core: WIP - Add tracer runtime

Cargo.lock

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstream"
-version = "0.6.17"
+version = "0.6.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "23a1e53f0f5d86382dafe1cf314783b2044280f406e7e1506368220ad11b1338"
+checksum = "8acc5369981196006228e28809f761875c0327210a891e941f4c683b3a99529b"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
  "anstyle-parse",
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle"
-version = "1.0.9"
+version = "1.0.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8365de52b16c035ff4fcafe0092ba9390540e3e352870ac09933bebcaa2c8c56"
+checksum = "55cc3b69f167a1ef2e161439aa98aed94e6028e5f9a59be9a6ffb47aef1651f9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-parse"
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.1.31"
+version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c2e7962b54006dcfcc61cb72735f4d89bb97061dd6a7ed882ec6b8ee53714c6f"
+checksum = "fd9de9f2205d5ef3fd67e685b0df337994ddd4495e2a28d185500d0e1edfea47"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
@@ -141,9 +141,9 @@ checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.20"
+version = "4.5.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b97f376d85a664d5837dbae44bf546e6477a679ff6610010f17276f686d867e8"
+checksum = "fb3b4b9e5a7c7514dfa52869339ee98b3156b0bfb4e8a77c4ff4babb64b1604f"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
  "clap_derive",
@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.20"
+version = "4.5.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "19bc80abd44e4bed93ca373a0704ccbd1b710dc5749406201bb018272808dc54"
+checksum = "b17a95aa67cc7b5ebd32aa5370189aa0d79069ef1c64ce893bd30fb24bff20ec"
 dependencies = [
  "anstream",
  "anstyle",
@@ -170,14 +170,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck 0.5.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.7.2"
+version = "0.7.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1462739cb27611015575c0c11df5df7601141071f07518d56fcc1be504cbec97"
+checksum = "afb84c814227b90d6895e01398aee0d8033c00e7466aca416fb6a8e0eb19d8a7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "colorchoice"
@@ -199,9 +199,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cpufeatures"
-version = "0.2.14"
+version = "0.2.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "608697df725056feaccfa42cffdaeeec3fccc4ffc38358ecd19b243e716a78e0"
+checksum = "0ca741a962e1b0bff6d724a1a0958b686406e853bb14061f218562e1896f95e6"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
@@ -321,9 +321,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e8c02a5121d4ea3eb16a80748c74f5549a5665e4c21333c6098f283870fbdea6"
+checksum = "486f806e73c5707928240ddc295403b1b93c96a02038563881c4a2fd84b81ac4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fixedbitset"
@@ -387,9 +387,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.15.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e087f84d4f86bf4b218b927129862374b72199ae7d8657835f1e89000eea4fb"
+checksum = "3a9bfc1af68b1726ea47d3d5109de126281def866b33970e10fbab11b5dafab3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "707907fe3c25f5424cce2cb7e1cbcafee6bdbe735ca90ef77c29e84591e5b9da"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.15.0",
+ "hashbrown 0.15.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ checksum = "9dd28cfd4cfba665d47d31c08a6ba637eed16770abca2eccbbc3ca831fef1e44"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -547,9 +547,9 @@ checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.161"
+version = "0.2.162"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e9489c2807c139ffd9c1794f4af0ebe86a828db53ecdc7fea2111d0fed085d1"
+checksum = "18d287de67fe55fd7e1581fe933d965a5a9477b38e949cfa9f8574ef01506398"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libloading"
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "phf_shared 0.11.2",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -976,9 +976,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.4.8"
+version = "0.4.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "368758f23274712b504848e9d5a6f010445cc8b87a7cdb4d7cbee666c1288da3"
+checksum = "809e8dc61f6de73b46c85f4c96486310fe304c434cfa43669d7b40f711150908"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
@@ -1000,9 +1000,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.38"
+version = "0.38.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "aa260229e6538e52293eeb577aabd09945a09d6d9cc0fc550ed7529056c2e32a"
+checksum = "99e4ea3e1cdc4b559b8e5650f9c8e5998e3e5c1343b4eaf034565f32318d63c0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
  "errno",
@@ -1046,22 +1046,22 @@ checksum = "61697e0a1c7e512e84a621326239844a24d8207b4669b41bc18b32ea5cbf988b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.214"
+version = "1.0.215"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f55c3193aca71c12ad7890f1785d2b73e1b9f63a0bbc353c08ef26fe03fc56b5"
+checksum = "6513c1ad0b11a9376da888e3e0baa0077f1aed55c17f50e7b2397136129fb88f"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.214"
+version = "1.0.215"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "de523f781f095e28fa605cdce0f8307e451cc0fd14e2eb4cd2e98a355b147766"
+checksum = "ad1e866f866923f252f05c889987993144fb74e722403468a4ebd70c3cd756c0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1184,9 +1184,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.85"
+version = "2.0.87"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5023162dfcd14ef8f32034d8bcd4cc5ddc61ef7a247c024a33e24e1f24d21b56"
+checksum = "25aa4ce346d03a6dcd68dd8b4010bcb74e54e62c90c573f394c46eae99aba32d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1201,9 +1201,9 @@ checksum = "61c41af27dd6d1e27b1b16b489db798443478cef1f06a660c96db617ba5de3b1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.13.0"
+version = "3.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f0f2c9fc62d0beef6951ccffd757e241266a2c833136efbe35af6cd2567dca5b"
+checksum = "28cce251fcbc87fac86a866eeb0d6c2d536fc16d06f184bb61aeae11aa4cee0c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "fastrand",
@@ -1237,22 +1237,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.65"
+version = "1.0.69"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5d11abd9594d9b38965ef50805c5e469ca9cc6f197f883f717e0269a3057b3d5"
+checksum = "b6aaf5339b578ea85b50e080feb250a3e8ae8cfcdff9a461c9ec2904bc923f52"
 dependencies = [
  "thiserror-impl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.65"
+version = "1.0.69"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ae71770322cbd277e69d762a16c444af02aa0575ac0d174f0b9562d3b37f8602"
+checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1505,5 +1505,5 @@ checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]

flake.lock

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
   "nodes": {
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1727348695,
+        "lastModified": 1731319897,
-        "narHash": "sha256-J+PeFKSDV+pHL7ukkfpVzCOO7mBSrrpJ3svwBFABbhI=",
+        "narHash": "sha256-PbABj4tnbWFMfBp6OcUK5iGy1QY+/Z96ZcLpooIbuEI=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "1925c603f17fc89f4c8f6bf6f631a802ad85d784",
+        "rev": "dc460ec76cbff0e66e269457d7b728432263166c",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {

nac3artiq/src/codegen.rs

@@ -990,11 +990,12 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn attributes_writeback(
+pub fn attributes_writeback<'ctx>(
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
     generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
     inner_resolver: &InnerResolver,
     host_attributes: &PyObject,
+    return_obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<Result<(), String>> {
         let host_attributes: &PyList = host_attributes.downcast(py)?;
@@ -1004,6 +1005,11 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
         let zero = int32.const_zero();
         let mut values = Vec::new();
         let mut scratch_buffer = Vec::new();
+
+        if let Some((ty, obj)) = return_obj {
+            values.push((ty, obj.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ty).unwrap()));
+        }
+
         for val in (*globals).values() {
             let val = val.as_ref(py);
             let ty = inner_resolver.get_obj_type(
@@ -1082,7 +1088,7 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
         let args: Vec<_> =
             values.into_iter().map(|(_, val)| (None, ValueEnum::Dynamic(val))).collect();
         if let Err(e) =
-            rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, None, (&fun, PrimDef::Int32.id()), args, generator, false)
+            rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, None, (&fun, PrimDef::Int32.id()), args, generator, true)
         {
             return Ok(Err(e));
         }

nac3artiq/src/lib.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
     future_incompatible,
     let_underscore,
     nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
     clippy::all
 )]
+#![warn(rust_2024_compatibility)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn,
@@ -36,13 +36,15 @@ use tempfile::{self, TempDir};
 
 use nac3core::{
     codegen::{
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, gen_func_impl, irrt::load_irrt, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
+        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, gen_func_impl, irrt::load_irrt,
-        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+        tracert::TraceRuntimeConfig, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
+        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, CodeGenerator, WithCall,
+        WorkerRegistry,
     },
     inkwell::{
         context::Context,
         memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
-        module::{Linkage, Module},
+        module::{FlagBehavior, Linkage, Module},
         passes::PassBuilderOptions,
         support::is_multithreaded,
         targets::*,
@@ -673,33 +675,12 @@ impl Nac3 {
         let task = CodeGenTask {
             subst: Vec::default(),
             symbol_name: "__modinit__".to_string(),
-            body: instance.body,
-            signature,
-            resolver: resolver.clone(),
-            store,
-            unifier_index: instance.unifier_id,
-            calls: instance.calls,
-            id: 0,
-        };
-
-        let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
-        let mut cache = HashMap::new();
-        let signature = store.from_signature(
-            &mut composer.unifier,
-            &self.primitive,
-            &fun_signature,
-            &mut cache,
-        );
-        let signature = store.add_cty(signature);
-        let attributes_writeback_task = CodeGenTask {
-            subst: Vec::default(),
-            symbol_name: "attributes_writeback".to_string(),
             body: Arc::new(Vec::default()),
             signature,
             resolver,
             store,
             unifier_index: instance.unifier_id,
-            calls: Arc::new(HashMap::default()),
+            calls: instance.calls,
             id: 0,
         };
 
@@ -723,19 +704,32 @@ impl Nac3 {
             .collect();
 
         let membuffer = membuffers.clone();
+        let mut has_return = false;
         py.allow_threads(|| {
-            let (registry, handles) =
+            let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(
-                WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level.clone(), &self.llvm_options, &f);
+                threads,
-            registry.add_task(task);
+                top_level.clone(),
-            registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
+                &self.llvm_options,
+                &TraceRuntimeConfig::default(),
+                &f,
+            );
 
-            let mut generator =
+            let mut generator = ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("main".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
-                ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("attributes_writeback".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
             let context = Context::create();
-            let module = context.create_module("attributes_writeback");
+            let module = context.create_module("main");
             let target_machine = self.llvm_options.create_target_machine().unwrap();
             module.set_data_layout(&target_machine.get_target_data().get_data_layout());
             module.set_triple(&target_machine.get_triple());
+            module.add_basic_value_flag(
+                "Debug Info Version",
+                FlagBehavior::Warning,
+                context.i32_type().const_int(3, false),
+            );
+            module.add_basic_value_flag(
+                "Dwarf Version",
+                FlagBehavior::Warning,
+                context.i32_type().const_int(4, false),
+            );
             let builder = context.create_builder();
             let (_, module, _) = gen_func_impl(
                 &context,
@@ -743,9 +737,27 @@ impl Nac3 {
                 &registry,
                 builder,
                 module,
-                attributes_writeback_task,
+                task,
                 |generator, ctx| {
-                    attributes_writeback(ctx, generator, inner_resolver.as_ref(), &host_attributes)
+                    assert_eq!(instance.body.len(), 1, "toplevel module should have 1 statement");
+                    let StmtKind::Expr { value: ref expr, .. } = instance.body[0].node else {
+                        unreachable!("toplevel statement must be an expression")
+                    };
+                    let ExprKind::Call { .. } = expr.node else {
+                        unreachable!("toplevel expression must be a function call")
+                    };
+
+                    let return_obj =
+                        generator.gen_expr(ctx, &expr)?.map(|value| (expr.custom.unwrap(), value));
+                    has_return = return_obj.is_some();
+                    registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
+                    attributes_writeback(
+                        ctx,
+                        generator,
+                        inner_resolver.as_ref(),
+                        &host_attributes,
+                        return_obj,
+                    )
                 },
             )
             .unwrap();
@@ -754,35 +766,23 @@ impl Nac3 {
             membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
         });
 
+        embedding_map.setattr("expects_return", has_return).unwrap();
+
         // Link all modules into `main`.
         let buffers = membuffers.lock();
         let main = context
-            .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(&buffers[0], "main"))
+            .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(
+                &buffers.last().unwrap(),
+                "main",
+            ))
             .unwrap();
-        for buffer in buffers.iter().skip(1) {
+        for buffer in buffers.iter().rev().skip(1) {
             let other = context
                 .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(buffer, "main"))
                 .unwrap();
 
             main.link_in_module(other).map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
         }
-        let builder = context.create_builder();
-        let modinit_return = main
-            .get_function("__modinit__")
-            .unwrap()
-            .get_last_basic_block()
-            .unwrap()
-            .get_terminator()
-            .unwrap();
-        builder.position_before(&modinit_return);
-        builder
-            .build_call(
-                main.get_function("attributes_writeback").unwrap(),
-                &[],
-                "attributes_writeback",
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
         main.link_in_module(irrt).map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
 
         let mut function_iter = main.get_first_function();

nac3ast/src/lib.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
     future_incompatible,
     let_underscore,
     nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
     clippy::all
 )]
+#![warn(rust_2024_compatibility)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     clippy::missing_errors_doc,

nac3core/Cargo.toml

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ edition = "2021"
 
 [features]
 no-escape-analysis = []
+tracing = []
 
 [dependencies]
 itertools = "0.13"
@@ -28,4 +29,5 @@ indoc = "2.0"
 insta = "=1.11.0"
 
 [build-dependencies]
+itertools = "0.13"
 regex = "1.10"

nac3core/build.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::{
     env,
     fs::File,
@@ -6,14 +7,28 @@ use std::{
     process::{Command, Stdio},
 };
 
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use regex::Regex;
 
-fn main() {
+struct IRRTCompilation<'a> {
+    pub file: &'a str,
+    pub gcc_options: Vec<&'a str>,
+    pub cargo_instructions: Vec<&'a str>,
+}
+
+/// Extracts the extension-less filename from a [`Path`].
+fn path_to_extless_filename(path: &Path) -> &str {
+    path.file_name().map(Path::new).and_then(Path::file_stem).and_then(OsStr::to_str).unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Compiles a source C file into LLVM bitcode.
+fn compile_file_to_ir(compile_opts: &IRRTCompilation) {
     let out_dir = env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap();
-    let out_dir = Path::new(&out_dir);
+    let out_path = Path::new(&out_dir);
     let irrt_dir = Path::new("irrt");
 
-    let irrt_cpp_path = irrt_dir.join("irrt.cpp");
+    let path = Path::new(compile_opts.file);
+    let filename_without_ext = path_to_extless_filename(path);
 
     /*
      * HACK: Sadly, clang doesn't let us emit generic LLVM bitcode.
@@ -35,22 +50,22 @@ fn main() {
         "-",
         "-I",
         irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap(),
-        irrt_cpp_path.to_str().unwrap(),
     ];
 
+    // Apply custom flags from IRRTCompilation
+    flags.extend_from_slice(&compile_opts.gcc_options);
+
     match env::var("PROFILE").as_deref() {
-        Ok("debug") => {
+        Ok("debug") => flags.extend_from_slice(&["-O0", "-DIRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT"]),
-            flags.push("-O0");
+        Ok("release") => flags.push("-O3"),
-            flags.push("-DIRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT");
-        }
-        Ok("release") => {
-            flags.push("-O3");
-        }
         flavor => panic!("Unknown or missing build flavor {flavor:?}"),
     }
 
-    // Tell Cargo to rerun if any file under `irrt_dir` (recursive) changes
+    flags.push(path.to_str().unwrap());
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap());
+
+    // Tell Cargo to rerun if the main IRRT source is changed
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", path.to_str().unwrap());
+    compile_opts.cargo_instructions.iter().for_each(|inst| println!("cargo::{inst}"));
 
     // Compile IRRT and capture the LLVM IR output
     let output = Command::new("clang-irrt")
@@ -62,8 +77,7 @@ fn main() {
         })
         .unwrap();
 
-    // https://github.com/rust-lang/regex/issues/244
+    let output = std::str::from_utf8(&output.stdout).unwrap();
-    let output = std::str::from_utf8(&output.stdout).unwrap().replace("\r\n", "\n");
     let mut filtered_output = String::with_capacity(output.len());
 
     // Filter out irrelevant IR
@@ -77,7 +91,7 @@ fn main() {
         r"(?ms:^define.*?\}$)|(?m:^declare.*?$)|(?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$)|(?m:^@.+?=.+$)",
     )
     .unwrap();
-    for f in regex_filter.captures_iter(&output) {
+    for f in regex_filter.captures_iter(output) {
         assert_eq!(f.len(), 1);
         filtered_output.push_str(&f[0]);
         filtered_output.push('\n');
@@ -91,20 +105,47 @@ fn main() {
     // Doing `DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT=1 cargo build -p nac3core` dumps the LLVM IR generated
     const DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT: &str = "DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT";
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed={DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT}");
-    if env::var(DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT).is_ok() {
+    if env::var("DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT").is_ok() {
-        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt.ll")).unwrap();
+        let mut file = File::create(out_path.join(format!("{filename_without_ext}.ll"))).unwrap();
         file.write_all(output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
 
-        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt-filtered.ll")).unwrap();
+        let mut file =
+            File::create(out_path.join(format!("{filename_without_ext}-filtered.ll"))).unwrap();
         file.write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
     }
 
     let mut llvm_as = Command::new("llvm-as-irrt")
         .stdin(Stdio::piped())
         .arg("-o")
-        .arg(out_dir.join("irrt.bc"))
+        .arg(out_path.join(format!("{filename_without_ext}.bc")))
         .spawn()
         .unwrap();
     llvm_as.stdin.as_mut().unwrap().write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
     assert!(llvm_as.wait().unwrap().success());
 }
+
+fn main() {
+    let irrt_compilations: &[IRRTCompilation] = &[
+        IRRTCompilation {
+            file: "irrt/irrt.cpp",
+            gcc_options: Vec::default(),
+            cargo_instructions: vec!["rerun-if-changed=irrt/irrt"],
+        },
+        IRRTCompilation {
+            file: "irrt/tracert.cpp",
+            gcc_options: Vec::default(),
+            cargo_instructions: Vec::default(),
+        },
+    ];
+
+    assert!(irrt_compilations
+        .iter()
+        .map(|comp| comp.file)
+        .map(Path::new)
+        .map(path_to_extless_filename)
+        .all_unique());
+
+    for path in irrt_compilations {
+        compile_file_to_ir(path)
+    }
+}

nac3core/irrt/tracert.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+extern "C" {
+// stdio.h
+int printf(const char *format, ...);
+}  // extern "C"

nac3core/src/codegen/expr.rs

@@ -3108,48 +3108,53 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
             };
             let left = generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, left);
             let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();
-            let a_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "a");
+            let a_begin_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "a_begin");
-            let b_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "b");
+            let a_end_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "a_end");
+            let b_begin_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "b_begin");
+            let b_end_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "b_end");
             let cont_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "cont");
-            ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(left, a_bb, b_bb).unwrap();
+            ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(left, a_begin_bb, b_begin_bb).unwrap();
+
+            ctx.builder.position_at_end(a_end_bb);
+            ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
+            ctx.builder.position_at_end(b_end_bb);
+            ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
             let (a, b) = match op {
                 Boolop::Or => {
-                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(a_bb);
+                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(a_begin_bb);
                     let a = ctx.ctx.i8_type().const_int(1, false);
-                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
+                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(a_end_bb).unwrap();
 
-                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(b_bb);
+                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(b_begin_bb);
                     let b = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, &values[1])? {
                         let b = v
                             .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, values[1].custom.unwrap())?
                             .into_int_value();
                         let b = generator.bool_to_i8(ctx, b);
-                        ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
-
                         Some(b)
                     } else {
                         None
                     };
+                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(b_end_bb).unwrap();
 
                     (Some(a), b)
                 }
                 Boolop::And => {
-                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(a_bb);
+                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(a_begin_bb);
                     let a = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, &values[1])? {
                         let a = v
                             .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, values[1].custom.unwrap())?
                             .into_int_value();
                         let a = generator.bool_to_i8(ctx, a);
-                        ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
-
                         Some(a)
                     } else {
                         None
                     };
+                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(a_end_bb).unwrap();
 
-                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(b_bb);
+                    ctx.builder.position_at_end(b_begin_bb);
                     let b = ctx.ctx.i8_type().const_zero();
-                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
+                    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(b_end_bb).unwrap();
 
                     (a, Some(b))
                 }
@@ -3159,7 +3164,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
             match (a, b) {
                 (Some(a), Some(b)) => {
                     let phi = ctx.builder.build_phi(ctx.ctx.i8_type(), "").unwrap();
-                    phi.add_incoming(&[(&a, a_bb), (&b, b_bb)]);
+                    phi.add_incoming(&[(&a, a_end_bb), (&b, b_end_bb)]);
                     phi.as_basic_value().into()
                 }
                 (Some(a), None) => a.into(),

nac3core/src/codegen/extern_fns.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
+use std::iter::once;
+
 use inkwell::{
     attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
+    AddressSpace,
 };
-use itertools::Either;
+use itertools::{Either, Itertools};
 
 use super::CodeGenContext;
 
@@ -20,7 +23,7 @@ use super::CodeGenContext;
 ///   These will be used unless other attributes are specified
 /// * `$(,$args:ident)*`: Operands of the extern function
 ///   The data type of these operands will be set to `FloatValue`
-///  
+///
 macro_rules! generate_extern_fn {
     ("unary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal) => {
         generate_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, arg, "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly");
@@ -191,3 +194,49 @@ generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_det, "np_linalg_det", 2);
 generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_lu, "sp_linalg_lu", 3);
 generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_schur, "sp_linalg_schur", 3);
 generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_hessenberg, "sp_linalg_hessenberg", 3);
+
+/// Invokes the `printf` function.
+pub fn call_printf<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    format: &str,
+    args: &[BasicValueEnum<'ctx>],
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    const FN_NAME: &str = "printf";
+
+    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+    let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+    let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = llvm_i32.fn_type(&[llvm_pi8.into()], true);
+        let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
+        for attr in ["nofree", "nounwind"] {
+            func.add_attribute(
+                AttributeLoc::Function,
+                ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+            );
+        }
+
+        func
+    });
+
+    let pformat = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_global_string_ptr(&format!("{format}\0"), "")
+        .map(|v| v.as_basic_value_enum())
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let fn_args = once(&pformat.as_basic_value_enum())
+        .chain(args)
+        .copied()
+        .map(BasicValueEnum::into)
+        .collect_vec();
+
+    ctx.builder
+        .build_call(extern_fn, fn_args.as_slice(), "")
+        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .unwrap()
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/mod.rs

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ use crate::{
 use classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType};
 use concrete_type::{ConcreteType, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore};
 pub use generator::{CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator};
+use tracert::{TraceRuntimeConfig, TraceRuntimeState};
 
 pub mod builtin_fns;
 pub mod classes;
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ pub mod irrt;
 pub mod llvm_intrinsics;
 pub mod numpy;
 pub mod stmt;
+pub mod tracert;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
@@ -219,6 +221,8 @@ pub struct CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
     /// See [`need_sret`].
     pub need_sret: bool,
 
+    pub tracert_state: Option<TraceRuntimeState>,
+
     /// The current source location.
     pub current_loc: Location,
 }
@@ -266,6 +270,8 @@ pub struct WorkerRegistry {
 
     /// LLVM-related options for code generation.
     pub llvm_options: CodeGenLLVMOptions,
+
+    tracert_config: TraceRuntimeConfig,
 }
 
 impl WorkerRegistry {
@@ -275,6 +281,7 @@ impl WorkerRegistry {
         generators: Vec<Box<G>>,
         top_level_ctx: Arc<TopLevelContext>,
         llvm_options: &CodeGenLLVMOptions,
+        tracert_config: &TraceRuntimeConfig,
         f: &Arc<WithCall>,
     ) -> (Arc<WorkerRegistry>, Vec<thread::JoinHandle<()>>) {
         let (sender, receiver) = unbounded();
@@ -296,6 +303,7 @@ impl WorkerRegistry {
             wait_condvar,
             top_level_ctx,
             llvm_options: llvm_options.clone(),
+            tracert_config: tracert_config.clone(),
         });
 
         let mut handles = Vec::new();
@@ -979,6 +987,13 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<
         unifier,
         static_value_store,
         need_sret: has_sret,
+        tracert_state: if cfg!(feature = "tracing")
+            || registry.tracert_config.enabled_tags.is_empty()
+        {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(TraceRuntimeState::create(registry.tracert_config.clone()))
+        },
         current_loc: Location::default(),
         debug_info: (dibuilder, compile_unit, func_scope.as_debug_info_scope()),
     };

nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use super::{
     classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
     concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
+    tracert::TraceRuntimeConfig,
     CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, CodeGenerator,
     DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
 };
@@ -245,7 +246,13 @@ fn test_primitives() {
         opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
         target: CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host_triple(),
     };
-    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
+    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(
+        threads,
+        top_level,
+        &llvm_options,
+        &TraceRuntimeConfig::default(),
+        &f,
+    );
     registry.add_task(task);
     registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 }
@@ -438,7 +445,13 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
         target: CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host_triple(),
     };
-    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
+    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(
+        threads,
+        top_level,
+        &llvm_options,
+        &TraceRuntimeConfig::default(),
+        &f,
+    );
     registry.add_task(task);
     registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 }

nac3core/src/codegen/tracert/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+use std::panic::Location;
+
+use inkwell::context::Context;
+use inkwell::memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer;
+use inkwell::module::Module;
+use inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum;
+use inkwell::AtomicOrdering;
+
+use crate::codegen::{extern_fns, CodeGenContext};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TraceRuntimeConfig {
+    pub enabled_tags: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Eq, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TraceRuntimeState {
+    config: TraceRuntimeConfig,
+    indent: usize,
+}
+
+impl TraceRuntimeState {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn create(config: TraceRuntimeConfig) -> TraceRuntimeState {
+        TraceRuntimeState { config, indent: 0 }
+    }
+}
+
+#[must_use]
+pub fn load_tracert<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, config: &TraceRuntimeConfig) -> Option<Module<'ctx>> {
+    if cfg!(feature = "tracing") && !config.enabled_tags.is_empty() {
+        let bitcode_buf = MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(
+            include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/tracert.bc")),
+            "tracert_bitcode_buffer",
+        );
+        let module = Module::parse_bitcode_from_buffer(&bitcode_buf, ctx).unwrap();
+
+        return Some(module);
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+// TODO: Might need to redesign how trace logging should be done
+
+pub fn trace_log<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    tag: &'static str,
+    format: &'static str,
+    args: &[BasicValueEnum<'ctx>],
+) {
+    if ctx.tracert_state.is_none() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Add indentation
+    let str = format!("[TRACING] {tag} - {format}\n\0");
+    extern_fns::call_printf(ctx, &str, args);
+}
+
+#[track_caller]
+pub fn trace_log_with_location<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    tag: &'static str,
+    format: &str,
+    args: &[BasicValueEnum<'ctx>],
+) {
+    if ctx.tracert_state.is_none() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Add indentation
+    let caller_loc = Location::caller();
+    let str = format!(
+        "[TRACING] {}:{}:{}: {tag} - {format}\n\0",
+        caller_loc.file(),
+        caller_loc.line(),
+        caller_loc.column()
+    );
+    extern_fns::call_printf(ctx, &str, args);
+}
+
+pub fn trace_push_level(ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>) {
+    let Some(tracert_state) = &mut ctx.tracert_state else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    debug_assert!(tracert_state.indent < usize::MAX);
+    if tracert_state.indent < usize::MAX {
+        tracert_state.indent = tracert_state.indent.saturating_add(1);
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn trace_pop_level(ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>) {
+    let Some(tracert_state) = &mut ctx.tracert_state else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    debug_assert!(tracert_state.indent > 0);
+    if tracert_state.indent > 0 {
+        tracert_state.indent = tracert_state.indent.saturating_sub(1);
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn mfence(ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>) {
+    if ctx.tracert_state.is_some() {
+        ctx.builder.build_fence(AtomicOrdering::SequentiallyConsistent, 0, "").unwrap();
+    }
+}

nac3core/src/lib.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
     future_incompatible,
     let_underscore,
     nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
     clippy::all
 )]
+#![warn(rust_2024_compatibility)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     dead_code,

nac3ld/src/lib.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
     future_incompatible,
     let_underscore,
     nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
     clippy::all
 )]
+#![warn(rust_2024_compatibility)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     clippy::cast_possible_truncation,

nac3parser/src/lib.rs

@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@
     future_incompatible,
     let_underscore,
     nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
     clippy::all
 )]
+#![warn(rust_2024_compatibility)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(
     clippy::enum_glob_use,
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ lalrpop_mod!(
         future_incompatible,
         let_underscore,
         nonstandard_style,
-        rust_2024_compatibility,
         unused,
         clippy::all,
         clippy::pedantic
     )]
+    #[warn(rust_2024_compatibility)]
     python
 );
 pub mod config_comment_helper;

nac3standalone/Cargo.toml

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ edition = "2021"
 
 [features]
 no-escape-analysis = ["nac3core/no-escape-analysis"]
+tracing = ["nac3core/tracing"]
 
 [dependencies]
 parking_lot = "0.12"

nac3standalone/demo/demo.c

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ struct cslice {
     size_t len;
 };
 
-void output_int32_list(struct cslice* slice) {
+void output_int32_list(const struct cslice* slice) {
     const int32_t* data = (int32_t*)slice->data;
 
     putchar('[');
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ void output_int32_list(struct cslice* slice) {
     putchar('\n');
 }
 
-void output_str(struct cslice* slice) {
+void output_str(const struct cslice* slice) {
     const char* data = (const char*)slice->data;
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
@@ -88,12 +88,12 @@ void output_str(struct cslice* slice) {
     }
 }
 
-void output_strln(struct cslice* slice) {
+void output_strln(const struct cslice* slice) {
     output_str(slice);
     putchar('\n');
 }
 
-uint64_t dbg_stack_address(__attribute__((unused)) struct cslice* slice) {
+uint64_t dbg_stack_address(__attribute__((unused)) const struct cslice* slice) {
     int i;
     void* ptr = (void*)&i;
     return (uintptr_t)ptr;

nac3standalone/src/main.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
     future_incompatible,
     let_underscore,
     nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
     clippy::all
 )]
+#![warn(rust_2024_compatibility)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(clippy::too_many_lines, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
 
@@ -21,8 +21,11 @@ use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 
 use nac3core::{
     codegen::{
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, irrt::load_irrt, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
+        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
-        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+        irrt::load_irrt,
+        tracert::{load_tracert, TraceRuntimeConfig},
+        CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, DefaultCodeGenerator,
+        WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
     },
     inkwell::{
         memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer, module::Linkage, passes::PassBuilderOptions,
@@ -82,6 +85,9 @@ struct CommandLineArgs {
     /// Additional target features to enable/disable, specified using the `+`/`-` prefixes.
     #[arg(long)]
     target_features: Option<String>,
+
+    #[arg(long)]
+    trace: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 fn handle_typevar_definition(
@@ -282,8 +288,16 @@ fn handle_global_var(
 
 fn main() {
     let cli = CommandLineArgs::parse();
-    let CommandLineArgs { file_name, threads, opt_level, emit_llvm, triple, mcpu, target_features } =
+    let CommandLineArgs {
-        cli;
+        file_name,
+        threads,
+        opt_level,
+        emit_llvm,
+        triple,
+        mcpu,
+        target_features,
+        trace,
+    } = cli;
 
     Target::initialize_all(&InitializationConfig::default());
 
@@ -312,6 +326,7 @@ fn main() {
         // The default behavior for -O<n> where n>3 defaults to O3 for both Clang and GCC
         _ => OptimizationLevel::Aggressive,
     };
+    let tracert_config = TraceRuntimeConfig { enabled_tags: trace };
 
     let target_machine_options = CodeGenTargetMachineOptions {
         triple,
@@ -356,6 +371,14 @@ fn main() {
         irrt.write_bitcode_to_path(Path::new("irrt.bc"));
     }
 
+    // Process tracert
+    let tracert = load_tracert(&context, &tracert_config);
+    if let Some(tracert) = &tracert {
+        if emit_llvm {
+            tracert.write_bitcode_to_path(Path::new("tracert.bc"));
+        }
+    }
+
     // Process the Python script
     let parser_result = parser::parse_program(&program, file_name.into()).unwrap();
 
@@ -464,7 +487,8 @@ fn main() {
     let threads = (0..threads)
         .map(|i| Box::new(DefaultCodeGenerator::new(format!("module{i}"), size_t)))
         .collect();
-    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
+    let (registry, handles) =
+        WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &tracert_config, &f);
     registry.add_task(task);
     registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
 
@@ -490,6 +514,9 @@ fn main() {
     }
 
     main.link_in_module(irrt).unwrap();
+    if let Some(tracert) = tracert {
+        main.link_in_module(tracert).unwrap();
+    }
 
     // Private all functions except "run"
     let mut function_iter = main.get_first_function();

runkernel/src/main.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
     future_incompatible,
     let_underscore,
     nonstandard_style,
-    rust_2024_compatibility,
     clippy::all
 )]
+#![warn(rust_2024_compatibility)]
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(clippy::semicolon_if_nothing_returned, clippy::uninlined_format_args)]