485 lines
20 KiB
TeX
485 lines
20 KiB
TeX
\documentclass[10pt]{datasheet}
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\usepackage{palatino}
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\usepackage{textgreek}
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\usepackage{minted}
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\usepackage{tcolorbox}
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\usepackage{etoolbox}
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\usepackage[justification=centering]{caption}
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\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
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\usepackage[english]{babel}
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\usepackage[english]{isodate}
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\usepackage{graphicx}
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\usepackage{subfigure}
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\usepackage{tikz}
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\usepackage{pgfplots}
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\usepackage{circuitikz}
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\usepackage{pifont}
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\usetikzlibrary{calc}
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\usetikzlibrary{fit,backgrounds}
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\title{4456 Synthesizer Mirny}
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\author{M-Labs Limited}
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\date{January 2022}
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\revision{Revision 1}
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\companylogo{\includegraphics[height=0.73in]{artiq_sinara.pdf}}
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\begin{document}
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\maketitle
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\section{Features}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item{4-channel VCO/PLL.}
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\item{Output frequency ranges from 53 MHz to \textgreater 4 GHz.}
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\item{Up to 13.6 GHz with Almazny mezzanine.}
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\item{Higher frequency resolution than Urukul.}
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\item{Lower jitter and phase noise.}
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\item{Large frequency changes take several milliseconds.}
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\end{itemize}
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\section{Applications}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item{Low-noise microwave source.}
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\item{Quantum state control.}
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\item{Driving acousto/electro-optic modulators.}
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\end{itemize}
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\section{General Description}
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The 4456 Synthesizer Mirny card is a 4hp EEM module part of the ARTIQ Sinara family.
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It adds microwave generation capabilities to carrier cards such as 1124 Kasli and 1125 Kasli-SoC.
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It provides 4 channels of PLL frequency synthesis.
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Output frequency from 53 MHz to \textgreater 4 GHz are supported.
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The range can be expanded up to 13.6 GHz with Almazny mezzanine.
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Each channel can be attenuated from 0 to -31.5 dB by a digital attenuator.
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RF switches on each channel provides at least 50 dB isolation.
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% Switch to next column
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\vfill\break
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\newcommand*{\MyLabel}[3][2cm]{\parbox{#1}{\centering #2 \\ #3}}
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\newcommand*{\MymyLabel}[3][4cm]{\parbox{#1}{\centering #2 \\ #3}}
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\newcommand{\repeatfootnote}[1]{\textsuperscript{\ref{#1}}}
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\newcommand{\inputcolorboxminted}[2]{%
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\begin{tcolorbox}[colback=white]
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\inputminted[#1, gobble=4]{python}{#2}
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\end{tcolorbox}
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}
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\begin{figure}[h]
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\centering
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\scalebox{0.95}{
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\begin{circuitikz}[european, scale=0.95, every label/.append style={align=center}]
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\begin{scope}[]
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% Node to pin-point the locations of SMA symbols
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\draw[color=white, text=black] (-0.1, 0.35) node[twoportshape, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=0.4 ] (ext_clk) {};
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\draw[color=white, text=black] (-0.1, 0) node[twoportshape, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=0.4 ] (mmcx) {};
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\draw[color=white, text=black] (-0.1, -1.75) node[twoportshape, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=0.4 ] (rf0) {};
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\draw[color=white, text=black] (-0.1, -2.45) node[twoportshape, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=0.4 ] (rf1) {};
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\draw[color=white, text=black] (-0.1, -3.15) node[twoportshape, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=0.4 ] (rf2) {};
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\draw[color=white, text=black] (-0.1, -3.85) node[twoportshape, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=0.4 ] (rf3) {};
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% Node to pin-point the locations of SMP symbols
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\draw[color=white, text=black] (2.65, -1.75) node[twoportshape, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=0.4 ] (smp0) {};
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\draw[color=white, text=black] (2.65, -2.45) node[twoportshape, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=0.4 ] (smp1) {};
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\draw[color=white, text=black] (2.65, -3.15) node[twoportshape, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=0.4 ] (smp2) {};
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\draw[color=white, text=black] (2.65, -3.85) node[twoportshape, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=0.4 ] (smp3) {};
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% Extra node to expand the future channel dotted area eastward
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\draw[color=white, text=black] (2.1, -3.85) node[twoportshape, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=0.4, scale=0.4 ] (sig3_east) {};
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% Labels for female EXT_CLK, MMCX, RF {0, 1, 2, 3}
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\node [label=left:\tiny{EXT CLK}] at (0.35, 0.35) {};
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\node [label=left:\tiny{MMCX}] at (0.35, 0) {};
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\node [label=left:\tiny{RF 0}] at (0.35, -1.75) {};
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\node [label=left:\tiny{RF 1}] at (0.35, -2.45) {};
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\node [label=left:\tiny{RF 2}] at (0.35, -3.15) {};
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\node [label=left:\tiny{RF 3}] at (0.35, -3.85) {};
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% draw female EXT_CLK, MMCX, RF {0, 1, 2, 3}
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\begin{scope}[scale=0.07 , rotate=-90, xshift=-5cm, yshift=2cm]
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\draw (0,0.65) -- (0,3);
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\clip (-1.5,0) rectangle (1.5,1.5);
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\draw (0,0) circle(1.5);
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\clip (-0.8,0) rectangle (0.8,0.8);
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\draw (0,0) circle(0.8);
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\end{scope}
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\begin{scope}[scale=0.07 , rotate=-90, xshift=0cm, yshift=2cm]
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\draw (0,0.65) -- (0,3);
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\clip (-1.5,0) rectangle (1.5,1.5);
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\draw (0,0) circle(1.5);
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\clip (-0.8,0) rectangle (0.8,0.8);
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\draw (0,0) circle(0.8);
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\end{scope}
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\begin{scope}[scale=0.07 , rotate=-90, xshift=25cm, yshift=2cm]
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\draw (0,0.65) -- (0,3);
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\clip (-1.5,0) rectangle (1.5,1.5);
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\draw (0,0) circle(1.5);
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\clip (-0.8,0) rectangle (0.8,0.8);
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\draw (0,0) circle(0.8);
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\end{scope}
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\begin{scope}[scale=0.07 , rotate=-90, xshift=35cm, yshift=2cm]
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\draw (0,0.65) -- (0,3);
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\clip (-1.5,0) rectangle (1.5,1.5);
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\draw (0,0) circle(1.5);
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\clip (-0.8,0) rectangle (0.8,0.8);
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\draw (0,0) circle(0.8);
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\end{scope}
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\begin{scope}[scale=0.07 , rotate=-90, xshift=45cm, yshift=2cm]
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\draw (0,0.65) -- (0,3);
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\clip (-1.5,0) rectangle (1.5,1.5);
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\draw (0,0) circle(1.5);
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\clip (-0.8,0) rectangle (0.8,0.8);
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\draw (0,0) circle(0.8);
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\end{scope}
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\begin{scope}[scale=0.07 , rotate=-90, xshift=55cm, yshift=2cm]
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\draw (0,0.65) -- (0,3);
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\clip (-1.5,0) rectangle (1.5,1.5);
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\draw (0,0) circle(1.5);
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\clip (-0.8,0) rectangle (0.8,0.8);
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\draw (0,0) circle(0.8);
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\end{scope}
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% draw female SMP connectors
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\begin{scope}[scale=0.07 , rotate=90, xshift=-25cm, yshift=-45cm]
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\draw (0,0) -- (0,3);
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\clip (-1.5,0) rectangle (1.5,1.5);
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\draw (0,0) circle(1.5);
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\end{scope}
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\begin{scope}[scale=0.07 , rotate=90, xshift=-35cm, yshift=-45cm]
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\draw (0,0) -- (0,3);
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\clip (-1.5,0) rectangle (1.5,1.5);
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\draw (0,0) circle(1.5);
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\end{scope}
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\begin{scope}[scale=0.07 , rotate=90, xshift=-45cm, yshift=-45cm]
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\draw (0,0) -- (0,3);
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\clip (-1.5,0) rectangle (1.5,1.5);
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\draw (0,0) circle(1.5);
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\end{scope}
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\begin{scope}[scale=0.07 , rotate=90, xshift=-55cm, yshift=-45cm]
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\draw (0,0) -- (0,3);
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\clip (-1.5,0) rectangle (1.5,1.5);
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\draw (0,0) circle(1.5);
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\end{scope}
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% Labels for female SMP {0, 1, 2, 3}
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\node [label=right:\tiny{SMP 0}] at (3, -1.75) {};
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\node [label=right:\tiny{SMP 1}] at (3, -2.45) {};
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\node [label=right:\tiny{SMP 2}] at (3, -3.15) {};
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\node [label=right:\tiny{SMP 3}] at (3, -3.85) {};
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% Draw the internal oscillator
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\draw (0.02, -0.45) node[twoportshape, t={OSC}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=0.8, scale=0.4] (xo) {};
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% Draw the clock buffers
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\draw (1.6, 0) node[twoportshape, t={CLK Buffers}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=2.2, scale=0.5, rotate=-90] (clk_buf) {};
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% Connect CLK_IN to PLL clock buffers
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\draw [-latexslim] (ext_clk.east) -- (1.35, 0.35);
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\draw [-latexslim] (mmcx.east) -- (1.35, 0);
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\draw [-latexslim] (xo.east) -- (1.35, -0.45);
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% Connect CPLD clk_sel to PLL clock buffers
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\draw [-latexslim] (clk_buf.east) -- (1.6, -1.35);
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% Signal path: From control signals / clock of PLL to output of the RF switches
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\draw (1.6, -1.75) node[twoportshape, t={PLL Signal Path}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=2, scale=0.5] (sig0) {};
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\draw (1.6, -2.45) node[twoportshape, t={PLL Signal Path}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=2, scale=0.5] (sig1) {};
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\draw (1.6, -3.15) node[twoportshape, t={PLL Signal Path}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=2, scale=0.5] (sig2) {};
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\draw (1.6, -3.85) node[twoportshape, t={PLL Signal Path}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=2, scale=0.5] (sig3) {};
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% Connect RF to PLL block
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\draw [latexslim-] (rf0.east) -- (sig0.west);
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\draw [latexslim-] (rf1.east) -- (sig1.west);
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\draw [latexslim-] (rf2.east) -- (sig2.west);
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\draw [latexslim-] (rf3.east) -- (sig3.west);
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% PLL signal path dotted area
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\node[draw, dotted, thick, rounded corners, inner xsep=0.7em, inner ysep=0.4em, fit=(rf3)(sig0)(sig3_east.east)] (abs_dds) {};
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\node[fill=white, rotate=-90, scale=0.7] at (abs_dds.west) {PLL Channels};
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% CPLD after signal path 0
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\draw (4.6, -0.2) node[twoportshape, t={CPLD}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.1, scale=0.8, rotate=-90] (cpld) {};
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% Connect CPLD to:
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% PLL clock buffer
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\draw [latexslim-] (clk_buf.north) -- (4.2, 0);
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% PLL signal path
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\draw [latexslim-latexslim] (4.2, -0.4) -- (2.2, -0.4) -- (2.2, -1.35);
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% Connect each PLL channel to its cooresponding SMP connector
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\draw [-latexslim] (sig0.east) -- (smp0.east);
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\draw [-latexslim] (sig1.east) -- (smp1.east);
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\draw [-latexslim] (sig2.east) -- (smp2.east);
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\draw [-latexslim] (sig3.east) -- (smp3.east);
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% Draw AFE header
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\draw (4.6, -2.8) node[twoportshape, t={AFE Header}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.8, scale=0.6, rotate=-90] (afe) {};
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% Connect AFE header to CPLD
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\draw [latexslim-latexslim] (cpld.east) -- (afe.west);
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% Draw LVDS transceivers, EEM
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\draw (6.2, 0) node[twoportshape, t=\MymyLabel{LVDS}{Transceiever}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.8, scale=0.5, rotate=-90] (lvds0) {};
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\draw (6.2, -1.6) node[twoportshape, t=\MymyLabel{LVDS}{Transceiever}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.8, scale=0.5, rotate=-90] (lvds1) {};
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\draw (7.8, -1.5) node[twoportshape, t={EEM Port}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=3.8, scale=0.7, rotate=-90] (eem) {};
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% Connect LVDS transceiver to CPLD
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\draw [latexslim-latexslim] (lvds0.south) -- (5, 0);
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\draw [latexslim-latexslim] (lvds1.south) -- (5.5, -1.6) -- (5.5, -0.4) -- (5, -0.4);
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% Connect EEM to LVDS transceiver
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\draw [latexslim-latexslim] (lvds0.north) -- (7.45, 0);
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\draw [latexslim-latexslim] (lvds1.north) -- (7.45, -1.6);
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% Draw EEPROM
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\draw (6.2, -3.85) node[twoportshape, t={EEPROM}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.8, scale=0.5] (eeprom) {};
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% Interconnect I2C between EEPROM, AFE header & EEM
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\draw [latexslim-latexslim] (afe.north) -- (7.45, -2.8);
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\draw [-latexslim] (6.2, -2.8) -- (eeprom.north);
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\end{scope}
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\end{circuitikz}
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}
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\caption{Simplified Block Diagram}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}[h]
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\centering
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\scalebox{0.88}{
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\begin{circuitikz}[european, scale=0.95, every label/.append style={align=center}]
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\begin{scope}[]
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% RF switches {0, 1, 2, 3} for SMA {0, 1, 2, 3}
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\draw (1.4, 0) node[twoportshape, t={RF Switch}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.5, scale=0.6] (sw) {};
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% Amplifiers {0, 1, 2, 3} for RF switches {0, 1, 2, 3}
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\draw (3, 0) node[buffer, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=-0.5] (amp) {};
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% Attenuators {0, 1, 2, 3} for amplifiers {0, 1, 2, 3}
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\draw (4.6, 0) node[twoportshape, t=\MymyLabel{Digital}{Attenuator}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=2, scale=0.6, rotate=-90] (att) {};
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% PLL {0, 1, 2, 3} for attenuators {0, 1, 2, 3}
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\draw (6.6, 0) node[twoportshape, t={PLL}, circuitikz/bipoles/twoport/width=1.2, scale=0.7] (pll) {};
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% Connect main signal path
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\draw [-latexslim] (pll.west) -- (att.north);
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\draw [-latexslim] (att.south) -- (amp.west);
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\draw [-latexslim] (amp.east) -- (sw.east);
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% Connect abstract PLL clock input
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\node [label=above:\tiny{CLK Buffers}] at (8, -0.2) {};
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\draw [latexslim-] (pll.east) -- (8, 0);
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% Insert CPLD signal to relevant components
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\node [label=above:\tiny{CPLD}] at (8, 1.1) {};
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\draw [-] (1.4, 1.3) -- (8, 1.3);
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\draw [-latexslim] (1.4, 1.3) -- (sw.north);
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\draw [-latexslim] (4.6, 1.3) -- (att.west);
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\draw [-latexslim] (6.6, 1.3) -- (pll.north);
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% Connect PLL to SMP connectors
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\draw [-latexslim] (pll.south) -- (6.6, -1.35);
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\node [label=below:\tiny{SMP}] at (6.6, -1.15) {};
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% Direct the RF switch output to RF output
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\draw [-latexslim] (sw.west) -- (0, 0);
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\node [label=left:\tiny{RF}] at (0.2, 0) {};
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\end{scope}
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\end{circuitikz}
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}
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\caption{Simplified PLL Signal Path}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}[hbt!]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[height=2in]{Mirny_FP.pdf}
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\includegraphics[height=2in]{photo4456.jpg}
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\caption{Mirny Card photo}
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\end{figure}
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% For wide tables, a single column layout is better. It can be switched
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% page-by-page.
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\onecolumn
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\section{Electrical Specifications}
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Specifications of parameters are based on the datasheets of the
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PLL IC(ADF5356\footnote{\label{adf5356}https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ADF5356.pdf}),
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clock buffer IC (Si53340-B-GM\footnote{\label{clock_buffer}https://www.skyworksinc.com/-/media/Skyworks/SL/documents/public/data-sheets/si5334x-datasheet.pdf}),
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digital attenuator IC (HMC542BLP4E\footnote{\label{attenuator}https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/hmc542b.pdf}).
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Test results are from the Krzysztof Belewicz's thesis ``Microwave synthesizer for driving ion traps in quantum computing"\footnote{\label{mirny_thesis}https://m-labs.hk/Krzysztof\_Belewicz\_V1.1.pdf}.
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\begin{table}[h]
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\centering
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\begin{threeparttable}
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\caption{Recommended Operating Conditions}
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\begin{tabularx}{0.9\textwidth}{l | c c c | c | X}
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\thickhline
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\textbf{Parameter} & \textbf{Min.} & \textbf{Typ.} & \textbf{Max.} &
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\textbf{Unit} & \textbf{Conditions} \\
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\hline
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% Note to future editors, the clk_div signal in gateware is not used.
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% Input divider was removed (mirny#8)
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Clock input & & & & & \\
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\hspace{3mm}Frequency\repeatfootnote{adf5356}
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& 10 & & 250 & MHz & Single-ended clock input (PLL config.) \\
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& 10 & & 600 & MHz & Differential clock input (PLL config.) \\
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\cline{2-6}
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\hspace{3mm}Differential input swing\repeatfootnote{clock_buffer}
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& 0.11 & & 1.55 & V\textsubscript{p-p} & \\
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\thickhline
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\end{tabularx}
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\end{threeparttable}
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\end{table}
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\begin{table}[h]
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\centering
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\begin{threeparttable}
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\caption{Output Specifications}
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\begin{tabularx}{0.9\textwidth}{l | c c c | c | X}
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\thickhline
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\textbf{Parameter} & \textbf{Min.} & \textbf{Typ.} & \textbf{Max.} &
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\textbf{Unit} & \textbf{Conditions} \\
|
|
\hline
|
|
Frequency & 53.125 & & 4000 & MHz & \\
|
|
\hline
|
|
Digital attenuation\repeatfootnote{attenuator} & -31.5 & & 0 & dB & \\
|
|
\hline
|
|
Resolution & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{} & \\
|
|
\hspace{3mm} Frequency\repeatfootnote{adf5356} & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{52 bits} & \\
|
|
\hspace{3mm} Phase offset\repeatfootnote{adf5356} & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{24 bits} & \\
|
|
\hspace{3mm} Digital attenuation\repeatfootnote{attenuator} & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{0.5 dB} & \\
|
|
\thickhline
|
|
\end{tabularx}
|
|
\end{threeparttable}
|
|
\end{table}
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|
|
|
\newpage
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|
|
|
Phase noise performance of Mirny was tested using the ADF4351 evaluation kit\repeatfootnote{mirny_thesis}.
|
|
The SPI signal is driven by the evaluation kit, converted into LVDS signal by propagating through the DIO-tester card, finally arriving at the Mirny card.
|
|
Mirny is then connected to the RSA5100A spectrum analyzer for measurement.
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|
|
|
Noise response spike can be improved by inserting an additional common-mode choke between the power supply and Mirny.
|
|
Note that the common-mode choke is not present on the Mirny card.
|
|
The following is a comparison between 2 setups at 1 GHz output:
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item Red: Before any modifications
|
|
\item Blue: Adding a CM choke with an 100 \textmu F capacitor after the CM choke
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}[H]
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[height=3in]{mirny_phase_noise_cm_choke.png}
|
|
\caption{Phase noise measurement at 1 GHz}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
Phase noise at different output frequencies are then measured.
|
|
|
|
\newcolumntype{Y}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}
|
|
|
|
\begin{table}[hbt!]
|
|
\centering
|
|
\begin{threeparttable}
|
|
\caption{Phase noise performance}
|
|
\begin{tabularx}{0.8\textwidth}{| c | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |}
|
|
\thickhline
|
|
\multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Output frequency}} &
|
|
\multicolumn{5}{c|}{\textbf{Phase noise (dBc/Hz) at carrier offset}}\\
|
|
\cline{2-6} & 1 kHz & 10 kHz & 100 kHz & 1 MHz & 10 MHz \\
|
|
\hline
|
|
125 MHz & -114 & -116 & -115 & -132 & -133 \\
|
|
\hline
|
|
500 MHz & -107 & -129 & -111 & -130 & -132 \\
|
|
\hline
|
|
1 GHz & -102 & -106 & -107 & -125 & -133 \\
|
|
\hline
|
|
2 GHz & -102 & -98 & -104 & -123 & -124 \\
|
|
\hline
|
|
3.5 GHz & -96 & -101 & -103 & -127 & -128 \\
|
|
\thickhline
|
|
\end{tabularx}
|
|
\end{threeparttable}
|
|
\end{table}
|
|
|
|
\newpage
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}[H]
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[height=3in]{mirny_phase_noise_frequency.png}
|
|
\caption{Phase noise measurement}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
\newpage
|
|
|
|
\section{Example ARTIQ code}
|
|
The sections below demonstrate simple usage scenarios of the 4456 Synthesizer Mirny card with the ARTIQ control system.
|
|
They do not exhaustively demonstrate all the features of the ARTIQ system.
|
|
The full documentation for the ARTIQ software and gateware is available at \url{https://m-labs.hk}.
|
|
|
|
\subsection{1 GHz Sinusoidal Wave}
|
|
Generate a 1 GHz sinusoid from RF0 with full scale amplitude, attenuated by 12 dB.
|
|
Both the CPLD and the PLL channels should be initialized.
|
|
|
|
\inputcolorboxminted{firstline=10,lastline=17}{examples/pll.py}
|
|
|
|
\subsection{ADF5356 Power Control}
|
|
Output power can be controlled be configuring the PLL channels individually, in addition to the digital attenuators.
|
|
After initialization of the PLL channel (ADF5356), the following line of code can change the output power level.
|
|
|
|
\inputcolorboxminted{firstline=28,lastline=28}{examples/pll.py}
|
|
|
|
The parameter corresponds to a specific change of output power according to the following table\repeatfootnote{adf5356}.
|
|
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\captionof{table}{Power changes from ADF5356}
|
|
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
|
|
\hline
|
|
Parameter & Power \\ \hline
|
|
0 & -4 dBm \\ \hline
|
|
1 & -1 dBm \\ \hline
|
|
2 & +2 dBm \\ \hline
|
|
3 & +5 dBm \\ \hline
|
|
\end{tabular}
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
|
|
ADF5356 gives +5 dBm by default. The stored parameter in ADF5356 can be read using the folowing line.
|
|
|
|
\inputcolorboxminted{firstline=29,lastline=29}{examples/pll.py}
|
|
|
|
\newpage
|
|
\subsection{Periodic 100\textmu s pulses}
|
|
The output can be toggled on and off periodically using the RF switches.
|
|
The following code emits a 100\textmu s pulse in every millisecond.
|
|
A microwave signal should be programmed in prior (such as the 1 GHz wave example).
|
|
|
|
\inputcolorboxminted{firstline=42,lastline=44}{examples/pll.py}
|
|
|
|
\section{Ordering Information}
|
|
To order, please visit \url{https://m-labs.hk} and select the 4456 Synthesizer Mirny in the ARTIQ Sinara crate configuration tool.
|
|
The cards may also be ordered separately by writing to \url{mailto:sales@m-labs.hk}.
|
|
|
|
\section*{}
|
|
\vspace*{\fill}
|
|
|
|
\begin{footnotesize}
|
|
Information furnished by M-Labs Limited is provided in good faith in the hope that it will be useful. However, no responsibility is assumed by M-Labs Limited for its use. Specifications may be subject to change without notice.
|
|
\end{footnotesize}
|
|
|
|
\end{document}
|