
@@ -34,6 +56,7 @@ pub enum TypeErrorKind {
     },
     RequiresTypeAnn,
     PolymorphicFunctionPointer,
+    NoSuchAttribute(RecordKey, Type),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -77,22 +100,49 @@ impl<'a> Display for DisplayTypeError<'a> {
         use TypeErrorKind::*;
         let mut notes = Some(HashMap::new());
         match &self.err.kind {
-            TooManyArguments { expected, got } => {
+            GotMultipleValues { name } => {
-                write!(f, "Too many arguments. Expected {expected} but got {got}")
+                write!(f, "For multiple values for parameter {name}")
             }
-            MissingArgs(args) => {
+            TooManyArguments { expected_min_count, expected_max_count, got_count } => {
+                debug_assert!(expected_min_count <= expected_max_count);
+                if expected_min_count == expected_max_count {
+                    let expected_count = expected_min_count; // or expected_max_count
+                    write!(f, "Too many arguments. Expected {expected_count} but got {got_count}")
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "Too many arguments. Expected {expected_min_count} to {expected_max_count} arguments but got {got_count}")
+                }
+            }
+            MissingArgs { missing_arg_names } => {
+                let args = missing_arg_names.iter().join(", ");
                 write!(f, "Missing arguments: {args}")
             }
+            UnsupportedBinaryOpTypes { operator, lhs_type, rhs_type, expected_rhs_type } => {
+                let op_symbol = operator.op_info().symbol;
+
+                let lhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*lhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let rhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*rhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let expected_rhs_type_str =
+                    self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*expected_rhs_type, &mut notes);
+
+                write!(f, "Unsupported operand type(s) for {op_symbol}: '{lhs_type_str}' and '{rhs_type_str}' (right operand should have type {expected_rhs_type_str})")
+            }
+            UnsupportedComparsionOpTypes { operator, lhs_type, rhs_type, expected_rhs_type } => {
+                let op_symbol = operator.op_info().symbol;
+
+                let lhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*lhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let rhs_type_str = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*rhs_type, &mut notes);
+                let expected_rhs_type_str =
+                    self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*expected_rhs_type, &mut notes);
+
+                write!(f, "'{op_symbol}' not supported between instances of '{lhs_type_str}' and '{rhs_type_str}' (right operand should have type {expected_rhs_type_str})")
+            }
             UnknownArgName(name) => {
                 write!(f, "Unknown argument name: {name}")
             }
             IncorrectArgType { name, expected, got } => {
                 let expected = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*expected, &mut notes);
                 let got = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*got, &mut notes);
-                write!(
+                write!(f, "Incorrect argument type for parameter {name}. Expected {expected}, but got {got}")
-                    f,
-                    "Incorrect argument type for {name}. Expected {expected}, but got {got}"
-                )
             }
             FieldUnificationError { field, types, loc } => {
                 let lhs = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(types.0, &mut notes);
@@ -159,6 +209,10 @@ impl<'a> Display for DisplayTypeError<'a> {
                 let t = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t, &mut notes);
                 write!(f, "`{t}::{name}` field/method does not exist")
             }
+            NoSuchAttribute(name, t) => {
+                let t = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t, &mut notes);
+                write!(f, "`{t}::{name}` is not a class attribute")
+            }
             TupleIndexOutOfBounds { index, len } => {
                 write!(
                     f,

nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/test.rs

@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@ use super::*;
 use crate::{
     codegen::CodeGenContext,
     symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
+    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
 };
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use indoc::indoc;
-use std::iter::zip;
+use nac3parser::ast::FileName;
 use nac3parser::parser::parse_program;
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use std::iter::zip;
 use test_case::test_case;
 
 struct Resolver {
@@ -32,19 +34,21 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         _: &PrimitiveStore,
         str: StrRef,
     ) -> Result<Type, String> {
-        self.id_to_type.get(&str).cloned().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", str))
+        self.id_to_type.get(&str).copied().ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{str}`"))
     }
 
-    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
+    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
         &self,
         _: StrRef,
-        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
     fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
-        self.id_to_def.get(&id).cloned()
+        self.id_to_def
+            .get(&id)
+            .copied()
             .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from(["Unknown identifier".to_string()]))
     }
 
@@ -73,67 +77,81 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         let mut unifier = Unifier::new();
 
         let int32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(0),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         with_fields(&mut unifier, int32, |unifier, fields| {
             let add_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: vec![FuncArg { name: "other".into(), ty: int32, default_value: None }],
                 ret: int32,
-                vars: HashMap::new(),
+                vars: VarMap::new(),
             }));
             fields.insert("__add__".into(), (add_ty, false));
         });
         let int64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(1),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let float = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(2),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Float.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let bool = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(3),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Bool.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let none = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(4),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::None.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let range = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(5),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Range.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let str = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(6),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Str.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let exception = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(7),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Exception.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(8),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(9),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let option = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(10),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Option.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
+        });
+        let list_elem_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+        let list = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: into_var_map([list_elem_tvar]),
+        });
+        let ndarray_dtype_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("ndarray_dtype".into()), None);
+        let ndarray_ndims_tvar =
+            unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(uint64, Some("ndarray_ndims".into()), None);
+        let ndarray = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::NDArray.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: into_var_map([ndarray_dtype_tvar, ndarray_ndims_tvar]),
         });
         let primitives = PrimitiveStore {
             int32,
@@ -147,10 +165,14 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             uint32,
             uint64,
             option,
+            list,
+            ndarray,
+            size_t: 64,
         };
+        unifier.put_primitive_store(&primitives);
         set_primitives_magic_methods(&primitives, &mut unifier);
 
-        let id_to_name = [
+        let id_to_name: HashMap<_, _> = [
             (0, "int32".into()),
             (1, "int64".into()),
             (2, "float".into()),
@@ -160,23 +182,21 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             (6, "str".into()),
             (7, "exception".into()),
         ]
-        .iter()
+        .into();
-        .cloned()
-        .collect();
 
         let mut identifier_mapping = HashMap::new();
         identifier_mapping.insert("None".into(), none);
 
         let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver {
             id_to_type: identifier_mapping.clone(),
-            id_to_def: Default::default(),
+            id_to_def: HashMap::default(),
-            class_names: Default::default(),
+            class_names: HashMap::default(),
         }) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
         TestEnvironment {
             top_level: TopLevelContext {
-                definitions: Default::default(),
+                definitions: Arc::default(),
-                unifiers: Default::default(),
+                unifiers: Arc::default(),
                 personality_symbol: None,
             },
             unifier,
@@ -198,81 +218,107 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         let mut identifier_mapping = HashMap::new();
         let mut top_level_defs: Vec<Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>> = Vec::new();
         let int32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(0),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         with_fields(&mut unifier, int32, |unifier, fields| {
             let add_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: vec![FuncArg { name: "other".into(), ty: int32, default_value: None }],
                 ret: int32,
-                vars: HashMap::new(),
+                vars: VarMap::new(),
             }));
             fields.insert("__add__".into(), (add_ty, false));
         });
         let int64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(1),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Int64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let float = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(2),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Float.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let bool = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(3),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Bool.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let none = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(4),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::None.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let range = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(5),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Range.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let str = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(6),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Str.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let exception = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(7),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Exception.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint32 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(8),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt32.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let uint64 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(9),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::UInt64.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         let option = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-            obj_id: DefinitionId(10),
+            obj_id: PrimDef::Option.id(),
             fields: HashMap::new(),
-            params: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
+        });
+        let list_elem_tvar = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
+        let list = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: into_var_map([list_elem_tvar]),
+        });
+        let ndarray = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+            obj_id: PrimDef::NDArray.id(),
+            fields: HashMap::new(),
+            params: VarMap::new(),
         });
         identifier_mapping.insert("None".into(), none);
-        for (i, name) in ["int32", "int64", "float", "bool", "none", "range", "str", "Exception"]
+        for (i, name) in [
-            .iter()
+            "int32",
-            .enumerate()
+            "int64",
+            "float",
+            "bool",
+            "none",
+            "range",
+            "str",
+            "Exception",
+            "uint32",
+            "uint64",
+            "Option",
+            "list",
+            "ndarray",
+        ]
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
         {
             top_level_defs.push(
                 RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                     name: (*name).into(),
                     object_id: DefinitionId(i),
-                    type_vars: Default::default(),
+                    type_vars: Vec::default(),
-                    fields: Default::default(),
+                    fields: Vec::default(),
-                    methods: Default::default(),
+                    attributes: Vec::default(),
-                    ancestors: Default::default(),
+                    methods: Vec::default(),
+                    ancestors: Vec::default(),
                     resolver: None,
                     constructor: None,
                     loc: None,
@@ -280,7 +326,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                 .into(),
             );
         }
-        let defs = 7;
+        let defs = 12;
 
         let primitives = PrimitiveStore {
             int32,
@@ -294,23 +340,29 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             uint32,
             uint64,
             option,
+            list,
+            ndarray,
+            size_t: 64,
         };
 
-        let (v0, id) = unifier.get_dummy_var();
+        unifier.put_primitive_store(&primitives);
+
+        let tvar = unifier.get_dummy_var();
 
         let foo_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
             obj_id: DefinitionId(defs + 1),
-            fields: [("a".into(), (v0, true))].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+            fields: [("a".into(), (tvar.ty, true))].into(),
-            params: [(id, v0)].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+            params: into_var_map([tvar]),
         });
         top_level_defs.push(
             RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                 name: "Foo".into(),
                 object_id: DefinitionId(defs + 1),
-                type_vars: vec![v0],
+                type_vars: vec![tvar.ty],
-                fields: [("a".into(), v0, true)].into(),
+                fields: [("a".into(), tvar.ty, true)].into(),
-                methods: Default::default(),
+                attributes: Vec::default(),
-                ancestors: Default::default(),
+                methods: Vec::default(),
+                ancestors: Vec::default(),
                 resolver: None,
                 constructor: None,
                 loc: None,
@@ -323,31 +375,29 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: vec![],
                 ret: foo_ty,
-                vars: [(id, v0)].iter().cloned().collect(),
+                vars: into_var_map([tvar]),
             })),
         );
 
         let fun = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
             args: vec![],
             ret: int32,
-            vars: Default::default(),
+            vars: IndexMap::default(),
         }));
         let bar = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
             obj_id: DefinitionId(defs + 2),
-            fields: [("a".into(), (int32, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, true))]
+            fields: [("a".into(), (int32, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, true))].into(),
-                .iter()
+            params: IndexMap::default(),
-                .cloned()
-                .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-            params: Default::default(),
         });
         top_level_defs.push(
             RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                 name: "Bar".into(),
                 object_id: DefinitionId(defs + 2),
-                type_vars: Default::default(),
+                type_vars: Vec::default(),
                 fields: [("a".into(), int32, true), ("b".into(), fun, true)].into(),
-                methods: Default::default(),
+                attributes: Vec::default(),
-                ancestors: Default::default(),
+                methods: Vec::default(),
+                ancestors: Vec::default(),
                 resolver: None,
                 constructor: None,
                 loc: None,
@@ -359,26 +409,24 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: vec![],
                 ret: bar,
-                vars: Default::default(),
+                vars: IndexMap::default(),
             })),
         );
 
         let bar2 = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
             obj_id: DefinitionId(defs + 3),
-            fields: [("a".into(), (bool, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, false))]
+            fields: [("a".into(), (bool, true)), ("b".into(), (fun, false))].into(),
-                .iter()
+            params: IndexMap::default(),
-                .cloned()
-                .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-            params: Default::default(),
         });
         top_level_defs.push(
             RwLock::new(TopLevelDef::Class {
                 name: "Bar2".into(),
                 object_id: DefinitionId(defs + 3),
-                type_vars: Default::default(),
+                type_vars: Vec::default(),
                 fields: [("a".into(), bool, true), ("b".into(), fun, false)].into(),
-                methods: Default::default(),
+                attributes: Vec::default(),
-                ancestors: Default::default(),
+                methods: Vec::default(),
+                ancestors: Vec::default(),
                 resolver: None,
                 constructor: None,
                 loc: None,
@@ -390,10 +438,10 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                 args: vec![],
                 ret: bar2,
-                vars: Default::default(),
+                vars: IndexMap::default(),
             })),
         );
-        let class_names = [("Bar".into(), bar), ("Bar2".into(), bar2)].iter().cloned().collect();
+        let class_names: HashMap<_, _> = [("Bar".into(), bar), ("Bar2".into(), bar2)].into();
 
         let id_to_name = [
             "int32".into(),
@@ -404,18 +452,22 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             "range".into(),
             "str".into(),
             "exception".into(),
+            "uint32".into(),
+            "uint64".into(),
+            "option".into(),
+            "list".into(),
+            "ndarray".into(),
             "Foo".into(),
             "Bar".into(),
             "Bar2".into(),
         ]
-        .iter()
+        .into_iter()
         .enumerate()
-        .map(|(a, b)| (a, *b))
         .collect();
 
         let top_level = TopLevelContext {
             definitions: Arc::new(top_level_defs.into()),
-            unifiers: Default::default(),
+            unifiers: Arc::default(),
             personality_symbol: None,
         };
 
@@ -426,9 +478,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                 ("Bar".into(), DefinitionId(defs + 2)),
                 ("Bar2".into(), DefinitionId(defs + 3)),
             ]
-            .iter()
+            .into(),
-            .cloned()
-            .collect(),
             class_names,
         }) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
@@ -453,11 +503,11 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             top_level: &self.top_level,
             function_data: &mut self.function_data,
             unifier: &mut self.unifier,
-            variable_mapping: Default::default(),
+            variable_mapping: HashMap::default(),
             primitives: &mut self.primitives,
             virtual_checks: &mut self.virtual_checks,
             calls: &mut self.calls,
-            defined_identifiers: Default::default(),
+            defined_identifiers: HashSet::default(),
             in_handler: false,
         }
     }
@@ -469,7 +519,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         c = 1.234
         d = True
     "},
-    [("a", "int32"), ("b", "int64"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "bool")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "int32"), ("b", "int64"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "bool")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "primitives test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -478,7 +528,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         c = 1.234
         d = b(c)
     "},
-    [("a", "fn[[x:float, y:float], float]"), ("b", "fn[[x:float], float]"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "float")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "fn[[x:float, y:float], float]"), ("b", "fn[[x:float], float]"), ("c", "float"), ("d", "float")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "lambda test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -487,7 +537,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         a = b
         c = b(1)
     "},
-    [("a", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "int32")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "int32")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "lambda test 2")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -503,15 +553,15 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         b(123)
 
     "},
-    [("a", "fn[[x:bool], bool]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "bool"),
+    &[("a", "fn[[x:bool], bool]"), ("b", "fn[[x:int32], int32]"), ("c", "bool"),
-     ("d", "int32"), ("foo1", "Foo[bool]"), ("foo2", "Foo[int32]")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+     ("d", "int32"), ("foo1", "Foo[bool]"), ("foo2", "Foo[int32]")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "obj test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
         a = [1, 2, 3]
         b = [x + x for x in a]
     "},
-    [("a", "list[int32]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "list[int32]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].into(),
     &[]
     ; "listcomp test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
@@ -519,25 +569,25 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         b = a.b()
         a = virtual(Bar2())
     "},
-    [("a", "virtual[Bar]"), ("b", "int32")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "virtual[Bar]"), ("b", "int32")].into(),
     &[("Bar", "Bar"), ("Bar2", "Bar")]
     ; "virtual test")]
 #[test_case(indoc! {"
         a = [virtual(Bar(), Bar), virtual(Bar2())]
         b = [x.b() for x in a]
     "},
-    [("a", "list[virtual[Bar]]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].iter().cloned().collect(),
+    &[("a", "list[virtual[Bar]]"), ("b", "list[int32]")].into(),
     &[("Bar", "Bar"), ("Bar2", "Bar")]
     ; "virtual list test")]
-fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &str)]) {
+fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: &HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &str)]) {
-    println!("source:\n{}", source);
+    println!("source:\n{source}");
     let mut env = TestEnvironment::new();
     let id_to_name = std::mem::take(&mut env.id_to_name);
-    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().cloned().collect();
+    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().collect();
     defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into());
     let mut inferencer = env.get_inferencer();
-    inferencer.defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
+    inferencer.defined_identifiers.clone_from(&defined_identifiers);
-    let statements = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
     let statements = statements
         .into_iter()
         .map(|v| inferencer.fold_stmt(v))
@@ -546,37 +596,37 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
 
     inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut defined_identifiers).unwrap();
 
-    for (k, v) in inferencer.variable_mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in &inferencer.variable_mapping {
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *v,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        println!("{}: {}", k, name);
+        println!("{k}: {name}");
     }
-    for (k, v) in mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in mapping {
         let ty = inferencer.variable_mapping.get(&(*k).into()).unwrap();
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *ty,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        assert_eq!(format!("{}: {}", k, v), format!("{}: {}", k, name));
+        assert_eq!(format!("{k}: {v}"), format!("{k}: {name}"));
     }
     assert_eq!(inferencer.virtual_checks.len(), virtuals.len());
     for ((a, b, _), (x, y)) in zip(inferencer.virtual_checks.iter(), virtuals) {
         let a = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *a,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
         let b = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *b,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
 
@@ -595,14 +645,14 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         g = a // b
         h = a % b
     "},
-    [("a", "int32"),
+    &[("a", "int32"),
     ("b", "int32"),
     ("c", "int32"),
     ("d", "int32"),
     ("e", "int32"),
     ("f", "float"),
     ("g", "int32"),
-    ("h", "int32")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("h", "int32")].into()
     ; "int32")]
 #[test_case(
     indoc! {"
@@ -618,7 +668,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         ii = 3
         j = a ** b
     "},
-    [("a", "float"),
+    &[("a", "float"),
     ("b", "float"),
     ("c", "float"),
     ("d", "float"),
@@ -628,7 +678,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
     ("h", "float"),
     ("i", "float"),
     ("ii", "int32"),
-    ("j", "float")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("j", "float")].into()
     ; "float"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -646,7 +696,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         k = a < b
         l = a != b
     "},
-    [("a", "int64"),
+    &[("a", "int64"),
     ("b", "int64"),
     ("c", "int64"),
     ("d", "int64"),
@@ -657,7 +707,7 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
     ("i", "bool"),
     ("j", "bool"),
     ("k", "bool"),
-    ("l", "bool")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("l", "bool")].into()
     ; "int64"
 )]
 #[test_case(
@@ -668,22 +718,22 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         d = not a
         e = a != b
     "},
-    [("a", "bool"),
+    &[("a", "bool"),
     ("b", "bool"),
     ("c", "bool"),
     ("d", "bool"),
-    ("e", "bool")].iter().cloned().collect()
+    ("e", "bool")].into()
     ; "boolean"
 )]
-fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>) {
+fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: &HashMap<&str, &str>) {
-    println!("source:\n{}", source);
+    println!("source:\n{source}");
     let mut env = TestEnvironment::basic_test_env();
     let id_to_name = std::mem::take(&mut env.id_to_name);
-    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().cloned().collect();
+    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().collect();
     defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into());
     let mut inferencer = env.get_inferencer();
-    inferencer.defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
+    inferencer.defined_identifiers.clone_from(&defined_identifiers);
-    let statements = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
     let statements = statements
         .into_iter()
         .map(|v| inferencer.fold_stmt(v))
@@ -692,23 +742,23 @@ fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>) {
 
     inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut defined_identifiers).unwrap();
 
-    for (k, v) in inferencer.variable_mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in &inferencer.variable_mapping {
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *v,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        println!("{}: {}", k, name);
+        println!("{k}: {name}");
     }
-    for (k, v) in mapping.iter() {
+    for (k, v) in mapping {
         let ty = inferencer.variable_mapping.get(&(*k).into()).unwrap();
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
             *ty,
             &mut |v| (*id_to_name.get(&v).unwrap()).into(),
-            &mut |v| format!("v{}", v),
+            &mut |v| format!("v{v}"),
             &mut None,
         );
-        assert_eq!(format!("{}: {}", k, v), format!("{}: {}", k, name));
+        assert_eq!(format!("{k}: {v}"), format!("{k}: {name}"));
     }
 }

nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/test.rs

@@ -32,28 +32,25 @@ impl Unifier {
                 ty1.len() == ty2.len()
                     && ty1.iter().zip(ty2.iter()).all(|(t1, t2)| self.eq(*t1, *t2))
             }
-            (TypeEnum::TList { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TList { ty: ty2 })
+            (TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty2 }) => self.eq(*ty1, *ty2),
-            | (TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: ty2 }) => {
-                self.eq(*ty1, *ty2)
-            }
             (
                 TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: id1, params: params1, .. },
                 TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: id2, params: params2, .. },
             ) => id1 == id2 && self.map_eq(params1, params2),
-            // TCall and TFunc are not yet implemented
+            // TLiteral, TCall and TFunc are not yet implemented
             _ => false,
         }
     }
 
-    fn map_eq<K>(&mut self, map1: &Mapping<K>, map2: &Mapping<K>) -> bool
+    fn map_eq<K>(&mut self, map1: &IndexMapping<K>, map2: &IndexMapping<K>) -> bool
     where
         K: std::hash::Hash + Eq + Clone,
     {
         if map1.len() != map2.len() {
             return false;
         }
-        for (k, v) in map1.iter() {
+        for (k, v) in map1 {
-            if !map2.get(k).map(|v1| self.eq(*v, *v1)).unwrap_or(false) {
+            if !map2.get(k).is_some_and(|v1| self.eq(*v, *v1)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -67,8 +64,8 @@ impl Unifier {
         if map1.len() != map2.len() {
             return false;
         }
-        for (k, v) in map1.iter() {
+        for (k, v) in map1 {
-            if !map2.get(k).map(|v1| self.eq(v.ty, v1.ty)).unwrap_or(false) {
+            if !map2.get(k).is_some_and(|v1| self.eq(v.ty, v1.ty)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(0),
                 fields: HashMap::new(),
-                params: HashMap::new(),
+                params: VarMap::new(),
             }),
         );
         type_mapping.insert(
@@ -99,7 +96,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(1),
                 fields: HashMap::new(),
-                params: HashMap::new(),
+                params: VarMap::new(),
             }),
         );
         type_mapping.insert(
@@ -107,16 +104,25 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(2),
                 fields: HashMap::new(),
-                params: HashMap::new(),
+                params: VarMap::new(),
             }),
         );
-        let (v0, id) = unifier.get_dummy_var();
+        let tvar = unifier.get_dummy_var();
         type_mapping.insert(
             "Foo".into(),
             unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
                 obj_id: DefinitionId(3),
-                fields: [("a".into(), (v0, true))].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                fields: [("a".into(), (tvar.ty, true))].into(),
-                params: [(id, v0)].iter().cloned().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+                params: into_var_map([tvar]),
+            }),
+        );
+        let tvar = unifier.get_dummy_var();
+        type_mapping.insert(
+            "list".into(),
+            unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+                obj_id: PrimDef::List.id(),
+                fields: HashMap::new(),
+                params: into_var_map([tvar]),
             }),
         );
 
@@ -129,14 +135,40 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
         result.0
     }
 
-    fn internal_parse<'a, 'b>(
+    fn internal_parse<'b>(&mut self, typ: &'b str, mapping: &Mapping<String>) -> (Type, &'b str) {
-        &'a mut self,
-        typ: &'b str,
-        mapping: &Mapping<String>,
-    ) -> (Type, &'b str) {
         // for testing only, so we can just panic when the input is malformed
-        let end = typ.find(|c| ['[', ',', ']', '='].contains(&c)).unwrap_or_else(|| typ.len());
+        let end = typ.find(|c| ['[', ',', ']', '='].contains(&c)).unwrap_or(typ.len());
         match &typ[..end] {
+            "list" => {
+                let mut s = &typ[end..];
+                assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
+                let mut ty = Vec::new();
+                while &s[0..1] != "]" {
+                    let result = self.internal_parse(&s[1..], mapping);
+                    ty.push(result.0);
+                    s = result.1;
+                }
+
+                assert_eq!(ty.len(), 1);
+
+                let list_elem_tvar = if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } =
+                    &*self.unifier.get_ty_immutable(self.type_mapping["list"])
+                {
+                    iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap()
+                } else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                };
+
+                (
+                    self.unifier
+                        .subst(
+                            self.type_mapping["list"],
+                            &into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: ty[0] }]),
+                        )
+                        .unwrap(),
+                    &s[1..],
+                )
+            }
             "tuple" => {
                 let mut s = &typ[end..];
                 assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
@@ -148,12 +180,6 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                 }
                 (self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty }), &s[1..])
             }
-            "list" => {
-                assert_eq!(&typ[end..end + 1], "[");
-                let (ty, s) = self.internal_parse(&typ[end + 1..], mapping);
-                assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "]");
-                (self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }), &s[1..])
-            }
             "Record" => {
                 let mut s = &typ[end..];
                 assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
@@ -169,12 +195,12 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
             }
             x => {
                 let mut s = &typ[end..];
-                let ty = mapping.get(x).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let ty = mapping.get(x).copied().unwrap_or_else(|| {
                     // mapping should be type variables, type_mapping should be concrete types
                     // we should not resolve the type of type variables.
                     let mut ty = *self.type_mapping.get(x).unwrap();
                     let te = self.unifier.get_ty(ty);
-                    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*te.as_ref() {
+                    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*te {
                         if !params.is_empty() {
                             assert_eq!(&s[0..1], "[");
                             let mut p = Vec::new();
@@ -186,7 +212,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                             s = &s[1..];
                             ty = self
                                 .unifier
-                                .subst(ty, &params.keys().cloned().zip(p.into_iter()).collect())
+                                .subst(ty, &params.keys().copied().zip(p).collect())
                                 .unwrap_or(ty);
                         }
                     }
@@ -250,12 +276,12 @@ fn test_unify(
         let mut mapping = HashMap::new();
         for i in 1..=variable_count {
             let v = env.unifier.get_dummy_var();
-            mapping.insert(format!("v{}", i), v.0);
+            mapping.insert(format!("v{i}"), v.ty);
         }
         // unification may have side effect when we do type resolution, so freeze the types
         // before doing unification.
         let mut pairs = Vec::new();
-        for (a, b) in perm.iter() {
+        for (a, b) in &perm {
             let t1 = env.parse(a, &mapping);
             let t2 = env.parse(b, &mapping);
             pairs.push((t1, t2));
@@ -263,8 +289,8 @@ fn test_unify(
         for (t1, t2) in pairs {
             env.unifier.unify(t1, t2).unwrap();
         }
-        for (a, b) in verify_pairs.iter() {
+        for (a, b) in verify_pairs {
-            println!("{} = {}", a, b);
+            println!("{a} = {b}");
             let t1 = env.parse(a, &mapping);
             let t2 = env.parse(b, &mapping);
             println!("a = {}, b = {}", env.unifier.stringify(t1), env.unifier.stringify(t2));
@@ -278,7 +304,7 @@ fn test_unify(
         ("v1", "tuple[int]"),
         ("v2", "list[int]"),
     ],
-    (("v1", "v2"), "Incompatible types: list[0] and tuple[0]")
+    (("v1", "v2"), "Incompatible types: 11[0] and tuple[0]")
     ; "type mismatch"
 )]
 #[test_case(2,
@@ -302,7 +328,7 @@ fn test_unify(
         ("v1", "Record[a=float,b=int]"),
         ("v2", "Foo[v3]"),
     ],
-    (("v1", "v2"), "`3[typevar4]::b` field/method does not exist")
+    (("v1", "v2"), "`3[typevar5]::b` field/method does not exist")
     ; "record obj merge"
 )]
 /// Test cases for invalid unifications.
@@ -315,12 +341,12 @@ fn test_invalid_unification(
     let mut mapping = HashMap::new();
     for i in 1..=variable_count {
         let v = env.unifier.get_dummy_var();
-        mapping.insert(format!("v{}", i), v.0);
+        mapping.insert(format!("v{i}"), v.ty);
     }
     // unification may have side effect when we do type resolution, so freeze the types
     // before doing unification.
     let mut pairs = Vec::new();
-    for (a, b) in unify_pairs.iter() {
+    for (a, b) in unify_pairs {
         let t1 = env.parse(a, &mapping);
         let t2 = env.parse(b, &mapping);
         pairs.push((t1, t2));
@@ -342,16 +368,12 @@ fn test_recursive_subst() {
     with_fields(&mut env.unifier, foo_id, |_unifier, fields| {
         fields.insert("rec".into(), (foo_id, true));
     });
-    let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*foo_ty else {
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*foo_ty else { unreachable!() };
-        unreachable!()
-    };
     let mapping = params.iter().map(|(id, _)| (*id, int)).collect();
     let instantiated = env.unifier.subst(foo_id, &mapping).unwrap();
     let instantiated_ty = env.unifier.get_ty(instantiated);
 
-    let TypeEnum::TObj { fields, .. } = &*instantiated_ty else {
+    let TypeEnum::TObj { fields, .. } = &*instantiated_ty else { unreachable!() };
-        unreachable!()
-    };
     assert!(env.unifier.unioned(fields.get(&"a".into()).unwrap().0, int));
     assert!(env.unifier.unioned(fields.get(&"rec".into()).unwrap().0, instantiated));
 }
@@ -363,36 +385,27 @@ fn test_virtual() {
     let fun = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
         args: vec![],
         ret: int,
-        vars: HashMap::new(),
+        vars: VarMap::new(),
     }));
     let bar = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
         obj_id: DefinitionId(5),
-        fields: [("f".into(), (fun, false)), ("a".into(), (int, false))]
+        fields: [("f".into(), (fun, false)), ("a".into(), (int, false))].into(),
-            .iter()
+        params: VarMap::new(),
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<HashMap<StrRef, _>>(),
-        params: HashMap::new(),
     });
-    let v0 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
+    let v0 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
-    let v1 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
+    let v1 = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
 
     let a = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: bar });
     let b = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: v0 });
-    let c = env
+    let c = env.unifier.add_record([("f".into(), RecordField::new(v1, false, None))].into());
-        .unifier
-        .add_record([("f".into(), RecordField::new(v1, false, None))].iter().cloned().collect());
     env.unifier.unify(a, b).unwrap();
     env.unifier.unify(b, c).unwrap();
     assert!(env.unifier.eq(v1, fun));
 
-    let d = env
+    let d = env.unifier.add_record([("a".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].into());
-        .unifier
-        .add_record([("a".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].iter().cloned().collect());
     assert_eq!(env.unify(b, d), Err("`virtual[5]::a` field/method does not exist".to_string()));
 
-    let d = env
+    let d = env.unifier.add_record([("b".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].into());
-        .unifier
-        .add_record([("b".into(), RecordField::new(v1, true, None))].iter().cloned().collect());
     assert_eq!(env.unify(b, d), Err("`virtual[5]::b` field/method does not exist".to_string()));
 }
 
@@ -405,86 +418,132 @@ fn test_typevar_range() {
     let int_list = env.parse("list[int]", &HashMap::new());
     let float_list = env.parse("list[float]", &HashMap::new());
 
+    let list_elem_tvar = if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } =
+        &*env.unifier.get_ty_immutable(env.type_mapping["list"])
+    {
+        iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap()
+    } else {
+        unreachable!()
+    };
+
     // unification between v and int
     // where v in (int, bool)
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(int, v).unwrap();
 
     // unification between v and list[int]
     // where v in (int, bool)
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(int_list, v),
-        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 2, but got list[0]".to_string())
+        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 2, but got 11[0]".to_string())
     );
 
     // unification between v and float
     // where v in (int, bool)
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(float, v),
         Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 2, but got 1".to_string())
     );
 
-    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
+    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
-    let v1_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: v1 });
+    let v1_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).0;
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: v1 }]),
+    });
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).ty;
     // unification between v and int
     // where v in (int, list[v1]), v1 in (int, bool)
     env.unifier.unify(int, v).unwrap();
 
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).ty;
     // unification between v and list[int]
     // where v in (int, list[v1]), v1 in (int, bool)
     env.unifier.unify(int_list, v).unwrap();
 
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, v1_list], None, None).ty;
     // unification between v and list[float]
     // where v in (int, list[v1]), v1 in (int, bool)
+    println!("float_list: {}, v: {}", env.unifier.stringify(float_list), env.unifier.stringify(v));
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(float_list, v),
-        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, list[typevar5], but got list[1]\n\nNotes:\n    typevar5 ∈ {0, 2}".to_string())
+        Err("Expected any one of these types: 0, 11[typevar6], but got 11[1]\n\nNotes:\n    typevar6 ∈ {0, 2}".to_string())
     );
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(a, b).unwrap();
     env.unifier.unify(a, float).unwrap();
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(a, b).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(env.unify(a, int), Err("Expected any one of these types: 1, but got 0".into()));
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
-    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
+    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).0;
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
-    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: b });
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
-    let b_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[b_list], None, None).0;
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).ty;
+    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: b }]),
+    });
+    let b_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[b_list], None, None).ty;
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, b_list).unwrap();
-    let float_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: float });
+    let float_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: float }]),
+    });
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, float_list).unwrap();
     // previous unifications should not affect a and b
     env.unifier.unify(a, int).unwrap();
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).0;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[boolean, float], None, None).ty;
-    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
+    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: b });
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: b }]),
+    });
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, b_list).unwrap();
-    let int_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: int });
+    let int_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: int }]),
+    });
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(a_list, int_list),
-        Err("Incompatible types: list[typevar22] and list[0]\
+        Err("Incompatible types: 11[typevar23] and 11[0]\
-            \n\nNotes:\n    typevar22 ∈ {1}".into())
+            \n\nNotes:\n    typevar23 ∈ {1}"
+            .into())
     );
 
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, float], None, None).ty;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
-    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
+    let a_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).0;
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
-    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: b });
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let a_list = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[a_list], None, None).ty;
+    let b_list = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: b }]),
+    });
     env.unifier.unify(a_list, b_list).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         env.unify(b, boolean),
@@ -495,17 +554,29 @@ fn test_typevar_range() {
 #[test]
 fn test_rigid_var() {
     let mut env = TestEnvironment::new();
-    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).0;
+    let a = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).ty;
-    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).0;
+    let b = env.unifier.get_fresh_rigid_var(None, None).ty;
-    let x = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
+    let x = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
-    let list_a = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: a });
+    let list_elem_tvar = env.unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("list_elem".into()), None);
-    let list_x = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: x });
+    let list_a = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: a }]),
+    });
+    let list_x = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+        obj_id: env.type_mapping["list"].obj_id(&env.unifier).unwrap(),
+        fields: Mapping::default(),
+        params: into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: x }]),
+    });
     let int = env.parse("int", &HashMap::new());
     let list_int = env.parse("list[int]", &HashMap::new());
 
-    assert_eq!(env.unify(a, b), Err("Incompatible types: typevar3 and typevar2".to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(env.unify(a, b), Err("Incompatible types: typevar4 and typevar3".to_string()));
     env.unifier.unify(list_a, list_x).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(env.unify(list_x, list_int), Err("Incompatible types: list[typevar2] and list[0]".to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(
+        env.unify(list_x, list_int),
+        Err("Incompatible types: 11[typevar3] and 11[0]".to_string())
+    );
 
     env.unifier.replace_rigid_var(a, int);
     env.unifier.unify(list_x, list_int).unwrap();
@@ -519,16 +590,26 @@ fn test_instantiation() {
     let float = env.parse("float", &HashMap::new());
     let list_int = env.parse("list[int]", &HashMap::new());
 
-    let obj_map: HashMap<_, _> =
+    let list_elem_tvar = if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } =
-        [(0usize, "int"), (1, "float"), (2, "bool")].iter().cloned().collect();
+        &*env.unifier.get_ty_immutable(env.type_mapping["list"])
+    {
+        iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap()
+    } else {
+        unreachable!()
+    };
 
-    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).0;
+    let obj_map: HashMap<_, _> = [(0usize, "int"), (1, "float"), (2, "bool"), (11, "list")].into();
-    let list_v = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty: v });
+
-    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_v, int], None, None).0;
+    let v = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[int, boolean], None, None).ty;
-    let v2 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_int, float], None, None).0;
+    let list_v = env
-    let t = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().0;
+        .unifier
+        .subst(env.type_mapping["list"], &into_var_map([TypeVar { id: list_elem_tvar.id, ty: v }]))
+        .unwrap();
+    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_v, int], None, None).ty;
+    let v2 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_int, float], None, None).ty;
+    let t = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
     let tuple = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![v, v1, v2] });
-    let v3 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[tuple, t], None, None).0;
+    let v3 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[tuple, t], None, None).ty;
     // t = TypeVar('t')
     // v = TypeVar('v', int, bool)
     // v1 = TypeVar('v1', 'list[v]', int)
@@ -550,7 +631,7 @@ fn test_instantiation() {
         tuple[int, list[bool], list[int]]
         tuple[int, list[int], float]
         tuple[int, list[int], list[int]]
-        v5"
+        v6"
     }
     .split('\n')
     .collect_vec();
@@ -559,8 +640,8 @@ fn test_instantiation() {
         .map(|ty| {
             env.unifier.internal_stringify(
                 *ty,
-                &mut |i| obj_map.get(&i).unwrap().to_string(),
+                &mut |i| (*obj_map.get(&i).unwrap()).to_string(),
-                &mut |i| format!("v{}", i),
+                &mut |i| format!("v{i}"),
                 &mut None,
             )
         })

nac3core/src/typecheck/unification_table.rs

@@ -16,21 +16,10 @@ pub struct UnificationTable<V> {
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 enum Action<V> {
-    Parent {
+    Parent { key: usize, original_parent: usize },
-        key: usize,
+    Value { key: usize, original_value: Option<V> },
-        original_parent: usize,
+    Rank { key: usize, original_rank: u32 },
-    },
+    Marker { generation: u32 },
-    Value {
-        key: usize,
-        original_value: Option<V>,
-    },
-    Rank {
-        key: usize,
-        original_rank: u32,
-    },
-    Marker {
-        generation: u32,
-    }
 }
 
 impl<V> Default for UnificationTable<V> {
@@ -41,7 +30,13 @@ impl<V> Default for UnificationTable<V> {
 
 impl<V> UnificationTable<V> {
     pub fn new() -> UnificationTable<V> {
-        UnificationTable { parents: Vec::new(), ranks: Vec::new(), values: Vec::new(), log: Vec::new(), generation: 0 }
+        UnificationTable {
+            parents: Vec::new(),
+            ranks: Vec::new(),
+            values: Vec::new(),
+            log: Vec::new(),
+            generation: 0,
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn new_key(&mut self, v: V) -> UnificationKey {
@@ -125,7 +120,10 @@ impl<V> UnificationTable<V> {
     pub fn restore_snapshot(&mut self, snapshot: (usize, u32)) {
         let (log_len, generation) = snapshot;
         assert!(self.log.len() >= log_len, "snapshot restoration error");
-        assert!(matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if gen == generation), "snapshot restoration error");
+        assert!(
+            matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if gen == generation),
+            "snapshot restoration error"
+        );
         for action in self.log.drain(log_len - 1..).rev() {
             match action {
                 Action::Parent { key, original_parent } => {
@@ -145,7 +143,10 @@ impl<V> UnificationTable<V> {
     pub fn discard_snapshot(&mut self, snapshot: (usize, u32)) {
         let (log_len, generation) = snapshot;
         assert!(self.log.len() >= log_len, "snapshot discard error");
-        assert!(matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if gen == generation), "snapshot discard error");
+        assert!(
+            matches!(self.log[log_len - 1], Action::Marker { generation: gen } if gen == generation),
+            "snapshot discard error"
+        );
         self.log.clear();
     }
 }
@@ -159,11 +160,23 @@ where
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(i, (v, p))| if *p == i { v.as_ref().map(|v| v.as_ref().clone()) } else { None })
             .collect();
-        UnificationTable { parents: self.parents.clone(), ranks: self.ranks.clone(), values, log: Vec::new(), generation: 0 }
+        UnificationTable {
+            parents: self.parents.clone(),
+            ranks: self.ranks.clone(),
+            values,
+            log: Vec::new(),
+            generation: 0,
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn from_send(table: &UnificationTable<V>) -> UnificationTable<Rc<V>> {
         let values = table.values.iter().cloned().map(|v| v.map(Rc::new)).collect();
-        UnificationTable { parents: table.parents.clone(), ranks: table.ranks.clone(), values, log: Vec::new(), generation: 0 }
+        UnificationTable {
+            parents: table.parents.clone(),
+            ranks: table.ranks.clone(),
+            values,
+            log: Vec::new(),
+            generation: 0,
+        }
     }
 }

nac3ld/src/dwarf.rs

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ pub struct DwarfReader<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> DwarfReader<'a> {
-
     pub fn new(slice: &[u8], virt_addr: u32) -> DwarfReader {
         DwarfReader { slice, virt_addr, base_slice: slice, base_virt_addr: virt_addr }
     }
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ impl<'a> DwarfReader<'a> {
         let mut byte: u8;
         loop {
             byte = self.read_u8();
-            result |= ((byte & 0x7F) as u64) << shift;
+            result |= u64::from(byte & 0x7F) << shift;
             shift += 7;
             if byte & 0x80 == 0 {
                 break;
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ impl<'a> DwarfReader<'a> {
         let mut byte: u8;
         loop {
             byte = self.read_u8();
-            result |= ((byte & 0x7F) as u64) << shift;
+            result |= u64::from(byte & 0x7F) << shift;
             shift += 7;
             if byte & 0x80 == 0 {
                 break;
@@ -157,10 +156,9 @@ fn read_encoded_pointer(reader: &mut DwarfReader, encoding: u8) -> Result<usize,
     }
 
     match encoding & 0x0F {
-        DW_EH_PE_absptr => Ok(reader.read_u32() as usize),
+        DW_EH_PE_absptr | DW_EH_PE_udata4 => Ok(reader.read_u32() as usize),
         DW_EH_PE_uleb128 => Ok(reader.read_uleb128() as usize),
         DW_EH_PE_udata2 => Ok(reader.read_u16() as usize),
-        DW_EH_PE_udata4 => Ok(reader.read_u32() as usize),
         DW_EH_PE_udata8 => Ok(reader.read_u64() as usize),
         DW_EH_PE_sleb128 => Ok(reader.read_sleb128() as usize),
         DW_EH_PE_sdata2 => Ok(reader.read_i16() as usize),
@@ -170,10 +168,7 @@ fn read_encoded_pointer(reader: &mut DwarfReader, encoding: u8) -> Result<usize,
     }
 }
 
-fn read_encoded_pointer_with_pc(
+fn read_encoded_pointer_with_pc(reader: &mut DwarfReader, encoding: u8) -> Result<usize, ()> {
-    reader: &mut DwarfReader,
-    encoding: u8,
-) -> Result<usize, ()> {
     let entry_virt_addr = reader.virt_addr;
     let mut result = read_encoded_pointer(reader, encoding)?;
 
@@ -223,11 +218,10 @@ pub struct EH_Frame<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> EH_Frame<'a> {
-
     /// Creates an [EH_Frame] using the bytes in the `.eh_frame` section and its address in the ELF
     /// file.
-    pub fn new(eh_frame_slice: &[u8], eh_frame_addr: u32) -> Result<EH_Frame, ()> {
+    pub fn new(eh_frame_slice: &[u8], eh_frame_addr: u32) -> EH_Frame {
-        Ok(EH_Frame { reader: DwarfReader::new(eh_frame_slice, eh_frame_addr) })
+        EH_Frame { reader: DwarfReader::new(eh_frame_slice, eh_frame_addr) }
     }
 
     /// Returns an [Iterator] over all Call Frame Information (CFI) records.
@@ -235,10 +229,7 @@ impl<'a> EH_Frame<'a> {
         let reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(&self.reader, true);
         let len = reader.slice.len();
 
-        CFI_Records {
+        CFI_Records { reader, available: len }
-            reader,
-            available: len,
-        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -255,7 +246,6 @@ pub struct CFI_Record<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> CFI_Record<'a> {
-
     pub fn from_reader(cie_reader: &mut DwarfReader<'a>) -> Result<CFI_Record<'a>, ()> {
         let length = cie_reader.read_u32();
         let fde_reader = match length {
@@ -264,7 +254,7 @@ impl<'a> CFI_Record<'a> {
 
             // length == u32::MAX means that the length is only representable with 64 bits,
             // which does not make sense in a system with 32-bit address.
-            0xFFFFFFFF => unimplemented!(),
+            0xFFFF_FFFF => unimplemented!(),
 
             _ => {
                 let mut fde_reader = DwarfReader::from_reader(cie_reader, false);
@@ -323,10 +313,7 @@ impl<'a> CFI_Record<'a> {
         }
         assert_ne!(fde_pointer_encoding, DW_EH_PE_omit);
 
-        Ok(CFI_Record {
+        Ok(CFI_Record { fde_pointer_encoding, fde_reader })
-            fde_pointer_encoding,
-            fde_reader,
-        })
     }
 
     /// Returns a [DwarfReader] initialized to the first Frame Description Entry (FDE) of this CFI
@@ -340,11 +327,7 @@ impl<'a> CFI_Record<'a> {
         let reader = self.get_fde_reader();
         let len = reader.slice.len();
 
-        FDE_Records {
+        FDE_Records { pointer_encoding: self.fde_pointer_encoding, reader, available: len }
-            pointer_encoding: self.fde_pointer_encoding,
-            reader,
-            available: len,
-        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -371,7 +354,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for CFI_Records<'a> {
             let length = match length {
                 // eh_frame with 0-length means the CIE is terminated
                 0 => return None,
-                0xFFFFFFFF => unimplemented!("CIE entries larger than 4 bytes not supported"),
+                0xFFFF_FFFF => unimplemented!("CIE entries larger than 4 bytes not supported"),
                 other => other,
             } as usize;
 
@@ -387,7 +370,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for CFI_Records<'a> {
             // Skip this record if it is a FDE
             if cie_ptr == 0 {
                 // Rewind back to the start of the CFI Record
-                return Some(CFI_Record::from_reader(&mut this_reader).ok().unwrap())
+                return Some(CFI_Record::from_reader(&mut this_reader).ok().unwrap());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -417,7 +400,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for FDE_Records<'a> {
         let length = match self.reader.read_u32() {
             // eh_frame with 0-length means the CIE is terminated
             0 => return None,
-            0xFFFFFFFF => unimplemented!("CIE entries larger than 4 bytes not supported"),
+            0xFFFF_FFFF => unimplemented!("CIE entries larger than 4 bytes not supported"),
             other => other,
         } as usize;
 
@@ -448,7 +431,6 @@ pub struct EH_Frame_Hdr<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> EH_Frame_Hdr<'a> {
-
     /// Create a [EH_Frame_Hdr] object, and write out the fixed fields of `.eh_frame_hdr` to memory.
     ///
     /// Load address is not known at this point.
@@ -459,15 +441,16 @@ impl<'a> EH_Frame_Hdr<'a> {
     ) -> EH_Frame_Hdr {
         let mut writer = DwarfWriter::new(eh_frame_hdr_slice);
 
-        writer.write_u8(1);     // version
+        writer.write_u8(1); // version
-        writer.write_u8(0x1B);  // eh_frame_ptr_enc - PC-relative 4-byte signed value
+        writer.write_u8(0x1B); // eh_frame_ptr_enc - PC-relative 4-byte signed value
-        writer.write_u8(0x03);  // fde_count_enc - 4-byte unsigned value
+        writer.write_u8(0x03); // fde_count_enc - 4-byte unsigned value
-        writer.write_u8(0x3B);  // table_enc - .eh_frame_hdr section-relative 4-byte signed value
+        writer.write_u8(0x3B); // table_enc - .eh_frame_hdr section-relative 4-byte signed value
 
-        let eh_frame_offset = eh_frame_addr
+        let eh_frame_offset = eh_frame_addr.wrapping_sub(
-            .wrapping_sub(eh_frame_hdr_addr + writer.offset as u32 + ((mem::size_of::<u8>() as u32) * 4));
+            eh_frame_hdr_addr + writer.offset as u32 + ((mem::size_of::<u8>() as u32) * 4),
-        writer.write_u32(eh_frame_offset);  // eh_frame_ptr
+        );
-        writer.write_u32(0);  // `fde_count`, will be written in finalize_fde
+        writer.write_u32(eh_frame_offset); // eh_frame_ptr
+        writer.write_u32(0); // `fde_count`, will be written in finalize_fde
 
         EH_Frame_Hdr { fde_writer: writer, eh_frame_hdr_addr, fdes: Vec::new() }
     }
@@ -492,7 +475,10 @@ impl<'a> EH_Frame_Hdr<'a> {
             self.fde_writer.write_u32(*init_loc);
             self.fde_writer.write_u32(*addr);
         }
-        LittleEndian::write_u32(&mut self.fde_writer.slice[Self::fde_count_offset()..], self.fdes.len() as u32);
+        LittleEndian::write_u32(
+            &mut self.fde_writer.slice[Self::fde_count_offset()..],
+            self.fdes.len() as u32,
+        );
     }
 
     pub fn size_from_eh_frame(eh_frame: &[u8]) -> usize {
@@ -504,7 +490,7 @@ impl<'a> EH_Frame_Hdr<'a> {
             // The original length field should be able to hold the entire value.
             // The device memory space is limited to 32-bits addresses anyway.
             let entry_length = reader.read_u32();
-            if entry_length == 0 || entry_length == 0xFFFFFFFF {
+            if entry_length == 0 || entry_length == 0xFFFF_FFFF {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
 
@@ -515,7 +501,7 @@ impl<'a> EH_Frame_Hdr<'a> {
                 fde_count += 1;
             }
 
-            reader.offset(entry_length - mem::size_of::<u32>() as u32)
+            reader.offset(entry_length - mem::size_of::<u32>() as u32);
         }
 
         12 + fde_count * 8

nac3ld/src/elf.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* generated from elf.h with rust-bindgen and then manually altered */
-#![allow(non_camel_case_types, non_snake_case, non_upper_case_globals, dead_code)]
+#![allow(non_camel_case_types, non_snake_case, non_upper_case_globals, dead_code, clippy::pedantic)]
 
 pub const EI_NIDENT: usize = 16;
 pub const EI_MAG0: usize = 0;

nac3ld/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,26 @@
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+    clippy::cast_possible_wrap,
+    clippy::cast_sign_loss,
+    clippy::doc_markdown,
+    clippy::enum_glob_use,
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::similar_names,
+    clippy::struct_field_names,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
+
 use dwarf::*;
 use elf::*;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -70,45 +93,45 @@ struct SectionRecord<'a> {
     data: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
-fn read_unaligned<T: Copy>(data: &[u8], offset: usize) -> Result<T, ()> {
+fn read_unaligned<T: Copy>(data: &[u8], offset: usize) -> Option<T> {
     if data.len() < offset + mem::size_of::<T>() {
-        Err(())
+        None
     } else {
-        let ptr = data.as_ptr().wrapping_add(offset) as *const T;
+        let ptr = data.as_ptr().wrapping_add(offset).cast();
-        Ok(unsafe { ptr::read_unaligned(ptr) })
+        Some(unsafe { ptr::read_unaligned(ptr) })
     }
 }
 
-pub fn get_ref_slice<T: Copy>(data: &[u8], offset: usize, len: usize) -> Result<&[T], ()> {
+#[must_use]
+pub fn get_ref_slice<T: Copy>(data: &[u8], offset: usize, len: usize) -> Option<&[T]> {
     if data.len() < offset + mem::size_of::<T>() * len {
-        Err(())
+        None
     } else {
-        let ptr = data.as_ptr().wrapping_add(offset) as *const T;
+        let ptr = data.as_ptr().wrapping_add(offset).cast();
-        Ok(unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, len) })
+        Some(unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, len) })
     }
 }
 
-fn from_struct_vec<T>(struct_vec: Vec<T>) -> Vec<u8> {
+fn from_struct_slice<T>(struct_vec: &[T]) -> Vec<u8> {
     let ptr = struct_vec.as_ptr();
-    unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(ptr as *const u8, struct_vec.len() * mem::size_of::<T>()) }
+    unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(ptr.cast(), mem::size_of_val(struct_vec)) }.to_vec()
-        .to_vec()
 }
 
 fn to_struct_slice<T>(bytes: &[u8]) -> &[T] {
-    unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(bytes.as_ptr() as *const T, bytes.len() / mem::size_of::<T>()) }
+    unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(bytes.as_ptr().cast(), bytes.len() / mem::size_of::<T>()) }
 }
 
 fn to_struct_mut_slice<T>(bytes: &mut [u8]) -> &mut [T] {
     unsafe {
-        slice::from_raw_parts_mut(bytes.as_mut_ptr() as *mut T, bytes.len() / mem::size_of::<T>())
+        slice::from_raw_parts_mut(bytes.as_mut_ptr().cast(), bytes.len() / mem::size_of::<T>())
     }
 }
 
 fn elf_hash(name: &[u8]) -> u32 {
     let mut h: u32 = 0;
     for c in name {
-        h = (h << 4) + *c as u32;
+        h = (h << 4) + u32::from(*c);
-        let g = h & 0xf0000000;
+        let g = h & 0xf000_0000;
         if g != 0 {
             h ^= g >> 24;
             h &= !g;
@@ -202,22 +225,26 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
         relocs: &[R],
         target_section: Elf32_Word,
     ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        type RelocateFn = dyn Fn(&mut [u8], Elf32_Word);
+
+        struct RelocInfo<'a, R> {
+            pub defined_val: bool,
+            pub indirect_reloc: Option<&'a R>,
+            pub pc_relative: bool,
+            pub relocate: Option<Box<RelocateFn>>,
+        }
+
         for reloc in relocs {
             let sym = match reloc.sym_info() as usize {
                 STN_UNDEF => None,
-                sym_index => Some(
+                sym_index => {
-                    self.symtab
+                    Some(self.symtab.get(sym_index).ok_or("symbol out of bounds of symbol table")?)
-                        .get(sym_index)
+                }
-                        .ok_or("symbol out of bounds of symbol table")?,
-                ),
             };
 
             let resolve_symbol_addr =
                 |sym_option: Option<&Elf32_Sym>| -> Result<Elf32_Word, Error> {
-                    let sym = match sym_option {
+                    let Some(sym) = sym_option else { return Ok(0) };
-                        Some(sym) => sym,
-                        None => return Ok(0),
-                    };
 
                     match sym.st_shndx {
                         SHN_UNDEF => Err(Error::Lookup("undefined symbol")),
@@ -244,13 +271,6 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                     .ok_or(Error::Parsing("Cannot find section with matching sh_index"))
             };
 
-            struct RelocInfo<'a, R> {
-                pub defined_val: bool,
-                pub indirect_reloc: Option<&'a R>,
-                pub pc_relative: bool,
-                pub relocate: Option<Box<dyn Fn(&mut [u8], Elf32_Word)>>,
-            }
-
             let classify = |reloc: &R, sym_option: Option<&Elf32_Sym>| -> Option<RelocInfo<R>> {
                 let defined_val = sym_option.map_or(true, |sym| {
                     sym.st_shndx != SHN_UNDEF || ELF32_ST_BIND(sym.st_info) == STB_LOCAL
@@ -262,7 +282,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                             indirect_reloc: None,
                             pc_relative: true,
                             relocate: Some(Box::new(|target_word, value| {
-                                LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, value)
+                                LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, value);
                             })),
                         }),
 
@@ -273,9 +293,9 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                             relocate: Some(Box::new(|target_word, value| {
                                 LittleEndian::write_u32(
                                     target_word,
-                                    (LittleEndian::read_u32(target_word) & 0x80000000)
+                                    (LittleEndian::read_u32(target_word) & 0x8000_0000)
-                                        | value & 0x7FFFFFFF,
+                                        | value & 0x7FFF_FFFF,
-                                )
+                                );
                             })),
                         }),
 
@@ -297,8 +317,8 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                                 relocate: Some(Box::new(|target_word, value| {
                                     let auipc_raw = LittleEndian::read_u32(target_word);
                                     let auipc_insn =
-                                        (auipc_raw & 0xFFF) | ((value + 0x800) & 0xFFFFF000);
+                                        (auipc_raw & 0xFFF) | ((value + 0x800) & 0xFFFF_F000);
-                                    LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, auipc_insn)
+                                    LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, auipc_insn);
                                 })),
                             })
                         }
@@ -308,15 +328,14 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                             indirect_reloc: None,
                             pc_relative: true,
                             relocate: Some(Box::new(|target_word, value| {
-                                LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, value)
+                                LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, value);
                             })),
                         }),
 
                         R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I => {
                             let expected_offset = sym_option.map_or(0, |sym| sym.st_value);
-                            let indirect_reloc = relocs
+                            let indirect_reloc =
-                                .iter()
+                                relocs.iter().find(|reloc| reloc.offset() == expected_offset)?;
-                                .find(|reloc| reloc.offset() == expected_offset)?;
                             Some(RelocInfo {
                                 defined_val: {
                                     let indirect_sym =
@@ -330,14 +349,14 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                                     // Here, we convert to direct addressing
                                     // GOT reloc (indirect) -> lw + addi
                                     // PCREL reloc (direct) -> addi
-                                    let (lo_opcode, lo_funct3) = (0b0010011, 0b000);
+                                    let (lo_opcode, lo_funct3) = (0b001_0011, 0b000);
                                     let addi_lw_raw = LittleEndian::read_u32(target_word);
                                     let addi_insn = lo_opcode
                                         | (addi_lw_raw & 0xF8F80)
                                         | (lo_funct3 << 12)
                                         | ((value & 0xFFF) << 20);
 
-                                    LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, addi_insn)
+                                    LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, addi_insn);
                                 })),
                             })
                         }
@@ -354,10 +373,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                             indirect_reloc: None,
                             pc_relative: false,
                             relocate: Some(Box::new(|target_word, value| {
-                                LittleEndian::write_u32(
+                                LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, value);
-                                    target_word,
-                                    value,
-                                )
                             })),
                         }),
 
@@ -367,7 +383,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                             pc_relative: false,
                             relocate: Some(Box::new(|target_word, value| {
                                 let old_value = LittleEndian::read_u32(target_word);
-                                LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, old_value.wrapping_add(value))
+                                LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, old_value.wrapping_add(value));
                             })),
                         }),
 
@@ -377,7 +393,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                             pc_relative: false,
                             relocate: Some(Box::new(|target_word, value| {
                                 let old_value = LittleEndian::read_u32(target_word);
-                                LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, old_value.wrapping_sub(value))
+                                LittleEndian::write_u32(target_word, old_value.wrapping_sub(value));
                             })),
                         }),
 
@@ -386,10 +402,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                             indirect_reloc: None,
                             pc_relative: false,
                             relocate: Some(Box::new(|target_word, value| {
-                                LittleEndian::write_u16(
+                                LittleEndian::write_u16(target_word, value as u16);
-                                    target_word,
-                                    value as u16,
-                                )
                             })),
                         }),
 
@@ -402,7 +415,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                                 LittleEndian::write_u16(
                                     target_word,
                                     old_value.wrapping_add(value as u16),
-                                )
+                                );
                             })),
                         }),
 
@@ -415,7 +428,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                                 LittleEndian::write_u16(
                                     target_word,
                                     old_value.wrapping_sub(value as u16),
-                                )
+                                );
                             })),
                         }),
 
@@ -497,7 +510,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
 
                 if let Some(relocate) = reloc_info.relocate {
                     let target_word = &mut target_sec_image[reloc.offset() as usize..];
-                    relocate(target_word, value)
+                    relocate(target_word, value);
                 } else {
                     self.rela_dyn_relas.push(Elf32_Rela {
                         r_offset: rela_off,
@@ -545,16 +558,18 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
         let eh_frame_slice = eh_frame_rec.data.as_slice();
         // Prepare a new buffer to dodge borrow check
         let mut eh_frame_hdr_vec: Vec<u8> = vec![0; eh_frame_hdr_rec.shdr.sh_size as usize];
-        let eh_frame = EH_Frame::new(eh_frame_slice, eh_frame_rec.shdr.sh_offset)
+        let eh_frame = EH_Frame::new(eh_frame_slice, eh_frame_rec.shdr.sh_offset);
-            .map_err(|()| "cannot read EH frame")?;
         let mut eh_frame_hdr = EH_Frame_Hdr::new(
             eh_frame_hdr_vec.as_mut_slice(),
             eh_frame_hdr_rec.shdr.sh_offset,
             eh_frame_rec.shdr.sh_offset,
         );
-        eh_frame.cfi_records()
+        eh_frame.cfi_records().flat_map(|cfi| cfi.fde_records()).for_each(&mut |(
-            .flat_map(|cfi| cfi.fde_records())
+            init_pos,
-            .for_each(&mut |(init_pos, virt_addr)| eh_frame_hdr.add_fde(init_pos, virt_addr));
+            virt_addr,
+        )| {
+            eh_frame_hdr.add_fde(init_pos, virt_addr);
+        });
 
         // Sort FDE entries in .eh_frame_hdr
         eh_frame_hdr.finalize_fde();
@@ -568,55 +583,129 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
     }
 
     pub fn ld(data: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
-        let ehdr = read_unaligned::<Elf32_Ehdr>(data, 0).map_err(|()| "cannot read ELF header")?;
+        fn allocate_rela_dyn<R: Relocatable>(
+            linker: &Linker,
+            relocs: &[R],
+        ) -> Result<(usize, Vec<u32>), Error> {
+            let mut alloc_size = 0;
+            let mut rela_dyn_sym_indices = Vec::new();
+            for reloc in relocs {
+                if reloc.sym_info() as usize == STN_UNDEF {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let sym: &Elf32_Sym = linker
+                    .symtab
+                    .get(reloc.sym_info() as usize)
+                    .ok_or("symbol out of bounds of symbol table")?;
+
+                match (linker.isa, reloc.type_info()) {
+                    // Absolute address relocations
+                    // A runtime relocation is needed to find the loading address
+                    (Isa::CortexA9, R_ARM_ABS32) | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_32) => {
+                        alloc_size += mem::size_of::<Elf32_Rela>(); // FIXME: RELA vs REL
+                        if ELF32_ST_BIND(sym.st_info) == STB_GLOBAL && sym.st_shndx == SHN_UNDEF {
+                            rela_dyn_sym_indices.push(reloc.sym_info());
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // Relative address relocations
+                    // Relay the relocation to the runtime linker only if the symbol is not defined
+                    (Isa::CortexA9, R_ARM_REL32 | R_ARM_PREL31 | R_ARM_TARGET2)
+                    | (
+                        Isa::RiscV32,
+                        R_RISCV_CALL_PLT | R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20 | R_RISCV_GOT_HI20 | R_RISCV_32_PCREL
+                        | R_RISCV_SET32 | R_RISCV_ADD32 | R_RISCV_SUB32 | R_RISCV_SET16
+                        | R_RISCV_ADD16 | R_RISCV_SUB16 | R_RISCV_SET8 | R_RISCV_ADD8
+                        | R_RISCV_SUB8 | R_RISCV_SET6 | R_RISCV_SUB6,
+                    ) => {
+                        if ELF32_ST_BIND(sym.st_info) == STB_GLOBAL && sym.st_shndx == SHN_UNDEF {
+                            alloc_size += mem::size_of::<Elf32_Rela>(); // FIXME: RELA vs REL
+                            rela_dyn_sym_indices.push(reloc.sym_info());
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // RISC-V: Lower 12-bits relocations
+                    // If the upper 20-bits relocation cannot be resolved,
+                    // this relocation will be relayed to the runtime linker.
+                    (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I) => {
+                        // Find the HI20 relocation
+                        let indirect_reloc = relocs
+                            .iter()
+                            .find(|reloc| reloc.offset() == sym.st_value)
+                            .ok_or("malformatted LO12 relocation")?;
+                        let indirect_sym = linker.symtab[indirect_reloc.sym_info() as usize];
+                        if ELF32_ST_BIND(indirect_sym.st_info) == STB_GLOBAL
+                            && indirect_sym.st_shndx == SHN_UNDEF
+                        {
+                            alloc_size += mem::size_of::<Elf32_Rela>(); // FIXME: RELA vs REL
+                            rela_dyn_sym_indices.push(reloc.sym_info());
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    _ => {
+                        println!("Relocation type 0x{:X?} is not supported", reloc.type_info());
+                        unimplemented!()
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Ok((alloc_size, rela_dyn_sym_indices))
+        }
+
+        let Some(ehdr) = read_unaligned::<Elf32_Ehdr>(data, 0) else {
+            Err("cannot read ELF header")?
+        };
         let isa = match ehdr.e_machine {
             EM_ARM => Isa::CortexA9,
             EM_RISCV => Isa::RiscV32,
             _ => return Err(Error::Parsing("unsupported architecture")),
         };
 
-        let shdrs = get_ref_slice::<Elf32_Shdr>(data, ehdr.e_shoff as usize, ehdr.e_shnum as usize)
+        let Some(shdrs) =
-            .map_err(|()| "cannot read section header table")?;
+            get_ref_slice::<Elf32_Shdr>(data, ehdr.e_shoff as usize, ehdr.e_shnum as usize)
+        else {
+            Err("cannot read section header table")?
+        };
 
         // Read .strtab
         let strtab_shdr = shdrs[ehdr.e_shstrndx as usize];
-        let strtab =
+        let Some(strtab) =
             get_ref_slice::<u8>(data, strtab_shdr.sh_offset as usize, strtab_shdr.sh_size as usize)
-                .map_err(|()| "cannot read the string table from data")?;
+        else {
+            Err("cannot read the string table from data")?
+        };
 
         // Read .symtab
         let symtab_shdr = shdrs
             .iter()
             .find(|shdr| shdr.sh_type as usize == SHT_SYMTAB)
             .ok_or(Error::Parsing("cannot find the symbol table"))?;
-        let symtab = get_ref_slice::<Elf32_Sym>(
+        let Some(symtab) = get_ref_slice::<Elf32_Sym>(
             data,
             symtab_shdr.sh_offset as usize,
             symtab_shdr.sh_size as usize / mem::size_of::<Elf32_Sym>(),
-        )
+        ) else {
-        .map_err(|()| "cannot read the symbol table from data")?;
+            Err("cannot read the symbol table from data")?
+        };
 
         // Section table for the .elf paired with the section name
         // To be formalized incrementally
         // Very hashmap-like structure, but the order matters, so it is a vector
-        let elf_shdrs = vec![
+        let elf_shdrs = vec![SectionRecord {
-            SectionRecord {
+            shdr: Elf32_Shdr {
-                shdr: Elf32_Shdr {
+                sh_name: 0,
-                    sh_name: 0,
+                sh_type: 0,
-                    sh_type: 0,
+                sh_flags: 0,
-                    sh_flags: 0,
+                sh_addr: 0,
-                    sh_addr: 0,
+                sh_offset: 0,
-                    sh_offset: 0,
+                sh_size: 0,
-                    sh_size: 0,
+                sh_link: 0,
-                    sh_link: 0,
+                sh_info: 0,
-                    sh_info: 0,
+                sh_addralign: 0,
-                    sh_addralign: 0,
+                sh_entsize: 0,
-                    sh_entsize: 0,
-                },
-                name: "",
-                data: vec![0; 0],
             },
-        ];
+            name: "",
+            data: vec![0; 0],
+        }];
         let elf_sh_data_off = mem::size_of::<Elf32_Ehdr>() + mem::size_of::<Elf32_Phdr>() * 5;
 
         // Image of the linked dynamic library, to be formalized incrementally
@@ -752,21 +841,27 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
             ($shdr: expr, $stmt: expr) => {
                 match $shdr.sh_type as usize {
                     SHT_RELA => {
-                        let relocs = get_ref_slice::<Elf32_Rela>(
+                        let Some(relocs) = get_ref_slice::<Elf32_Rela>(
                             data,
                             $shdr.sh_offset as usize,
                             $shdr.sh_size as usize / mem::size_of::<Elf32_Rela>(),
-                        )
+                        ) else {
-                        .map_err(|()| "cannot parse relocations")?;
+                            Err("cannot parse relocations")?
+                        };
+
+                        #[allow(clippy::redundant_closure_call)]
                         $stmt(relocs)
                     }
                     SHT_REL => {
-                        let relocs = get_ref_slice::<Elf32_Rel>(
+                        let Some(relocs) = get_ref_slice::<Elf32_Rel>(
                             data,
                             $shdr.sh_offset as usize,
                             $shdr.sh_size as usize / mem::size_of::<Elf32_Rel>(),
-                        )
+                        ) else {
-                        .map_err(|()| "cannot parse relocations")?;
+                            Err("cannot parse relocations")?
+                        };
+
+                        #[allow(clippy::redundant_closure_call)]
                         $stmt(relocs)
                     }
                     _ => unreachable!(),
@@ -774,84 +869,6 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
             };
         }
 
-        fn allocate_rela_dyn<R: Relocatable>(
-            linker: &Linker,
-            relocs: &[R],
-        ) -> Result<(usize, Vec<u32>), Error> {
-            let mut alloc_size = 0;
-            let mut rela_dyn_sym_indices = Vec::new();
-            for reloc in relocs {
-                if reloc.sym_info() as usize == STN_UNDEF {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                let sym: &Elf32_Sym = linker
-                    .symtab
-                    .get(reloc.sym_info() as usize)
-                    .ok_or("symbol out of bounds of symbol table")?;
-
-                match (linker.isa, reloc.type_info()) {
-                    // Absolute address relocations
-                    // A runtime relocation is needed to find the loading address
-                    (Isa::CortexA9, R_ARM_ABS32) | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_32) => {
-                        alloc_size += mem::size_of::<Elf32_Rela>(); // FIXME: RELA vs REL
-                        if ELF32_ST_BIND(sym.st_info) == STB_GLOBAL && sym.st_shndx == SHN_UNDEF {
-                            rela_dyn_sym_indices.push(reloc.sym_info());
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    // Relative address relocations
-                    // Relay the relocation to the runtime linker only if the symbol is not defined
-                    (Isa::CortexA9, R_ARM_REL32)
-                    | (Isa::CortexA9, R_ARM_PREL31)
-                    | (Isa::CortexA9, R_ARM_TARGET2)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_CALL_PLT)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_GOT_HI20)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_32_PCREL)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_SET32)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_ADD32)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_SUB32)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_SET16)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_ADD16)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_SUB16)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_SET8)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_ADD8)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_SUB8)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_SET6)
-                    | (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_SUB6) => {
-                        if ELF32_ST_BIND(sym.st_info) == STB_GLOBAL && sym.st_shndx == SHN_UNDEF {
-                            alloc_size += mem::size_of::<Elf32_Rela>(); // FIXME: RELA vs REL
-                            rela_dyn_sym_indices.push(reloc.sym_info());
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    // RISC-V: Lower 12-bits relocations
-                    // If the upper 20-bits relocation cannot be resolved,
-                    // this relocation will be relayed to the runtime linker.
-                    (Isa::RiscV32, R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I) => {
-                        // Find the HI20 relocation
-                        let indirect_reloc = relocs
-                            .iter()
-                            .find(|reloc| reloc.offset() == sym.st_value)
-                            .ok_or("malformatted LO12 relocation")?;
-                        let indirect_sym = linker.symtab[indirect_reloc.sym_info() as usize];
-                        if ELF32_ST_BIND(indirect_sym.st_info) == STB_GLOBAL
-                            && indirect_sym.st_shndx == SHN_UNDEF
-                        {
-                            alloc_size += mem::size_of::<Elf32_Rela>(); // FIXME: RELA vs REL
-                            rela_dyn_sym_indices.push(reloc.sym_info());
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    _ => {
-                        println!("Relocation type 0x{:X?} is not supported", reloc.type_info());
-                        unimplemented!()
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            Ok((alloc_size, rela_dyn_sym_indices))
-        }
-
         for shdr in shdrs
             .iter()
             .filter(|shdr| shdr.sh_type as usize == SHT_REL || shdr.sh_type as usize == SHT_RELA)
@@ -879,7 +896,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
         }
 
         // Avoid symbol duplication
-        rela_dyn_sym_indices.sort();
+        rela_dyn_sym_indices.sort_unstable();
         rela_dyn_sym_indices.dedup();
 
         if rela_dyn_size != 0 {
@@ -1010,7 +1027,9 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
         let mut hash_bucket: Vec<u32> = vec![0; dynsym.len()];
         let mut hash_chain: Vec<u32> = vec![0; dynsym.len()];
 
-        for (sym_index, (str_start, str_end)) in dynsym_names.iter().enumerate().take(dynsym.len()).skip(1) {
+        for (sym_index, (str_start, str_end)) in
+            dynsym_names.iter().enumerate().take(dynsym.len()).skip(1)
+        {
             let hash = elf_hash(&dynstr[*str_start..*str_end]);
             let mut hash_index = hash as usize % hash_bucket.len();
 
@@ -1062,7 +1081,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                 sh_entsize: mem::size_of::<Elf32_Sym>() as Elf32_Word,
             },
             ".dynsym",
-            from_struct_vec(dynsym),
+            from_struct_slice(&dynsym),
         );
         let hash_elf_index = linker.load_section(
             &Elf32_Shdr {
@@ -1078,7 +1097,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
                 sh_entsize: 4,
             },
             ".hash",
-            from_struct_vec(hash),
+            from_struct_slice(&hash),
         );
 
         // Link .rela.dyn header to the .dynsym header
@@ -1177,7 +1196,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
         };
 
         let dynamic_elf_index =
-            linker.load_section(&dynamic_shdr, ".dynamic", from_struct_vec(dyn_entries));
+            linker.load_section(&dynamic_shdr, ".dynamic", from_struct_slice(&dyn_entries));
 
         let last_w_sec_elf_index = linker.elf_shdrs.len() - 1;
 
@@ -1253,7 +1272,9 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
             update_dynsym_record!(b"__bss_start", bss_offset, bss_elf_index as Elf32_Section);
             update_dynsym_record!(b"_end", bss_offset, bss_elf_index as Elf32_Section);
         } else {
-            for (bss_iter_index, &(bss_section_index, section_name)) in bss_index_vec.iter().enumerate() {
+            for (bss_iter_index, &(bss_section_index, section_name)) in
+                bss_index_vec.iter().enumerate()
+            {
                 let shdr = &shdrs[bss_section_index];
                 let bss_elf_index = linker.load_section(
                     shdr,
@@ -1326,7 +1347,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
         // Prepare a STRTAB to hold the names of section headers
         // Fix the sh_name field of the section headers
         let mut shstrtab = Vec::new();
-        for shdr_rec in linker.elf_shdrs.iter_mut() {
+        for shdr_rec in &mut linker.elf_shdrs {
             let shstrtab_index = shstrtab.len();
             shstrtab.extend(shdr_rec.name.as_bytes());
             shstrtab.push(0);
@@ -1367,20 +1388,17 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
         let alignment = (4 - (linker.image.len() % 4)) % 4;
         let sec_headers_offset = linker.image.len() + alignment;
         linker.image.extend(vec![0; alignment]);
-        for rec in linker.elf_shdrs.iter() {
+        for rec in &linker.elf_shdrs {
             let shdr = rec.shdr;
             linker.image.extend(unsafe {
-                slice::from_raw_parts(
+                slice::from_raw_parts(ptr::addr_of!(shdr).cast(), mem::size_of::<Elf32_Shdr>())
-                    &shdr as *const Elf32_Shdr as *const u8,
-                    mem::size_of::<Elf32_Shdr>(),
-                )
             });
         }
 
         // Update the PHDRs
         let phdr_offset = mem::size_of::<Elf32_Ehdr>();
         unsafe {
-            let phdr_ptr = linker.image.as_mut_ptr().add(phdr_offset) as *mut Elf32_Phdr;
+            let phdr_ptr = linker.image.as_mut_ptr().add(phdr_offset).cast();
             let phdr_slice = slice::from_raw_parts_mut(phdr_ptr, 5);
             // List of program headers:
             // 1. ELF headers & program headers
@@ -1457,7 +1475,7 @@ impl<'a> Linker<'a> {
         }
 
         // Update the EHDR
-        let ehdr_ptr = linker.image.as_mut_ptr() as *mut Elf32_Ehdr;
+        let ehdr_ptr = linker.image.as_mut_ptr().cast();
         unsafe {
             *ehdr_ptr = Elf32_Ehdr {
                 e_ident: ehdr.e_ident,

nac3parser/Cargo.toml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ lalrpop-util = "0.20"
 log = "0.4"
 unic-emoji-char = "0.9"
 unic-ucd-ident  = "0.9"
-unicode_names2 = "1.0"
+unicode_names2 = "1.2"
 phf = { version = "0.11", features = ["macros"] }
 ahash = "0.8"
 

nac3parser/src/config_comment_helper.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-use lalrpop_util::ParseError;
-use nac3ast::*;
 use crate::ast::Ident;
 use crate::ast::Location;
-use crate::token::Tok;
 use crate::error::*;
+use crate::token::Tok;
+use lalrpop_util::ParseError;
+use nac3ast::*;
 
 pub fn make_config_comment(
     com_loc: Location,
     stmt_loc: Location,
     nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, Tok)>,
-    nac3com_end: Option<Ident>
+    nac3com_end: Option<Ident>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<Ident>, ParseError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> {
     if com_loc.column() != stmt_loc.column() && !nac3com_above.is_empty() {
         return Err(ParseError::User {
@@ -17,24 +17,25 @@ pub fn make_config_comment(
                 location: com_loc,
                 error: LexicalErrorType::OtherError(
                     format!(
-                        "config comment at top must have the same indentation with what it applies (comment at {}, statement at {})",
+                        "config comment at top must have the same indentation with what it applies (comment at {com_loc}, statement at {stmt_loc})",
-                        com_loc,
-                        stmt_loc,
                     )
                 )
             }
-        })
+        });
     };
-    Ok(
+    Ok(nac3com_above
-        nac3com_above
+        .into_iter()
-            .into_iter()
+        .map(|(com, _)| com)
-            .map(|(com, _)| com)
+        .chain(nac3com_end.map_or_else(|| vec![].into_iter(), |com| vec![com].into_iter()))
-            .chain(nac3com_end.map_or_else(|| vec![].into_iter(), |com| vec![com].into_iter()))
+        .collect())
-            .collect()
-    )
 }
 
-pub fn handle_small_stmt<U>(stmts: &mut [Stmt<U>], nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, Tok)>, nac3com_end: Option<Ident>, com_above_loc: Location) -> Result<(), ParseError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> {
+pub fn handle_small_stmt<U>(
+    stmts: &mut [Stmt<U>],
+    nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, Tok)>,
+    nac3com_end: Option<Ident>,
+    com_above_loc: Location,
+) -> Result<(), ParseError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> {
     if com_above_loc.column() != stmts[0].location.column() && !nac3com_above.is_empty() {
         return Err(ParseError::User {
             error: LexicalError {
@@ -47,17 +48,12 @@ pub fn handle_small_stmt<U>(stmts: &mut [Stmt<U>], nac3com_above: Vec<(Ident, To
                     )
                 )
             }
-        })
+        });
     }
-    apply_config_comments(
+    apply_config_comments(&mut stmts[0], nac3com_above.into_iter().map(|(com, _)| com).collect());
-        &mut stmts[0],
-        nac3com_above
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(com, _)| com).collect()
-    );
     apply_config_comments(
         stmts.last_mut().unwrap(),
-        nac3com_end.map_or_else(Vec::new, |com| vec![com])
+        nac3com_end.map_or_else(Vec::new, |com| vec![com]),
     );
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -80,6 +76,8 @@ fn apply_config_comments<U>(stmt: &mut Stmt<U>, comments: Vec<Ident>) {
         | StmtKind::Nonlocal { config_comment, .. }
         | StmtKind::Assert { config_comment, .. } => config_comment.extend(comments),
 
-        _ => { unreachable!("only small statements should call this function") }
+        _ => {
+            unreachable!("only small statements should call this function")
+        }
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/error.rs

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for LexicalErrorType {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
             LexicalErrorType::StringError => write!(f, "Got unexpected string"),
-            LexicalErrorType::FStringError(error) => write!(f, "Got error in f-string: {}", error),
+            LexicalErrorType::FStringError(error) => write!(f, "Got error in f-string: {error}"),
             LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError => write!(f, "Got unexpected unicode"),
             LexicalErrorType::NestingError => write!(f, "Got unexpected nesting"),
             LexicalErrorType::IndentationError => {
@@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ impl fmt::Display for LexicalErrorType {
                 write!(f, "positional argument follows keyword argument")
             }
             LexicalErrorType::UnrecognizedToken { tok } => {
-                write!(f, "Got unexpected token {}", tok)
+                write!(f, "Got unexpected token {tok}")
             }
             LexicalErrorType::LineContinuationError => {
                 write!(f, "unexpected character after line continuation character")
             }
             LexicalErrorType::Eof => write!(f, "unexpected EOF while parsing"),
-            LexicalErrorType::OtherError(msg) => write!(f, "{}", msg),
+            LexicalErrorType::OtherError(msg) => write!(f, "{msg}"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for FStringErrorType {
             FStringErrorType::UnopenedRbrace => write!(f, "Unopened '}}'"),
             FStringErrorType::ExpectedRbrace => write!(f, "Expected '}}' after conversion flag."),
             FStringErrorType::InvalidExpression(error) => {
-                write!(f, "Invalid expression: {}", error)
+                write!(f, "Invalid expression: {error}")
             }
             FStringErrorType::InvalidConversionFlag => write!(f, "Invalid conversion flag"),
             FStringErrorType::EmptyExpression => write!(f, "Empty expression"),
@@ -144,36 +144,27 @@ pub enum ParseErrorType {
 impl From<LalrpopError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> for ParseError {
     fn from(err: LalrpopError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>) -> Self {
         match err {
-            // TODO: Are there cases where this isn't an EOF?
+            LalrpopError::ExtraToken { token } => {
-            LalrpopError::InvalidToken { location } => ParseError {
+                ParseError { error: ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(token.1), location: token.0 }
-                error: ParseErrorType::Eof,
+            }
-                location,
+            LalrpopError::User { error } => {
-            },
+                ParseError { error: ParseErrorType::Lexical(error.error), location: error.location }
-            LalrpopError::ExtraToken { token } => ParseError {
+            }
-                error: ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(token.1),
-                location: token.0,
-            },
-            LalrpopError::User { error } => ParseError {
-                error: ParseErrorType::Lexical(error.error),
-                location: error.location,
-            },
             LalrpopError::UnrecognizedToken { token, expected } => {
                 // Hacky, but it's how CPython does it. See PyParser_AddToken,
                 // in particular "Only one possible expected token" comment.
-                let expected = if expected.len() == 1 {
+                let expected = if expected.len() == 1 { Some(expected[0].clone()) } else { None };
-                    Some(expected[0].clone())
-                } else {
-                    None
-                };
                 ParseError {
                     error: ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(token.1, expected),
                     location: token.0,
                 }
             }
-            LalrpopError::UnrecognizedEof { location, .. } => ParseError {
+
-                error: ParseErrorType::Eof,
+            LalrpopError::UnrecognizedEof { location, .. }
-                location,
+            // TODO: Are there cases where this isn't an EOF?
-            },
+            | LalrpopError::InvalidToken { location } => {
+                ParseError { error: ParseErrorType::Eof, location }
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -188,7 +179,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ParseErrorType {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             ParseErrorType::Eof => write!(f, "Got unexpected EOF"),
-            ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(ref tok) => write!(f, "Got extraneous token: {:?}", tok),
+            ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(ref tok) => write!(f, "Got extraneous token: {tok:?}"),
             ParseErrorType::InvalidToken => write!(f, "Got invalid token"),
             ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(ref tok, ref expected) => {
                 if *tok == Tok::Indent {
@@ -196,10 +187,10 @@ impl fmt::Display for ParseErrorType {
                 } else if expected.as_deref() == Some("Indent") {
                     write!(f, "expected an indented block")
                 } else {
-                    write!(f, "Got unexpected token {}", tok)
+                    write!(f, "Got unexpected token {tok}")
                 }
             }
-            ParseErrorType::Lexical(ref error) => write!(f, "{}", error),
+            ParseErrorType::Lexical(ref error) => write!(f, "{error}"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -207,6 +198,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ParseErrorType {
 impl Error for ParseErrorType {}
 
 impl ParseErrorType {
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn is_indentation_error(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::IndentationError) => true,
@@ -216,11 +208,11 @@ impl ParseErrorType {
             _ => false,
         }
     }
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn is_tab_error(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(
             self,
-            ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::TabError)
+            ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::TabError | LexicalErrorType::TabsAfterSpaces)
-                | ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::TabsAfterSpaces)
         )
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/fstring.rs

@@ -15,10 +15,7 @@ struct FStringParser<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
     fn new(source: &'a str, str_location: Location) -> Self {
-        Self {
+        Self { chars: source.chars().peekable(), str_location }
-            chars: source.chars().peekable(),
-            str_location,
-        }
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -133,10 +130,10 @@ impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
                         )
                     } else {
                         Box::new(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
-                            value: spec_expression.to_owned().into(),
+                            value: spec_expression.clone().into(),
                             kind: None,
                         }))
-                    })
+                    });
                 }
                 '(' | '{' | '[' => {
                     expression.push(ch);
@@ -251,17 +248,11 @@ impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
         }
 
         if !content.is_empty() {
-            values.push(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
+            values.push(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant { value: content.into(), kind: None }));
-                value: content.into(),
-                kind: None,
-            }))
         }
 
         let s = match values.len() {
-            0 => self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
+            0 => self.expr(ExprKind::Constant { value: String::new().into(), kind: None }),
-                value: String::new().into(),
-                kind: None,
-            }),
             1 => values.into_iter().next().unwrap(),
             _ => self.expr(ExprKind::JoinedStr { values }),
         };
@@ -270,16 +261,14 @@ impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
 }
 
 fn parse_fstring_expr(source: &str) -> Result<Expr, ParseError> {
-    let fstring_body = format!("({})", source);
+    let fstring_body = format!("({source})");
     parse_expression(&fstring_body)
 }
 
 /// Parse an fstring from a string, located at a certain position in the sourcecode.
 /// In case of errors, we will get the location and the error returned.
 pub fn parse_located_fstring(source: &str, location: Location) -> Result<Expr, FStringError> {
-    FStringParser::new(source, location)
+    FStringParser::new(source, location).parse().map_err(|error| FStringError { error, location })
-        .parse()
-        .map_err(|error| FStringError { error, location })
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -293,7 +282,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring() {
         let source = "{a}{ b }{{foo}}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -301,7 +290,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_nested_spec() {
         let source = "{foo:{spec}}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -309,7 +298,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_not_nested_spec() {
         let source = "{foo:spec}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -322,7 +311,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_base() {
         let src = "{user=}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&src).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -330,7 +319,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_base_more() {
         let src = "mix {user=} with text and {second=}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&src).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -338,7 +327,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_format() {
         let src = "{user=:>10}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&src).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
 
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
@@ -371,35 +360,35 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_not_equals() {
         let source = "{1 != 2}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_equals() {
         let source = "{42 == 42}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_selfdoc_prec_space() {
         let source = "{x   =}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_selfdoc_trailing_space() {
         let source = "{x=   }";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_fstring_yield_expr() {
         let source = "{yield}";
-        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(&source).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/function.rs

@@ -54,38 +54,32 @@ pub fn parse_args(func_args: Vec<FunctionArgument>) -> Result<ArgumentList, Lexi
 
     let mut keyword_names = HashSet::with_capacity_and_hasher(func_args.len(), RandomState::new());
     for (name, value) in func_args {
-        match name {
+        if let Some((location, name)) = name {
-            Some((location, name)) => {
+            if let Some(keyword_name) = &name {
-                if let Some(keyword_name) = &name {
+                if keyword_names.contains(keyword_name) {
-                    if keyword_names.contains(keyword_name) {
-                        return Err(LexicalError {
-                            error: LexicalErrorType::DuplicateKeywordArgumentError,
-                            location,
-                        });
-                    }
-
-                    keyword_names.insert(keyword_name.clone());
-                }
-
-                keywords.push(ast::Keyword::new(
-                    location,
-                    ast::KeywordData {
-                        arg: name.map(|name| name.into()),
-                        value: Box::new(value),
-                    },
-                ));
-            }
-            None => {
-                // Allow starred args after keyword arguments.
-                if !keywords.is_empty() && !is_starred(&value) {
                     return Err(LexicalError {
-                        error: LexicalErrorType::PositionalArgumentError,
+                        error: LexicalErrorType::DuplicateKeywordArgumentError,
-                        location: value.location,
+                        location,
                     });
                 }
 
-                args.push(value);
+                keyword_names.insert(keyword_name.clone());
             }
+
+            keywords.push(ast::Keyword::new(
+                location,
+                ast::KeywordData { arg: name.map(String::into), value: Box::new(value) },
+            ));
+        } else {
+            // Allow starred args after keyword arguments.
+            if !keywords.is_empty() && !is_starred(&value) {
+                return Err(LexicalError {
+                    error: LexicalErrorType::PositionalArgumentError,
+                    location: value.location,
+                });
+            }
+
+            args.push(value);
         }
     }
     Ok(ArgumentList { args, keywords })

nac3parser/src/lexer.rs

@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 //! This means source code is translated into separate tokens.
 
 pub use super::token::Tok;
-use crate::ast::{Location, FileName};
+use crate::ast::{FileName, Location};
 use crate::error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};
 use std::char;
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::num::IntErrorKind;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 use unic_emoji_char::is_emoji_presentation;
 use unic_ucd_ident::{is_xid_continue, is_xid_start};
 
@@ -32,20 +32,14 @@ impl IndentationLevel {
                 if self.spaces <= other.spaces {
                     Ok(Ordering::Less)
                 } else {
-                    Err(LexicalError {
+                    Err(LexicalError { location, error: LexicalErrorType::TabError })
-                        location,
-                        error: LexicalErrorType::TabError,
-                    })
                 }
             }
             Ordering::Greater => {
                 if self.spaces >= other.spaces {
                     Ok(Ordering::Greater)
                 } else {
-                    Err(LexicalError {
+                    Err(LexicalError { location, error: LexicalErrorType::TabError })
-                        location,
-                        error: LexicalErrorType::TabError,
-                    })
                 }
             }
             Ordering::Equal => Ok(self.spaces.cmp(&other.spaces)),
@@ -63,7 +57,7 @@ pub struct Lexer<T: Iterator<Item = char>> {
     chr1: Option<char>,
     chr2: Option<char>,
     location: Location,
-    config_comment_prefix: Option<&'static str>
+    config_comment_prefix: Option<&'static str>,
 }
 
 pub static KEYWORDS: phf::Map<&'static str, Tok> = phf::phf_map! {
@@ -136,11 +130,7 @@ where
     T: Iterator<Item = char>,
 {
     pub fn new(source: T) -> Self {
-        let mut nlh = NewlineHandler {
+        let mut nlh = NewlineHandler { source, chr0: None, chr1: None };
-            source,
-            chr0: None,
-            chr1: None,
-        };
         nlh.shift();
         nlh.shift();
         nlh
@@ -169,7 +159,7 @@ where
                     self.shift();
                 } else {
                     // Transform MAC EOL into \n
-                    self.chr0 = Some('\n')
+                    self.chr0 = Some('\n');
                 }
             } else {
                 break;
@@ -189,13 +179,13 @@ where
             chars: input,
             at_begin_of_line: true,
             nesting: 0,
-            indentation_stack: vec![Default::default()],
+            indentation_stack: vec![IndentationLevel::default()],
             pending: Vec::new(),
             chr0: None,
             location: start,
             chr1: None,
             chr2: None,
-            config_comment_prefix: Some(" nac3:")
+            config_comment_prefix: Some(" nac3:"),
         };
         lxr.next_char();
         lxr.next_char();
@@ -217,11 +207,9 @@ where
         let mut saw_f = false;
         loop {
             // Detect r"", f"", b"" and u""
-            if !(saw_b || saw_u || saw_f) && matches!(self.chr0, Some('b') | Some('B')) {
+            if !(saw_b || saw_u || saw_f) && matches!(self.chr0, Some('b' | 'B')) {
                 saw_b = true;
-            } else if !(saw_b || saw_r || saw_u || saw_f)
+            } else if !(saw_b || saw_r || saw_u || saw_f) && matches!(self.chr0, Some('u' | 'U')) {
-                && matches!(self.chr0, Some('u') | Some('U'))
-            {
                 saw_u = true;
             } else if !(saw_r || saw_u) && (self.chr0 == Some('r') || self.chr0 == Some('R')) {
                 saw_r = true;
@@ -287,15 +275,15 @@ where
         let end_pos = self.get_pos();
         let value = match i128::from_str_radix(&value_text, radix) {
             Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(e) => {
+            Err(e) => match e.kind() {
-                match e.kind() {
+                IntErrorKind::PosOverflow | IntErrorKind::NegOverflow => i128::MAX,
-                    IntErrorKind::PosOverflow | IntErrorKind::NegOverflow => i128::MAX,
+                _ => {
-                    _ => return Err(LexicalError {
+                    return Err(LexicalError {
-                        error: LexicalErrorType::OtherError(format!("{:?}", e)),
+                        error: LexicalErrorType::OtherError(format!("{e:?}")),
                         location: start_pos,
-                    }),
+                    })
                 }
-            }
+            },
         };
         Ok((start_pos, Tok::Int { value }, end_pos))
     }
@@ -338,14 +326,7 @@ where
             if self.chr0 == Some('j') || self.chr0 == Some('J') {
                 self.next_char();
                 let end_pos = self.get_pos();
-                Ok((
+                Ok((start_pos, Tok::Complex { real: 0.0, imag: value }, end_pos))
-                    start_pos,
-                    Tok::Complex {
-                        real: 0.0,
-                        imag: value,
-                    },
-                    end_pos,
-                ))
             } else {
                 let end_pos = self.get_pos();
                 Ok((start_pos, Tok::Float { value }, end_pos))
@@ -364,7 +345,7 @@ where
                 let value = value_text.parse::<i128>().ok();
                 let nonzero = match value {
                     Some(value) => value != 0i128,
-                    None => true
+                    None => true,
                 };
                 if start_is_zero && nonzero {
                     return Err(LexicalError {
@@ -379,7 +360,7 @@ where
 
     /// Consume a sequence of numbers with the given radix,
     /// the digits can be decorated with underscores
-    /// like this: '1_2_3_4' == '1234'
+    /// like this: `'1_2_3_4'` == `'1234'`
     fn radix_run(&mut self, radix: u32) -> String {
         let mut value_text = String::new();
 
@@ -412,7 +393,7 @@ where
             2 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='1')),
             8 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='7')),
             10 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='9')),
-            16 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='9') | Some('a'..='f') | Some('A'..='F')),
+            16 => matches!(c, Some('0'..='9' | 'a'..='f' | 'A'..='F')),
             other => unimplemented!("Radix not implemented: {}", other),
         }
     }
@@ -420,8 +401,8 @@ where
     /// Test if we face '[eE][-+]?[0-9]+'
     fn at_exponent(&self) -> bool {
         match self.chr0 {
-            Some('e') | Some('E') => match self.chr1 {
+            Some('e' | 'E') => match self.chr1 {
-                Some('+') | Some('-') => matches!(self.chr2, Some('0'..='9')),
+                Some('+' | '-') => matches!(self.chr2, Some('0'..='9')),
                 Some('0'..='9') => true,
                 _ => false,
             },
@@ -433,19 +414,17 @@ where
     fn lex_comment(&mut self) -> Option<Spanned> {
         self.next_char();
         // if possibly nac3 pseudocomment, special handling for `# nac3:`
-        let (mut prefix, mut is_comment) = self
+        let (mut prefix, mut is_comment) =
-            .config_comment_prefix
+            self.config_comment_prefix.map_or_else(|| ("".chars(), false), |v| (v.chars(), true));
-            .map_or_else(|| ("".chars(), false), |v| (v.chars(), true));
         // for the correct location of config comment
         let mut start_loc = self.location;
         start_loc.go_left();
         loop {
             match self.chr0 {
-                Some('\n') => return None,
+                Some('\n') | None => return None,
-                None => return None,
                 Some(c) => {
                     if let (true, Some(p)) = (is_comment, prefix.next()) {
-                        is_comment = is_comment && c == p
+                        is_comment = is_comment && c == p;
                     } else {
                         // done checking prefix, if is comment then return the spanned
                         if is_comment {
@@ -460,22 +439,20 @@ where
                             return Some((
                                 start_loc,
                                 Tok::ConfigComment { content: content.trim().into() },
-                                self.location
+                                self.location,
                             ));
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
             self.next_char();
-        };
+        }
     }
 
     fn unicode_literal(&mut self, literal_number: usize) -> Result<char, LexicalError> {
         let mut p: u32 = 0u32;
-        let unicode_error = LexicalError {
+        let unicode_error =
-            error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError,
+            LexicalError { error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError, location: self.get_pos() };
-            location: self.get_pos(),
-        };
         for i in 1..=literal_number {
             match self.next_char() {
                 Some(c) => match c.to_digit(16) {
@@ -496,7 +473,7 @@ where
         octet_content.push(first);
         while octet_content.len() < 3 {
             if let Some('0'..='7') = self.chr0 {
-                octet_content.push(self.next_char().unwrap())
+                octet_content.push(self.next_char().unwrap());
             } else {
                 break;
             }
@@ -530,10 +507,8 @@ where
                 }
             }
         }
-        unicode_names2::character(&name).ok_or(LexicalError {
+        unicode_names2::character(&name)
-            error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError,
+            .ok_or(LexicalError { error: LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError, location: start_pos })
-            location: start_pos,
-        })
     }
 
     fn lex_string(
@@ -566,7 +541,7 @@ where
                     } else if is_raw {
                         string_content.push('\\');
                         if let Some(c) = self.next_char() {
-                            string_content.push(c)
+                            string_content.push(c);
                         } else {
                             return Err(LexicalError {
                                 error: LexicalErrorType::StringError,
@@ -599,7 +574,7 @@ where
                             Some('u') if !is_bytes => string_content.push(self.unicode_literal(4)?),
                             Some('U') if !is_bytes => string_content.push(self.unicode_literal(8)?),
                             Some('N') if !is_bytes => {
-                                string_content.push(self.parse_unicode_name()?)
+                                string_content.push(self.parse_unicode_name()?);
                             }
                             Some(c) => {
                                 string_content.push('\\');
@@ -650,20 +625,15 @@ where
         let end_pos = self.get_pos();
 
         let tok = if is_bytes {
-            Tok::Bytes {
+            Tok::Bytes { value: string_content.chars().map(|c| c as u8).collect() }
-                value: string_content.chars().map(|c| c as u8).collect(),
-            }
         } else {
-            Tok::String {
+            Tok::String { value: string_content, is_fstring }
-                value: string_content,
-                is_fstring,
-            }
         };
 
         Ok((start_pos, tok, end_pos))
     }
 
-    fn is_identifier_start(&self, c: char) -> bool {
+    fn is_identifier_start(c: char) -> bool {
         match c {
             '_' | 'a'..='z' | 'A'..='Z' => true,
             '+' | '-' | '*' | '/' | '=' | ' ' | '<' | '>' => false,
@@ -835,18 +805,14 @@ where
         // Check if we have some character:
         if let Some(c) = self.chr0 {
             // First check identifier:
-            if self.is_identifier_start(c) {
+            if Self::is_identifier_start(c) {
                 let identifier = self.lex_identifier()?;
                 self.emit(identifier);
             } else if is_emoji_presentation(c) {
                 let tok_start = self.get_pos();
                 self.next_char();
                 let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                self.emit((
+                self.emit((tok_start, Tok::Name { name: c.to_string().into() }, tok_end));
-                    tok_start,
-                    Tok::Name { name: c.to_string().into() },
-                    tok_end,
-                ));
             } else {
                 self.consume_character(c)?;
             }
@@ -899,16 +865,13 @@ where
             '=' => {
                 let tok_start = self.get_pos();
                 self.next_char();
-                match self.chr0 {
+                if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
-                    Some('=') => {
+                    self.next_char();
-                        self.next_char();
+                    let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                        let tok_end = self.get_pos();
+                    self.emit((tok_start, Tok::EqEqual, tok_end));
-                        self.emit((tok_start, Tok::EqEqual, tok_end));
+                } else {
-                    }
+                    let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                    _ => {
+                    self.emit((tok_start, Tok::Equal, tok_end));
-                        let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                        self.emit((tok_start, Tok::Equal, tok_end));
-                    }
                 }
             }
             '+' => {
@@ -934,16 +897,13 @@ where
                     }
                     Some('*') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                            self.next_char();
-                                self.next_char();
+                            let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                                let tok_end = self.get_pos();
+                            self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleStarEqual, tok_end));
-                                self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleStarEqual, tok_end));
+                        } else {
-                            }
+                            let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                            _ => {
+                            self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleStar, tok_end));
-                                let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                                self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleStar, tok_end));
-                            }
                         }
                     }
                     _ => {
@@ -963,16 +923,13 @@ where
                     }
                     Some('/') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                            self.next_char();
-                                self.next_char();
+                            let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                                let tok_end = self.get_pos();
+                            self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleSlashEqual, tok_end));
-                                self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleSlashEqual, tok_end));
+                        } else {
-                            }
+                            let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                            _ => {
+                            self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleSlash, tok_end));
-                                let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                                self.emit((tok_start, Tok::DoubleSlash, tok_end));
-                            }
                         }
                     }
                     _ => {
@@ -1141,16 +1098,13 @@ where
                 match self.chr0 {
                     Some('<') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                            self.next_char();
-                                self.next_char();
+                            let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                                let tok_end = self.get_pos();
+                            self.emit((tok_start, Tok::LeftShiftEqual, tok_end));
-                                self.emit((tok_start, Tok::LeftShiftEqual, tok_end));
+                        } else {
-                            }
+                            let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                            _ => {
+                            self.emit((tok_start, Tok::LeftShift, tok_end));
-                                let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                                self.emit((tok_start, Tok::LeftShift, tok_end));
-                            }
                         }
                     }
                     Some('=') => {
@@ -1170,16 +1124,13 @@ where
                 match self.chr0 {
                     Some('>') => {
                         self.next_char();
-                        match self.chr0 {
+                        if let Some('=') = self.chr0 {
-                            Some('=') => {
+                            self.next_char();
-                                self.next_char();
+                            let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                                let tok_end = self.get_pos();
+                            self.emit((tok_start, Tok::RightShiftEqual, tok_end));
-                                self.emit((tok_start, Tok::RightShiftEqual, tok_end));
+                        } else {
-                            }
+                            let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                            _ => {
+                            self.emit((tok_start, Tok::RightShift, tok_end));
-                                let tok_end = self.get_pos();
-                                self.emit((tok_start, Tok::RightShift, tok_end));
-                            }
                         }
                     }
                     Some('=') => {
@@ -1333,13 +1284,14 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::{make_tokenizer, NewlineHandler, Tok};
+    use nac3ast::FileName;
 
     const WINDOWS_EOL: &str = "\r\n";
     const MAC_EOL: &str = "\r";
     const UNIX_EOL: &str = "\n";
 
     pub fn lex_source(source: &str) -> Vec<Tok> {
-        let lexer = make_tokenizer(source, Default::default());
+        let lexer = make_tokenizer(source, FileName::default());
         lexer.map(|x| x.unwrap().1).collect()
     }
 
@@ -1419,7 +1371,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
                 Dedent,
                 Dedent
             ]
-        )
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1439,14 +1391,8 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::String {
+                Tok::String { value: "\\\\".to_owned(), is_fstring: false },
-                    value: "\\\\".to_owned(),
+                Tok::String { value: "\\".to_owned(), is_fstring: false },
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: "\\".to_owned(),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1459,27 +1405,13 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::Int {
+                Tok::Int { value: 47i128 },
-                    value: 47i128,
+                Tok::Int { value: 13i128 },
-                },
+                Tok::Int { value: 0i128 },
-                Tok::Int {
+                Tok::Int { value: 123i128 },
-                    value: 13i128,
-                },
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 0i128,
-                },
-                Tok::Int {
-                    value: 123i128,
-                },
                 Tok::Float { value: 0.2 },
-                Tok::Complex {
+                Tok::Complex { real: 0.0, imag: 2.0 },
-                    real: 0.0,
+                Tok::Complex { real: 0.0, imag: 2.2 },
-                    imag: 2.0,
-                },
-                Tok::Complex {
-                    real: 0.0,
-                    imag: 2.2,
-                },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1539,21 +1471,13 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::Name {
+                Tok::Name { name: String::from("avariable").into() },
-                    name: String::from("avariable").into(),
-                },
                 Tok::Equal,
-                Tok::Int {
+                Tok::Int { value: 99i128 },
-                    value: 99i128
-                },
                 Tok::Plus,
-                Tok::Int {
+                Tok::Int { value: 2i128 },
-                    value: 2i128
-                },
                 Tok::Minus,
-                Tok::Int {
+                Tok::Int { value: 0i128 },
-                    value: 0i128
-                },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1740,42 +1664,15 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
             vec![
-                Tok::String {
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("double"), is_fstring: false },
-                    value: String::from("double"),
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("single"), is_fstring: false },
-                    is_fstring: false,
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("can't"), is_fstring: false },
-                },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\\\""), is_fstring: false },
-                Tok::String {
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\t\r\n"), is_fstring: false },
-                    value: String::from("single"),
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\\g"), is_fstring: false },
-                    is_fstring: false,
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("raw\\'"), is_fstring: false },
-                },
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("Đ"), is_fstring: false },
-                Tok::String {
+                Tok::String { value: String::from("\u{80}\u{0}a"), is_fstring: false },
-                    value: String::from("can't"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\\\""),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\t\r\n"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\\g"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("raw\\'"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("Đ"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::String {
-                    value: String::from("\u{80}\u{0}a"),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
                 Tok::Newline,
             ]
         );
@@ -1830,7 +1727,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
     #[test]
     fn test_escape_char_in_byte_literal() {
         // backslash does not escape
-        let source = r##"b"omkmok\Xaa""##;
+        let source = r#"b"omkmok\Xaa""#;
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
         let res = vec![111, 109, 107, 109, 111, 107, 92, 88, 97, 97];
         assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: res }, Tok::Newline]);
@@ -1840,41 +1737,17 @@ class Foo(A, B):
     fn test_raw_byte_literal() {
         let source = r"rb'\x1z'";
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
-        assert_eq!(
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: b"\\x1z".to_vec() }, Tok::Newline]);
-            tokens,
-            vec![
-                Tok::Bytes {
-                    value: b"\\x1z".to_vec()
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        );
         let source = r"rb'\\'";
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
-        assert_eq!(
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: b"\\\\".to_vec() }, Tok::Newline]);
-            tokens,
-            vec![
-                Tok::Bytes {
-                    value: b"\\\\".to_vec()
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        )
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_escape_octet() {
-        let source = r##"b'\43a\4\1234'"##;
+        let source = r"b'\43a\4\1234'";
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
-        assert_eq!(
+        assert_eq!(tokens, vec![Tok::Bytes { value: b"#a\x04S4".to_vec() }, Tok::Newline]);
-            tokens,
-            vec![
-                Tok::Bytes {
-                    value: b"#a\x04S4".to_vec()
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        )
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1883,13 +1756,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
         let tokens = lex_source(source);
         assert_eq!(
             tokens,
-            vec![
+            vec![Tok::String { value: "\u{2002}".to_owned(), is_fstring: false }, Tok::Newline]
-                Tok::String {
+        );
-                    value: "\u{2002}".to_owned(),
-                    is_fstring: false,
-                },
-                Tok::Newline
-            ]
-        )
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/lib.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,24 @@
 //!
 //! ```
 
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(
+    clippy::enum_glob_use,
+    clippy::fn_params_excessive_bools,
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
+
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate log;
 use lalrpop_util::lalrpop_mod;
@@ -27,9 +45,16 @@ pub mod lexer;
 pub mod mode;
 pub mod parser;
 lalrpop_mod!(
-    #[allow(clippy::all)]
+    #[allow(
-    #[allow(unused)]
+        future_incompatible,
+        let_underscore,
+        nonstandard_style,
+        rust_2024_compatibility,
+        unused,
+        clippy::all,
+        clippy::pedantic
+    )]
     python
 );
-pub mod token;
 pub mod config_comment_helper;
+pub mod token;

nac3parser/src/parser.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 //! parse a whole program, a single statement, or a single
 //! expression.
 
+use nac3ast::Location;
 use std::iter;
 
 use crate::ast::{self, FileName};
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ pub fn parse_program(source: &str, file: FileName) -> Result<ast::Suite, ParseEr
 ///
 /// ```
 pub fn parse_expression(source: &str) -> Result<ast::Expr, ParseError> {
-    parse(source, Mode::Expression, Default::default()).map(|top| match top {
+    parse(source, Mode::Expression, FileName::default()).map(|top| match top {
         ast::Mod::Expression { body } => *body,
         _ => unreachable!(),
     })
@@ -72,12 +73,10 @@ pub fn parse_expression(source: &str) -> Result<ast::Expr, ParseError> {
 // Parse a given source code
 pub fn parse(source: &str, mode: Mode, file: FileName) -> Result<ast::Mod, ParseError> {
     let lxr = lexer::make_tokenizer(source, file);
-    let marker_token = (Default::default(), mode.to_marker(), Default::default());
+    let marker_token = (Location::default(), mode.to_marker(), Location::default());
     let tokenizer = iter::once(Ok(marker_token)).chain(lxr);
 
-    python::TopParser::new()
+    python::TopParser::new().parse(tokenizer).map_err(ParseError::from)
-        .parse(tokenizer)
-        .map_err(ParseError::from)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -86,42 +85,42 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_empty() {
-        let parse_ast = parse_program("", Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program("", FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_print_hello() {
         let source = String::from("print('Hello world')");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_print_2() {
         let source = String::from("print('Hello world', 2)");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_kwargs() {
         let source = String::from("my_func('positional', keyword=2)");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_if_elif_else() {
         let source = String::from("if 1: 10\nelif 2: 20\nelse: 30");
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_lambda() {
         let source = "lambda x, y: x * y"; // lambda(x, y): x * y";
-        let parse_ast = parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
     }
 
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_parse_tuples() {
         let source = "a, b = 4, 5";
 
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ class Foo(A, B):
   pass
  def method_with_default(self, arg='default'):
   pass";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ while i < 2: # nac3: 4
     # nac3: if1
     if 1: # nac3: if2
         3";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -196,7 +195,7 @@ while test: # nac3: while3
     # nac3: simple assign0 
     a = 3 # nac3: simple assign1
 ";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ if a: # nac3: small2
 for i in a: # nac3: for1
     pass
 ";
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).unwrap());
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -224,6 +223,6 @@ for i in a: # nac3: for1
 if a: # nac3: something
 a = 3
 ";
-        assert!(parse_program(source, Default::default()).is_err());
+        assert!(parse_program(source, FileName::default()).is_err());
     }
 }

nac3parser/src/token.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Different token definitions.
 //! Loosely based on token.h from CPython source:
-use std::fmt::{self, Write};
 use crate::ast;
+use std::fmt::{self, Write};
 
 /// Python source code can be tokenized in a sequence of these tokens.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -111,15 +111,23 @@ impl fmt::Display for Tok {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         use Tok::*;
         match self {
-            Name { name } => write!(f, "'{}'", ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *name)),
+            Name { name } => {
-            Int { value } => if *value != i128::MAX { write!(f, "'{}'", value) } else { write!(f, "'#OFL#'") },
+                write!(f, "'{}'", ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *name))
-            Float { value } => write!(f, "'{}'", value),
+            }
-            Complex { real, imag } => write!(f, "{}j{}", real, imag),
+            Int { value } => {
+                if *value == i128::MAX {
+                    write!(f, "'#OFL#'")
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "'{value}'")
+                }
+            }
+            Float { value } => write!(f, "'{value}'"),
+            Complex { real, imag } => write!(f, "{real}j{imag}"),
             String { value, is_fstring } => {
                 if *is_fstring {
-                    write!(f, "f")?
+                    write!(f, "f")?;
                 }
-                write!(f, "{:?}", value)
+                write!(f, "{value:?}")
             }
             Bytes { value } => {
                 write!(f, "b\"")?;
@@ -129,12 +137,16 @@ impl fmt::Display for Tok {
                         10 => f.write_str("\\n")?,
                         13 => f.write_str("\\r")?,
                         32..=126 => f.write_char(*i as char)?,
-                        _ => write!(f, "\\x{:02x}", i)?,
+                        _ => write!(f, "\\x{i:02x}")?,
                     }
                 }
                 f.write_str("\"")
             }
-            ConfigComment { content } => write!(f, "ConfigComment: '{}'", ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *content)),
+            ConfigComment { content } => write!(
+                f,
+                "ConfigComment: '{}'",
+                ast::get_str_from_ref(&ast::get_str_ref_lock(), *content)
+            ),
             Newline => f.write_str("Newline"),
             Indent => f.write_str("Indent"),
             Dedent => f.write_str("Dedent"),

nac3standalone/Cargo.toml

@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }
 
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "4.4"
+version = "4.5"
 features = ["derive"]
 
 [dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.2"
+version = "0.4"
 default-features = false
 features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]

nac3standalone/demo/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.bc
+*.ll
+*.o
+/demo

nac3standalone/demo/demo.c

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <math.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
@@ -5,13 +6,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-#if __SIZEOF_POINTER__ == 8
+#define usize size_t
-    #define usize uint64_t
-#elif __SIZEOF_POINTER__ == 4
-    #define usize uint32_t
-#else
-    #error "Unsupported platform - Platform is not 32-bit or 64-bit"
-#endif
 
 double dbl_nan(void) {
   return NAN;
@@ -26,19 +21,19 @@ void output_bool(bool x) {
 }
 
 void output_int32(int32_t x) {
-    printf("%d\n", x);
+    printf("%"PRId32"\n", x);
 }
 
 void output_int64(int64_t x) {
-    printf("%lld\n", x);
+    printf("%"PRId64"\n", x);
 }
 
 void output_uint32(uint32_t x) {
-    printf("%u\n", x);
+    printf("%"PRIu32"\n", x);
 }
 
 void output_uint64(uint64_t x) {
-    printf("%llu\n", x);
+    printf("%"PRIu64"\n", x);
 }
 
 void output_float64(double x) {
@@ -49,6 +44,15 @@ void output_float64(double x) {
     }
 }
 
+void output_range(int32_t range[3]) {
+    printf("range(");
+    printf("%d, %d", range[0], range[1]);
+    if (range[2] != 1) {
+        printf(", %d", range[2]);
+    }
+    puts(")");
+}
+
 void output_asciiart(int32_t x) {
     static const char *chars = " .,-:;i+hHM$*#@    ";
     if (x < 0) {
@@ -84,6 +88,10 @@ void output_str(struct cslice *slice) {
     for (usize i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
         putchar(data[i]);
     }
+}
+
+void output_strln(struct cslice *slice) {
+    output_str(slice);
     putchar('\n');
 }
 
@@ -94,13 +102,13 @@ uint64_t dbg_stack_address(__attribute__((unused)) struct cslice *slice) {
 }
 
 uint32_t __nac3_personality(uint32_t state, uint32_t exception_object, uint32_t context) {
-    printf("__nac3_personality(state: %u, exception_object: %u, context: %u\n", state, exception_object, context);
+    printf("__nac3_personality(state: %u, exception_object: %u, context: %u)\n", state, exception_object, context);
     exit(101);
     __builtin_unreachable();
 }
 
 uint32_t __nac3_raise(uint32_t state, uint32_t exception_object, uint32_t context) {
-    printf("__nac3_raise(state: %u, exception_object: %u, context: %u\n", state, exception_object, context);
+    printf("__nac3_raise(state: %u, exception_object: %u, context: %u)\n", state, exception_object, context);
     exit(101);
     __builtin_unreachable();
 }

nac3standalone/demo/interpret_demo.py

@@ -5,11 +5,12 @@ import importlib.util
 import importlib.machinery
 import math
 import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
 import pathlib
 
 from numpy import int32, int64, uint32, uint64
 from scipy import special
-from typing import TypeVar, Generic
+from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Literal, Union
 
 T = TypeVar('T')
 class Option(Generic[T]):
@@ -50,11 +51,45 @@ class _ConstGenericMarker:
 def ConstGeneric(name, constraint):
     return TypeVar(name, _ConstGenericMarker, constraint)
 
-def round_away_zero(x):
+N = TypeVar("N", bound=np.uint64)
-    if x >= 0.0:
+class _NDArrayDummy(Generic[T, N]):
-        return math.floor(x + 0.5)
+    pass
+
+# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/67803260/how-to-create-a-type-alias-with-a-throw-away-generic
+NDArray = Union[npt.NDArray[T], _NDArrayDummy[T, N]]
+
+def _bool(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.bool_(x)
     else:
-        return math.ceil(x - 0.5)
+        return bool(x)
+
+def _float(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.float_(x)
+    else:
+        return float(x)
+
+def round_away_zero(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.vectorize(round_away_zero)(x)
+    else:
+        if x >= 0.0:
+            return math.floor(x + 0.5)
+        else:
+            return math.ceil(x - 0.5)
+
+def _floor(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.vectorize(_floor)(x)
+    else:
+        return math.floor(x)
+
+def _ceil(x):
+    if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+        return np.vectorize(_ceil)(x)
+    else:
+        return math.ceil(x)
 
 def patch(module):
     def dbl_nan():
@@ -72,6 +107,9 @@ def patch(module):
     def output_float(x):
         print("%f" % x)
 
+    def output_strln(x):
+        print(x, end='')
+
     def dbg_stack_address(_):
         return 0
 
@@ -85,6 +123,8 @@ def patch(module):
             return output_asciiart
         elif name == "output_float64":
             return output_float
+        elif name == "output_str":
+            return output_strln
         elif name in {
             "output_bool",
             "output_int32",
@@ -92,7 +132,8 @@ def patch(module):
             "output_int32_list",
             "output_uint32",
             "output_uint64",
-            "output_str",
+            "output_strln",
+            "output_range",
         }:
             return print
         elif name == "dbg_stack_address":
@@ -104,9 +145,12 @@ def patch(module):
     module.int64 = int64
     module.uint32 = uint32
     module.uint64 = uint64
+    module.bool = _bool
+    module.float = _float
     module.TypeVar = TypeVar
     module.ConstGeneric = ConstGeneric
     module.Generic = Generic
+    module.Literal = Literal
     module.extern = extern
     module.Option = Option
     module.Some = Some
@@ -116,16 +160,31 @@ def patch(module):
     module.round = round_away_zero
     module.round64 = round_away_zero
     module.np_round = np.round
-    module.floor = math.floor
+    module.floor = _floor
-    module.floor64 = math.floor
+    module.floor64 = _floor
     module.np_floor = np.floor
-    module.ceil = math.ceil
+    module.ceil = _ceil
-    module.ceil64 = math.ceil
+    module.ceil64 = _ceil
     module.np_ceil = np.ceil
 
+    # NumPy ndarray functions
+    module.ndarray = NDArray
+    module.np_ndarray = np.ndarray
+    module.np_empty = np.empty
+    module.np_zeros = np.zeros
+    module.np_ones = np.ones
+    module.np_full = np.full
+    module.np_eye = np.eye
+    module.np_identity = np.identity
+    module.np_array = np.array
+
     # NumPy Math functions
     module.np_isnan = np.isnan
     module.np_isinf = np.isinf
+    module.np_min = np.min
+    module.np_minimum = np.minimum
+    module.np_max = np.max
+    module.np_maximum = np.maximum
     module.np_sin = np.sin
     module.np_cos = np.cos
     module.np_exp = np.exp
@@ -165,6 +224,14 @@ def patch(module):
     module.sp_spec_j0 = special.j0
     module.sp_spec_j1 = special.j1
 
+    # NumPy NDArray Functions
+    module.np_ndarray = np.ndarray
+    module.np_empty = np.empty
+    module.np_zeros = np.zeros
+    module.np_ones = np.ones
+    module.np_full = np.full
+    module.np_eye = np.eye
+    module.np_identity = np.identity
 
 def file_import(filename, prefix="file_import_"):
     filename = pathlib.Path(filename)

nac3standalone/demo/run_demo.sh

@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ fi
 declare -a nac3args
 while [ $# -ge 1 ]; do
   case "$1" in
+    --help)
+      echo "Usage: run_demo.sh [--help] [--out OUTFILE] [--lli] [--debug] -- [NAC3ARGS...]"
+      exit
+      ;;
     --out)
       shift
       outfile="$1"
@@ -17,14 +21,28 @@ while [ $# -ge 1 ]; do
     --lli)
       use_lli=1
       ;;
+    --debug)
+      debug=1
+      ;;
+    --)
+      shift
+      break
+      ;;
     *)
-      nac3args+=("$1")
+      break
       ;;
   esac
   shift
 done
 
-if [ -e ../../target/release/nac3standalone ]; then
+while [ $# -ge 1 ]; do
+  nac3args+=("$1")
+  shift
+done
+
+if [ -n "$debug" ] && [ -e ../../target/debug/nac3standalone ]; then
+    nac3standalone=../../target/debug/nac3standalone
+elif [ -e ../../target/release/nac3standalone ]; then
     nac3standalone=../../target/release/nac3standalone
 else
     # used by Nix builds

nac3standalone/demo/src/classes.py

@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ def output_int32(x: int32):
 def output_int64(x: int64):
     ...
 
+@extern
+def output_strln(x: str):
+    ...
+
 
 class B:
     b: int32
@@ -23,10 +27,14 @@ class A:
     def get_a(self) -> int32:
         return self.a
     
-    def get_b(self) -> B:
+    # def get_b(self) -> B:
-        return self.b
+    #     return self.b
 
 
+class Initless:
+    def foo(self):
+        output_strln("hello")
+
 def run() -> int32:
     a = A(10)
     output_int32(a.a)
@@ -35,4 +43,8 @@ def run() -> int32:
     output_int32(a.a)
     output_int32(a.get_a())
     # output_int32(a.get_b().b) FIXME: NAC3 prints garbage
+
+    initless = Initless()
+    initless.foo()
+
     return 0

nac3standalone/demo/src/const_generic.py

@@ -16,28 +16,28 @@ class HybridGenericClass2(Generic[A, T]):
 class HybridGenericClass3(Generic[T, A, B]):
     pass
 
-def make_generic_2() -> ConstGenericClass[2]:
+def make_generic_2() -> ConstGenericClass[Literal[2]]:
     return ...
 
-def make_generic2_1_2() -> ConstGeneric2Class[1, 2]:
+def make_generic2_1_2() -> ConstGeneric2Class[Literal[1], Literal[2]]:
     return ...
 
-def make_hybrid_class_2_int32() -> HybridGenericClass2[2, int32]:
+def make_hybrid_class_2_int32() -> HybridGenericClass2[Literal[2], int32]:
     return ...
 
-def make_hybrid_class_i32_0_1() -> HybridGenericClass3[int32, 0, 1]:
+def make_hybrid_class_i32_0_1() -> HybridGenericClass3[int32, Literal[0], Literal[1]]:
     return ...
 
-def consume_generic_2(instance: ConstGenericClass[2]):
+def consume_generic_2(instance: ConstGenericClass[Literal[2]]):
     pass
 
-def consume_generic2_1_2(instance: ConstGeneric2Class[1, 2]):
+def consume_generic2_1_2(instance: ConstGeneric2Class[Literal[1], Literal[2]]):
     pass
 
-def consume_hybrid_class_2_i32(instance: HybridGenericClass2[2, int32]):
+def consume_hybrid_class_2_i32(instance: HybridGenericClass2[Literal[2], int32]):
     pass
 
-def consume_hybrid_class_i32_0_1(instance: HybridGenericClass3[int32, 0, 1]):
+def consume_hybrid_class_i32_0_1(instance: HybridGenericClass3[int32, Literal[0], Literal[1]]):
     pass
 
 def f():

nac3standalone/demo/src/demo_test.py

@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ def output_uint64(x: uint64):
 def output_float64(x: float):
     ...
 
+@extern
+def output_range(x: range):
+    ...
+
 @extern
 def output_int32_list(x: list[int32]):
     ...
@@ -34,6 +38,10 @@ def output_asciiart(x: int32):
 def output_str(x: str):
     ...
 
+@extern
+def output_strln(x: str):
+    ...
+
 def test_output_bool():
     output_bool(True)
     output_bool(False)
@@ -59,6 +67,15 @@ def test_output_float64():
     output_float64(16.25)
     output_float64(-16.25)
 
+def test_output_range():
+    r = range(1, 100, 5)
+    output_int32(r.start)
+    output_int32(r.stop)
+    output_int32(r.step)
+    output_range(range(10))
+    output_range(range(1, 10))
+    output_range(range(1, 10, 2))
+
 def test_output_asciiart():
     for i in range(17):
         output_asciiart(i)
@@ -68,7 +85,8 @@ def test_output_int32_list():
     output_int32_list([0, 1, 3, 5, 10])
 
 def test_output_str_family():
-    output_str("hello world")
+    output_str("hello")
+    output_strln(" world")
 
 def run() -> int32:
     test_output_bool()
@@ -77,6 +95,7 @@ def run() -> int32:
     test_output_uint32()
     test_output_uint64()
     test_output_float64()
+    test_output_range()
     test_output_asciiart()
     test_output_int32_list()
     test_output_str_family()

nac3standalone/demo/src/lists.py

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+@extern
+def output_bool(x: bool):
+    ...
+
 @extern
 def output_int32_list(x: list[int32]):
     ...
@@ -30,6 +34,32 @@ def run() -> int32:
 
     get_list_slice()
     list_slice_assignment()
+
+    output_int32_list([1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6])
+    output_int32_list([1, 2, 3] * 3)
+    output_bool([] == [])
+    output_bool([0] == [])
+    output_bool([0] == [0])
+    output_bool([0, 1] == [0])
+    output_bool([0, 1] == [0, 1])
+    output_bool([] != [])
+    output_bool([0] != [])
+    output_bool([0] != [0])
+    output_bool([0] != [0, 1])
+    output_bool([0, 1] != [0, 1])
+    output_bool([] == [] == [])
+    output_bool([0] == [0] == [0])
+    output_bool([0, 1] == [0] == [0, 1])
+    output_bool([0, 1] == [0, 1] == [0])
+    output_bool([0] == [0, 1] == [0, 1])
+    output_bool([0, 1] == [0, 1] == [0, 1])
+    output_bool([] != [] != [])
+    output_bool([0] != [0] != [0])
+    output_bool([0, 1] != [0] != [0, 1])
+    output_bool([0, 1] != [0, 1] != [0])
+    output_bool([0] != [0, 1] != [0, 1])
+    output_bool([0, 1] != [0, 1] != [0, 1])
+
     return 0
 
 def get_list_slice():

nac3standalone/demo/src/loop_try_break.py

@@ -23,11 +23,12 @@ def run() -> int32:
                     output_int32(x)
                     output_str(" * ")
                     output_float64(n / x)
+                    output_str("\n")
             except:  # Assume this is intended to catch x == 0
                 break
         else:
             # loop fell through without finding a factor
             output_int32(n)
-            output_str(" is a prime number")
+            output_str(" is a prime number\n")
 
     return 0

nac3standalone/demo/src/math.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def test_round64():
         output_int64(round64(x))
 
 def test_np_round():
-    for x in [-1.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.5, dbl_inf(), -dbl_inf(), dbl_nan()]:
+    for x in [-1.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.5, dbl_inf(), -dbl_inf(), dbl_nan(), 0.0, -0.0, 1.6, 1.4, -1.4, -1.6]:
         output_float64(np_round(x))
 
 def test_np_isnan():
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def test_np_expm1():
 
 def test_np_cbrt():
     for x in [1.0, 8.0, 27.0, dbl_inf(), -dbl_inf(), dbl_nan()]:
-        output_float64(np_expm1(x))
+        output_float64(np_cbrt(x))
 
 def test_sp_spec_erf():
     for x in [-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, dbl_inf(), -dbl_inf(), dbl_nan()]:

nac3standalone/demo/src/operators.py

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+@extern
+def output_bool(x: bool):
+    ...
+
 @extern
 def output_int32(x: int32):
     ...
@@ -17,14 +21,27 @@ def output_float64(x: float):
     ...
 
 def run() -> int32:
+    test_bool()
     test_int32()
     test_uint32()
     test_int64()
     test_uint64()
-    test_A()
+    # test_A()
-    test_B()
+    # test_B()
     return 0
 
+def test_bool():
+    t = True
+    f = False
+    output_bool(not t)
+    output_bool(not f)
+    output_int32(~t)
+    output_int32(~f)
+    output_int32(+t)
+    output_int32(+f)
+    output_int32(-t)
+    output_int32(-f)
+
 def test_int32():
     a = 17
     b = 3
@@ -173,91 +190,92 @@ def test_uint64():
     a >>= uint32(b)
     output_uint64(a)
 
-class A:
+# FIXME Fix returning objects of non-primitive types; Currently this is disabled in the function checker
-    a: int32
+# class A:
-    def __init__(self, a: int32):
+#     a: int32
-        self.a = a
+#     def __init__(self, a: int32):
-    
+#         self.a = a
-    def __add__(self, other: A) -> A:
+#
-        output_int32(self.a + other.a)
+#     def __add__(self, other: A) -> A:
-        return A(self.a + other.a)
+#         output_int32(self.a + other.a)
-
+#         return A(self.a + other.a)
-    def __sub__(self, other: A) -> A:
+#
-        output_int32(self.a - other.a)
+#     def __sub__(self, other: A) -> A:
-        return A(self.a - other.a)
+#         output_int32(self.a - other.a)
-
+#         return A(self.a - other.a)
-def test_A():
+#
-    a = A(17)
+# def test_A():
-    b = A(3)
+#     a = A(17)
-    
+#     b = A(3)
-    c = a + b
+#
-    # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
+#     c = a + b
-    # output_int32(c.a)
+#     # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
-
+#     # output_int32(c.a)
-    a += b
+#
-    # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
+#     a += b
-    # output_int32(a.a)
+#     # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
-    
+#     # output_int32(a.a)
-    a = A(17)
+#
-    b = A(3)
+#     a = A(17)
-    d = a - b
+#     b = A(3)
-    # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
+#     d = a - b
-    # output_int32(c.a)
+#     # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
-
+#     # output_int32(c.a)
-    a -= b
+#
-    # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
+#     a -= b
-    # output_int32(a.a)
+#     # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
-
+#     # output_int32(a.a)
-    a = A(17)
+#
-    b = A(3)
+#     a = A(17)
-    a.__add__(b)
+#     b = A(3)
-    a.__sub__(b)
+#     a.__add__(b)
-
+#     a.__sub__(b)
-
+#
-class B:
+#
-    a: int32
+# class B:
-    def __init__(self, a: int32):
+#     a: int32
-        self.a = a
+#     def __init__(self, a: int32):
-    
+#         self.a = a
-    def __add__(self, other: B) -> B:
+#
-        output_int32(self.a + other.a)
+#     def __add__(self, other: B) -> B:
-        return B(self.a + other.a)
+#         output_int32(self.a + other.a)
-
+#         return B(self.a + other.a)
-    def __sub__(self, other: B) -> B:
+#
-        output_int32(self.a - other.a)
+#     def __sub__(self, other: B) -> B:
-        return B(self.a - other.a)
+#         output_int32(self.a - other.a)
-    
+#         return B(self.a - other.a)
-    def __iadd__(self, other: B) -> B:
+#
-        output_int32(self.a + other.a + 24)
+#     def __iadd__(self, other: B) -> B:
-        return B(self.a + other.a + 24)
+#         output_int32(self.a + other.a + 24)
-
+#         return B(self.a + other.a + 24)
-    def __isub__(self, other: B) -> B:
+#
-        output_int32(self.a - other.a - 24)
+#     def __isub__(self, other: B) -> B:
-        return B(self.a - other.a - 24)
+#         output_int32(self.a - other.a - 24)
-
+#         return B(self.a - other.a - 24)
-def test_B():
+#
-    a = B(17)
+# def test_B():
-    b = B(3)
+#     a = B(17)
-    
+#     b = B(3)
-    c = a + b
+#
-    # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
+#     c = a + b
-    # output_int32(c.a)
+#     # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
-
+#     # output_int32(c.a)
-    a += b
+#
-    # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
+#     a += b
-    # output_int32(a.a)
+#     # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
-    
+#     # output_int32(a.a)
-    a = B(17)
+#
-    b = B(3)
+#     a = B(17)
-    d = a - b
+#     b = B(3)
-    # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
+#     d = a - b
-    # output_int32(c.a)
+#     # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
-
+#     # output_int32(c.a)
-    a -= b
+#
-    # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
+#     a -= b
-    # output_int32(a.a)
+#     # fail due to alloca in __add__ function
-
+#     # output_int32(a.a)
-    a = B(17)
+#
-    b = B(3)
+#     a = B(17)
-    a.__add__(b)
+#     b = B(3)
-    a.__sub__(b)
+#     a.__add__(b)
+#     a.__sub__(b)

nac3standalone/src/basic_symbol_resolver.rs

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ use nac3core::{
 };
 use nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef};
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
-use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
 use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
 
 pub struct ResolverInternal {
     pub id_to_type: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
@@ -63,8 +63,12 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
     }
 
     fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
-        self.0.id_to_def.lock().get(&id).copied()
+        self.0
-            .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from(["Undefined identifier".to_string()]))
+            .id_to_def
+            .lock()
+            .get(&id)
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or_else(|| HashSet::from([format!("Undefined identifier `{id}`")]))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, s: &str) -> i32 {
@@ -72,7 +76,8 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         if let Some(id) = str_store.get(s) {
             *id
         } else {
-            let id = str_store.len() as i32;
+            let id = i32::try_from(str_store.len())
+                .expect("Symbol resolver string store size exceeds max capacity (i32::MAX)");
             str_store.insert(s.to_string(), id);
             id
         }

nac3standalone/src/main.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,22 @@
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(clippy::too_many_lines, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+
 use clap::Parser;
 use inkwell::{
-    memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
+    memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer, passes::PassBuilderOptions, support::is_multithreaded, targets::*,
-    passes::PassBuilderOptions,
-    support::is_multithreaded,
-    targets::*,
     OptimizationLevel,
 };
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
-use std::{collections::HashMap, fs, path::Path, sync::Arc};
 use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, fs, path::Path, sync::Arc};
 
 use nac3core::{
     codegen::{
@@ -17,12 +25,14 @@ use nac3core::{
     },
     symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver,
     toplevel::{
-        composer::TopLevelComposer, helper::parse_parameter_default_value, type_annotation::*,
+        composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
+        helper::parse_parameter_default_value,
+        type_annotation::*,
         TopLevelDef,
     },
     typecheck::{
         type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{FunSignature, Type, Unifier},
+        typedef::{FunSignature, Type, Unifier, VarMap},
     },
 };
 use nac3parser::{
@@ -32,7 +42,6 @@ use nac3parser::{
 
 mod basic_symbol_resolver;
 use basic_symbol_resolver::*;
-use nac3core::toplevel::composer::ComposerConfig;
 
 /// Command-line argument parser definition.
 #[derive(Parser)]
@@ -77,19 +86,18 @@ fn handle_typevar_definition(
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
 ) -> Result<Type, HashSet<String>> {
     let ExprKind::Call { func, args, .. } = &var.node else {
-        return Err(HashSet::from([
+        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-            format!(
+            "expression {var:?} cannot be handled as a generic parameter in global scope"
-                "expression {var:?} cannot be handled as a generic parameter in global scope"
+        )]));
-            ),
-        ]))
     };
 
     match &func.node {
         ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"TypeVar".into() => {
             let ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Str(ty_name), .. } = &args[0].node else {
-                return Err(HashSet::from([
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                    format!("Expected string constant for first parameter of `TypeVar`, got {:?}", &args[0].node),
+                    "Expected string constant for first parameter of `TypeVar`, got {:?}",
-                ]))
+                    &args[0].node
+                )]));
             };
             let generic_name: StrRef = ty_name.to_string().into();
 
@@ -103,39 +111,35 @@ fn handle_typevar_definition(
                         unifier,
                         primitives,
                         x,
-                        HashMap::default(),
+                        HashMap::new(),
-                        None,
                     )?;
-                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
+                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(def_list, unifier, &ty, &mut None)
-                        def_list, unifier, &ty, &mut None
-                    )
                 })
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
             let loc = func.location;
 
             if constraints.len() == 1 {
-                return Err(HashSet::from([
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                    format!("A single constraint is not allowed (at {loc})"),
+                    "A single constraint is not allowed (at {loc})"
-                ]))
+                )]));
             }
 
-            Ok(unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&constraints, Some(generic_name), Some(loc)).0)
+            Ok(unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&constraints, Some(generic_name), Some(loc)).ty)
         }
 
         ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"ConstGeneric".into() => {
             if args.len() != 2 {
-                return Err(HashSet::from([
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                    format!("Expected 2 arguments for `ConstGeneric`, got {}", args.len()),
+                    "Expected 2 arguments for `ConstGeneric`, got {}",
-                ]))
+                    args.len()
+                )]));
             }
 
             let ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Str(ty_name), .. } = &args[0].node else {
-                return Err(HashSet::from([
+                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                    format!(
+                    "Expected string constant for first parameter of `ConstGeneric`, got {:?}",
-                        "Expected string constant for first parameter of `ConstGeneric`, got {:?}",
+                    &args[0].node
-                        &args[0].node
+                )]));
-                    ),
-                ]))
             };
             let generic_name: StrRef = ty_name.to_string().into();
 
@@ -145,22 +149,18 @@ fn handle_typevar_definition(
                 unifier,
                 primitives,
                 &args[1],
-                HashMap::default(),
+                HashMap::new(),
-                None,
-            )?;
-            let constraint = get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
-                def_list, unifier, &ty, &mut None
             )?;
+            let constraint =
+                get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(def_list, unifier, &ty, &mut None)?;
             let loc = func.location;
 
-            Ok(unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(constraint, Some(generic_name), Some(loc)).0)
+            Ok(unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(constraint, Some(generic_name), Some(loc)).ty)
         }
 
-        _ => Err(HashSet::from([
+        _ => Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-            format!(
+            "expression {var:?} cannot be handled as a generic parameter in global scope"
-                "expression {var:?} cannot be handled as a generic parameter in global scope"
+        )])),
-            ),
-        ]))
     }
 }
 
@@ -176,18 +176,12 @@ fn handle_assignment_pattern(
     if targets.len() == 1 {
         match &targets[0].node {
             ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
-                if let Ok(var) = handle_typevar_definition(
+                if let Ok(var) =
-                    value,
+                    handle_typevar_definition(value, resolver, def_list, unifier, primitives)
-                    resolver,
+                {
-                    def_list,
-                    unifier,
-                    primitives,
-                ) {
                     internal_resolver.add_id_type(*id, var);
                     Ok(())
-                } else if let Ok(val) =
+                } else if let Ok(val) = parse_parameter_default_value(value, resolver) {
-                    parse_parameter_default_value(value, resolver)
-                {
                     internal_resolver.add_module_global(*id, val);
                     Ok(())
                 } else {
@@ -239,25 +233,17 @@ fn handle_assignment_pattern(
                     ))
                 }
             }
-            _ => Err(format!(
+            _ => Err(format!("unpack of this expression is not supported at {}", value.location)),
-                "unpack of this expression is not supported at {}",
-                value.location
-            )),
         }
     }
 }
 
 fn main() {
+    const SIZE_T: u32 = usize::BITS;
+
     let cli = CommandLineArgs::parse();
-    let CommandLineArgs {
+    let CommandLineArgs { file_name, threads, opt_level, emit_llvm, triple, mcpu, target_features } =
-        file_name,
+        cli;
-        threads,
-        opt_level,
-        emit_llvm,
-        triple,
-        mcpu,
-        target_features,
-    } = cli;
 
     Target::initialize_all(&InitializationConfig::default());
 
@@ -269,11 +255,9 @@ fn main() {
     let target_features = target_features.unwrap_or_default();
     let threads = if is_multithreaded() {
         if threads == 0 {
-            std::thread::available_parallelism()
+            std::thread::available_parallelism().map(NonZeroUsize::get).unwrap_or(1usize)
-                .map(|threads| threads.get() as u32)
-                .unwrap_or(1u32)
         } else {
-            threads
+            threads as usize
         }
     } else {
         if threads != 1 {
@@ -297,9 +281,9 @@ fn main() {
         }
     };
 
-    let primitive: PrimitiveStore = TopLevelComposer::make_primitives().0;
+    let primitive: PrimitiveStore = TopLevelComposer::make_primitives(SIZE_T).0;
     let (mut composer, builtins_def, builtins_ty) =
-        TopLevelComposer::new(vec![], ComposerConfig::default());
+        TopLevelComposer::new(vec![], ComposerConfig::default(), SIZE_T);
 
     let internal_resolver: Arc<ResolverInternal> = ResolverInternal {
         id_to_type: builtins_ty.into(),
@@ -307,7 +291,8 @@ fn main() {
         class_names: Mutex::default(),
         module_globals: Mutex::default(),
         str_store: Mutex::default(),
-    }.into();
+    }
+    .into();
     let resolver =
         Arc::new(Resolver(internal_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
 
@@ -331,13 +316,16 @@ fn main() {
                     eprintln!("{err}");
                     return;
                 }
-            },
+            }
             // allow (and ignore) "from __future__ import annotations"
             StmtKind::ImportFrom { module, names, .. }
-                if module == &Some("__future__".into()) && names.len() == 1 && names[0].name == "annotations".into() => (),
+                if module == &Some("__future__".into())
+                    && names.len() == 1
+                    && names[0].name == "annotations".into() => {}
             _ => {
-                let (name, def_id, ty) =
+                let (name, def_id, ty) = composer
-                    composer.register_top_level(stmt, Some(resolver.clone()), "__main__", true).unwrap();
+                    .register_top_level(stmt, Some(resolver.clone()), "__main__", true)
+                    .unwrap();
                 internal_resolver.add_id_def(name, def_id);
                 if let Some(ty) = ty {
                     internal_resolver.add_id_type(name, ty);
@@ -346,13 +334,25 @@ fn main() {
         }
     }
 
-    let signature = FunSignature { args: vec![], ret: primitive.int32, vars: HashMap::new() };
+    let signature = FunSignature { args: vec![], ret: primitive.int32, vars: VarMap::new() };
     let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
     let mut cache = HashMap::new();
     let signature = store.from_signature(&mut composer.unifier, &primitive, &signature, &mut cache);
     let signature = store.add_cty(signature);
 
-    composer.start_analysis(true).unwrap();
+    if let Err(errors) = composer.start_analysis(true) {
+        let error_count = errors.len();
+        eprintln!("{error_count} error(s) occurred during top level analysis.");
+
+        for (error_i, error) in errors.iter().enumerate() {
+            let error_num = error_i + 1;
+            eprintln!("=========== ERROR {error_num}/{error_count} ============");
+            eprintln!("{error}");
+        }
+        eprintln!("==================================");
+
+        panic!("top level analysis failed");
+    }
 
     let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
 
@@ -363,7 +363,8 @@ fn main() {
             .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("cannot find run() entry point"))
             .0]
             .write();
-        let TopLevelDef::Function { instance_to_stmt, instance_to_symbol, .. } = &mut *instance else {
+        let TopLevelDef::Function { instance_to_stmt, instance_to_symbol, .. } = &mut *instance
+        else {
             unreachable!()
         };
         instance_to_symbol.insert(String::new(), "run".to_string());
@@ -402,7 +403,7 @@ fn main() {
         membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
     })));
     let threads = (0..threads)
-        .map(|i| Box::new(DefaultCodeGenerator::new(format!("module{i}"), 64)))
+        .map(|i| Box::new(DefaultCodeGenerator::new(format!("module{i}"), SIZE_T)))
         .collect();
     let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
     registry.add_task(task);
@@ -443,7 +444,8 @@ fn main() {
         function_iter = func.get_next_function();
     }
 
-    let target_machine = llvm_options.target
+    let target_machine = llvm_options
+        .target
         .create_target_machine(llvm_options.opt_level)
         .expect("couldn't create target machine");
 

nix/windows/default.nix

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ in rec {
     ''
     mkdir -p $out/bin
     ln -s ${llvm-nac3}/bin/clang.exe $out/bin/clang-irrt.exe
+    ln -s ${llvm-nac3}/bin/clang.exe $out/bin/clang-irrt-test.exe
     ln -s ${llvm-nac3}/bin/llvm-as.exe $out/bin/llvm-as-irrt.exe
     '';
   nac3artiq = pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {

nix/windows/msys2_packages.nix

@@ -1,123 +1,123 @@
 { pkgs } : [
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libffi-3.4.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunwind-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0mws1g7w11riczc168x7kzb8nl74iry4bzkb72nspw1vmlblxfy6";
+  sha256 = "1v8zkfcbf1ga2ndpd1j0dwv5s1rassxs2b5pjhcsmqwjcvczba1m";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libffi-3.4.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunwind-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunwind-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libc++-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1748ncih1zj4vnj9c0gcp5rf21gm2pn9xdy2hrigp2pvfchrnmwn";
+  sha256 = "0mfd8wrmgx12j5gf354j7pk1l3lg9ykxvq75xdk3jipsr6hbn846";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunwind-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libc++-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libc++-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libffi-3.4.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "00waw5qmpycib7xhk6aywqgqg8y26q2xbm8m4za7mpy04g2alav4";
+  sha256 = "1q6gms980985bp087rnnpvz2fwfakgm5266izfk3b1mbp620s1yv";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libc++-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libffi-3.4.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-zlib-1.3-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libiconv-1.17-4-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0rfwz7czvwa8clickjw1kd114miyifxf1s2v9mxffkaivm45f62v";
+  sha256 = "1g2bkhgf60dywccxw911ydyigf3m25yqfh81m5099swr7mjsmzyf";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-zlib-1.3-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libiconv-1.17-4-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libiconv-1.17-3-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-gettext-runtime-0.22.5-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1hxmdgivb86h7wz9hcp0had99ngv157w1fbjg7cgy068zv787m8w";
+  sha256 = "0ll6ci6d3mc7g04q0xixjc209bh8r874dqbczgns69jsad3wg6mi";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libiconv-1.17-3-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-gettext-runtime-0.22.5-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-expat-2.5.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-xz-5.6.2-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1gi9ckh48k64gras307f6pf5y558hj80izlxri8cnwvzzmmra8dg";
+  sha256 = "0phb9hwqksk1rg29yhwlc7si78zav19c2kac0i841pc7mc2n9gzx";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-expat-2.5.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-xz-5.6.2-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-gettext-0.22.4-3-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-zlib-1.3.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0i2gbhzvcy8cq7gnd9zsjw47jmn8gsq5pam5j3yn84jn578f3mfi";
+  sha256 = "06i9xjsskf4ddb2ph4h31md5c7imj9mzjhd4lc4q44j8dmpc1w5p";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-gettext-0.22.4-3-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-zlib-1.3.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-xz-5.4.5-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libxml2-2.12.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1niky9s7qq0434ljma3f9m8yybcifkvkxwhk580crzb2ifpmqxc3";
+  sha256 = "1imipb0dz4w6x4n9arn22imyzzcwdlf2cqxvn7irqq7w9by6fy0b";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-xz-5.4.5-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libxml2-2.12.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libxml2-2.12.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-zstd-1.5.6-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0lajdhkqv3hrfmnf9wa0ddqpr9z8rvb037rv0ss60g2n0b92s5gk";
+  sha256 = "02cp5ci8w50k7xn38mpkwnr8sn898v18wcc07y8f9sfla7vcyfix";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libxml2-2.12.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-zstd-1.5.6-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-zstd-1.5.5-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-libs-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "07739wmwgxf0d6db4p8w302a6jwcm01aafr1s8jvcl5k1h5a1m2m";
+  sha256 = "0rpbgvvinsqflhd3nhfxk0g0yy8j80zzw5yx6573ak0m78a9fa06";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-zstd-1.5.5-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-libs-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-libs-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "13gpp9ah8g4ggzmgsskwcrck16rvjwp464i5vyw9zwm88bdhmz93";
+  sha256 = "185g5h8q3x3rav9lp2njln58ny2idh2067fd02j3nsbik6glshpf";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-libs-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang-libs-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "103zfg4ypmzhy0gd02arjydca2l4ak2mai3g1xrck83l15v85f9h";
+  sha256 = "089hji3yd7wsd03v9mdfgc99l5k1dql8kg7p3hy13vrbgfsabxhc";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang-libs-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-compiler-rt-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-compiler-rt-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0n38jb9gl3zmy7f07bqzpk70k00hdrnasrclhcxgbn4ylzlca07w";
+  sha256 = "1dwcxnv1k5ljim5ys4h1c3jlrdpi0054z094ynav7if65i8zjj4a";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-compiler-rt-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-compiler-rt-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-headers-git-11.0.0.r404.g3a137bd87-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-headers-git-12.0.0.r81.g90abf784a-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1wisa5j86xn8fanx4ks5pkj2hx0k89cippcap6c6yf6d3qmj4mvr";
+  sha256 = "1h3cdcajz29iq7vja908kkijz1vb9xn0f7w1lw1ima0q0zhinv4q";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-headers-git-11.0.0.r404.g3a137bd87-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-headers-git-12.0.0.r81.g90abf784a-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-crt-git-11.0.0.r404.g3a137bd87-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-crt-git-12.0.0.r81.g90abf784a-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0x1x3rnxivm58sqjx5v5smnzl5hdinx4qrjgkn59nylcd24fvnk4";
+  sha256 = "15kamyi3b0j6f5zxin4i2jgzjc7lzvwl4z5cz3dx0i8hg91aq0n7";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-crt-git-11.0.0.r404.g3a137bd87-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-crt-git-12.0.0.r81.g90abf784a-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-lld-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-lld-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1028iymsay6smk856xfyccl7pkcxzigqlrhj4sgz4xxqij7xqnp0";
+  sha256 = "1vpij5d06m4kjy3qv8bizwlkl21gcv6fv0r2f1j9bclgm6k3144x";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-lld-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-lld-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libwinpthread-git-11.0.0.r404.g3a137bd87-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libwinpthread-git-12.0.0.r81.g90abf784a-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "01q7r8mvn60yc0bxlhfbb1rx8w6lbvf1bd0xfaycqmc25b8vnfnp";
+  sha256 = "0qdvgs1rmjjhn9klf9kpw7l0ydz36rr5fasn4q9gpby2lgl11bkb";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libwinpthread-git-11.0.0.r404.g3a137bd87-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libwinpthread-git-12.0.0.r81.g90abf784a-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-winpthreads-git-11.0.0.r404.g3a137bd87-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-winpthreads-git-12.0.0.r81.g90abf784a-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0f5828injyxhy8vxkv02wmk4fh6x5gsqnkr97p50vz692fxkwk48";
+  sha256 = "0rh2mn078cifcmr4as4k57jxjln5lbnsmpx47h9d0s5d2i8sf2rc";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-winpthreads-git-11.0.0.r404.g3a137bd87-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-winpthreads-git-12.0.0.r81.g90abf784a-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1adfijlky02waz6gm2rx32rd413ws5rphkpybihpc8hi11yag761";
+  sha256 = "1qny934nv4g75k9gb5sf31v24bgafkg6qw7r35xv3in491w6annq";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-c-ares-1.22.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-c-ares-1.29.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0bv8n3862krxhlmz0lxqq71y40dy4flpjvb7adl5a96jixgsbxav";
+  sha256 = "01xg1h1a8kda0kq2921w25ybvm1ms7lfdzday0hv93f3myq7briq";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-c-ares-1.22.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-c-ares-1.29.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
@@ -127,21 +127,21 @@
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunistring-1.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunistring-1.2-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "16myvbg33q5s7jl30w5qd8n8f1r05335ms8r61234vn52n32l2c4";
+  sha256 = "13nz49li39z1zgfx1q9jg4vrmyrmqb6qdq0nqshidaqc6zr16k3g";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunistring-1.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunistring-1.2-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libidn2-2.3.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libidn2-2.3.7-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "105valrldri39sx7d5zdscxgsz9px382f8vbbl2zpr2xzb3jq8p8";
+  sha256 = "07k8zh5nb2s82md7lz22r8gim8214rhlg586lywck3zcla98jv1w";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libidn2-2.3.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libidn2-2.3.7-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libpsl-0.21.2-4-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libpsl-0.21.5-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0h4inq6prhiipl3h5k9br9rz5mih123b8n12wiwp2qck0h2q3x98";
+  sha256 = "1mpx77q5g8pj45s8wgc52c4ww2r93080p6d559p56f558a3cl317";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libpsl-0.21.2-4-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libpsl-0.21.5-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
@@ -151,21 +151,21 @@
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-p11-kit-0.25.3-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-p11-kit-0.25.5-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "19330k2jxpzm552m7j116hz8qrn2d14h9ybi0lcmkj4c1l25m6mf";
+  sha256 = "00yz6cmr1ldlrskv811n345xcia88mj7w4fyx4m9z5848jxgsabd";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-p11-kit-0.25.3-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-p11-kit-0.25.5-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ca-certificates-20230311-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ca-certificates-20240203-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "00hdl239695xi5bgld7a1ssp6kapkb9az02dpx80vmz7mqg6wwxx";
+  sha256 = "1q5nxhsk04gidz66ai5wgd4dr04lfyakkfja9p0r5hrgg4ppqqjg";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ca-certificates-20230311-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ca-certificates-20240203-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-openssl-3.2.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-openssl-3.3.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1623bkf4bjwf4cs1j5f6c37gwj4z775kjk4jswwy58r61yimwnd5";
+  sha256 = "0ywhwm4kw3qjzv0872qwabnsq2rzbmqjb9m69q3fykjl0m9gigsa";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-openssl-3.2.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-openssl-3.3.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
@@ -175,33 +175,45 @@
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-nghttp2-1.58.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-nghttp2-1.61.0-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "00f7raqmky43v9h2356yzfbvbhkbsjpc17n6ksgpv66h31svna6q";
+  sha256 = "07bkk98126gy4k6lb9rrqqnzjfz9j2rsr5dzr2djmzdkw0h4dr95";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-nghttp2-1.58.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-nghttp2-1.61.0-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-curl-8.4.0-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-nghttp3-1.4.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1qi446lq1qqq45xn7fmasfb914jhahqc0cvpnqi8vrp9vlk9dsw3";
+  sha256 = "007w2252nzn274j4wjc1vf56xyzzh5vg3blj1hil7mlmffgvc923";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-curl-8.4.0-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-nghttp3-1.4.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-rust-1.74.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-curl-8.8.0-10-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "071xpmfsnr7j7ycf6w8kyg41fxs3dclnjrcp7grinck5bb5zxn6s";
+  sha256 = "024z5b1achkf448gxqy1i3gcw371x54kfl6igv08b5wb3rrw35a4";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-rust-1.74.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-curl-8.8.0-10-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-pkgconf-1~2.1.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-rust-1.79.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "04y364mzx2sj984cdxq187fg73hzkrzvbpsr5d86xfzrag789nh3";
+  sha256 = "0i7s88hj8m4920xifkj7i4b4sq8cqq7p5cypp3jqx3dc44pwm19a";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-pkgconf-12.1.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-rust-1.79.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-jsoncpp-1.9.5-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-pkgconf-1~2.2.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0cpy76crngj5dfg9f4l216ry0wcavp0nabyc0b9g676rg6400qas";
+  sha256 = "1y44ijg3y8p80f1yn9972nshrnyrd06a9sh984ajhxg8bi8s5xyl";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-jsoncpp-1.9.5-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-pkgconf-12.2.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+})
+
+(pkgs.fetchurl {
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-expat-2.6.2-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  sha256 = "0kj1vzjh3qh7d2g47avlgk7a6j4nc62111hy1m63jwq0alc01k38";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-expat-2.6.2-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+})
+
+(pkgs.fetchurl {
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-jsoncpp-1.9.5-3-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  sha256 = "1a8mdn4ram9pgqpx5fwxmhcmzc6bh1fq1s4m37xh0d8p6fpncv10";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-jsoncpp-1.9.5-3-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
@@ -223,57 +235,57 @@
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libtre-git-r128.6fb7206-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libtre-git-r177.07e66d0-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0bmdla75k0q88l93ql9ajbfag4vhdhyp0glzymljvcc7ir0r6f9r";
+  sha256 = "0fc9hxsdks1xy5fv0rcna433hlzf6jhs77hg0hfzkzhn06f9alp4";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libtre-git-r128.6fb7206-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libtre-git-r177.07e66d0-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libsystre-1.0.1-4-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libsystre-1.0.1-5-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0x5ns8ld08gd9r5a98sqi3sm0vz588caaqw10ciix16sgyisfpdh";
+  sha256 = "05qsn8fkks4f93jkas43s47axqqgx5m64b45p462si3nlb8cjirq";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libsystre-1.0.1-4-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libsystre-1.0.1-5-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libarchive-3.7.2-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libarchive-3.7.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1p84yh6yzkdpmr02vyvgz16x5gycckah25jkdc2py09l7iw96bmw";
+  sha256 = "1ykw6imllgxv6lsgwxx1miqjr4l1iryqkrj286jcbfrb8ghpzhv5";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libarchive-3.7.2-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libarchive-3.7.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libuv-1.47.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libuv-1.48.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1ch8g0mp13dmwi7sc6qxjcx18s1w0bsdl5lhkjmx5ccz55sspnyf";
+  sha256 = "0kfzanvx7hg7bvy35h2z2vcfxvwn44sikd36mvzhkv6c3c6y84sn";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libuv-1.47.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libuv-1.48.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ninja-1.11.1-3-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ninja-1.12.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "13wjfmyfr952n3ydpldjlwx1nla5xpyvr96ng8pfbyw4z900v5ms";
+  sha256 = "1vj9qaa43v316daz8k4ricmz3f33nhjpj7r0vn979nwmy7hzs7jx";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ninja-1.11.1-3-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ninja-1.12.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-rhash-1.4.3-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-rhash-1.4.4-3-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "16ghg6894gb3lcrcpc8g1jd7524djnsjrqcr3krqlzskfv51hgj6";
+  sha256 = "1ysbxirpfr0yf7pvyps75lnwc897w2a2kcid3nb4j6ilw6n64jmc";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-rhash-1.4.3-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-rhash-1.4.4-3-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-cmake-3.27.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-cmake-3.30.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1hm5975q0kfd0z502qpxq1imwvby3qb93jzhbvrg2fz9zf5d31rg";
+  sha256 = "07b7132hwhiqrf0l2lgw3g4zw9i2lln3kqc9kg2qijvkapbkmwqb";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-cmake-3.27.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-cmake-3.30.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-mpdecimal-2.5.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-mpdecimal-4.0.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0zm9pqcgjk9a8ql6hxcxh477wvvyimndcisd6zrr6y8m5vvklsdi";
+  sha256 = "0hrhbjgi0g3jqpw8himshqw6vazm5sxhsfmyg386nbrxwnfgl1gb";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-mpdecimal-2.5.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-mpdecimal-4.0.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ncurses-6.4.20230708-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ncurses-6.4.20231217-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0l960cf4m558kx6dwahl9z2zdb9vlqd7qgk39kg924mzrfjrsvv5";
+  sha256 = "00046d52zsr8zjifl7h22jfihhh53h20ipvbqmvf9myssw2fwjza";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ncurses-6.4.20230708-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ncurses-6.4.20231217-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
@@ -283,62 +295,62 @@
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-readline-8.2.001-6-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-readline-8.2.010-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1aw1qxjvifkzxnn52l6hba1kcj2dci8llzzj29zbvbq5hgllf6dv";
+  sha256 = "1s47pd5iz8y3hspsxn4pnp0v3m05ccia40v5nfvx0rmwgvcaz82v";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-readline-8.2.001-6-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-readline-8.2.010-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tcl-8.6.12-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tcl-8.6.13-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "06r7ni7m1vf83ms8ha3glalc5rfriiffh7v644jmnvzs5g9x0pzb";
+  sha256 = "0paaqwk0sfy2zxwlxkmxf2bqq46lyg0sx7cqgzknvazwx8xa2z4x";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tcl-8.6.12-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tcl-8.6.13-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-sqlite3-3.44.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-sqlite3-3.46.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "022vy54ph6kxmgafbsmgpclvd55ljarvc4k7497ka03g7465zq6j";
+  sha256 = "0q676i2z5nr4c71jnd4z5qz9xa1xryl0cpi84w74yvd0p4qiz7y2";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-sqlite3-3.44.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-sqlite3-3.46.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tk-8.6.12-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tk-8.6.13-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0pi74q91vl6vw8vvmmwnvrgai3b1aanp0zhca5qsmv8ljh2wdgzx";
+  sha256 = "12f6lqx1sglczcnz2ns6sxw9cxwm1klxajqzcrbnfwln1nllz2nd";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tk-8.6.12-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tk-8.6.13-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tzdata-2023c-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tzdata-2024a-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "018qw8lk5r7gqvavnl1414gmbd4bx22528a7bjk4injfr3cib9c2";
+  sha256 = "1lsfn3759cyf56zlmfvgy6ihs4iks6zhlnrbfmnq5wml02k936ji";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tzdata-2023c-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-tzdata-2024a-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-3.11.6-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-3.11.9-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0j6wkjjay52f4mgvfagi7xql4v74dizhmwdx07n2fixr7j1lg6n7";
+  sha256 = "0ah1idjqxg7jc07a1gz9z766rjjd0f0c6ri4hpcsimsrbj1zjd3c";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-3.11.6-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-3.11.9-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-openmp-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-openmp-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1y2cf43fcyb1qv4kn0h0mzljmibaqklcj167krwxq5ymfbipy1yw";
+  sha256 = "0cy2v0l4af24j34mzj5q5nlzcqhackfajlfj1rpf6mb3rbz23qw9";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-openmp-17.0.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-openmp-18.1.8-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-openblas-0.3.25-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-openblas-0.3.27-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1789hd7sc249vbzppqqg56i080c8kc6bj6qngn9rjvzcdllh0d07";
+  sha256 = "06ygz1wa488wqvmxbn74b0fyan4wf3lb6kbwfampgikd1gijww2k";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-openblas-0.3.25-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-openblas-0.3.27-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-numpy-1.26.2-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-numpy-1.26.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1njbxlxha05c8fzm7yl3ksjlpanh5jxn1z1s06iv9knx2zmqjk6f";
+  sha256 = "00h0ap954cjwlsc3p01fjwy7s3nlzs90v0kmnrzxm0rljmvn4jkf";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-numpy-1.26.2-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-numpy-1.26.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 
 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-setuptools-68.2.2-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-setuptools-70.2.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "16m1ph7yq3mqzaaaka5vij27jzaw59lpxwbmpdxkcp8lb6h5xcn9";
+  sha256 = "1q4r9bg2hn3jmshvq81xm5zvy9wn35yf0z2ayksrkwph1zzdkvkm";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-setuptools-68.2.2-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-setuptools-70.2.0-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })
 ]

runkernel/src/main.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
+#![deny(
+    future_incompatible,
+    let_underscore,
+    nonstandard_style,
+    rust_2024_compatibility,
+    clippy::all
+)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(clippy::semicolon_if_nothing_returned, clippy::uninlined_format_args)]
+
 use std::env;
 
 static mut NOW: i64 = 0;
@@ -29,17 +39,17 @@ pub extern "C" fn rtio_get_counter() -> i64 {
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn rtio_output(target: i32, data: i32) {
-    println!("rtio_output @{} target={:04x} data={}", unsafe { NOW }, target, data);
+    println!("rtio_output @{} target={target:04x} data={data}", unsafe { NOW });
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn print_int32(x: i32) {
-    println!("print_int32: {}", x);
+    println!("print_int32: {x}");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn print_int64(x: i64) {
-    println!("print_int64: {}", x);
+    println!("print_int64: {x}");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
@@ -47,12 +57,11 @@ pub extern "C" fn __nac3_personality(_state: u32, _exception_object: u32, _conte
     unimplemented!();
 }
 
-
 fn main() {
     let filename = env::args().nth(1).unwrap();
     unsafe {
         let lib = libloading::Library::new(filename).unwrap();
-        let func: libloading::Symbol<unsafe extern fn()> = lib.get(b"__modinit__").unwrap();
+        let func: libloading::Symbol<unsafe extern "C" fn()> = lib.get(b"__modinit__").unwrap();
-        func()
+        func();
     }
 }