forked from M-Labs/libfringe
Add more examples to README.
This also renames some functions for a mild increase in backtrace clarity.
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whitequark
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README.md
73
README.md
@ -25,6 +25,26 @@ It also provides the necessary low-level building blocks:
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libfringe emphasizes safety and correctness, and goes to great lengths to never
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violate the platform ABI.
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## Usage example
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```rust
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extern crate fringe;
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use fringe::{OsStack, Generator};
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fn main() {
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let stack = OsStack::new(1 << 16).unwrap();
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let mut gen = Generator::new(stack, move |yielder, ()| {
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for i in 1..4 { yielder.generate(i) }
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});
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println!("{:?}", gen.resume(())); // Some(1)
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println!("{:?}", gen.resume(())); // Some(2)
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println!("{:?}", gen.resume(())); // Some(3)
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println!("{:?}", gen.resume(())); // None
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}
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```
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## Performance
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libfringe does context switches in 3ns flat on x86 and x86_64!
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@ -33,6 +53,59 @@ libfringe does context switches in 3ns flat on x86 and x86_64!
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test swap ... bench: 6 ns/iter (+/- 0)
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```
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## Debuggability
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Uniquely among libraries implementing context switching, libfringe ensures that the call stack
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does not abruptly end at the boundary of a generator. Let's consider this buggy code:
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```rust
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extern crate fringe;
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use fringe::{OsStack, Generator};
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fn main() {
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let stack = OsStack::new(1 << 16).unwrap();
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let mut gen = Generator::new(stack, move |yielder, mut index| {
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let values = [1, 2, 3];
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loop { index = yielder.generate(values[index]) }
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});
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println!("{:?}", gen.resume(5));
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}
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```
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It crashes with the following backtrace (redacted for clarity):
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```
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thread 'main' panicked at 'assertion failed: index < self.len()', ../src/libcore/slice.rs:531
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stack backtrace:
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[... core::panicking internals ...]
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9: 0x559ee50f677b - core::panicking::panic::hbfac80217e56ecbe
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10: 0x559ee50b6b4c - core::slice::_<impl core..ops..Index<usize> for [T]>::index::hcb117ddcc7cf2f33
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at .../src/libcore/slice.rs:21
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11: 0x559ee50b7288 - crash_test::main::_{{closure}}::hc7da249d76d51364
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at .../crash_test.rs:9
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12: 0x559ee50b6f23 - _<fringe..generator..Generator<Input, Output, Stack>>::unsafe_new::generator_wrapper::ha2da172d4f041d38
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at .../libfringe/src/generator.rs:94
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13: 0x559ee50b76d3 - fringe::arch::imp::init::trampoline_2::hdb11eb4bdafcdeb9
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at .../libfringe/src/arch/x86_64.rs:71
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14: 0x559ee50b76c4 - fringe::arch::imp::init::trampoline_1::h6b071b2a8ea6aab3
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at .../libfringe/src/arch/x86_64.rs:43
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15: 0x559ee50b7098 - _<fringe..generator..Generator<Input, Output, Stack>>::resume::h8d2b90d386543e29
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at .../libfringe/src/arch/x86_64.rs:131
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at .../libfringe/src/context.rs:52
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at .../libfringe/src/generator.rs:129
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16: 0x559ee50b71c8 - crash_test::main::hfc5e04bc99de7a6a
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at .../crash_test.rs:12
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[... standard library startup internals ...]
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```
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Similarly, debuggers, profilers, and all other tools using the DWARF debug information have
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full insight into the call stacks.
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Note that the stack should be deep enough for the panic machinery to store its state—at any point
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there should be at least 8 KiB of free stack space, or panicking will result in a segfault.
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## Limitations
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The only architectures currently supported are x86 and x86_64.
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@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub struct StackPointer(*mut usize);
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pub unsafe fn init(stack: &Stack, f: unsafe extern "C" fn(usize) -> !) -> StackPointer {
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#[naked]
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unsafe extern "C" fn init_trampoline_1() {
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unsafe extern "C" fn trampoline_1() {
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asm!(
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r#"
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# gdb has a hardcoded check that rejects backtraces where frame addresses
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@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ pub unsafe fn init(stack: &Stack, f: unsafe extern "C" fn(usize) -> !) -> StackP
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.Lend:
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.size __morestack, .Lend-__morestack
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"#
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: : "s" (init_trampoline_2 as usize) : "memory" : "volatile")
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: : "s" (trampoline_2 as usize) : "memory" : "volatile")
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}
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#[naked]
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unsafe extern "C" fn init_trampoline_2() {
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unsafe extern "C" fn trampoline_2() {
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asm!(
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r#"
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# Set up the second part of our DWARF CFI.
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@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ pub unsafe fn init(stack: &Stack, f: unsafe extern "C" fn(usize) -> !) -> StackP
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let mut sp = StackPointer(stack.top() as *mut usize);
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push(&mut sp, 0xdead0cfa); // CFA slot
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push(&mut sp, f as usize); // function
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push(&mut sp, init_trampoline_1 as usize);
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push(&mut sp, trampoline_1 as usize);
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push(&mut sp, 0xdeadbbbb); // saved %ebp
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sp
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}
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@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ pub unsafe fn swap(arg: usize, old_sp: &mut StackPointer, new_sp: &StackPointer,
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let new_cfa = (new_stack.top() as *mut usize).offset(-1);
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#[naked]
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unsafe extern "C" fn swap_trampoline() {
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unsafe extern "C" fn trampoline() {
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asm!(
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r#"
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# Save frame pointer explicitly; the unwinder uses it to find CFA of
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@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ pub unsafe fn swap(arg: usize, old_sp: &mut StackPointer, new_sp: &StackPointer,
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call ${1:c}
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"#
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: "={eax}" (ret)
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: "s" (swap_trampoline as usize)
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: "s" (trampoline as usize)
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"{eax}" (arg)
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"{esi}" (old_sp)
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"{edx}" (new_sp)
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@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub struct StackPointer(*mut usize);
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pub unsafe fn init(stack: &Stack, f: unsafe extern "C" fn(usize) -> !) -> StackPointer {
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#[naked]
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unsafe extern "C" fn init_trampoline_1() {
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unsafe extern "C" fn trampoline_1() {
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asm!(
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r#"
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# gdb has a hardcoded check that rejects backtraces where frame addresses
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@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ pub unsafe fn init(stack: &Stack, f: unsafe extern "C" fn(usize) -> !) -> StackP
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.Lend:
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.size __morestack, .Lend-__morestack
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"#
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: : "s" (init_trampoline_2 as usize) : "memory" : "volatile")
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: : "s" (trampoline_2 as usize) : "memory" : "volatile")
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}
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#[naked]
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unsafe extern "C" fn init_trampoline_2() {
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unsafe extern "C" fn trampoline_2() {
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asm!(
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r#"
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# Set up the second part of our DWARF CFI.
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@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ pub unsafe fn init(stack: &Stack, f: unsafe extern "C" fn(usize) -> !) -> StackP
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push(&mut sp, 0xdeaddeaddead0cfa); // CFA slot
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push(&mut sp, 0 as usize); // alignment
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push(&mut sp, f as usize); // function
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push(&mut sp, init_trampoline_1 as usize);
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push(&mut sp, trampoline_1 as usize);
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push(&mut sp, 0xdeaddeaddeadbbbb); // saved %rbp
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sp
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}
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@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pub unsafe fn swap(arg: usize, old_sp: &mut StackPointer, new_sp: &StackPointer,
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let new_cfa = (new_stack.top() as *mut usize).offset(-1);
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#[naked]
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unsafe extern "C" fn swap_trampoline() {
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unsafe extern "C" fn trampoline() {
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asm!(
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r#"
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# Save frame pointer explicitly; the unwinder uses it to find CFA of
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@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ pub unsafe fn swap(arg: usize, old_sp: &mut StackPointer, new_sp: &StackPointer,
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call ${1:c}
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"#
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: "={rdi}" (ret)
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: "s" (swap_trampoline as usize)
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: "s" (trampoline as usize)
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"{rdi}" (arg)
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"{rsi}" (old_sp)
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"{rdx}" (new_sp)
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