Merge branch 'new-py2llvm'

.gitignore

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ __pycache__
 *.bin
 *.elf
 *.fbi
+*.pyc
 doc/manual/_build
 /build
 /dist
@@ -15,3 +16,10 @@ artiq/test/h5types.h5
 examples/master/results
 examples/master/dataset_db.pyon
 examples/sim/dataset_db.pyon
+Output/
+/lit-test/libartiq_support/libartiq_support.so
+
+# for developer convenience
+/test*.py
+/device_db.pyon
+/dataset_db.pyon

.gitmodules

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 [submodule "artiq/runtime/lwip"]
 	path = artiq/runtime/lwip
 	url = git://git.savannah.nongnu.org/lwip.git
-    ignore = untracked
+	ignore = untracked

.travis.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 language: python
 python:
   - '3.5'
+branches:
+  only:
+    - master
 sudo: false
 env:
   global:

artiq/compiler/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+from .module import Module, Source
+from .embedding import Stitcher

artiq/compiler/algorithms/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from .inline import inline

artiq/compiler/algorithms/inline.py

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+"""
+:func:`inline` inlines a call instruction in ARTIQ IR.
+The call instruction must have a statically known callee,
+it must be second to last in the basic block, and the basic
+block must have exactly one successor.
+"""
+
+from .. import types, builtins, iodelay, ir
+
+def inline(call_insn):
+    assert isinstance(call_insn, ir.Call)
+    assert call_insn.static_target_function is not None
+    assert len(call_insn.basic_block.successors()) == 1
+    assert call_insn.basic_block.index(call_insn) == \
+                len(call_insn.basic_block.instructions) - 2
+
+    value_map          = {}
+    source_function    = call_insn.static_target_function
+    target_function    = call_insn.basic_block.function
+    target_predecessor = call_insn.basic_block
+    target_successor   = call_insn.basic_block.successors()[0]
+
+    if builtins.is_none(source_function.type.ret):
+        target_return_phi = None
+    else:
+        target_return_phi = target_successor.prepend(ir.Phi(source_function.type.ret))
+
+    closure = target_predecessor.insert(ir.GetAttr(call_insn.target_function(), '__closure__'),
+                                        before=call_insn)
+    for actual_arg, formal_arg in zip([closure] + call_insn.arguments(),
+                                      source_function.arguments):
+        value_map[formal_arg] = actual_arg
+
+    for source_block in source_function.basic_blocks:
+        target_block = ir.BasicBlock([], "i." + source_block.name)
+        target_function.add(target_block)
+        value_map[source_block] = target_block
+
+    def mapper(value):
+        if isinstance(value, ir.Constant):
+            return value
+        else:
+            return value_map[value]
+
+    for source_insn in source_function.instructions():
+        target_block = value_map[source_insn.basic_block]
+        if isinstance(source_insn, ir.Return):
+            if target_return_phi is not None:
+                target_return_phi.add_incoming(mapper(source_insn.value()), target_block)
+            target_insn = ir.Branch(target_successor)
+        elif isinstance(source_insn, ir.Phi):
+            target_insn = ir.Phi()
+        elif isinstance(source_insn, ir.Delay):
+            substs        = source_insn.substs()
+            mapped_substs = {var: value_map[substs[var]] for var in substs}
+            const_substs  = {var: iodelay.Const(mapped_substs[var].value)
+                             for var in mapped_substs
+                              if isinstance(mapped_substs[var], ir.Constant)}
+            other_substs  = {var: mapped_substs[var]
+                             for var in mapped_substs
+                              if not isinstance(mapped_substs[var], ir.Constant)}
+            target_insn  = ir.Delay(source_insn.expr.fold(const_substs), other_substs,
+                                    value_map[source_insn.decomposition()],
+                                    value_map[source_insn.target()])
+        else:
+            target_insn = source_insn.copy(mapper)
+            target_insn.name = "i." + source_insn.name
+        value_map[source_insn] = target_insn
+        target_block.append(target_insn)
+
+    for source_insn in source_function.instructions():
+        if isinstance(source_insn, ir.Phi):
+            target_insn = value_map[source_insn]
+            for block, value in source_insn.incoming():
+                target_insn.add_incoming(value_map[value], value_map[block])
+
+    target_predecessor.terminator().replace_with(ir.Branch(value_map[source_function.entry()]))
+    if target_return_phi is not None:
+        call_insn.replace_all_uses_with(target_return_phi)
+    call_insn.erase()

artiq/compiler/analyses/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+from .domination import DominatorTree
+from .devirtualization import Devirtualization

artiq/compiler/analyses/devirtualization.py

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+"""
+:class:`Devirtualizer` performs method resolution at
+compile time.
+
+Devirtualization is implemented using a lattice
+with three states: unknown → assigned once → diverges.
+The lattice is computed individually for every
+variable in scope as well as every
+(instance type, field name) pair.
+"""
+
+from pythonparser import algorithm
+from .. import asttyped, ir, types
+
+def _advance(target_map, key, value):
+    if key not in target_map:
+        target_map[key] = value # unknown → assigned once
+    else:
+        target_map[key] = None  # assigned once → diverges
+
+class FunctionResolver(algorithm.Visitor):
+    def __init__(self, variable_map):
+        self.variable_map = variable_map
+
+        self.scope_map = dict()
+        self.queue = []
+
+        self.in_assign = False
+        self.current_scopes = []
+
+    def finalize(self):
+        for thunk in self.queue:
+            thunk()
+
+    def visit_scope(self, node):
+        self.current_scopes.append(node)
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+        self.current_scopes.pop()
+
+    def visit_in_assign(self, node):
+        self.in_assign = True
+        self.visit(node)
+        self.in_assign = False
+
+    def visit_Assign(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.value)
+        self.visit_in_assign(node.targets)
+
+    def visit_For(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.iter)
+        self.visit_in_assign(node.target)
+        self.visit(node.body)
+        self.visit(node.orelse)
+
+    def visit_withitem(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.context_expr)
+        self.visit_in_assign(node.optional_vars)
+
+    def visit_comprehension(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.iter)
+        self.visit_in_assign(node.target)
+        self.visit(node.ifs)
+
+    def visit_ModuleT(self, node):
+        self.visit_scope(node)
+
+    def visit_FunctionDefT(self, node):
+        _advance(self.scope_map, (self.current_scopes[-1], node.name), node)
+        self.visit_scope(node)
+
+    def visit_NameT(self, node):
+        if self.in_assign:
+            # Just give up if we assign anything at all to a variable, and
+            # assume it diverges.
+            _advance(self.scope_map, (self.current_scopes[-1], node.id), None)
+        else:
+            # Look up the final value in scope_map and copy it into variable_map.
+            keys = [(scope, node.id) for scope in reversed(self.current_scopes)]
+            def thunk():
+                for key in keys:
+                    if key in self.scope_map:
+                        self.variable_map[node] = self.scope_map[key]
+                        return
+            self.queue.append(thunk)
+
+class MethodResolver(algorithm.Visitor):
+    def __init__(self, variable_map, method_map):
+        self.variable_map = variable_map
+        self.method_map = method_map
+
+    # embedding.Stitcher.finalize generates initialization statements
+    # of form "constructor.meth = meth_body".
+    def visit_Assign(self, node):
+        if node.value not in self.variable_map:
+            return
+
+        value = self.variable_map[node.value]
+        for target in node.targets:
+            if isinstance(target, asttyped.AttributeT):
+                if types.is_constructor(target.value.type):
+                    instance_type = target.value.type.instance
+                elif types.is_instance(target.value.type):
+                    instance_type = target.value.type
+                else:
+                    continue
+                _advance(self.method_map, (instance_type, target.attr), value)
+
+class Devirtualization:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.variable_map = dict()
+        self.method_map = dict()
+
+    def visit(self, node):
+        function_resolver = FunctionResolver(self.variable_map)
+        function_resolver.visit(node)
+        function_resolver.finalize()
+
+        method_resolver = MethodResolver(self.variable_map, self.method_map)
+        method_resolver.visit(node)

artiq/compiler/analyses/domination.py

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+"""
+:class:`DominatorTree` computes the dominance relation over
+control flow graphs.
+
+See http://www.cs.rice.edu/~keith/EMBED/dom.pdf.
+"""
+
+class GenericDominatorTree:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._assign_names()
+        self._compute()
+
+    def _traverse_in_postorder(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _prev_block_names(self, block):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _assign_names(self):
+        postorder = self._traverse_in_postorder()
+
+        self._start_name    = len(postorder) - 1
+        self._block_of_name = postorder
+        self._name_of_block = {}
+        for block_name, block in enumerate(postorder):
+            self._name_of_block[block] = block_name
+
+    def _intersect(self, block_name_1, block_name_2):
+        finger_1, finger_2 = block_name_1, block_name_2
+        while finger_1 != finger_2:
+            while finger_1 < finger_2:
+                finger_1 = self._doms[finger_1]
+            while finger_2 < finger_1:
+                finger_2 = self._doms[finger_2]
+        return finger_1
+
+    def _compute(self):
+        self._doms = {}
+
+        # Start block dominates itself.
+        self._doms[self._start_name] = self._start_name
+
+        # We don't yet know what blocks dominate all other blocks.
+        for block_name in range(self._start_name):
+            self._doms[block_name] = None
+
+        changed = True
+        while changed:
+            changed = False
+
+            # For all blocks except start block, in reverse postorder...
+            for block_name in reversed(range(self._start_name)):
+                # Select a new immediate dominator from the blocks we have
+                # already processed, and remember all others.
+                # We've already processed at least one previous block because
+                # of the graph traverse order.
+                new_idom, prev_block_names = None, []
+                for prev_block_name in self._prev_block_names(block_name):
+                    if new_idom is None and self._doms[prev_block_name] is not None:
+                        new_idom = prev_block_name
+                    else:
+                        prev_block_names.append(prev_block_name)
+
+                # Find a common previous block
+                for prev_block_name in prev_block_names:
+                    if self._doms[prev_block_name] is not None:
+                        new_idom = self._intersect(prev_block_name, new_idom)
+
+                if self._doms[block_name] != new_idom:
+                    self._doms[block_name] = new_idom
+                    changed = True
+
+    def immediate_dominator(self, block):
+        return self._block_of_name[self._doms[self._name_of_block[block]]]
+
+    def dominators(self, block):
+        yield block
+
+        block_name = self._name_of_block[block]
+        while block_name != self._doms[block_name]:
+            block_name = self._doms[block_name]
+            yield self._block_of_name[block_name]
+
+class DominatorTree(GenericDominatorTree):
+    def __init__(self, function):
+        self.function = function
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def _traverse_in_postorder(self):
+        postorder = []
+
+        visited = set()
+        def visit(block):
+            visited.add(block)
+            for next_block in block.successors():
+                if next_block not in visited:
+                    visit(next_block)
+            postorder.append(block)
+
+        visit(self.function.entry())
+
+        return postorder
+
+    def _prev_block_names(self, block_name):
+        for block in self._block_of_name[block_name].predecessors():
+            yield self._name_of_block[block]
+
+class PostDominatorTree(GenericDominatorTree):
+    def __init__(self, function):
+        self.function = function
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def _traverse_in_postorder(self):
+        postorder = []
+
+        visited = set()
+        def visit(block):
+            visited.add(block)
+            for next_block in block.predecessors():
+                if next_block not in visited:
+                    visit(next_block)
+            postorder.append(block)
+
+        for block in self.function.basic_blocks:
+            if not any(block.successors()):
+                visit(block)
+
+        postorder.append(None) # virtual exit block
+        return postorder
+
+    def _prev_block_names(self, block_name):
+        succ_blocks = self._block_of_name[block_name].successors()
+        if len(succ_blocks) > 0:
+            for block in succ_blocks:
+                yield self._name_of_block[block]
+        else:
+            yield self._start_name

artiq/compiler/asttyped.py

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+"""
+The typedtree module exports the PythonParser AST enriched with
+typing information.
+"""
+
+from pythonparser import ast
+
+class commontyped(ast.commonloc):
+    """A mixin for typed AST nodes."""
+
+    _types = ("type",)
+
+    def _reprfields(self):
+        return self._fields + self._locs + self._types
+
+class scoped(object):
+    """
+    :ivar typing_env: (dict with string keys and :class:`.types.Type` values)
+        map of variable names to variable types
+    :ivar globals_in_scope: (set of string keys)
+        set of variables resolved as globals
+    """
+
+# Typed versions of untyped nodes
+class argT(ast.arg, commontyped):
+    pass
+
+class ClassDefT(ast.ClassDef):
+    _types = ("constructor_type",)
+class FunctionDefT(ast.FunctionDef, scoped):
+    _types = ("signature_type",)
+class ModuleT(ast.Module, scoped):
+    pass
+
+class ExceptHandlerT(ast.ExceptHandler):
+    _fields = ("filter", "name", "body") # rename ast.ExceptHandler.type to filter
+    _types = ("name_type",)
+
+class SliceT(ast.Slice, commontyped):
+    pass
+
+class AttributeT(ast.Attribute, commontyped):
+    pass
+class BinOpT(ast.BinOp, commontyped):
+    pass
+class BoolOpT(ast.BoolOp, commontyped):
+    pass
+class CallT(ast.Call, commontyped):
+    """
+    :ivar iodelay: (:class:`iodelay.Expr`)
+    """
+class CompareT(ast.Compare, commontyped):
+    pass
+class DictT(ast.Dict, commontyped):
+    pass
+class DictCompT(ast.DictComp, commontyped, scoped):
+    pass
+class EllipsisT(ast.Ellipsis, commontyped):
+    pass
+class GeneratorExpT(ast.GeneratorExp, commontyped, scoped):
+    pass
+class IfExpT(ast.IfExp, commontyped):
+    pass
+class LambdaT(ast.Lambda, commontyped, scoped):
+    pass
+class ListT(ast.List, commontyped):
+    pass
+class ListCompT(ast.ListComp, commontyped, scoped):
+    pass
+class NameT(ast.Name, commontyped):
+    pass
+class NameConstantT(ast.NameConstant, commontyped):
+    pass
+class NumT(ast.Num, commontyped):
+    pass
+class SetT(ast.Set, commontyped):
+    pass
+class SetCompT(ast.SetComp, commontyped, scoped):
+    pass
+class StrT(ast.Str, commontyped):
+    pass
+class StarredT(ast.Starred, commontyped):
+    pass
+class SubscriptT(ast.Subscript, commontyped):
+    pass
+class TupleT(ast.Tuple, commontyped):
+    pass
+class UnaryOpT(ast.UnaryOp, commontyped):
+    pass
+class YieldT(ast.Yield, commontyped):
+    pass
+class YieldFromT(ast.YieldFrom, commontyped):
+    pass
+
+# Novel typed nodes
+class CoerceT(ast.expr, commontyped):
+    _fields = ('value',) # other_value deliberately not in _fields
+class QuoteT(ast.expr, commontyped):
+    _fields = ('value',)

artiq/compiler/builtins.py

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+"""
+The :mod:`builtins` module contains the builtin Python
+and ARTIQ types, such as int or float.
+"""
+
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from . import types
+
+# Types
+
+class TNone(types.TMono):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("NoneType")
+
+class TBool(types.TMono):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("bool")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def zero():
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def one():
+        return True
+
+class TInt(types.TMono):
+    def __init__(self, width=None):
+        if width is None:
+            width = types.TVar()
+        super().__init__("int", {"width": width})
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def zero():
+        return 0
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def one():
+        return 1
+
+def TInt32():
+    return TInt(types.TValue(32))
+
+def TInt64():
+    return TInt(types.TValue(64))
+
+class TFloat(types.TMono):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("float")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def zero():
+        return 0.0
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def one():
+        return 1.0
+
+class TStr(types.TMono):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("str")
+
+class TList(types.TMono):
+    def __init__(self, elt=None):
+        if elt is None:
+            elt = types.TVar()
+        super().__init__("list", {"elt": elt})
+
+class TRange(types.TMono):
+    def __init__(self, elt=None):
+        if elt is None:
+            elt = types.TVar()
+        super().__init__("range", {"elt": elt})
+        self.attributes = OrderedDict([
+            ("start", elt),
+            ("stop",  elt),
+            ("step",  elt),
+        ])
+
+class TException(types.TMono):
+    # All exceptions share the same internal layout:
+    #  * Pointer to the unique global with the name of the exception (str)
+    #    (which also serves as the EHABI type_info).
+    #  * File, line and column where it was raised (str, int, int).
+    #  * Message, which can contain substitutions {0}, {1} and {2} (str).
+    #  * Three 64-bit integers, parameterizing the message (int(width=64)).
+
+
+    # Keep this in sync with the function ARTIQIRGenerator.alloc_exn.
+    attributes = OrderedDict([
+        ("__name__",    TStr()),
+        ("__file__",    TStr()),
+        ("__line__",    TInt(types.TValue(32))),
+        ("__col__",     TInt(types.TValue(32))),
+        ("__func__",    TStr()),
+        ("__message__", TStr()),
+        ("__param0__",  TInt(types.TValue(64))),
+        ("__param1__",  TInt(types.TValue(64))),
+        ("__param2__",  TInt(types.TValue(64))),
+    ])
+
+    def __init__(self, name="Exception"):
+        super().__init__(name)
+
+def fn_bool():
+    return types.TConstructor(TBool())
+
+def fn_int():
+    return types.TConstructor(TInt())
+
+def fn_float():
+    return types.TConstructor(TFloat())
+
+def fn_str():
+    return types.TConstructor(TStr())
+
+def fn_list():
+    return types.TConstructor(TList())
+
+def fn_Exception():
+    return types.TExceptionConstructor(TException("Exception"))
+
+def fn_IndexError():
+    return types.TExceptionConstructor(TException("IndexError"))
+
+def fn_ValueError():
+    return types.TExceptionConstructor(TException("ValueError"))
+
+def fn_ZeroDivisionError():
+    return types.TExceptionConstructor(TException("ZeroDivisionError"))
+
+def fn_range():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("range")
+
+def fn_len():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("len")
+
+def fn_round():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("round")
+
+def fn_print():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("print")
+
+def fn_kernel():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("kernel")
+
+def fn_parallel():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("parallel")
+
+def fn_sequential():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("sequential")
+
+def fn_now():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("now")
+
+def fn_delay():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("delay")
+
+def fn_at():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("at")
+
+def fn_now_mu():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("now_mu")
+
+def fn_delay_mu():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("delay_mu")
+
+def fn_at_mu():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("at_mu")
+
+def fn_mu_to_seconds():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("mu_to_seconds")
+
+def fn_seconds_to_mu():
+    return types.TBuiltinFunction("seconds_to_mu")
+
+# Accessors
+
+def is_none(typ):
+    return types.is_mono(typ, "NoneType")
+
+def is_bool(typ):
+    return types.is_mono(typ, "bool")
+
+def is_int(typ, width=None):
+    if width is not None:
+        return types.is_mono(typ, "int", width=width)
+    else:
+        return types.is_mono(typ, "int")
+
+def get_int_width(typ):
+    if is_int(typ):
+        return types.get_value(typ.find()["width"])
+
+def is_float(typ):
+    return types.is_mono(typ, "float")
+
+def is_str(typ):
+    return types.is_mono(typ, "str")
+
+def is_numeric(typ):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    return isinstance(typ, types.TMono) and \
+        typ.name in ('int', 'float')
+
+def is_list(typ, elt=None):
+    if elt is not None:
+        return types.is_mono(typ, "list", elt=elt)
+    else:
+        return types.is_mono(typ, "list")
+
+def is_range(typ, elt=None):
+    if elt is not None:
+        return types.is_mono(typ, "range", {"elt": elt})
+    else:
+        return types.is_mono(typ, "range")
+
+def is_exception(typ, name=None):
+    if name is None:
+        return isinstance(typ.find(), TException)
+    else:
+        return isinstance(typ.find(), TException) and \
+            typ.name == name
+
+def is_iterable(typ):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    return isinstance(typ, types.TMono) and \
+        typ.name in ('list', 'range')
+
+def get_iterable_elt(typ):
+    if is_iterable(typ):
+        return typ.find()["elt"].find()
+
+def is_collection(typ):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    return isinstance(typ, types.TTuple) or \
+        types.is_mono(typ, "list")
+
+def is_allocated(typ):
+    return not (is_none(typ) or is_bool(typ) or is_int(typ) or
+                  is_float(typ) or is_range(typ) or
+                  types._is_pointer(typ) or types.is_function(typ) or
+                  types.is_c_function(typ) or types.is_rpc_function(typ) or
+                  types.is_method(typ) or types.is_tuple(typ) or
+                  types.is_value(typ))

artiq/compiler/embedding.py

@@ -0,0 +1,676 @@
+"""
+The :class:`Stitcher` class allows to transparently combine compiled
+Python code and Python code executed on the host system: it resolves
+the references to the host objects and translates the functions
+annotated as ``@kernel`` when they are referenced.
+"""
+
+import sys, os, re, linecache, inspect, textwrap
+from collections import OrderedDict, defaultdict
+
+from pythonparser import ast, algorithm, source, diagnostic, parse_buffer
+from pythonparser import lexer as source_lexer, parser as source_parser
+
+from Levenshtein import jaro_winkler
+
+from ..language import core as language_core
+from . import types, builtins, asttyped, prelude
+from .transforms import ASTTypedRewriter, Inferencer, IntMonomorphizer
+
+
+class ObjectMap:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.current_key = 0
+        self.forward_map = {}
+        self.reverse_map = {}
+
+    def store(self, obj_ref):
+        obj_id = id(obj_ref)
+        if obj_id in self.reverse_map:
+            return self.reverse_map[obj_id]
+
+        self.current_key += 1
+        self.forward_map[self.current_key] = obj_ref
+        self.reverse_map[obj_id] = self.current_key
+        return self.current_key
+
+    def retrieve(self, obj_key):
+        return self.forward_map[obj_key]
+
+    def has_rpc(self):
+        return any(filter(lambda x: inspect.isfunction(x) or inspect.ismethod(x),
+                          self.forward_map.values()))
+
+class ASTSynthesizer:
+    def __init__(self, type_map, value_map, quote_function=None, expanded_from=None):
+        self.source = ""
+        self.source_buffer = source.Buffer(self.source, "<synthesized>")
+        self.type_map, self.value_map = type_map, value_map
+        self.quote_function = quote_function
+        self.expanded_from = expanded_from
+
+    def finalize(self):
+        self.source_buffer.source = self.source
+        return self.source_buffer
+
+    def _add(self, fragment):
+        range_from   = len(self.source)
+        self.source += fragment
+        range_to     = len(self.source)
+        return source.Range(self.source_buffer, range_from, range_to,
+                            expanded_from=self.expanded_from)
+
+    def quote(self, value):
+        """Construct an AST fragment equal to `value`."""
+        if value is None:
+            typ = builtins.TNone()
+            return asttyped.NameConstantT(value=value, type=typ,
+                                          loc=self._add(repr(value)))
+        elif value is True or value is False:
+            typ = builtins.TBool()
+            return asttyped.NameConstantT(value=value, type=typ,
+                                          loc=self._add(repr(value)))
+        elif isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+            if isinstance(value, int):
+                typ = builtins.TInt()
+            elif isinstance(value, float):
+                typ = builtins.TFloat()
+            return asttyped.NumT(n=value, ctx=None, type=typ,
+                                 loc=self._add(repr(value)))
+        elif isinstance(value, language_core.int):
+            typ = builtins.TInt(width=types.TValue(value.width))
+            return asttyped.NumT(n=int(value), ctx=None, type=typ,
+                                 loc=self._add(repr(value)))
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            return asttyped.StrT(s=value, ctx=None, type=builtins.TStr(),
+                                 loc=self._add(repr(value)))
+        elif isinstance(value, list):
+            begin_loc = self._add("[")
+            elts = []
+            for index, elt in enumerate(value):
+                elts.append(self.quote(elt))
+                if index < len(value) - 1:
+                    self._add(", ")
+            end_loc   = self._add("]")
+            return asttyped.ListT(elts=elts, ctx=None, type=builtins.TList(),
+                                  begin_loc=begin_loc, end_loc=end_loc,
+                                  loc=begin_loc.join(end_loc))
+        elif inspect.isfunction(value) or inspect.ismethod(value):
+            quote_loc   = self._add('`')
+            repr_loc    = self._add(repr(value))
+            unquote_loc = self._add('`')
+            loc         = quote_loc.join(unquote_loc)
+
+            function_name, function_type = self.quote_function(value, self.expanded_from)
+            return asttyped.NameT(id=function_name, ctx=None, type=function_type, loc=loc)
+        else:
+            quote_loc   = self._add('`')
+            repr_loc    = self._add(repr(value))
+            unquote_loc = self._add('`')
+            loc         = quote_loc.join(unquote_loc)
+
+            if isinstance(value, type):
+                typ = value
+            else:
+                typ = type(value)
+
+            if typ in self.type_map:
+                instance_type, constructor_type = self.type_map[typ]
+            else:
+                instance_type = types.TInstance("{}.{}".format(typ.__module__, typ.__qualname__),
+                                                OrderedDict())
+                instance_type.attributes['__objectid__'] = builtins.TInt(types.TValue(32))
+
+                constructor_type = types.TConstructor(instance_type)
+                constructor_type.attributes['__objectid__'] = builtins.TInt(types.TValue(32))
+                instance_type.constructor = constructor_type
+
+                self.type_map[typ] = instance_type, constructor_type
+
+            if isinstance(value, type):
+                self.value_map[constructor_type].append((value, loc))
+                return asttyped.QuoteT(value=value, type=constructor_type,
+                                       loc=loc)
+            else:
+                self.value_map[instance_type].append((value, loc))
+                return asttyped.QuoteT(value=value, type=instance_type,
+                                       loc=loc)
+
+    def call(self, function_node, args, kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct an AST fragment calling a function specified by
+        an AST node `function_node`, with given arguments.
+        """
+        arg_nodes   = []
+        kwarg_nodes = []
+        kwarg_locs  = []
+
+        name_loc       = self._add(function_node.name)
+        begin_loc      = self._add("(")
+        for index, arg in enumerate(args):
+            arg_nodes.append(self.quote(arg))
+            if index < len(args) - 1:
+                         self._add(", ")
+        if any(args) and any(kwargs):
+                         self._add(", ")
+        for index, kw in enumerate(kwargs):
+            arg_loc    = self._add(kw)
+            equals_loc = self._add("=")
+            kwarg_locs.append((arg_loc, equals_loc))
+            kwarg_nodes.append(self.quote(kwargs[kw]))
+            if index < len(kwargs) - 1:
+                         self._add(", ")
+        end_loc        = self._add(")")
+
+        return asttyped.CallT(
+            func=asttyped.NameT(id=function_node.name, ctx=None,
+                                type=function_node.signature_type,
+                                loc=name_loc),
+            args=arg_nodes,
+            keywords=[ast.keyword(arg=kw, value=value,
+                                  arg_loc=arg_loc, equals_loc=equals_loc,
+                                  loc=arg_loc.join(value.loc))
+                      for kw, value, (arg_loc, equals_loc)
+                       in zip(kwargs, kwarg_nodes, kwarg_locs)],
+            starargs=None, kwargs=None,
+            type=types.TVar(), iodelay=None,
+            begin_loc=begin_loc, end_loc=end_loc, star_loc=None, dstar_loc=None,
+            loc=name_loc.join(end_loc))
+
+    def assign_local(self, var_name, value):
+        name_loc   = self._add(var_name)
+        _          = self._add(" ")
+        equals_loc = self._add("=")
+        _          = self._add(" ")
+        value_node = self.quote(value)
+
+        var_node   = asttyped.NameT(id=var_name, ctx=None, type=value_node.type,
+                                    loc=name_loc)
+
+        return ast.Assign(targets=[var_node], value=value_node,
+                          op_locs=[equals_loc], loc=name_loc.join(value_node.loc))
+
+    def assign_attribute(self, obj, attr_name, value):
+        obj_node   = self.quote(obj)
+        dot_loc    = self._add(".")
+        name_loc   = self._add(attr_name)
+        _          = self._add(" ")
+        equals_loc = self._add("=")
+        _          = self._add(" ")
+        value_node = self.quote(value)
+
+        attr_node  = asttyped.AttributeT(value=obj_node, attr=attr_name, ctx=None,
+                                         type=value_node.type,
+                                         dot_loc=dot_loc, attr_loc=name_loc,
+                                         loc=obj_node.loc.join(name_loc))
+
+        return ast.Assign(targets=[attr_node], value=value_node,
+                          op_locs=[equals_loc], loc=name_loc.join(value_node.loc))
+
+class StitchingASTTypedRewriter(ASTTypedRewriter):
+    def __init__(self, engine, prelude, globals, host_environment, quote):
+        super().__init__(engine, prelude)
+        self.globals = globals
+        self.env_stack.append(self.globals)
+
+        self.host_environment = host_environment
+        self.quote = quote
+
+    def visit_Name(self, node):
+        typ = super()._try_find_name(node.id)
+        if typ is not None:
+            # Value from device environment.
+            return asttyped.NameT(type=typ, id=node.id, ctx=node.ctx,
+                                  loc=node.loc)
+        else:
+            # Try to find this value in the host environment and quote it.
+            if node.id in self.host_environment:
+                return self.quote(self.host_environment[node.id], node.loc)
+            else:
+                suggestion = self._most_similar_ident(node.id)
+                if suggestion is not None:
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("fatal",
+                        "name '{name}' is not bound to anything; did you mean '{suggestion}'?",
+                        {"name": node.id, "suggestion": suggestion},
+                        node.loc)
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
+                else:
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("fatal",
+                        "name '{name}' is not bound to anything", {"name": node.id},
+                        node.loc)
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
+
+    def _most_similar_ident(self, id):
+        names = set()
+        names.update(self.host_environment.keys())
+        for typing_env in reversed(self.env_stack):
+            names.update(typing_env.keys())
+
+        sorted_names = sorted(names, key=lambda other: jaro_winkler(id, other), reverse=True)
+        if len(sorted_names) > 0:
+            if jaro_winkler(id, sorted_names[0]) > 0.0:
+                return sorted_names[0]
+
+class StitchingInferencer(Inferencer):
+    def __init__(self, engine, value_map, quote):
+        super().__init__(engine)
+        self.value_map = value_map
+        self.quote = quote
+
+    def visit_AttributeT(self, node):
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+        object_type = node.value.type.find()
+
+        # The inferencer can only observe types, not values; however,
+        # when we work with host objects, we have to get the values
+        # somewhere, since host interpreter does not have types.
+        # Since we have categorized every host object we quoted according to
+        # its type, we now interrogate every host object we have to ensure
+        # that we can successfully serialize the value of the attribute we
+        # are now adding at the code generation stage.
+        #
+        # FIXME: We perform exhaustive checks of every known host object every
+        # time an attribute access is visited, which is potentially quadratic.
+        # This is done because it is simpler than performing the checks only when:
+        #   * a previously unknown attribute is encountered,
+        #   * a previously unknown host object is encountered;
+        # which would be the optimal solution.
+        for object_value, object_loc in self.value_map[object_type]:
+            if not hasattr(object_value, node.attr):
+                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "attribute accessed here", {},
+                    node.loc)
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                    "host object does not have an attribute '{attr}'",
+                    {"attr": node.attr},
+                    object_loc, notes=[note])
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+                return
+
+            # Figure out what ARTIQ type does the value of the attribute have.
+            # We do this by quoting it, as if to serialize. This has some
+            # overhead (i.e. synthesizing a source buffer), but has the advantage
+            # of having the host-to-ARTIQ mapping code in only one place and
+            # also immediately getting proper diagnostics on type errors.
+            attr_value = getattr(object_value, node.attr)
+            if (inspect.ismethod(attr_value) and hasattr(attr_value.__func__, 'artiq_embedded')
+                    and types.is_instance(object_type)):
+                # In cases like:
+                #     class c:
+                #         @kernel
+                #         def f(self): pass
+                # we want f to be defined on the class, not on the instance.
+                attributes = object_type.constructor.attributes
+                attr_value = attr_value.__func__
+            else:
+                attributes = object_type.attributes
+
+            ast = self.quote(attr_value, object_loc.expanded_from)
+
+            def proxy_diagnostic(diag):
+                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "while inferring a type for an attribute '{attr}' of a host object",
+                    {"attr": node.attr},
+                    node.loc)
+                diag.notes.append(note)
+
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+
+            proxy_engine = diagnostic.Engine()
+            proxy_engine.process = proxy_diagnostic
+            Inferencer(engine=proxy_engine).visit(ast)
+            IntMonomorphizer(engine=proxy_engine).visit(ast)
+
+            if node.attr not in attributes:
+                # We just figured out what the type should be. Add it.
+                attributes[node.attr] = ast.type
+            elif attributes[node.attr] != ast.type:
+                # Does this conflict with an earlier guess?
+                printer = types.TypePrinter()
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                    "host object has an attribute '{attr}' of type {typea}, which is"
+                    " different from previously inferred type {typeb} for the same attribute",
+                    {"typea": printer.name(ast.type),
+                     "typeb": printer.name(attributes[node.attr]),
+                     "attr": node.attr},
+                    object_loc)
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+
+        super().visit_AttributeT(node)
+
+class TypedtreeHasher(algorithm.Visitor):
+    def generic_visit(self, node):
+        def freeze(obj):
+            if isinstance(obj, ast.AST):
+                return self.visit(obj)
+            elif isinstance(obj, types.Type):
+                return hash(obj.find())
+            else:
+                # We don't care; only types change during inference.
+                pass
+
+        fields = node._fields
+        if hasattr(node, '_types'):
+            fields = fields + node._types
+        return hash(tuple(freeze(getattr(node, field_name)) for field_name in fields))
+
+class Stitcher:
+    def __init__(self, engine=None):
+        if engine is None:
+            self.engine = diagnostic.Engine(all_errors_are_fatal=True)
+        else:
+            self.engine = engine
+
+        self.name = ""
+        self.typedtree = []
+        self.inject_at = 0
+        self.prelude = prelude.globals()
+        self.globals = {}
+
+        self.functions = {}
+
+        self.object_map = ObjectMap()
+        self.type_map = {}
+        self.value_map = defaultdict(lambda: [])
+
+    def stitch_call(self, function, args, kwargs):
+        function_node = self._quote_embedded_function(function)
+        self.typedtree.append(function_node)
+
+        # We synthesize source code for the initial call so that
+        # diagnostics would have something meaningful to display to the user.
+        synthesizer = self._synthesizer()
+        call_node = synthesizer.call(function_node, args, kwargs)
+        synthesizer.finalize()
+        self.typedtree.append(call_node)
+
+    def finalize(self):
+        inferencer = StitchingInferencer(engine=self.engine,
+                                         value_map=self.value_map,
+                                         quote=self._quote)
+        hasher = TypedtreeHasher()
+
+        # Iterate inference to fixed point.
+        old_typedtree_hash = None
+        while True:
+            inferencer.visit(self.typedtree)
+            typedtree_hash = hasher.visit(self.typedtree)
+
+            if old_typedtree_hash == typedtree_hash:
+                break
+            old_typedtree_hash = typedtree_hash
+
+        # For every host class we embed, add an appropriate constructor
+        # as a global. This is necessary for method lookup, which uses
+        # the getconstructor instruction.
+        for instance_type, constructor_type in list(self.type_map.values()):
+            # Do we have any direct reference to a constructor?
+            if len(self.value_map[constructor_type]) > 0:
+                # Yes, use it.
+                constructor, _constructor_loc = self.value_map[constructor_type][0]
+            else:
+                # No, extract one from a reference to an instance.
+                instance, _instance_loc = self.value_map[instance_type][0]
+                constructor = type(instance)
+
+            self.globals[constructor_type.name] = constructor_type
+
+            synthesizer = self._synthesizer()
+            ast = synthesizer.assign_local(constructor_type.name, constructor)
+            synthesizer.finalize()
+            self._inject(ast)
+
+            for attr in constructor_type.attributes:
+                if types.is_function(constructor_type.attributes[attr]):
+                    synthesizer = self._synthesizer()
+                    ast = synthesizer.assign_attribute(constructor, attr,
+                                                       getattr(constructor, attr))
+                    synthesizer.finalize()
+                    self._inject(ast)
+
+        # After we have found all functions, synthesize a module to hold them.
+        source_buffer = source.Buffer("", "<synthesized>")
+        self.typedtree = asttyped.ModuleT(
+            typing_env=self.globals, globals_in_scope=set(),
+            body=self.typedtree, loc=source.Range(source_buffer, 0, 0))
+
+    def _inject(self, node):
+        self.typedtree.insert(self.inject_at, node)
+        self.inject_at += 1
+
+    def _synthesizer(self, expanded_from=None):
+        return ASTSynthesizer(expanded_from=expanded_from,
+                              type_map=self.type_map,
+                              value_map=self.value_map,
+                              quote_function=self._quote_function)
+
+    def _quote_embedded_function(self, function):
+        if not hasattr(function, "artiq_embedded"):
+            raise ValueError("{} is not an embedded function".format(repr(function)))
+
+        # Extract function source.
+        embedded_function = function.artiq_embedded.function
+        source_code = inspect.getsource(embedded_function)
+        filename = embedded_function.__code__.co_filename
+        module_name = embedded_function.__globals__['__name__']
+        first_line = embedded_function.__code__.co_firstlineno
+
+        # Extract function environment.
+        host_environment = dict()
+        host_environment.update(embedded_function.__globals__)
+        cells = embedded_function.__closure__
+        cell_names = embedded_function.__code__.co_freevars
+        host_environment.update({var: cells[index] for index, var in enumerate(cell_names)})
+
+        # Find out how indented we are.
+        initial_whitespace = re.search(r"^\s*", source_code).group(0)
+        initial_indent = len(initial_whitespace.expandtabs())
+
+        # Parse.
+        source_buffer = source.Buffer(source_code, filename, first_line)
+        lexer = source_lexer.Lexer(source_buffer, version=sys.version_info[0:2],
+                                   diagnostic_engine=self.engine)
+        lexer.indent = [(initial_indent,
+                         source.Range(source_buffer, 0, len(initial_whitespace)),
+                         initial_whitespace)]
+        parser = source_parser.Parser(lexer, version=sys.version_info[0:2],
+                                      diagnostic_engine=self.engine)
+        function_node = parser.file_input().body[0]
+
+        # Mangle the name, since we put everything into a single module.
+        function_node.name = "{}.{}".format(module_name, function.__qualname__)
+
+        # Normally, LocalExtractor would populate the typing environment
+        # of the module with the function name. However, since we run
+        # ASTTypedRewriter on the function node directly, we need to do it
+        # explicitly.
+        self.globals[function_node.name] = types.TVar()
+
+        # Memoize the function before typing it to handle recursive
+        # invocations.
+        self.functions[function] = function_node.name
+
+        # Rewrite into typed form.
+        asttyped_rewriter = StitchingASTTypedRewriter(
+            engine=self.engine, prelude=self.prelude,
+            globals=self.globals, host_environment=host_environment,
+            quote=self._quote)
+        return asttyped_rewriter.visit(function_node)
+
+    def _function_loc(self, function):
+        filename = function.__code__.co_filename
+        line     = function.__code__.co_firstlineno
+        name     = function.__code__.co_name
+
+        source_line = linecache.getline(filename, line)
+        while source_line.lstrip().startswith("@"):
+            line += 1
+            source_line = linecache.getline(filename, line)
+
+        if "<lambda>" in function.__qualname__:
+            column = 0 # can't get column of lambda
+        else:
+            column = re.search("def", source_line).start(0)
+        source_buffer = source.Buffer(source_line, filename, line)
+        return source.Range(source_buffer, column, column)
+
+    def _call_site_note(self, call_loc, is_syscall):
+        if call_loc:
+            if is_syscall:
+                return [diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "in system call here", {},
+                    call_loc)]
+            else:
+                return [diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "in function called remotely here", {},
+                    call_loc)]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    def _extract_annot(self, function, annot, kind, call_loc, is_syscall):
+        if not isinstance(annot, types.Type):
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "type annotation for {kind}, '{annot}', is not an ARTIQ type",
+                {"kind": kind, "annot": repr(annot)},
+                self._function_loc(function),
+                notes=self._call_site_note(call_loc, is_syscall))
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+
+            return types.TVar()
+        else:
+            return annot
+
+    def _type_of_param(self, function, loc, param, is_syscall):
+        if param.annotation is not inspect.Parameter.empty:
+            # Type specified explicitly.
+            return self._extract_annot(function, param.annotation,
+                                       "argument '{}'".format(param.name), loc,
+                                       is_syscall)
+        elif is_syscall:
+            # Syscalls must be entirely annotated.
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "system call argument '{argument}' must have a type annotation",
+                {"argument": param.name},
+                self._function_loc(function),
+                notes=self._call_site_note(loc, is_syscall))
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+        elif param.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty:
+            # Try and infer the type from the default value.
+            # This is tricky, because the default value might not have
+            # a well-defined type in APython.
+            # In this case, we bail out, but mention why we do it.
+            ast = self._quote(param.default, None)
+
+            def proxy_diagnostic(diag):
+                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "expanded from here while trying to infer a type for an"
+                    " unannotated optional argument '{argument}' from its default value",
+                    {"argument": param.name},
+                    self._function_loc(function))
+                diag.notes.append(note)
+
+                note = self._call_site_note(loc, is_syscall)
+                if note:
+                    diag.notes += note
+
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+
+            proxy_engine = diagnostic.Engine()
+            proxy_engine.process = proxy_diagnostic
+            Inferencer(engine=proxy_engine).visit(ast)
+            IntMonomorphizer(engine=proxy_engine).visit(ast)
+
+            return ast.type
+        else:
+            # Let the rest of the program decide.
+            return types.TVar()
+
+    def _quote_foreign_function(self, function, loc, syscall):
+        signature = inspect.signature(function)
+
+        arg_types = OrderedDict()
+        optarg_types = OrderedDict()
+        for param in signature.parameters.values():
+            if param.kind not in (inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY,
+                                  inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD):
+                # We pretend we don't see *args, kwpostargs=..., **kwargs.
+                # Since every method can be still invoked without any arguments
+                # going into *args and the slots after it, this is always safe,
+                # if sometimes constraining.
+                #
+                # Accepting POSITIONAL_ONLY is OK, because the compiler
+                # desugars the keyword arguments into positional ones internally.
+                continue
+
+            if param.default is inspect.Parameter.empty:
+                arg_types[param.name] = self._type_of_param(function, loc, param,
+                                                            is_syscall=syscall is not None)
+            elif syscall is None:
+                optarg_types[param.name] = self._type_of_param(function, loc, param,
+                                                               is_syscall=False)
+            else:
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                    "system call argument '{argument}' must not have a default value",
+                    {"argument": param.name},
+                    self._function_loc(function),
+                    notes=self._call_site_note(loc, is_syscall=True))
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+
+        if signature.return_annotation is not inspect.Signature.empty:
+            ret_type = self._extract_annot(function, signature.return_annotation,
+                                           "return type", loc, is_syscall=syscall is not None)
+        elif syscall is None:
+            ret_type = builtins.TNone()
+        else: # syscall is not None
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "system call must have a return type annotation", {},
+                self._function_loc(function),
+                notes=self._call_site_note(loc, is_syscall=True))
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+            ret_type = types.TVar()
+
+        if syscall is None:
+            function_type = types.TRPCFunction(arg_types, optarg_types, ret_type,
+                                               service=self.object_map.store(function))
+            function_name = "rpc${}".format(function_type.service)
+        else:
+            function_type = types.TCFunction(arg_types, ret_type,
+                                             name=syscall)
+            function_name = "ffi${}".format(function_type.name)
+
+        self.globals[function_name] = function_type
+        self.functions[function] = function_name
+
+        return function_name, function_type
+
+    def _quote_function(self, function, loc):
+        if function in self.functions:
+            function_name = self.functions[function]
+            return function_name, self.globals[function_name]
+
+        if hasattr(function, "artiq_embedded"):
+            if function.artiq_embedded.function is not None:
+                # Insert the typed AST for the new function and restart inference.
+                # It doesn't really matter where we insert as long as it is before
+                # the final call.
+                function_node = self._quote_embedded_function(function)
+                self._inject(function_node)
+                return function_node.name, self.globals[function_node.name]
+            elif function.artiq_embedded.syscall is not None:
+                # Insert a storage-less global whose type instructs the compiler
+                # to perform a system call instead of a regular call.
+                return self._quote_foreign_function(function, loc,
+                                                    syscall=function.artiq_embedded.syscall)
+            else:
+                assert False
+        else:
+            # Insert a storage-less global whose type instructs the compiler
+            # to perform an RPC instead of a regular call.
+            return self._quote_foreign_function(function, loc,
+                                                syscall=None)
+
+    def _quote(self, value, loc):
+        synthesizer = self._synthesizer(loc)
+        node = synthesizer.quote(value)
+        synthesizer.finalize()
+        return node

artiq/compiler/iodelay.py

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+"""
+The :mod:`iodelay` module contains the classes describing
+the statically inferred RTIO delay arising from executing
+a function.
+"""
+
+from functools import reduce
+
+class Expr:
+    def __add__(lhs, rhs):
+        assert isinstance(rhs, Expr)
+        return Add(lhs, rhs)
+    __iadd__ = __add__
+
+    def __sub__(lhs, rhs):
+        assert isinstance(rhs, Expr)
+        return Sub(lhs, rhs)
+    __isub__ = __sub__
+
+    def __mul__(lhs, rhs):
+        assert isinstance(rhs, Expr)
+        return Mul(lhs, rhs)
+    __imul__ = __mul__
+
+    def __truediv__(lhs, rhs):
+        assert isinstance(rhs, Expr)
+        return TrueDiv(lhs, rhs)
+    __itruediv__ = __truediv__
+
+    def __floordiv__(lhs, rhs):
+        assert isinstance(rhs, Expr)
+        return FloorDiv(lhs, rhs)
+    __ifloordiv__ = __floordiv__
+
+    def __ne__(lhs, rhs):
+        return not (lhs == rhs)
+
+    def free_vars(self):
+        return set()
+
+    def fold(self, vars=None):
+        return self
+
+class Const(Expr):
+    _priority = 1
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        assert isinstance(value, (int, float))
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.value)
+
+    def __eq__(lhs, rhs):
+        return rhs.__class__ == lhs.__class__ and lhs.value == rhs.value
+
+    def eval(self, env):
+        return self.value
+
+class Var(Expr):
+    _priority = 1
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        assert isinstance(name, str)
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.name
+
+    def __eq__(lhs, rhs):
+        return rhs.__class__ == lhs.__class__ and lhs.name == rhs.name
+
+    def free_vars(self):
+        return {self.name}
+
+    def fold(self, vars=None):
+        if vars is not None and self.name in vars:
+            return vars[self.name]
+        else:
+            return self
+
+class Conv(Expr):
+    _priority = 1
+
+    def __init__(self, operand, ref_period):
+        assert isinstance(operand, Expr)
+        assert isinstance(ref_period, float)
+        self.operand, self.ref_period = operand, ref_period
+
+    def __eq__(lhs, rhs):
+        return rhs.__class__ == lhs.__class__ and \
+            lhs.ref_period == rhs.ref_period and \
+            lhs.operand == rhs.operand
+
+    def free_vars(self):
+        return self.operand.free_vars()
+
+class MUToS(Conv):
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "mu->s({})".format(self.operand)
+
+    def eval(self, env):
+        return self.operand.eval(env) * self.ref_period
+
+    def fold(self, vars=None):
+        operand = self.operand.fold(vars)
+        if isinstance(operand, Const):
+            return Const(operand.value * self.ref_period)
+        else:
+            return MUToS(operand, ref_period=self.ref_period)
+
+class SToMU(Conv):
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "s->mu({})".format(self.operand)
+
+    def eval(self, env):
+        return int(self.operand.eval(env) / self.ref_period)
+
+    def fold(self, vars=None):
+        operand = self.operand.fold(vars)
+        if isinstance(operand, Const):
+            return Const(int(operand.value / self.ref_period))
+        else:
+            return SToMU(operand, ref_period=self.ref_period)
+
+class BinOp(Expr):
+    def __init__(self, lhs, rhs):
+        self.lhs, self.rhs = lhs, rhs
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        lhs = "({})".format(self.lhs) if self.lhs._priority > self._priority else str(self.lhs)
+        rhs = "({})".format(self.rhs) if self.rhs._priority > self._priority else str(self.rhs)
+        return "{} {} {}".format(lhs, self._symbol, rhs)
+
+    def __eq__(lhs, rhs):
+        return rhs.__class__ == lhs.__class__ and lhs.lhs == rhs.lhs and lhs.rhs == rhs.rhs
+
+    def eval(self, env):
+        return self.__class__._op(self.lhs.eval(env), self.rhs.eval(env))
+
+    def free_vars(self):
+        return self.lhs.free_vars() | self.rhs.free_vars()
+
+    def _fold_binop(self, lhs, rhs):
+        if isinstance(lhs, Const) and lhs.__class__ == rhs.__class__:
+            return Const(self.__class__._op(lhs.value, rhs.value))
+        elif isinstance(lhs, (MUToS, SToMU)) and lhs.__class__ == rhs.__class__:
+            return lhs.__class__(self.__class__(lhs.operand, rhs.operand),
+                                 ref_period=lhs.ref_period).fold()
+        else:
+            return self.__class__(lhs, rhs)
+
+    def fold(self, vars=None):
+        return self._fold_binop(self.lhs.fold(vars), self.rhs.fold(vars))
+
+class BinOpFixpoint(BinOp):
+    def _fold_binop(self, lhs, rhs):
+        if isinstance(lhs, Const) and lhs.value == self._fixpoint:
+            return rhs
+        elif isinstance(rhs, Const) and rhs.value == self._fixpoint:
+            return lhs
+        else:
+            return super()._fold_binop(lhs, rhs)
+
+class Add(BinOpFixpoint):
+    _priority = 2
+    _symbol   = "+"
+    _op       = lambda a, b: a + b
+    _fixpoint = 0
+
+class Mul(BinOpFixpoint):
+    _priority = 1
+    _symbol   = "*"
+    _op       = lambda a, b: a * b
+    _fixpoint = 1
+
+class Sub(BinOp):
+    _priority = 2
+    _symbol   = "-"
+    _op       = lambda a, b: a - b
+
+    def _fold_binop(self, lhs, rhs):
+        if isinstance(rhs, Const) and rhs.value == 0:
+            return lhs
+        else:
+            return super()._fold_binop(lhs, rhs)
+
+class Div(BinOp):
+    def _fold_binop(self, lhs, rhs):
+        if isinstance(rhs, Const) and rhs.value == 1:
+            return lhs
+        else:
+            return super()._fold_binop(lhs, rhs)
+
+class TrueDiv(Div):
+    _priority = 1
+    _symbol   = "/"
+    _op       = lambda a, b: a / b if b != 0 else 0
+
+class FloorDiv(Div):
+    _priority = 1
+    _symbol   = "//"
+    _op       = lambda a, b: a // b if b != 0 else 0
+
+class Max(Expr):
+    _priority = 1
+
+    def __init__(self, operands):
+        assert isinstance(operands, list)
+        assert all([isinstance(operand, Expr) for operand in operands])
+        assert operands != []
+        self.operands = operands
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "max({})".format(", ".join([str(operand) for operand in self.operands]))
+
+    def __eq__(lhs, rhs):
+        return rhs.__class__ == lhs.__class__ and lhs.operands == rhs.operands
+
+    def free_vars(self):
+        return reduce(lambda a, b: a | b, [operand.free_vars() for operand in self.operands])
+
+    def eval(self, env):
+        return max([operand.eval() for operand in self.operands])
+
+    def fold(self, vars=None):
+        consts, exprs = [], []
+        for operand in self.operands:
+            operand = operand.fold(vars)
+            if isinstance(operand, Const):
+                consts.append(operand.value)
+            elif operand not in exprs:
+                exprs.append(operand)
+        if len(consts) > 0:
+            exprs.append(Const(max(consts)))
+        if len(exprs) == 1:
+            return exprs[0]
+        else:
+            return Max(exprs)
+
+def is_const(expr, value=None):
+    expr = expr.fold()
+    if value is None:
+        return isinstance(expr, Const)
+    else:
+        return isinstance(expr, Const) and expr.value == value
+
+def is_zero(expr):
+    return is_const(expr, 0)

artiq/compiler/module.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+"""
+The :class:`Module` class encapsulates a single Python module,
+which corresponds to a single ARTIQ translation unit (one LLVM
+bitcode file and one object file, unless LTO is used).
+A :class:`Module` can be created from a typed AST.
+
+The :class:`Source` class parses a single source file or
+string and infers types for it using a trivial :module:`prelude`.
+"""
+
+import os
+from pythonparser import source, diagnostic, parse_buffer
+from . import prelude, types, transforms, analyses, validators
+
+class Source:
+    def __init__(self, source_buffer, engine=None):
+        if engine is None:
+            self.engine = diagnostic.Engine(all_errors_are_fatal=True)
+        else:
+            self.engine = engine
+
+        self.object_map = None
+
+        self.name, _ = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(source_buffer.name))
+
+        asttyped_rewriter = transforms.ASTTypedRewriter(engine=engine,
+                                                        prelude=prelude.globals())
+        inferencer = transforms.Inferencer(engine=engine)
+
+        self.parsetree, self.comments = parse_buffer(source_buffer, engine=engine)
+        self.typedtree = asttyped_rewriter.visit(self.parsetree)
+        self.globals = asttyped_rewriter.globals
+        inferencer.visit(self.typedtree)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, source_string, name="input.py", first_line=1, engine=None):
+        return cls(source.Buffer(source_string + "\n", name, first_line), engine=engine)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_filename(cls, filename, engine=None):
+        with open(filename) as f:
+            return cls(source.Buffer(f.read(), filename, 1), engine=engine)
+
+class Module:
+    def __init__(self, src, ref_period=1e-6):
+        self.engine = src.engine
+        self.object_map = src.object_map
+
+        int_monomorphizer = transforms.IntMonomorphizer(engine=self.engine)
+        inferencer = transforms.Inferencer(engine=self.engine)
+        monomorphism_validator = validators.MonomorphismValidator(engine=self.engine)
+        escape_validator = validators.EscapeValidator(engine=self.engine)
+        iodelay_estimator = transforms.IODelayEstimator(engine=self.engine,
+                                                        ref_period=ref_period)
+        artiq_ir_generator = transforms.ARTIQIRGenerator(engine=self.engine,
+                                                         module_name=src.name,
+                                                         ref_period=ref_period)
+        dead_code_eliminator = transforms.DeadCodeEliminator(engine=self.engine)
+        local_access_validator = validators.LocalAccessValidator(engine=self.engine)
+        devirtualization = analyses.Devirtualization()
+        interleaver = transforms.Interleaver(engine=self.engine)
+
+        self.name = src.name
+        self.globals = src.globals
+        int_monomorphizer.visit(src.typedtree)
+        inferencer.visit(src.typedtree)
+        monomorphism_validator.visit(src.typedtree)
+        escape_validator.visit(src.typedtree)
+        iodelay_estimator.visit_fixpoint(src.typedtree)
+        devirtualization.visit(src.typedtree)
+        self.artiq_ir = artiq_ir_generator.visit(src.typedtree)
+        artiq_ir_generator.annotate_calls(devirtualization)
+        dead_code_eliminator.process(self.artiq_ir)
+        local_access_validator.process(self.artiq_ir)
+        interleaver.process(self.artiq_ir)
+
+    def build_llvm_ir(self, target):
+        """Compile the module to LLVM IR for the specified target."""
+        llvm_ir_generator = transforms.LLVMIRGenerator(engine=self.engine,
+                                                       module_name=self.name, target=target,
+                                                       object_map=self.object_map)
+        return llvm_ir_generator.process(self.artiq_ir)
+
+    def entry_point(self):
+        """Return the name of the function that is the entry point of this module."""
+        if self.name != "":
+            return self.name + ".__modinit__"
+        else:
+            return "__modinit__"
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        printer = types.TypePrinter()
+        globals = ["%s: %s" % (var, printer.name(self.globals[var])) for var in self.globals]
+        return "<artiq.compiler.Module %s {\n  %s\n}>" % (repr(self.name), ",\n  ".join(globals))

artiq/compiler/prelude.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""
+The :mod:`prelude` module contains the initial global environment
+in which ARTIQ kernels are evaluated.
+"""
+
+from . import builtins
+
+def globals():
+    return {
+        # Value constructors
+        "bool":                 builtins.fn_bool(),
+        "int":                  builtins.fn_int(),
+        "float":                builtins.fn_float(),
+        "list":                 builtins.fn_list(),
+        "range":                builtins.fn_range(),
+
+        # Exception constructors
+        "Exception":            builtins.fn_Exception(),
+        "IndexError":           builtins.fn_IndexError(),
+        "ValueError":           builtins.fn_ValueError(),
+        "ZeroDivisionError":    builtins.fn_ZeroDivisionError(),
+
+        # Built-in Python functions
+        "len":                  builtins.fn_len(),
+        "round":                builtins.fn_round(),
+        "print":                builtins.fn_print(),
+
+        # ARTIQ decorators
+        "kernel":               builtins.fn_kernel(),
+
+        # ARTIQ context managers
+        "parallel":             builtins.fn_parallel(),
+        "sequential":           builtins.fn_sequential(),
+
+        # ARTIQ time management functions
+        "now":                  builtins.fn_now(),
+        "delay":                builtins.fn_delay(),
+        "at":                   builtins.fn_at(),
+        "now_mu":               builtins.fn_now_mu(),
+        "delay_mu":             builtins.fn_delay_mu(),
+        "at_mu":                builtins.fn_at_mu(),
+        "mu_to_seconds":        builtins.fn_mu_to_seconds(),
+        "seconds_to_mu":        builtins.fn_seconds_to_mu(),
+    }

artiq/compiler/targets.py

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+import os, sys, tempfile, subprocess
+from artiq.compiler import types
+from llvmlite_artiq import ir as ll, binding as llvm
+
+llvm.initialize()
+llvm.initialize_all_targets()
+llvm.initialize_all_asmprinters()
+
+class RunTool:
+    def __init__(self, pattern, **tempdata):
+        self.files = []
+        self.pattern = pattern
+        self.tempdata = tempdata
+
+    def maketemp(self, data):
+        f = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
+        f.write(data)
+        f.flush()
+        self.files.append(f)
+        return f
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        tempfiles = {}
+        tempnames = {}
+        for key in self.tempdata:
+            tempfiles[key] = self.maketemp(self.tempdata[key])
+            tempnames[key] = tempfiles[key].name
+
+        cmdline = []
+        for argument in self.pattern:
+            cmdline.append(argument.format(**tempnames))
+
+        process = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        stdout, stderr = process.communicate()
+        if process.returncode != 0:
+            raise Exception("{} invocation failed: {}".
+                            format(cmdline[0], stderr.decode('utf-8')))
+
+        tempfiles["__stdout__"] = stdout.decode('utf-8')
+        return tempfiles
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_typ, exc_value, exc_trace):
+        for f in self.files:
+            f.close()
+
+class Target:
+    """
+    A description of the target environment where the binaries
+    generated by the ARTIQ compiler will be deployed.
+
+    :var triple: (string)
+        LLVM target triple, e.g. ``"or1k"``
+    :var data_layout: (string)
+        LLVM target data layout, e.g. ``"E-m:e-p:32:32-i64:32-f64:32-v64:32-v128:32-a:0:32-n32"``
+    :var features: (list of string)
+        LLVM target CPU features, e.g. ``["mul", "div", "ffl1"]``
+    :var print_function: (string)
+        Name of a formatted print functions (with the signature of ``printf``)
+        provided by the target, e.g. ``"printf"``.
+    """
+    triple = "unknown"
+    data_layout = ""
+    features = []
+    print_function = "printf"
+
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.llcontext = ll.Context()
+
+    def compile(self, module):
+        """Compile the module to a relocatable object for this target."""
+
+        if os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_SIG"):
+            print("====== MODULE_SIGNATURE DUMP ======", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(module, file=sys.stderr)
+
+        if os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_IR"):
+            print("====== ARTIQ IR DUMP ======", file=sys.stderr)
+            type_printer = types.TypePrinter()
+            for function in module.artiq_ir:
+                print(function.as_entity(type_printer), file=sys.stderr)
+
+        llmod = module.build_llvm_ir(self)
+        llparsedmod = llvm.parse_assembly(str(llmod))
+        llparsedmod.verify()
+
+        if os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_LLVM"):
+            print("====== LLVM IR DUMP ======", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(str(llparsedmod), file=sys.stderr)
+
+        llpassmgrbuilder = llvm.create_pass_manager_builder()
+        llpassmgrbuilder.opt_level  = 2 # -O2
+        llpassmgrbuilder.size_level = 1 # -Os
+
+        llpassmgr = llvm.create_module_pass_manager()
+        llpassmgrbuilder.populate(llpassmgr)
+        llpassmgr.run(llparsedmod)
+
+        if os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_LLVM"):
+            print("====== LLVM IR DUMP (OPTIMIZED) ======", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(str(llparsedmod), file=sys.stderr)
+
+        lltarget = llvm.Target.from_triple(self.triple)
+        llmachine = lltarget.create_target_machine(
+                        features=",".join(["+{}".format(f) for f in self.features]),
+                        reloc="pic", codemodel="default")
+
+        if os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_ASSEMBLY"):
+            print("====== ASSEMBLY DUMP ======", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(llmachine.emit_assembly(llparsedmod), file=sys.stderr)
+
+        return llmachine.emit_object(llparsedmod)
+
+    def link(self, objects, init_fn):
+        """Link the relocatable objects into a shared library for this target."""
+        with RunTool([self.triple + "-ld", "-shared", "--eh-frame-hdr", "-init", init_fn] +
+                     ["{{obj{}}}".format(index) for index in range(len(objects))] +
+                     ["-o", "{output}"],
+                     output=b"",
+                     **{"obj{}".format(index): obj for index, obj in enumerate(objects)}) \
+                as results:
+            library = results["output"].read()
+
+            if os.getenv("ARTIQ_DUMP_ELF"):
+                shlib_temp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".so", delete=False)
+                shlib_temp.write(library)
+                shlib_temp.close()
+                print("====== SHARED LIBRARY DUMP ======", file=sys.stderr)
+                print("Shared library dumped as {}".format(shlib_temp.name), file=sys.stderr)
+
+            return library
+
+    def compile_and_link(self, modules):
+        return self.link([self.compile(module) for module in modules],
+                         init_fn=modules[0].entry_point())
+
+    def strip(self, library):
+        with RunTool([self.triple + "-strip", "--strip-debug", "{library}", "-o", "{output}"],
+                     library=library, output=b"") \
+                as results:
+            return results["output"].read()
+
+    def symbolize(self, library, addresses):
+        # Addresses point one instruction past the jump; offset them back by 1.
+        offset_addresses = [hex(addr - 1) for addr in addresses]
+        with RunTool([self.triple + "-addr2line", "--functions", "--inlines",
+                      "--exe={library}"] + offset_addresses,
+                     library=library) \
+                as results:
+            lines = results["__stdout__"].rstrip().split("\n")
+            backtrace = []
+            for function_name, location, address in zip(lines[::2], lines[1::2], addresses):
+                filename, line = location.rsplit(":", 1)
+                if filename == "??":
+                    continue
+                # can't get column out of addr2line D:
+                backtrace.append((filename, int(line), -1, function_name, address))
+            return backtrace
+
+class NativeTarget(Target):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.triple = llvm.get_default_triple()
+
+class OR1KTarget(Target):
+    triple = "or1k-linux"
+    data_layout = "E-m:e-p:32:32-i64:32-f64:32-v64:32-v128:32-a:0:32-n32"
+    features = ["mul", "div", "ffl1", "cmov", "addc"]
+    print_function = "lognonl"

artiq/compiler/testbench/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import time, cProfile as profile, pstats
+
+def benchmark(f, name):
+    profiler = profile.Profile()
+    profiler.enable()
+
+    start = time.perf_counter()
+    end   = 0
+    runs  = 0
+    while end - start < 5 or runs < 10:
+        f()
+        runs += 1
+        end = time.perf_counter()
+
+    profiler.create_stats()
+
+    print("{} {} runs: {:.2f}s, {:.2f}ms/run".format(
+            runs, name, end - start, (end - start) / runs * 1000))
+
+    stats = pstats.Stats(profiler)
+    stats.strip_dirs().sort_stats('time').print_stats(10)

artiq/compiler/testbench/embedding.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import sys, os
+
+from artiq.master.databases import DeviceDB
+from artiq.master.worker_db import DeviceManager
+
+from artiq.coredevice.core import Core, CompileError
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "+compile":
+        del sys.argv[1]
+        compile_only = True
+    else:
+        compile_only = False
+
+    ddb_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[1]), "device_db.pyon")
+    dmgr = DeviceManager(DeviceDB(ddb_path))
+
+    with open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
+        testcase_code = compile(f.read(), f.name, "exec")
+        testcase_vars = {'__name__': 'testbench', 'dmgr': dmgr}
+        exec(testcase_code, testcase_vars)
+
+    try:
+        core = dmgr.get("core")
+        if compile_only:
+            core.compile(testcase_vars["entrypoint"], (), {})
+        else:
+            core.run(testcase_vars["entrypoint"], (), {})
+            print(core.comm.get_log())
+            core.comm.clear_log()
+    except CompileError as error:
+        print("\n".join(error.__cause__.diagnostic.render(only_line=True)))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

artiq/compiler/testbench/inferencer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import sys, fileinput, os
+from pythonparser import source, diagnostic, algorithm, parse_buffer
+from .. import prelude, types
+from ..transforms import ASTTypedRewriter, Inferencer, IntMonomorphizer
+
+class Printer(algorithm.Visitor):
+    """
+    :class:`Printer` prints ``:`` and the node type after every typed node,
+    and ``->`` and the node type before the colon in a function definition.
+
+    In almost all cases (except function definition) this does not result
+    in valid Python syntax.
+
+    :ivar rewriter: (:class:`pythonparser.source.Rewriter`) rewriter instance
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, buf):
+        self.rewriter = source.Rewriter(buf)
+        self.type_printer = types.TypePrinter()
+
+    def rewrite(self):
+        return self.rewriter.rewrite()
+
+    def visit_FunctionDefT(self, node):
+        super().generic_visit(node)
+
+        self.rewriter.insert_before(node.colon_loc,
+                                    "->{}".format(self.type_printer.name(node.return_type)))
+
+    def visit_ExceptHandlerT(self, node):
+        super().generic_visit(node)
+
+        if node.name_loc:
+            self.rewriter.insert_after(node.name_loc,
+                                        ":{}".format(self.type_printer.name(node.name_type)))
+
+    def generic_visit(self, node):
+        super().generic_visit(node)
+
+        if hasattr(node, "type"):
+            self.rewriter.insert_after(node.loc,
+                                       ":{}".format(self.type_printer.name(node.type)))
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "+mono":
+        del sys.argv[1]
+        monomorphize = True
+    else:
+        monomorphize = False
+
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "+diag":
+        del sys.argv[1]
+        def process_diagnostic(diag):
+            print("\n".join(diag.render(only_line=True)))
+            if diag.level == "fatal":
+                exit()
+    else:
+        def process_diagnostic(diag):
+            print("\n".join(diag.render()))
+            if diag.level in ("fatal", "error"):
+                exit(1)
+
+    engine = diagnostic.Engine()
+    engine.process = process_diagnostic
+
+    buf = source.Buffer("".join(fileinput.input()).expandtabs(),
+                        os.path.basename(fileinput.filename()))
+    parsed, comments = parse_buffer(buf, engine=engine)
+    typed = ASTTypedRewriter(engine=engine, prelude=prelude.globals()).visit(parsed)
+    Inferencer(engine=engine).visit(typed)
+    if monomorphize:
+        IntMonomorphizer(engine=engine).visit(typed)
+        Inferencer(engine=engine).visit(typed)
+
+    printer = Printer(buf)
+    printer.visit(typed)
+    for comment in comments:
+        if comment.text.find("CHECK") >= 0:
+            printer.rewriter.remove(comment.loc)
+    print(printer.rewrite().source)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

artiq/compiler/testbench/irgen.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import sys, fileinput
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+from .. import Module, Source
+
+def main():
+    def process_diagnostic(diag):
+        print("\n".join(diag.render()))
+        if diag.level in ("fatal", "error"):
+            exit(1)
+
+    engine = diagnostic.Engine()
+    engine.process = process_diagnostic
+
+    mod = Module(Source.from_string("".join(fileinput.input()).expandtabs(), engine=engine))
+    for fn in mod.artiq_ir:
+        print(fn)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

artiq/compiler/testbench/jit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import os, sys, fileinput, ctypes
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+from llvmlite_artiq import binding as llvm
+from .. import Module, Source
+from ..targets import NativeTarget
+
+def main():
+    libartiq_support = os.getenv('LIBARTIQ_SUPPORT')
+    if libartiq_support is not None:
+        llvm.load_library_permanently(libartiq_support)
+
+    def process_diagnostic(diag):
+        print("\n".join(diag.render()))
+        if diag.level in ("fatal", "error"):
+            exit(1)
+
+    engine = diagnostic.Engine()
+    engine.process = process_diagnostic
+
+    source = "".join(fileinput.input())
+    source = source.replace("#ARTIQ#", "")
+    mod = Module(Source.from_string(source.expandtabs(), engine=engine))
+
+    target = NativeTarget()
+    llmod = mod.build_llvm_ir(target)
+    llparsedmod = llvm.parse_assembly(str(llmod))
+    llparsedmod.verify()
+
+    llmachine = llvm.Target.from_triple(target.triple).create_target_machine()
+    lljit = llvm.create_mcjit_compiler(llparsedmod, llmachine)
+    llmain = lljit.get_pointer_to_global(llparsedmod.get_function(llmod.name + ".__modinit__"))
+    ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(None)(llmain)()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

artiq/compiler/testbench/llvmgen.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import sys, fileinput
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+from llvmlite_artiq import ir as ll
+from .. import Module, Source
+from ..targets import NativeTarget
+
+def main():
+    def process_diagnostic(diag):
+        print("\n".join(diag.render()))
+        if diag.level in ("fatal", "error"):
+            exit(1)
+
+    engine = diagnostic.Engine()
+    engine.process = process_diagnostic
+
+    mod = Module(Source.from_string("".join(fileinput.input()).expandtabs(), engine=engine))
+
+    target = NativeTarget()
+    llmod = mod.build_llvm_ir(target=target)
+
+    # Add main so that the result can be executed with lli
+    llmain = ll.Function(llmod, ll.FunctionType(ll.VoidType(), []), "main")
+    llbuilder = ll.IRBuilder(llmain.append_basic_block("entry"))
+    llbuilder.call(llmod.get_global(llmod.name + ".__modinit__"), [])
+    llbuilder.ret_void()
+
+    print(llmod)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

artiq/compiler/testbench/perf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import sys, os
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+from .. import Module, Source
+from ..targets import OR1KTarget
+from . import benchmark
+
+def main():
+    if not len(sys.argv) == 2:
+        print("Expected exactly one module filename", file=sys.stderr)
+        exit(1)
+
+    def process_diagnostic(diag):
+        print("\n".join(diag.render()), file=sys.stderr)
+        if diag.level in ("fatal", "error"):
+            exit(1)
+
+    engine = diagnostic.Engine()
+    engine.process = process_diagnostic
+
+    # Make sure everything's valid
+    filename = sys.argv[1]
+    with open(filename) as f:
+        code = f.read()
+    source = Source.from_string(code, filename, engine=engine)
+    module = Module(source)
+
+    benchmark(lambda: Source.from_string(code, filename),
+              "ARTIQ parsing and inference")
+
+    benchmark(lambda: Module(source),
+              "ARTIQ transforms and validators")
+
+    benchmark(lambda: OR1KTarget().compile_and_link([module]),
+              "LLVM optimization and linking")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

artiq/compiler/testbench/perf_embedding.py

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import sys, os
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+from ...protocols.file_db import FlatFileDB
+from ...master.worker_db import DeviceManager
+from .. import Module
+from ..embedding import Stitcher
+from ..targets import OR1KTarget
+from . import benchmark
+
+def main():
+    if not len(sys.argv) == 2:
+        print("Expected exactly one module filename", file=sys.stderr)
+        exit(1)
+
+    def process_diagnostic(diag):
+        print("\n".join(diag.render()), file=sys.stderr)
+        if diag.level in ("fatal", "error"):
+            exit(1)
+
+    engine = diagnostic.Engine()
+    engine.process = process_diagnostic
+
+    with open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
+        testcase_code = compile(f.read(), f.name, "exec")
+        testcase_vars = {'__name__': 'testbench'}
+        exec(testcase_code, testcase_vars)
+
+    ddb_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[1]), "ddb.pyon")
+    dmgr = DeviceManager(FlatFileDB(ddb_path))
+
+    def embed():
+        experiment = testcase_vars["Benchmark"](dmgr)
+
+        stitcher = Stitcher()
+        stitcher.stitch_call(experiment.run, (experiment,), {})
+        stitcher.finalize()
+        return stitcher
+
+    stitcher = embed()
+    module = Module(stitcher)
+
+    benchmark(lambda: embed(),
+              "ARTIQ embedding")
+
+    benchmark(lambda: Module(stitcher),
+              "ARTIQ transforms and validators")
+
+    benchmark(lambda: OR1KTarget().compile_and_link([module]),
+              "LLVM optimization and linking")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

artiq/compiler/testbench/shlib.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import sys, os
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+from .. import Module, Source
+from ..targets import OR1KTarget
+
+def main():
+    if not len(sys.argv) > 1:
+        print("Expected at least one module filename", file=sys.stderr)
+        exit(1)
+
+    def process_diagnostic(diag):
+        print("\n".join(diag.render()), file=sys.stderr)
+        if diag.level in ("fatal", "error"):
+            exit(1)
+
+    engine = diagnostic.Engine()
+    engine.process = process_diagnostic
+
+    modules = []
+    for filename in sys.argv[1:]:
+        modules.append(Module(Source.from_filename(filename, engine=engine)))
+
+    llobj = OR1KTarget().compile_and_link(modules)
+
+    basename, ext = os.path.splitext(sys.argv[-1])
+    with open(basename + ".so", "wb") as f:
+        f.write(llobj)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

artiq/compiler/testbench/signature.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import sys, fileinput
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+from .. import types, iodelay, Module, Source
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "+diag":
+        del sys.argv[1]
+        diag = True
+        def process_diagnostic(diag):
+            print("\n".join(diag.render(only_line=True)))
+            if diag.level == "fatal":
+                exit()
+    else:
+        diag = False
+        def process_diagnostic(diag):
+            print("\n".join(diag.render(colored=True)))
+            if diag.level in ("fatal", "error"):
+                exit(1)
+
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "+delay":
+        del sys.argv[1]
+        force_delays = True
+    else:
+        force_delays = False
+
+    engine = diagnostic.Engine()
+    engine.process = process_diagnostic
+
+    try:
+        mod = Module(Source.from_string("".join(fileinput.input()).expandtabs(), engine=engine))
+
+        if force_delays:
+            for var in mod.globals:
+                typ = mod.globals[var].find()
+                if types.is_function(typ) and types.is_indeterminate_delay(typ.delay):
+                    process_diagnostic(typ.delay.find().cause)
+
+        print(repr(mod))
+    except:
+        if not diag: raise
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

artiq/compiler/transforms/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from .asttyped_rewriter import ASTTypedRewriter
+from .inferencer import Inferencer
+from .int_monomorphizer import IntMonomorphizer
+from .iodelay_estimator import IODelayEstimator
+from .artiq_ir_generator import ARTIQIRGenerator
+from .dead_code_eliminator import DeadCodeEliminator
+from .llvm_ir_generator import LLVMIRGenerator
+from .interleaver import Interleaver

artiq/compiler/transforms/asttyped_rewriter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,496 @@
+"""
+:class:`ASTTypedRewriter` rewrites a parsetree (:mod:`pythonparser.ast`)
+to a typedtree (:mod:`..asttyped`).
+"""
+
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from pythonparser import ast, algorithm, diagnostic
+from .. import asttyped, types, builtins
+
+# This visitor will be called for every node with a scope,
+# i.e.: class, function, comprehension, lambda
+class LocalExtractor(algorithm.Visitor):
+    def __init__(self, env_stack, engine):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.env_stack  = env_stack
+        self.engine     = engine
+
+        self.in_root    = False
+        self.in_assign  = False
+        self.typing_env = OrderedDict()
+
+        # which names are global have to be recorded in the current scope
+        self.global_    = set()
+
+        # which names are nonlocal only affects whether the current scope
+        # gets a new binding or not, so we throw this away
+        self.nonlocal_  = set()
+
+        # parameters can't be declared as global or nonlocal
+        self.params     = set()
+
+    def visit_in_assign(self, node, in_assign):
+        try:
+            old_in_assign, self.in_assign = self.in_assign, in_assign
+            return self.visit(node)
+        finally:
+            self.in_assign = old_in_assign
+
+    def visit_Assign(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.value)
+        self.visit_in_assign(node.targets, in_assign=True)
+
+    def visit_For(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.iter)
+        self.visit_in_assign(node.target, in_assign=True)
+        self.visit(node.body)
+        self.visit(node.orelse)
+
+    def visit_withitem(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.context_expr)
+        self.visit_in_assign(node.optional_vars, in_assign=True)
+
+    def visit_comprehension(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.iter)
+        self.visit_in_assign(node.target, in_assign=True)
+        self.visit(node.ifs)
+
+    def visit_generator(self, node):
+        if self.in_root:
+            return
+        self.in_root = True
+        self.visit(list(reversed(node.generators)))
+        self.visit(node.elt)
+
+    visit_ListComp     = visit_generator
+    visit_SetComp      = visit_generator
+    visit_GeneratorExp = visit_generator
+
+    def visit_DictComp(self, node):
+        if self.in_root:
+            return
+        self.in_root = True
+        self.visit(list(reversed(node.generators)))
+        self.visit(node.key)
+        self.visit(node.value)
+
+    def visit_root(self, node):
+        if self.in_root:
+            return
+        self.in_root = True
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+
+    visit_Module       = visit_root # don't look at inner scopes
+    visit_ClassDef     = visit_root
+    visit_Lambda       = visit_root
+
+    def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
+        if self.in_root:
+            self._assignable(node.name)
+        self.visit_root(node)
+
+    def _assignable(self, name):
+        assert name is not None
+        if name not in self.typing_env and name not in self.nonlocal_:
+            self.typing_env[name] = types.TVar()
+
+    def visit_arg(self, node):
+        if node.arg in self.params:
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "duplicate parameter '{name}'", {"name": node.arg},
+                node.loc)
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+            return
+        self._assignable(node.arg)
+        self.params.add(node.arg)
+
+    def visit_Name(self, node):
+        if self.in_assign:
+            # code like:
+            # x = 1
+            # def f():
+            #   x = 1
+            # creates a new binding for x in f's scope
+            self._assignable(node.id)
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, node):
+        self.visit_in_assign(node.value, in_assign=False)
+
+    def visit_Subscript(self, node):
+        self.visit_in_assign(node.value, in_assign=False)
+        self.visit_in_assign(node.slice, in_assign=False)
+
+    def _check_not_in(self, name, names, curkind, newkind, loc):
+        if name in names:
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "name '{name}' cannot be {curkind} and {newkind} simultaneously",
+                {"name": name, "curkind": curkind, "newkind": newkind}, loc)
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def visit_Global(self, node):
+        for name, loc in zip(node.names, node.name_locs):
+            if self._check_not_in(name, self.nonlocal_, "nonlocal", "global", loc) or \
+                    self._check_not_in(name, self.params, "a parameter", "global", loc):
+               continue
+
+            self.global_.add(name)
+            if len(self.env_stack) == 1:
+                self._assignable(name) # already in global scope
+            else:
+                if name not in self.env_stack[1]:
+                    self.env_stack[1][name] = types.TVar()
+                self.typing_env[name] = self.env_stack[1][name]
+
+    def visit_Nonlocal(self, node):
+        for name, loc in zip(node.names, node.name_locs):
+            if self._check_not_in(name, self.global_, "global", "nonlocal", loc) or \
+                    self._check_not_in(name, self.params, "a parameter", "nonlocal", loc):
+                continue
+
+            # nonlocal does not search prelude and global scopes
+            found = False
+            for outer_env in reversed(self.env_stack[2:]):
+                if name in outer_env:
+                    found = True
+                    break
+            if not found:
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                    "cannot declare name '{name}' as nonlocal: it is not bound in any outer scope",
+                    {"name": name},
+                    loc, [node.keyword_loc])
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+                continue
+
+            self.nonlocal_.add(name)
+
+    def visit_ExceptHandler(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.type)
+        if node.name is not None:
+            self._assignable(node.name)
+        for stmt in node.body:
+            self.visit(stmt)
+
+
+class ASTTypedRewriter(algorithm.Transformer):
+    """
+    :class:`ASTTypedRewriter` converts an untyped AST to a typed AST
+    where all type fields of non-literals are filled with fresh type variables,
+    and type fields of literals are filled with corresponding types.
+
+    :class:`ASTTypedRewriter` also discovers the scope of variable bindings
+    via :class:`LocalExtractor`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, prelude):
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.globals = None
+        self.env_stack = [prelude]
+        self.in_class = None
+
+    def _try_find_name(self, name):
+        for typing_env in reversed(self.env_stack):
+            if name in typing_env:
+                return typing_env[name]
+
+    def _find_name(self, name, loc):
+        if self.in_class is not None:
+            typ = self.in_class.constructor_type.attributes.get(name)
+            if typ is not None:
+                return typ
+
+        typ = self._try_find_name(name)
+        if typ is not None:
+            return typ
+
+        diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("fatal",
+            "undefined variable '{name}'", {"name":name}, loc)
+        self.engine.process(diag)
+
+    # Visitors that replace node with a typed node
+    #
+    def visit_Module(self, node):
+        extractor = LocalExtractor(env_stack=self.env_stack, engine=self.engine)
+        extractor.visit(node)
+
+        node = asttyped.ModuleT(
+            typing_env=extractor.typing_env, globals_in_scope=extractor.global_,
+            body=node.body, loc=node.loc)
+        self.globals = node.typing_env
+
+        try:
+            self.env_stack.append(node.typing_env)
+            return self.generic_visit(node)
+        finally:
+            self.env_stack.pop()
+
+    def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
+        extractor = LocalExtractor(env_stack=self.env_stack, engine=self.engine)
+        extractor.visit(node)
+
+        node = asttyped.FunctionDefT(
+            typing_env=extractor.typing_env, globals_in_scope=extractor.global_,
+            signature_type=self._find_name(node.name, node.name_loc), return_type=types.TVar(),
+            name=node.name, args=node.args, returns=node.returns,
+            body=node.body, decorator_list=node.decorator_list,
+            keyword_loc=node.keyword_loc, name_loc=node.name_loc,
+            arrow_loc=node.arrow_loc, colon_loc=node.colon_loc, at_locs=node.at_locs,
+            loc=node.loc)
+
+        try:
+            self.env_stack.append(node.typing_env)
+            return self.generic_visit(node)
+        finally:
+            self.env_stack.pop()
+
+    def visit_ClassDef(self, node):
+        if any(node.bases) or any(node.keywords) or \
+                node.starargs is not None or node.kwargs is not None:
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "inheritance is not supported", {},
+                node.lparen_loc.join(node.rparen_loc))
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+
+        for child in node.body:
+            if isinstance(child, (ast.Assign, ast.FunctionDef, ast.Pass)):
+                continue
+
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("fatal",
+                "class body must contain only assignments and function definitions", {},
+                child.loc)
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+
+        if node.name in self.env_stack[-1]:
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("fatal",
+                "variable '{name}' is already defined", {"name":node.name}, node.name_loc)
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+
+        extractor = LocalExtractor(env_stack=self.env_stack, engine=self.engine)
+        extractor.visit(node)
+
+        # Now we create two types.
+        # The first type is the type of instances created by the constructor.
+        # Its attributes are those of the class environment, but wrapped
+        # appropriately so that they are linked to the class from which they
+        # originate.
+        instance_type = types.TInstance(node.name, OrderedDict())
+
+        # The second type is the type of the constructor itself (in other words,
+        # the class object): it is simply a singleton type that has the class
+        # environment as attributes.
+        constructor_type = types.TConstructor(instance_type)
+        constructor_type.attributes = extractor.typing_env
+        instance_type.constructor = constructor_type
+
+        self.env_stack[-1][node.name] = constructor_type
+
+        node = asttyped.ClassDefT(
+            constructor_type=constructor_type,
+            name=node.name,
+            bases=self.visit(node.bases), keywords=self.visit(node.keywords),
+            starargs=self.visit(node.starargs), kwargs=self.visit(node.kwargs),
+            body=node.body,
+            decorator_list=self.visit(node.decorator_list),
+            keyword_loc=node.keyword_loc, name_loc=node.name_loc,
+            lparen_loc=node.lparen_loc, star_loc=node.star_loc,
+            dstar_loc=node.dstar_loc, rparen_loc=node.rparen_loc,
+            colon_loc=node.colon_loc, at_locs=node.at_locs,
+            loc=node.loc)
+
+        try:
+            old_in_class, self.in_class = self.in_class, node
+            return self.generic_visit(node)
+        finally:
+            self.in_class = old_in_class
+
+    def visit_arg(self, node):
+        return asttyped.argT(type=self._find_name(node.arg, node.loc),
+                             arg=node.arg, annotation=self.visit(node.annotation),
+                             arg_loc=node.arg_loc, colon_loc=node.colon_loc, loc=node.loc)
+
+    def visit_Num(self, node):
+        if isinstance(node.n, int):
+            typ = builtins.TInt()
+        elif isinstance(node.n, float):
+            typ = builtins.TFloat()
+        else:
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("fatal",
+                "numeric type {type} is not supported", {"type": node.n.__class__.__name__},
+                node.loc)
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+        return asttyped.NumT(type=typ,
+                             n=node.n, loc=node.loc)
+
+    def visit_Str(self, node):
+        return asttyped.StrT(type=builtins.TStr(),
+                             s=node.s,
+                             begin_loc=node.begin_loc, end_loc=node.end_loc, loc=node.loc)
+
+    def visit_Name(self, node):
+        return asttyped.NameT(type=self._find_name(node.id, node.loc),
+                              id=node.id, ctx=node.ctx, loc=node.loc)
+
+    def visit_NameConstant(self, node):
+        if node.value is True or node.value is False:
+            typ = builtins.TBool()
+        elif node.value is None:
+            typ = builtins.TNone()
+        return asttyped.NameConstantT(type=typ, value=node.value, loc=node.loc)
+
+    def visit_Tuple(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        return asttyped.TupleT(type=types.TTuple([x.type for x in node.elts]),
+                               elts=node.elts, ctx=node.ctx, loc=node.loc)
+
+    def visit_List(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        node = asttyped.ListT(type=builtins.TList(),
+                              elts=node.elts, ctx=node.ctx,
+                              begin_loc=node.begin_loc, end_loc=node.end_loc, loc=node.loc)
+        return self.visit(node)
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        node = asttyped.AttributeT(type=types.TVar(),
+                                   value=node.value, attr=node.attr, ctx=node.ctx,
+                                   dot_loc=node.dot_loc, attr_loc=node.attr_loc, loc=node.loc)
+        return self.visit(node)
+
+    def visit_Slice(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        node = asttyped.SliceT(type=types.TVar(),
+                               lower=node.lower, upper=node.upper, step=node.step,
+                               bound_colon_loc=node.bound_colon_loc,
+                               step_colon_loc=node.step_colon_loc,
+                               loc=node.loc)
+        return self.visit(node)
+
+    def visit_Subscript(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        node = asttyped.SubscriptT(type=types.TVar(),
+                                   value=node.value, slice=node.slice, ctx=node.ctx,
+                                   begin_loc=node.begin_loc, end_loc=node.end_loc, loc=node.loc)
+        return self.visit(node)
+
+    def visit_BoolOp(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        node = asttyped.BoolOpT(type=types.TVar(),
+                                op=node.op, values=node.values,
+                                op_locs=node.op_locs, loc=node.loc)
+        return self.visit(node)
+
+    def visit_UnaryOp(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        node = asttyped.UnaryOpT(type=types.TVar(),
+                                 op=node.op, operand=node.operand,
+                                 loc=node.loc)
+        return self.visit(node)
+
+    def visit_BinOp(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        node = asttyped.BinOpT(type=types.TVar(),
+                               left=node.left, op=node.op, right=node.right,
+                               loc=node.loc)
+        return self.visit(node)
+
+    def visit_Compare(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        node = asttyped.CompareT(type=types.TVar(),
+                                 left=node.left, ops=node.ops, comparators=node.comparators,
+                                 loc=node.loc)
+        return self.visit(node)
+
+    def visit_IfExp(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        node = asttyped.IfExpT(type=types.TVar(),
+                               test=node.test, body=node.body, orelse=node.orelse,
+                               if_loc=node.if_loc, else_loc=node.else_loc, loc=node.loc)
+        return self.visit(node)
+
+    def visit_ListComp(self, node):
+        extractor = LocalExtractor(env_stack=self.env_stack, engine=self.engine)
+        extractor.visit(node)
+
+        node = asttyped.ListCompT(
+            typing_env=extractor.typing_env, globals_in_scope=extractor.global_,
+            type=types.TVar(),
+            elt=node.elt, generators=node.generators,
+            begin_loc=node.begin_loc, end_loc=node.end_loc, loc=node.loc)
+
+        try:
+            self.env_stack.append(node.typing_env)
+            return self.generic_visit(node)
+        finally:
+            self.env_stack.pop()
+
+    def visit_Call(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        node = asttyped.CallT(type=types.TVar(), iodelay=None,
+                              func=node.func, args=node.args, keywords=node.keywords,
+                              starargs=node.starargs, kwargs=node.kwargs,
+                              star_loc=node.star_loc, dstar_loc=node.dstar_loc,
+                              begin_loc=node.begin_loc, end_loc=node.end_loc, loc=node.loc)
+        return node
+
+    def visit_Lambda(self, node):
+        extractor = LocalExtractor(env_stack=self.env_stack, engine=self.engine)
+        extractor.visit(node)
+
+        node = asttyped.LambdaT(
+            typing_env=extractor.typing_env, globals_in_scope=extractor.global_,
+            type=types.TVar(),
+            args=node.args, body=node.body,
+            lambda_loc=node.lambda_loc, colon_loc=node.colon_loc, loc=node.loc)
+
+        try:
+            self.env_stack.append(node.typing_env)
+            return self.generic_visit(node)
+        finally:
+            self.env_stack.pop()
+
+    def visit_ExceptHandler(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        if node.name is not None:
+            name_type = self._find_name(node.name, node.name_loc)
+        else:
+            name_type = types.TVar()
+        node = asttyped.ExceptHandlerT(
+            name_type=name_type,
+            filter=node.type, name=node.name, body=node.body,
+            except_loc=node.except_loc, as_loc=node.as_loc, name_loc=node.name_loc,
+            colon_loc=node.colon_loc, loc=node.loc)
+        return node
+
+    def visit_Raise(self, node):
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        if node.cause:
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "'raise from' syntax is not supported", {},
+                node.from_loc)
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+        return node
+
+    # Unsupported visitors
+    #
+    def visit_unsupported(self, node):
+        diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("fatal",
+            "this syntax is not supported", {},
+            node.loc)
+        self.engine.process(diag)
+
+    # expr
+    visit_Dict = visit_unsupported
+    visit_DictComp = visit_unsupported
+    visit_Ellipsis = visit_unsupported
+    visit_GeneratorExp = visit_unsupported
+    visit_Set = visit_unsupported
+    visit_SetComp = visit_unsupported
+    visit_Starred = visit_unsupported
+    visit_Yield = visit_unsupported
+    visit_YieldFrom = visit_unsupported
+
+    # stmt
+    visit_Delete = visit_unsupported
+    visit_Import = visit_unsupported
+    visit_ImportFrom = visit_unsupported

artiq/compiler/transforms/dead_code_eliminator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+"""
+:class:`DeadCodeEliminator` is a very simple dead code elimination
+transform: it only removes basic blocks with no predecessors.
+"""
+
+from .. import ir
+
+class DeadCodeEliminator:
+    def __init__(self, engine):
+        self.engine = engine
+
+    def process(self, functions):
+        for func in functions:
+            self.process_function(func)
+
+    def process_function(self, func):
+        for block in list(func.basic_blocks):
+            if not any(block.predecessors()) and block != func.entry():
+                for use in set(block.uses):
+                    if isinstance(use, ir.SetLocal):
+                        use.erase()
+                self.remove_block(block)
+
+    def remove_block(self, block):
+        # block.uses are updated while iterating
+        for use in set(block.uses):
+            if isinstance(use, ir.Phi):
+                use.remove_incoming_block(block)
+                if not any(use.operands):
+                    self.remove_instruction(use)
+            else:
+                assert False
+
+        block.erase()
+
+    def remove_instruction(self, insn):
+        for use in set(insn.uses):
+            if isinstance(use, ir.Phi):
+                use.remove_incoming_value(insn)
+                if not any(use.operands):
+                    self.remove_instruction(use)
+
+        insn.erase()

artiq/compiler/transforms/int_monomorphizer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+"""
+:class:`IntMonomorphizer` collapses the integer literals of undetermined
+width to 32 bits, assuming they fit into 32 bits, or 64 bits if they
+do not.
+"""
+
+from pythonparser import algorithm, diagnostic
+from .. import types, builtins
+
+class IntMonomorphizer(algorithm.Visitor):
+    def __init__(self, engine):
+        self.engine = engine
+
+    def visit_NumT(self, node):
+        if builtins.is_int(node.type):
+            if types.is_var(node.type["width"]):
+                if -2**31 < node.n < 2**31-1:
+                    width = 32
+                elif -2**63 < node.n < 2**63-1:
+                    width = 64
+                else:
+                    diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                        "integer literal out of range for a signed 64-bit value", {},
+                        node.loc)
+                    self.engine.process(diag)
+                    return
+
+                node.type["width"].unify(types.TValue(width))

artiq/compiler/transforms/interleaver.py

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+"""
+:class:`Interleaver` reorders requests to the RTIO core so that
+the timestamp would always monotonically nondecrease.
+"""
+
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+
+from .. import types, builtins, ir, iodelay
+from ..analyses import domination
+from ..algorithms import inline
+
+def delay_free_subgraph(root, limit):
+    visited = set()
+    queue   = root.successors()
+    while len(queue) > 0:
+        block = queue.pop()
+        visited.add(block)
+
+        if block is limit:
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(block.terminator(), ir.Delay):
+            return False
+
+        for successor in block.successors():
+            if successor not in visited:
+                queue.append(successor)
+
+    return True
+
+def iodelay_of_block(block):
+    terminator = block.terminator()
+    if isinstance(terminator, ir.Delay):
+        # We should be able to fold everything without free variables.
+        folded_expr = terminator.expr.fold()
+        assert iodelay.is_const(folded_expr)
+        return folded_expr.value
+    else:
+        return 0
+
+def is_pure_delay(insn):
+    return isinstance(insn, ir.Builtin) and insn.op in ("delay", "delay_mu")
+
+def is_impure_delay_block(block):
+    terminator = block.terminator()
+    return isinstance(terminator, ir.Delay) and \
+            not is_pure_delay(terminator.decomposition())
+
+class Interleaver:
+    def __init__(self, engine):
+        self.engine = engine
+
+    def process(self, functions):
+        for func in functions:
+            self.process_function(func)
+
+    def process_function(self, func):
+        for insn in func.instructions():
+            if isinstance(insn, ir.Delay):
+                if any(insn.expr.free_vars()):
+                    # If a function has free variables in delay expressions,
+                    # that means its IO delay depends on arguments.
+                    # Do not change such functions in any way so that it will
+                    # be successfully inlined and then removed by DCE.
+                    return
+
+        postdom_tree = None
+        for insn in func.instructions():
+            if not isinstance(insn, ir.Parallel):
+                continue
+
+            # Lazily compute dominators.
+            if postdom_tree is None:
+                postdom_tree = domination.PostDominatorTree(func)
+
+            interleave_until = postdom_tree.immediate_dominator(insn.basic_block)
+            assert (interleave_until is not None) # no nonlocal flow in `with parallel`
+
+            target_block  = insn.basic_block
+            target_time   = 0
+            source_blocks = insn.basic_block.successors()
+            source_times  = [0 for _ in source_blocks]
+
+            while len(source_blocks) > 0:
+                def time_after_block(pair):
+                    index, block = pair
+                    return source_times[index] + iodelay_of_block(block)
+
+                # Always prefer impure blocks (with calls) to pure blocks, because
+                # impure blocks may expand with smaller delays appearing, and in
+                # case of a tie, if a pure block is preferred, this would violate
+                # the timeline monotonicity.
+                available_source_blocks = list(filter(is_impure_delay_block, source_blocks))
+                if not any(available_source_blocks):
+                    available_source_blocks = source_blocks
+
+                index, source_block = min(enumerate(available_source_blocks), key=time_after_block)
+                source_block_delay  = iodelay_of_block(source_block)
+
+                new_target_time   = source_times[index] + source_block_delay
+                target_time_delta = new_target_time - target_time
+                assert target_time_delta >= 0
+
+                target_terminator = target_block.terminator()
+                if isinstance(target_terminator, ir.Parallel):
+                    target_terminator.replace_with(ir.Branch(source_block))
+                else:
+                    assert isinstance(target_terminator, (ir.Delay, ir.Branch))
+                    target_terminator.set_target(source_block)
+
+                source_terminator = source_block.terminator()
+
+                if not isinstance(source_terminator, ir.Delay):
+                    source_terminator.replace_with(ir.Branch(source_terminator.target()))
+                else:
+                    old_decomp = source_terminator.decomposition()
+                    if is_pure_delay(old_decomp):
+                        if target_time_delta > 0:
+                            new_decomp_expr = ir.Constant(int(target_time_delta), builtins.TInt64())
+                            new_decomp = ir.Builtin("delay_mu", [new_decomp_expr], builtins.TNone())
+                            new_decomp.loc = old_decomp.loc
+
+                            source_terminator.basic_block.insert(new_decomp, before=source_terminator)
+                            source_terminator.expr = iodelay.Const(target_time_delta)
+                            source_terminator.set_decomposition(new_decomp)
+                        else:
+                            source_terminator.replace_with(ir.Branch(source_terminator.target()))
+                        old_decomp.erase()
+                    else: # It's a call.
+                        need_to_inline = len(source_blocks) > 1
+                        if need_to_inline:
+                            if old_decomp.static_target_function is None:
+                                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("fatal",
+                                    "it is not possible to interleave this function call within "
+                                    "a 'with parallel:' statement because the compiler could not "
+                                    "prove that the same function would always be called", {},
+                                    old_decomp.loc)
+                                self.engine.process(diag)
+
+                            inline(old_decomp)
+                            postdom_tree = domination.PostDominatorTree(func)
+                            continue
+                        elif target_time_delta > 0:
+                            source_terminator.expr = iodelay.Const(target_time_delta)
+                        else:
+                            source_terminator.replace_with(ir.Branch(source_terminator.target()))
+
+                target_block = source_block
+                target_time  = new_target_time
+
+                new_source_block = postdom_tree.immediate_dominator(source_block)
+                assert (new_source_block is not None)
+                assert delay_free_subgraph(source_block, new_source_block)
+
+                if new_source_block == interleave_until:
+                    # We're finished with this branch.
+                    del source_blocks[index]
+                    del source_times[index]
+                else:
+                    source_blocks[index] = new_source_block
+                    source_times[index]  = new_target_time

artiq/compiler/transforms/iodelay_estimator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+"""
+:class:`IODelayEstimator` calculates the amount of time
+elapsed from the point of view of the RTIO core for
+every function.
+"""
+
+from pythonparser import ast, algorithm, diagnostic
+from .. import types, iodelay, builtins, asttyped
+
+class _UnknownDelay(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class _IndeterminateDelay(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, cause):
+        self.cause = cause
+
+class IODelayEstimator(algorithm.Visitor):
+    def __init__(self, engine, ref_period):
+        self.engine         = engine
+        self.ref_period     = ref_period
+        self.changed        = False
+        self.current_delay  = iodelay.Const(0)
+        self.current_args   = None
+        self.current_goto   = None
+        self.current_return = None
+
+    def evaluate(self, node, abort):
+        if isinstance(node, asttyped.NumT):
+            return iodelay.Const(node.n)
+        elif isinstance(node, asttyped.CoerceT):
+            return self.evaluate(node.value, abort)
+        elif isinstance(node, asttyped.NameT):
+            if self.current_args is None:
+                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "this variable is not an argument", {},
+                    node.loc)
+                abort([note])
+            elif node.id in [arg.arg for arg in self.current_args.args]:
+                return iodelay.Var(node.id)
+            else:
+                notes = [
+                    diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                        "this variable is not an argument of the innermost function", {},
+                        node.loc),
+                    diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                        "only these arguments are in scope of analysis", {},
+                        self.current_args.loc)
+                ]
+                abort(notes)
+        elif isinstance(node, asttyped.BinOpT):
+            lhs = self.evaluate(node.left, abort)
+            rhs = self.evaluate(node.right, abort)
+            if isinstance(node.op, ast.Add):
+                return lhs + rhs
+            elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Sub):
+                return lhs - rhs
+            elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Mult):
+                return lhs * rhs
+            elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Div):
+                return lhs / rhs
+            elif isinstance(node.op, ast.FloorDiv):
+                return lhs // rhs
+            else:
+                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "this operator is not supported", {},
+                    node.op.loc)
+                abort([note])
+        else:
+            note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                "this expression is not supported", {},
+                node.loc)
+            abort([note])
+
+    def abort(self, message, loc, notes=[]):
+        diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error", message, {}, loc, notes=notes)
+        raise _IndeterminateDelay(diag)
+
+    def visit_fixpoint(self, node):
+        while True:
+            self.changed = False
+            self.visit(node)
+            if not self.changed:
+                return
+
+    def visit_ModuleT(self, node):
+        try:
+            for stmt in node.body:
+                try:
+                    self.visit(stmt)
+                except _UnknownDelay:
+                    pass # more luck next time?
+        except _IndeterminateDelay:
+            pass # we don't care; module-level code is never interleaved
+
+    def visit_function(self, args, body, typ, loc):
+        old_args, self.current_args = self.current_args, args
+        old_return, self.current_return = self.current_return, None
+        old_delay, self.current_delay = self.current_delay, iodelay.Const(0)
+        try:
+            self.visit(body)
+            if not iodelay.is_zero(self.current_delay) and self.current_return is not None:
+                self.abort("only return statement at the end of the function "
+                           "can be interleaved", self.current_return.loc)
+
+            delay = types.TFixedDelay(self.current_delay.fold())
+        except _IndeterminateDelay as error:
+            delay = types.TIndeterminateDelay(error.cause)
+        self.current_delay = old_delay
+        self.current_return = old_return
+        self.current_args = old_args
+
+        if types.is_indeterminate_delay(delay) and types.is_indeterminate_delay(typ.delay):
+            # Both delays indeterminate; no point in unifying since that will
+            # replace the lazy and more specific error with an eager and more generic
+            # error (unification error of delay(?) with delay(?), which is useless).
+            return
+
+        try:
+            old_delay = typ.delay.find()
+            typ.delay.unify(delay)
+            if typ.delay.find() != old_delay:
+                self.changed = True
+        except types.UnificationError as e:
+            printer = types.TypePrinter()
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("fatal",
+                "delay {delaya} was inferred for this function, but its delay is already "
+                "constrained externally to {delayb}",
+                {"delaya": printer.name(delay), "delayb": printer.name(typ.delay)},
+                loc)
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+
+    def visit_FunctionDefT(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.args.defaults)
+        self.visit(node.args.kw_defaults)
+
+        # We can only handle return in tail position.
+        if isinstance(node.body[-1], ast.Return):
+            body = node.body[:-1]
+        else:
+            body = node.body
+        self.visit_function(node.args, body, node.signature_type.find(), node.loc)
+
+    def visit_LambdaT(self, node):
+        self.visit_function(node.args, node.body, node.type.find(), node.loc)
+
+    def get_iterable_length(self, node):
+        def abort(notes):
+            self.abort("for statement cannot be interleaved because "
+                       "trip count is indeterminate",
+                       node.loc, notes)
+
+        def evaluate(node):
+            return self.evaluate(node, abort)
+
+        if isinstance(node, asttyped.CallT) and types.is_builtin(node.func.type, "range"):
+            range_min, range_max, range_step = iodelay.Const(0), None, iodelay.Const(1)
+            if len(node.args) == 3:
+                range_min, range_max, range_step = map(evaluate, node.args)
+            elif len(node.args) == 2:
+                range_min, range_max = map(evaluate, node.args)
+            elif len(node.args) == 1:
+                range_max, = map(evaluate, node.args)
+            return (range_max - range_min) // range_step
+        else:
+            note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                "this value is not a constant range literal", {},
+                node.loc)
+            abort([note])
+
+    def visit_For(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.iter)
+
+        old_goto, self.current_goto = self.current_goto, None
+        old_delay, self.current_delay = self.current_delay, iodelay.Const(0)
+        self.visit(node.body)
+        if iodelay.is_zero(self.current_delay):
+            self.current_delay = old_delay
+        else:
+            if self.current_goto is not None:
+                self.abort("loop trip count is indeterminate because of control flow",
+                           self.current_goto.loc)
+
+            trip_count = self.get_iterable_length(node.iter)
+            self.current_delay = old_delay + self.current_delay * trip_count
+        self.current_goto = old_goto
+
+        self.visit(node.orelse)
+
+    def visit_goto(self, node):
+        self.current_goto = node
+
+    visit_Break    = visit_goto
+    visit_Continue = visit_goto
+
+    def visit_control_flow(self, kind, node):
+        old_delay, self.current_delay = self.current_delay, iodelay.Const(0)
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+        if not iodelay.is_zero(self.current_delay):
+            self.abort("{} cannot be interleaved".format(kind), node.loc)
+        self.current_delay = old_delay
+
+    visit_While  = lambda self, node: self.visit_control_flow("while statement", node)
+    visit_If     = lambda self, node: self.visit_control_flow("if statement",    node)
+    visit_IfExpT = lambda self, node: self.visit_control_flow("if expression",   node)
+    visit_Try    = lambda self, node: self.visit_control_flow("try statement",   node)
+
+    def visit_Return(self, node):
+        self.current_return = node
+
+    def visit_With(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.items)
+
+        context_expr = node.items[0].context_expr
+        if len(node.items) == 1 and types.is_builtin(context_expr.type, "parallel"):
+            try:
+                delays = []
+                for stmt in node.body:
+                    old_delay, self.current_delay = self.current_delay, iodelay.Const(0)
+                    self.visit(stmt)
+                    delays.append(self.current_delay)
+                    self.current_delay = old_delay
+
+                if any(delays):
+                    self.current_delay += iodelay.Max(delays)
+            except _IndeterminateDelay as error:
+                # Interleave failures inside `with` statements are hard failures,
+                # since there's no chance that the code will never actually execute
+                # inside a `with` statement after all.
+                self.engine.process(error.cause)
+
+        elif len(node.items) == 1 and types.is_builtin(context_expr.type, "sequential"):
+            self.visit(node.body)
+        else:
+            self.abort("with statement cannot be interleaved", node.loc)
+
+    def visit_CallT(self, node):
+        typ = node.func.type.find()
+        def abort(notes):
+            self.abort("this call cannot be interleaved because "
+                       "an argument cannot be statically evaluated",
+                       node.loc, notes)
+
+        if types.is_builtin(typ, "delay"):
+            value = self.evaluate(node.args[0], abort=abort)
+            call_delay = iodelay.SToMU(value, ref_period=self.ref_period)
+        elif types.is_builtin(typ, "delay_mu"):
+            value = self.evaluate(node.args[0], abort=abort)
+            call_delay = value
+        elif not types.is_builtin(typ):
+            if types.is_function(typ):
+                offset = 0
+            elif types.is_method(typ):
+                offset = 1
+                typ = types.get_method_function(typ)
+            else:
+                assert False
+
+            delay = typ.find().delay.find()
+            if types.is_var(delay):
+                raise _UnknownDelay()
+            elif delay.is_indeterminate():
+                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "function called here", {},
+                    node.loc)
+                cause = delay.cause
+                cause = diagnostic.Diagnostic(cause.level, cause.reason, cause.arguments,
+                                              cause.location, cause.highlights,
+                                              cause.notes + [note])
+                raise _IndeterminateDelay(cause)
+            elif delay.is_fixed():
+                args = {}
+                for kw_node in node.keywords:
+                    args[kw_node.arg] = kw_node.value
+                for arg_name, arg_node in zip(list(typ.args)[offset:], node.args):
+                    args[arg_name] = arg_node
+
+                free_vars = delay.duration.free_vars()
+                call_delay = delay.duration.fold(
+                    { arg: self.evaluate(args[arg], abort=abort) for arg in free_vars })
+            else:
+                assert False
+        else:
+            call_delay = iodelay.Const(0)
+
+        self.current_delay += call_delay
+        node.iodelay = call_delay

artiq/compiler/types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+"""
+The :mod:`types` module contains the classes describing the types
+in :mod:`asttyped`.
+"""
+
+import string
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+from . import iodelay
+
+
+class UnificationError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, typea, typeb):
+        self.typea, self.typeb = typea, typeb
+
+
+def genalnum():
+    ident = ["a"]
+    while True:
+        yield "".join(ident)
+        pos = len(ident) - 1
+        while pos >= 0:
+            cur_n = string.ascii_lowercase.index(ident[pos])
+            if cur_n < 25:
+                ident[pos] = string.ascii_lowercase[cur_n + 1]
+                break
+            else:
+                ident[pos] = "a"
+                pos -= 1
+        if pos < 0:
+            ident = ["a"] + ident
+
+def _freeze(dict_):
+    return tuple((key, dict_[key]) for key in dict_)
+
+def _map_find(elts):
+    if isinstance(elts, list):
+        return [x.find() for x in elts]
+    elif isinstance(elts, dict):
+        return {k: elts[k].find() for k in elts}
+    else:
+        assert False
+
+
+class Type(object):
+    def __str__(self):
+        return TypePrinter().name(self)
+
+class TVar(Type):
+    """
+    A type variable.
+
+    In effect, the classic union-find data structure is intrusively
+    folded into this class.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.parent = self
+
+    def find(self):
+        if self.parent is self:
+            return self
+        else:
+            root = self.parent.find()
+            self.parent = root # path compression
+            return root
+
+    def unify(self, other):
+        other = other.find()
+
+        if self.parent is self:
+            self.parent = other
+        else:
+            self.find().unify(other)
+
+    def fold(self, accum, fn):
+        if self.parent is self:
+            return fn(accum, self)
+        else:
+            return self.find().fold(accum, fn)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.parent is self:
+            return "<artiq.compiler.types.TVar %d>" % id(self)
+        else:
+            return repr(self.find())
+
+    # __eq__ and __hash__ are not overridden and default to
+    # comparison by identity. Use .find() explicitly before
+    # any lookups or comparisons.
+
+class TMono(Type):
+    """
+    A monomorphic type, possibly parametric.
+
+    :class:`TMono` is supposed to be subclassed by builtin types,
+    unlike all other :class:`Type` descendants. Similarly,
+    instances of :class:`TMono` should never be allocated directly,
+    as that will break the type-sniffing code in :mod:`builtins`.
+    """
+
+    attributes = OrderedDict()
+
+    def __init__(self, name, params={}):
+        assert isinstance(params, (dict, OrderedDict))
+        self.name, self.params = name, OrderedDict(sorted(params.items()))
+
+    def find(self):
+        return self
+
+    def unify(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, TMono) and self.name == other.name:
+            assert self.params.keys() == other.params.keys()
+            for param in self.params:
+                self.params[param].unify(other.params[param])
+        elif isinstance(other, TVar):
+            other.unify(self)
+        else:
+            raise UnificationError(self, other)
+
+    def fold(self, accum, fn):
+        for param in self.params:
+            accum = self.params[param].fold(accum, fn)
+        return fn(accum, self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "artiq.compiler.types.TMono(%s, %s)" % (repr(self.name), repr(self.params))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, param):
+        return self.params[param]
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, TMono) and \
+                self.name == other.name and \
+                _map_find(self.params) == _map_find(other.params)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash((self.name, _freeze(self.params)))
+
+class TTuple(Type):
+    """
+    A tuple type.
+
+    :ivar elts: (list of :class:`Type`) elements
+    """
+
+    attributes = OrderedDict()
+
+    def __init__(self, elts=[]):
+        self.elts = elts
+
+    def find(self):
+        return self
+
+    def unify(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, TTuple) and len(self.elts) == len(other.elts):
+            for selfelt, otherelt in zip(self.elts, other.elts):
+                selfelt.unify(otherelt)
+        elif isinstance(other, TVar):
+            other.unify(self)
+        else:
+            raise UnificationError(self, other)
+
+    def fold(self, accum, fn):
+        for elt in self.elts:
+            accum = elt.fold(accum, fn)
+        return fn(accum, self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "artiq.compiler.types.TTuple(%s)" % repr(self.elts)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, TTuple) and \
+                _map_find(self.elts) == _map_find(other.elts)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+class _TPointer(TMono):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("pointer")
+
+class TFunction(Type):
+    """
+    A function type.
+
+    :ivar args: (:class:`collections.OrderedDict` of string to :class:`Type`)
+        mandatory arguments
+    :ivar optargs: (:class:`collections.OrderedDict` of string to :class:`Type`)
+        optional arguments
+    :ivar ret: (:class:`Type`)
+        return type
+    :ivar delay: (:class:`Type`)
+        RTIO delay
+    """
+
+    attributes = OrderedDict([
+        ('__code__',    _TPointer()),
+        ('__closure__', _TPointer()),
+    ])
+
+    def __init__(self, args, optargs, ret):
+        assert isinstance(args, OrderedDict)
+        assert isinstance(optargs, OrderedDict)
+        assert isinstance(ret, Type)
+        self.args, self.optargs, self.ret = args, optargs, ret
+        self.delay = TVar()
+
+    def arity(self):
+        return len(self.args) + len(self.optargs)
+
+    def find(self):
+        return self
+
+    def unify(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, TFunction) and \
+                self.args.keys() == other.args.keys() and \
+                self.optargs.keys() == other.optargs.keys():
+            for selfarg, otherarg in zip(list(self.args.values()) + list(self.optargs.values()),
+                                         list(other.args.values()) + list(other.optargs.values())):
+                selfarg.unify(otherarg)
+            self.ret.unify(other.ret)
+            self.delay.unify(other.delay)
+        elif isinstance(other, TVar):
+            other.unify(self)
+        else:
+            raise UnificationError(self, other)
+
+    def fold(self, accum, fn):
+        for arg in self.args:
+            accum = self.args[arg].fold(accum, fn)
+        for optarg in self.optargs:
+            accum = self.optargs[optarg].fold(accum, fn)
+        accum = self.ret.fold(accum, fn)
+        return fn(accum, self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "artiq.compiler.types.TFunction({}, {}, {})".format(
+            repr(self.args), repr(self.optargs), repr(self.ret))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, TFunction) and \
+                _map_find(self.args) == _map_find(other.args) and \
+                _map_find(self.optargs) == _map_find(other.optargs)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash((_freeze(self.args), _freeze(self.optargs), self.ret))
+
+class TRPCFunction(TFunction):
+    """
+    A function type of a remote function.
+
+    :ivar service: (int) RPC service number
+    """
+
+    attributes = OrderedDict()
+
+    def __init__(self, args, optargs, ret, service):
+        super().__init__(args, optargs, ret)
+        self.service = service
+        self.delay   = TFixedDelay(iodelay.Const(0))
+
+    def unify(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, TRPCFunction) and \
+                self.service == other.service:
+            super().unify(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, TVar):
+            other.unify(self)
+        else:
+            raise UnificationError(self, other)
+
+class TCFunction(TFunction):
+    """
+    A function type of a runtime-provided C function.
+
+    :ivar name: (str) C function name
+    """
+
+    attributes = OrderedDict()
+
+    def __init__(self, args, ret, name):
+        super().__init__(args, OrderedDict(), ret)
+        self.name  = name
+        self.delay = TFixedDelay(iodelay.Const(0))
+
+    def unify(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, TCFunction) and \
+                self.name == other.name:
+            super().unify(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, TVar):
+            other.unify(self)
+        else:
+            raise UnificationError(self, other)
+
+class TBuiltin(Type):
+    """
+    An instance of builtin type. Every instance of a builtin
+    type is treated specially according to its name.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        assert isinstance(name, str)
+        self.name = name
+        self.attributes = OrderedDict()
+
+    def find(self):
+        return self
+
+    def unify(self, other):
+        if self != other:
+            raise UnificationError(self, other)
+
+    def fold(self, accum, fn):
+        return fn(accum, self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "artiq.compiler.types.{}({})".format(type(self).__name__, repr(self.name))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, TBuiltin) and \
+                self.name == other.name
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.name)
+
+class TBuiltinFunction(TBuiltin):
+    """
+    A type of a builtin function.
+    """
+
+class TConstructor(TBuiltin):
+    """
+    A type of a constructor of a class, e.g. ``list``.
+    Note that this is not the same as the type of an instance of
+    the class, which is ``TMono("list", ...)`` (or a descendant).
+
+    :ivar instance: (:class:`Type`)
+        the type of the instance created by this constructor
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, instance):
+        assert isinstance(instance, TMono)
+        super().__init__(instance.name)
+        self.instance = instance
+
+class TExceptionConstructor(TConstructor):
+    """
+    A type of a constructor of an exception, e.g. ``Exception``.
+    Note that this is not the same as the type of an instance of
+    the class, which is ``TMono("Exception", ...)``.
+    """
+
+class TInstance(TMono):
+    """
+    A type of an instance of a user-defined class.
+
+    :ivar constructor: (:class:`TConstructor`)
+        the type of the constructor with which this instance
+        was created
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, attributes):
+        assert isinstance(attributes, OrderedDict)
+        super().__init__(name)
+        self.attributes = attributes
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "artiq.compiler.types.TInstance({}, {})".format(
+                    repr(self.name), repr(self.attributes))
+
+class TMethod(TMono):
+    """
+    A type of a method.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, self_type, function_type):
+        super().__init__("method", {"self": self_type, "fn": function_type})
+        self.attributes = OrderedDict([
+            ("__func__", function_type),
+            ("__self__", self_type),
+        ])
+
+class TValue(Type):
+    """
+    A type-level value (such as the integer denoting width of
+    a generic integer type.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+
+    def find(self):
+        return self
+
+    def unify(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, TVar):
+            other.unify(self)
+        elif self != other:
+            raise UnificationError(self, other)
+
+    def fold(self, accum, fn):
+        return fn(accum, self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "artiq.compiler.types.TValue(%s)" % repr(self.value)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, TValue) and \
+                self.value == other.value
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+class TDelay(Type):
+    """
+    The type-level representation of IO delay.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, duration, cause):
+        assert duration is None or isinstance(duration, iodelay.Expr)
+        assert cause is None or isinstance(cause, diagnostic.Diagnostic)
+        assert (not (duration and cause)) and (duration or cause)
+        self.duration, self.cause = duration, cause
+
+    def is_fixed(self):
+        return self.duration is not None
+
+    def is_indeterminate(self):
+        return self.cause is not None
+
+    def find(self):
+        return self
+
+    def unify(self, other):
+        other = other.find()
+
+        if self.is_fixed() and other.is_fixed() and \
+                self.duration.fold() == other.duration.fold():
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(other, TVar):
+            other.unify(self)
+        else:
+            raise UnificationError(self, other)
+
+    def fold(self, accum, fn):
+        # delay types do not participate in folding
+        pass
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, TDelay) and \
+                (self.duration == other.duration and \
+                 self.cause == other.cause)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.duration is None:
+            return "<{}.TIndeterminateDelay>".format(__name__)
+        elif self.cause is None:
+            return "{}.TFixedDelay({})".format(__name__, self.duration)
+        else:
+            assert False
+
+def TIndeterminateDelay(cause):
+    return TDelay(None, cause)
+
+def TFixedDelay(duration):
+    return TDelay(duration, None)
+
+
+def is_var(typ):
+    return isinstance(typ.find(), TVar)
+
+def is_mono(typ, name=None, **params):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    params_match = True
+    for param in params:
+        if param not in typ.params:
+            return False
+        params_match = params_match and \
+            typ.params[param].find() == params[param].find()
+    return isinstance(typ, TMono) and \
+        (name is None or (typ.name == name and params_match))
+
+def is_polymorphic(typ):
+    return typ.fold(False, lambda accum, typ: accum or is_var(typ))
+
+def is_tuple(typ, elts=None):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    if elts:
+        return isinstance(typ, TTuple) and \
+            elts == typ.elts
+    else:
+        return isinstance(typ, TTuple)
+
+def _is_pointer(typ):
+    return isinstance(typ.find(), _TPointer)
+
+def is_function(typ):
+    return isinstance(typ.find(), TFunction)
+
+def is_rpc_function(typ):
+    return isinstance(typ.find(), TRPCFunction)
+
+def is_c_function(typ):
+    return isinstance(typ.find(), TCFunction)
+
+def is_builtin(typ, name=None):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    if name is None:
+        return isinstance(typ, TBuiltin)
+    else:
+        return isinstance(typ, TBuiltin) and \
+            typ.name == name
+
+def is_constructor(typ, name=None):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    if name is not None:
+        return isinstance(typ, TConstructor) and \
+            typ.name == name
+    else:
+        return isinstance(typ, TConstructor)
+
+def is_exn_constructor(typ, name=None):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    if name is not None:
+        return isinstance(typ, TExceptionConstructor) and \
+            typ.name == name
+    else:
+        return isinstance(typ, TExceptionConstructor)
+
+def is_instance(typ, name=None):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    if name is not None:
+        return isinstance(typ, TInstance) and \
+            typ.name == name
+    else:
+        return isinstance(typ, TInstance)
+
+def is_method(typ):
+    return isinstance(typ.find(), TMethod)
+
+def get_method_self(typ):
+    if is_method(typ):
+        return typ.find().params["self"]
+
+def get_method_function(typ):
+    if is_method(typ):
+        return typ.find().params["fn"]
+
+def is_value(typ):
+    return isinstance(typ.find(), TValue)
+
+def get_value(typ):
+    typ = typ.find()
+    if isinstance(typ, TVar):
+        return None
+    elif isinstance(typ, TValue):
+        return typ.value
+    else:
+        assert False
+
+def is_delay(typ):
+    return isinstance(typ.find(), TDelay)
+
+def is_fixed_delay(typ):
+    return is_delay(typ) and typ.find().is_fixed()
+
+def is_indeterminate_delay(typ):
+    return is_delay(typ) and typ.find().is_indeterminate()
+
+
+class TypePrinter(object):
+    """
+    A class that prints types using Python-like syntax and gives
+    type variables sequential alphabetic names.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.gen = genalnum()
+        self.map = {}
+        self.recurse_guard = set()
+
+    def name(self, typ):
+        typ = typ.find()
+        if isinstance(typ, TVar):
+            if typ not in self.map:
+                self.map[typ] = "'%s" % next(self.gen)
+            return self.map[typ]
+        elif isinstance(typ, TInstance):
+            if typ in self.recurse_guard:
+                return "<instance {}>".format(typ.name)
+            else:
+                self.recurse_guard.add(typ)
+                attrs = ", ".join(["{}: {}".format(attr, self.name(typ.attributes[attr]))
+                                   for attr in typ.attributes])
+                return "<instance {} {{{}}}>".format(typ.name, attrs)
+        elif isinstance(typ, TMono):
+            if typ.params == {}:
+                return typ.name
+            else:
+                return "%s(%s)" % (typ.name, ", ".join(
+                    ["%s=%s" % (k, self.name(typ.params[k])) for k in typ.params]))
+        elif isinstance(typ, TTuple):
+            if len(typ.elts) == 1:
+                return "(%s,)" % self.name(typ.elts[0])
+            else:
+                return "(%s)" % ", ".join(list(map(self.name, typ.elts)))
+        elif isinstance(typ, (TFunction, TRPCFunction, TCFunction)):
+            args = []
+            args += [ "%s:%s" % (arg, self.name(typ.args[arg]))    for arg in typ.args]
+            args += ["?%s:%s" % (arg, self.name(typ.optargs[arg])) for arg in typ.optargs]
+            signature = "(%s)->%s" % (", ".join(args), self.name(typ.ret))
+
+            delay = typ.delay.find()
+            if isinstance(delay, TVar):
+                signature += " delay({})".format(self.name(delay))
+            elif not (delay.is_fixed() and iodelay.is_zero(delay.duration)):
+                signature += " " + self.name(delay)
+
+            if isinstance(typ, TRPCFunction):
+                return "rpc({}) {}".format(typ.service, signature)
+            if isinstance(typ, TCFunction):
+                return "ffi({}) {}".format(repr(typ.name), signature)
+            elif isinstance(typ, TFunction):
+                return signature
+        elif isinstance(typ, TBuiltinFunction):
+            return "<function {}>".format(typ.name)
+        elif isinstance(typ, (TConstructor, TExceptionConstructor)):
+            if typ in self.recurse_guard:
+                return "<constructor {}>".format(typ.name)
+            else:
+                self.recurse_guard.add(typ)
+                attrs = ", ".join(["{}: {}".format(attr, self.name(typ.attributes[attr]))
+                                   for attr in typ.attributes])
+                return "<constructor {} {{{}}}>".format(typ.name, attrs)
+        elif isinstance(typ, TValue):
+            return repr(typ.value)
+        elif isinstance(typ, TDelay):
+            if typ.is_fixed():
+                return "delay({} mu)".format(typ.duration)
+            elif typ.is_indeterminate():
+                return "delay(?)"
+            else:
+                assert False
+        else:
+            assert False

artiq/compiler/validators/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .monomorphism import MonomorphismValidator
+from .escape import EscapeValidator
+from .local_access import LocalAccessValidator

artiq/compiler/validators/escape.py

@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+"""
+:class:`EscapeValidator` verifies that no mutable data escapes
+the region of its allocation.
+"""
+
+import functools
+from pythonparser import algorithm, diagnostic
+from .. import asttyped, types, builtins
+
+def has_region(typ):
+    return typ.fold(False, lambda accum, typ: accum or builtins.is_allocated(typ))
+
+class Region:
+    """
+    A last-in-first-out allocation region. Tied to lexical scoping
+    and is internally represented simply by a source range.
+
+    :ivar range: (:class:`pythonparser.source.Range` or None)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, source_range=None):
+        self.range = source_range
+
+    def present(self):
+        return bool(self.range)
+
+    def includes(self, other):
+        assert self.range
+        assert self.range.source_buffer == other.range.source_buffer
+
+        return self.range.begin_pos <= other.range.begin_pos and \
+                    self.range.end_pos >= other.range.end_pos
+
+    def intersects(self, other):
+        assert self.range.source_buffer == other.range.source_buffer
+        assert self.range
+
+        return (self.range.begin_pos <= other.range.begin_pos <= self.range.end_pos and \
+                    other.range.end_pos > self.range.end_pos) or \
+               (other.range.begin_pos <= self.range.begin_pos <= other.range.end_pos and \
+                    self.range.end_pos > other.range.end_pos)
+
+    def contract(self, other):
+        if not self.range:
+            self.range = other.range
+
+    def outlives(lhs, rhs):
+        if lhs is None: # lhs lives forever
+            return True
+        elif rhs is None: # rhs lives forever, lhs does not
+            return False
+        else:
+            assert not lhs.intersects(rhs)
+            return lhs.includes(rhs)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Region({})".format(repr(self.range))
+
+class RegionOf(algorithm.Visitor):
+    """
+    Visit an expression and return the list of regions that must
+    be alive for the expression to execute.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, env_stack, youngest_region):
+        self.env_stack, self.youngest_region = env_stack, youngest_region
+
+    # Liveness determined by assignments
+    def visit_NameT(self, node):
+        # First, look at stack regions
+        for region in reversed(self.env_stack[1:]):
+            if node.id in region:
+                return region[node.id]
+
+        # Then, look at the global region of this module
+        if node.id in self.env_stack[0]:
+            return None
+
+        assert False
+
+    # Value lives as long as the current scope, if it's mutable,
+    # or else forever
+    def visit_sometimes_allocating(self, node):
+        if has_region(node.type):
+            return self.youngest_region
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    visit_BinOpT = visit_sometimes_allocating
+    visit_CallT = visit_sometimes_allocating
+
+    # Value lives as long as the object/container, if it's mutable,
+    # or else forever
+    def visit_accessor(self, node):
+        if has_region(node.type):
+            return self.visit(node.value)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    visit_AttributeT = visit_accessor
+    visit_SubscriptT = visit_accessor
+
+    # Value lives as long as the shortest living operand
+    def visit_selecting(self, nodes):
+        regions = [self.visit(node) for node in nodes]
+        regions = list(filter(lambda x: x, regions))
+        if any(regions):
+            regions.sort(key=functools.cmp_to_key(Region.outlives), reverse=True)
+            return regions[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def visit_BoolOpT(self, node):
+        return self.visit_selecting(node.values)
+
+    def visit_IfExpT(self, node):
+        return self.visit_selecting([node.body, node.orelse])
+
+    def visit_TupleT(self, node):
+        return self.visit_selecting(node.elts)
+
+    # Value lives as long as the current scope
+    def visit_allocating(self, node):
+        return self.youngest_region
+
+    visit_DictT = visit_allocating
+    visit_DictCompT = visit_allocating
+    visit_GeneratorExpT = visit_allocating
+    visit_LambdaT = visit_allocating
+    visit_ListT = visit_allocating
+    visit_ListCompT = visit_allocating
+    visit_SetT = visit_allocating
+    visit_SetCompT = visit_allocating
+
+    # Value lives forever
+    def visit_immutable(self, node):
+        assert not has_region(node.type)
+        return None
+
+    visit_NameConstantT = visit_immutable
+    visit_NumT = visit_immutable
+    visit_EllipsisT = visit_immutable
+    visit_UnaryOpT = visit_immutable
+    visit_CompareT = visit_immutable
+
+    # Value is mutable, but still lives forever
+    def visit_StrT(self, node):
+        return None
+
+    # Not implemented
+    def visit_unimplemented(self, node):
+        assert False
+
+    visit_StarredT = visit_unimplemented
+    visit_YieldT = visit_unimplemented
+    visit_YieldFromT = visit_unimplemented
+
+
+class AssignedNamesOf(algorithm.Visitor):
+    """
+    Visit an expression and return the list of names that appear
+    on the lhs of assignment, directly or through an accessor.
+    """
+
+    def visit_NameT(self, node):
+        return [node]
+
+    def visit_accessor(self, node):
+        return self.visit(node.value)
+
+    visit_AttributeT = visit_accessor
+    visit_SubscriptT = visit_accessor
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, node):
+        return reduce(list.__add__, map(self.visit, node.elts))
+
+    visit_TupleT = visit_sequence
+    visit_ListT = visit_sequence
+
+    def visit_StarredT(self, node):
+        assert False
+
+
+class EscapeValidator(algorithm.Visitor):
+    def __init__(self, engine):
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.youngest_region = None
+        self.env_stack = []
+        self.youngest_env = None
+
+    def _region_of(self, expr):
+        return RegionOf(self.env_stack, self.youngest_region).visit(expr)
+
+    def _names_of(self, expr):
+        return AssignedNamesOf().visit(expr)
+
+    def _diagnostics_for(self, region, loc, descr="the value of the expression"):
+        if region:
+            return [
+                diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "{descr} is alive from this point...", {"descr": descr},
+                    region.range.begin()),
+                diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "... to this point", {},
+                    region.range.end())
+            ]
+        else:
+            return [
+                diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "{descr} is alive forever", {"descr": descr},
+                    loc)
+            ]
+
+    def visit_in_region(self, node, region, typing_env):
+        try:
+            old_youngest_region = self.youngest_region
+            self.youngest_region = region
+
+            old_youngest_env = self.youngest_env
+            self.youngest_env = {}
+
+            for name in typing_env:
+                if has_region(typing_env[name]):
+                    self.youngest_env[name] = Region(None) # not yet known
+                else:
+                    self.youngest_env[name] = None # lives forever
+            self.env_stack.append(self.youngest_env)
+
+            self.generic_visit(node)
+        finally:
+            self.env_stack.pop()
+            self.youngest_env = old_youngest_env
+            self.youngest_region = old_youngest_region
+
+    def visit_ModuleT(self, node):
+        self.visit_in_region(node, None, node.typing_env)
+
+    def visit_FunctionDefT(self, node):
+        self.youngest_env[node.name] = self.youngest_region
+        self.visit_in_region(node, Region(node.loc), node.typing_env)
+
+    def visit_ClassDefT(self, node):
+        self.youngest_env[node.name] = self.youngest_region
+        self.visit_in_region(node, Region(node.loc), node.constructor_type.attributes)
+
+    # Only three ways for a pointer to escape:
+    #   * Assigning or op-assigning it (we ensure an outlives relationship)
+    #   * Returning it (we only allow returning values that live forever)
+    #   * Raising it (we forbid allocating exceptions that refer to mutable data)¹
+    #
+    # Literals doesn't count: a constructed object is always
+    # outlived by all its constituents.
+    # Closures don't count: see above.
+    # Calling functions doesn't count: arguments never outlive
+    # the function body.
+    #
+    # ¹Strings are currently never allocated with a limited lifetime,
+    # and exceptions can only refer to strings, so we don't actually check
+    # this property. But we will need to, if string operations are ever added.
+
+    def visit_assignment(self, target, value, is_aug_assign=False):
+        target_region = self._region_of(target)
+        value_region  = self._region_of(value) if not is_aug_assign else self.youngest_region
+
+        # If this is a variable, we might need to contract the live range.
+        if value_region is not None:
+            for name in self._names_of(target):
+                region = self._region_of(name)
+                if region is not None:
+                    region.contract(value_region)
+
+        # The assigned value should outlive the assignee
+        if not Region.outlives(value_region, target_region):
+            if is_aug_assign:
+                target_desc = "the assignment target, allocated here,"
+            else:
+                target_desc = "the assignment target"
+            note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                "this expression has type {type}",
+                {"type": types.TypePrinter().name(value.type)},
+                value.loc)
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "the assigned value does not outlive the assignment target", {},
+                value.loc, [target.loc],
+                notes=self._diagnostics_for(target_region, target.loc,
+                                            target_desc) +
+                      self._diagnostics_for(value_region, value.loc,
+                                            "the assigned value"))
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+
+    def visit_Assign(self, node):
+        for target in node.targets:
+            self.visit_assignment(target, node.value)
+
+    def visit_AugAssign(self, node):
+        if builtins.is_allocated(node.target.type):
+            # If the target is mutable, op-assignment will allocate
+            # in the youngest region.
+            self.visit_assignment(node.target, node.value, is_aug_assign=True)
+
+    def visit_Return(self, node):
+        region = self._region_of(node.value)
+        if region:
+            note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                "this expression has type {type}",
+                {"type": types.TypePrinter().name(node.value.type)},
+                node.value.loc)
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "cannot return a mutable value that does not live forever", {},
+                node.value.loc, notes=self._diagnostics_for(region, node.value.loc) + [note])
+            self.engine.process(diag)

artiq/compiler/validators/local_access.py

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+"""
+:class:`LocalAccessValidator` verifies that local variables
+are not accessed before being used.
+"""
+
+from functools import reduce
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+from .. import ir, analyses
+
+def is_special_variable(name):
+    return "$" in name
+
+class LocalAccessValidator:
+    def __init__(self, engine):
+        self.engine = engine
+
+    def process(self, functions):
+        for func in functions:
+            self.process_function(func)
+
+    def process_function(self, func):
+        # Find all environments and closures allocated in this func.
+        environments, closures = [], []
+        for insn in func.instructions():
+            if isinstance(insn, ir.Alloc) and ir.is_environment(insn.type):
+                environments.append(insn)
+            elif isinstance(insn, ir.Closure):
+                closures.append(insn)
+
+        # Compute initial state of interesting environments.
+        # Environments consisting only of internal variables (containing a ".")
+        # are ignored.
+        initial_state = {}
+        for env in environments:
+            env_state = {var: False for var in env.type.params if "." not in var}
+            if any(env_state):
+                initial_state[env] = env_state
+
+        # Traverse the acyclic graph made of basic blocks and forward edges only,
+        # while updating the environment state.
+        domtree = analyses.DominatorTree(func)
+        state   = {}
+        def traverse(block):
+            # Have we computed the state of this block already?
+            if block in state:
+                return state[block]
+
+            # No! Which forward edges lead to this block?
+            # If we dominate a predecessor, it's a back edge instead.
+            forward_edge_preds = [pred for pred in block.predecessors()
+                                        if block not in domtree.dominators(pred)]
+
+            # Figure out what the state is before the leader
+            # instruction of this block.
+            pred_states = [traverse(pred) for pred in forward_edge_preds]
+            block_state = {}
+            if len(pred_states) > 1:
+                for env in initial_state:
+                    # The variable has to be initialized in all predecessors
+                    # in order to be initialized in this block.
+                    def merge_state(a, b):
+                        return {var: a[var] and b[var] for var in a}
+                    block_state[env] = reduce(merge_state,
+                                              [state[env] for state in pred_states])
+            elif len(pred_states) == 1:
+                # The state is the same as at the terminator of predecessor.
+                # We'll mutate it, so copy.
+                pred_state = pred_states[0]
+                for env in initial_state:
+                    env_state = pred_state[env]
+                    block_state[env] = {var: env_state[var] for var in env_state}
+            else:
+                # This is the entry block.
+                for env in initial_state:
+                    env_state = initial_state[env]
+                    block_state[env] = {var: env_state[var] for var in env_state}
+
+            # Update the state based on block contents, while validating
+            # that no access to uninitialized variables will be done.
+            for insn in block.instructions:
+                def pred_at_fault(env, var_name):
+                    # Find out where the uninitialized state comes from.
+                    for pred, pred_state in zip(forward_edge_preds, pred_states):
+                        if not pred_state[env][var_name]:
+                            return pred
+
+                    # It's the entry block and it was never initialized.
+                    return None
+
+                set_local_in_this_frame = False
+                if (isinstance(insn, (ir.SetLocal, ir.GetLocal)) and
+                        not is_special_variable(insn.var_name)):
+                    env, var_name = insn.environment(), insn.var_name
+
+                    # Make sure that the variable is defined in the scope of this function.
+                    if env in block_state and var_name in block_state[env]:
+                        if isinstance(insn, ir.SetLocal):
+                            # We've just initialized it.
+                            block_state[env][var_name] = True
+                            set_local_in_this_frame = True
+                        else: # isinstance(insn, ir.GetLocal)
+                            if not block_state[env][var_name]:
+                                # Oops, accessing it uninitialized.
+                                self._uninitialized_access(insn, var_name,
+                                                           pred_at_fault(env, var_name))
+
+                closures_to_check = []
+
+                if (isinstance(insn, (ir.SetLocal, ir.SetAttr, ir.SetElem)) and
+                        not set_local_in_this_frame):
+                    # Closures may escape via these mechanisms and be invoked elsewhere.
+                    if isinstance(insn.value(), ir.Closure):
+                        closures_to_check.append(insn.value())
+
+                if isinstance(insn, (ir.Call, ir.Invoke)):
+                    # We can't always trace the flow of closures from point of
+                    # definition to point of call; however, we know that, by transitiveness
+                    # of this analysis, only closures defined in this function can contain
+                    # uninitialized variables.
+                    #
+                    # Thus, enumerate the closures, and check all of them during any operation
+                    # that may eventually result in the closure being called.
+                    closures_to_check = closures
+
+                for closure in closures_to_check:
+                    env = closure.environment()
+                    # Make sure this environment has any interesting variables.
+                    if env in block_state:
+                        for var_name in block_state[env]:
+                            if not block_state[env][var_name] and not is_special_variable(var_name):
+                                # A closure would capture this variable while it is not always
+                                # initialized. Note that this check is transitive.
+                                self._uninitialized_access(closure, var_name,
+                                                           pred_at_fault(env, var_name))
+
+            # Save the state.
+            state[block] = block_state
+
+            return block_state
+
+        for block in func.basic_blocks:
+            traverse(block)
+
+    def _uninitialized_access(self, insn, var_name, pred_at_fault):
+        if pred_at_fault is not None:
+            uninitialized_loc = None
+            for pred_insn in reversed(pred_at_fault.instructions):
+                if pred_insn.loc is not None:
+                    uninitialized_loc = pred_insn.loc.begin()
+                    break
+            assert uninitialized_loc is not None
+
+            note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                "variable is not initialized when control flows from this point", {},
+                uninitialized_loc)
+        else:
+            note = None
+
+        if note is not None:
+            notes = [note]
+        else:
+            notes = []
+
+        if isinstance(insn, ir.Closure):
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "variable '{name}' can be captured in a closure uninitialized here",
+                {"name": var_name},
+                insn.loc, notes=notes)
+        else:
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "variable '{name}' is not always initialized here",
+                {"name": var_name},
+                insn.loc, notes=notes)
+
+        self.engine.process(diag)

artiq/compiler/validators/monomorphism.py

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""
+:class:`MonomorphismValidator` verifies that all type variables have been
+elided, which is necessary for code generation.
+"""
+
+from pythonparser import algorithm, diagnostic
+from .. import asttyped, types, builtins
+
+class MonomorphismValidator(algorithm.Visitor):
+    def __init__(self, engine):
+        self.engine = engine
+
+    def visit_FunctionDefT(self, node):
+        super().generic_visit(node)
+
+        return_type = node.signature_type.find().ret
+        if types.is_polymorphic(return_type):
+            note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                "the function has return type {type}",
+                {"type": types.TypePrinter().name(return_type)},
+                node.name_loc)
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "the return type of this function cannot be fully inferred", {},
+                node.name_loc, notes=[note])
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+
+    def generic_visit(self, node):
+        super().generic_visit(node)
+
+        if isinstance(node, asttyped.commontyped):
+            if types.is_polymorphic(node.type):
+                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "the expression has type {type}",
+                    {"type": types.TypePrinter().name(node.type)},
+                    node.loc)
+                diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                    "the type of this expression cannot be fully inferred", {},
+                    node.loc, notes=[note])
+                self.engine.process(diag)

artiq/coredevice/comm_dummy.py

@@ -3,28 +3,16 @@ from operator import itemgetter
 
 class Comm:
     def __init__(self, dmgr):
-        pass
+        super().__init__()
 
     def switch_clock(self, external):
         pass
 
-    def load(self, kcode):
-        print("================")
-        print(" LLVM IR")
-        print("================")
-        print(kcode)
+    def load(self, kernel_library):
+        pass
 
-    def run(self, kname):
-        print("RUN: "+kname)
+    def run(self):
+        pass
 
-    def serve(self, rpc_map, exception_map):
-        print("================")
-        print(" RPC map")
-        print("================")
-        for k, v in sorted(rpc_map.items(), key=itemgetter(0)):
-            print(str(k)+" -> "+str(v))
-        print("================")
-        print(" Exception map")
-        print("================")
-        for k, v in sorted(exception_map.items(), key=itemgetter(0)):
-            print(str(k)+" -> "+str(v))
+    def serve(self, object_map, symbolizer):
+        pass

artiq/coredevice/comm_generic.py

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import struct
 import logging
+import traceback
 from enum import Enum
 from fractions import Fraction
 
-from artiq.coredevice import runtime_exceptions
 from artiq.language import core as core_language
-from artiq.coredevice.rpc_wrapper import RPCWrapper
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -13,22 +12,26 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 class _H2DMsgType(Enum):
     LOG_REQUEST = 1
-    IDENT_REQUEST = 2
-    SWITCH_CLOCK = 3
+    LOG_CLEAR = 2
 
-    LOAD_OBJECT = 4
-    RUN_KERNEL = 5
+    IDENT_REQUEST = 3
+    SWITCH_CLOCK = 4
 
-    RPC_REPLY = 6
+    LOAD_LIBRARY = 5
+    RUN_KERNEL = 6
 
-    FLASH_READ_REQUEST = 7
-    FLASH_WRITE_REQUEST = 8
-    FLASH_ERASE_REQUEST = 9
-    FLASH_REMOVE_REQUEST = 10
+    RPC_REPLY = 7
+    RPC_EXCEPTION = 8
+
+    FLASH_READ_REQUEST = 9
+    FLASH_WRITE_REQUEST = 10
+    FLASH_ERASE_REQUEST = 11
+    FLASH_REMOVE_REQUEST = 12
 
 
 class _D2HMsgType(Enum):
     LOG_REPLY = 1
+
     IDENT_REPLY = 2
     CLOCK_SWITCH_COMPLETED = 3
     CLOCK_SWITCH_FAILED = 4
@@ -50,9 +53,16 @@ class _D2HMsgType(Enum):
 class UnsupportedDevice(Exception):
     pass
 
+class RPCReturnValueError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
 
 class CommGeneric:
-    # methods for derived classes to implement
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._read_type = self._write_type = None
+        self._read_length = 0
+        self._write_buffer = []
+
     def open(self):
         """Opens the communication channel.
         Must do nothing if already opened."""
@@ -72,175 +82,412 @@ class CommGeneric:
         """Writes exactly length bytes to the communication channel.
         The channel is assumed to be opened."""
         raise NotImplementedError
+
+    #
+    # Reader interface
     #
 
     def _read_header(self):
         self.open()
 
+        if self._read_length > 0:
+            raise IOError("Read underrun ({} bytes remaining)".
+                          format(self._read_length))
+
+        # Wait for a synchronization sequence, 5a 5a 5a 5a.
         sync_count = 0
         while sync_count < 4:
-            (c, ) = struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))
-            if c == 0x5a:
+            (sync_byte, ) = struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))
+            if sync_byte == 0x5a:
                 sync_count += 1
             else:
                 sync_count = 0
-        length = struct.unpack(">l", self.read(4))[0]
-        if not length:  # inband connection close
-            raise OSError("Connection closed")
-        tyv = struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))[0]
-        ty = _D2HMsgType(tyv)
-        logger.debug("receiving message: type=%r length=%d", ty, length)
-        return length, ty
 
-    def _write_header(self, length, ty):
+        # Read message header.
+        (self._read_length, ) = struct.unpack(">l", self.read(4))
+        if not self._read_length:  # inband connection close
+            raise OSError("Connection closed")
+
+        (raw_type, ) = struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))
+        self._read_type = _D2HMsgType(raw_type)
+
+        if self._read_length < 9:
+            raise IOError("Read overrun in message header ({} remaining)".
+                          format(self._read_length))
+        self._read_length -= 9
+
+        logger.debug("receiving message: type=%r length=%d",
+                     self._read_type, self._read_length)
+
+    def _read_expect(self, ty):
+        if self._read_type != ty:
+            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {} (expected {})".
+                          format(self._read_type, ty))
+
+    def _read_empty(self, ty):
+        self._read_header()
+        self._read_expect(ty)
+
+    def _read_chunk(self, length):
+        if self._read_length < length:
+            raise IOError("Read overrun while trying to read {} bytes ({} remaining)"
+                          " in packet {}".
+                          format(length, self._read_length, self._read_type))
+
+        self._read_length -= length
+        return self.read(length)
+
+    def _read_int8(self):
+        (value, ) = struct.unpack("B",  self._read_chunk(1))
+        return value
+
+    def _read_int32(self):
+        (value, ) = struct.unpack(">l", self._read_chunk(4))
+        return value
+
+    def _read_int64(self):
+        (value, ) = struct.unpack(">q", self._read_chunk(8))
+        return value
+
+    def _read_float64(self):
+        (value, ) = struct.unpack(">d", self._read_chunk(8))
+        return value
+
+    def _read_bytes(self):
+        return self._read_chunk(self._read_int32())
+
+    def _read_string(self):
+        return self._read_bytes()[:-1].decode('utf-8')
+
+    #
+    # Writer interface
+    #
+
+    def _write_header(self, ty):
         self.open()
-        logger.debug("sending message: type=%r length=%d", ty, length)
-        self.write(struct.pack(">ll", 0x5a5a5a5a, length))
-        if ty is not None:
-            self.write(struct.pack("B", ty.value))
+
+        logger.debug("preparing to send message: type=%r", ty)
+        self._write_type   = ty
+        self._write_buffer = []
+
+    def _write_flush(self):
+        # Calculate message size.
+        length = sum([len(chunk) for chunk in self._write_buffer])
+        logger.debug("sending message: type=%r length=%d", self._write_type, length)
+
+        # Write synchronization sequence, header and body.
+        self.write(struct.pack(">llB", 0x5a5a5a5a,
+                                       9 + length, self._write_type.value))
+        for chunk in self._write_buffer:
+            self.write(chunk)
+
+    def _write_empty(self, ty):
+        self._write_header(ty)
+        self._write_flush()
+
+    def _write_chunk(self, chunk):
+        self._write_buffer.append(chunk)
+
+    def _write_int8(self, value):
+        self._write_buffer.append(struct.pack("B", value))
+
+    def _write_int32(self, value):
+        self._write_buffer.append(struct.pack(">l", value))
+
+    def _write_int64(self, value):
+        self._write_buffer.append(struct.pack(">q", value))
+
+    def _write_float64(self, value):
+        self._write_buffer.append(struct.pack(">d", value))
+
+    def _write_bytes(self, value):
+        self._write_int32(len(value))
+        self._write_buffer.append(value)
+
+    def _write_string(self, value):
+        self._write_bytes(value.encode("utf-8") + b"\0")
+
+    #
+    # Exported APIs
+    #
 
     def reset_session(self):
-        self._write_header(0, None)
+        self.write(struct.pack(">ll", 0x5a5a5a5a, 0))
 
     def check_ident(self):
-        self._write_header(9, _H2DMsgType.IDENT_REQUEST)
-        _, ty = self._read_header()
-        if ty != _D2HMsgType.IDENT_REPLY:
-            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {}".format(ty))
-        (reply, ) = struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))
-        runtime_id = chr(reply)
-        for i in range(3):
-            (reply, ) = struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))
-            runtime_id += chr(reply)
-        if runtime_id != "AROR":
+        self._write_empty(_H2DMsgType.IDENT_REQUEST)
+
+        self._read_header()
+        self._read_expect(_D2HMsgType.IDENT_REPLY)
+        runtime_id = self._read_chunk(4)
+        if runtime_id != b"AROR":
             raise UnsupportedDevice("Unsupported runtime ID: {}"
                                     .format(runtime_id))
 
     def switch_clock(self, external):
-        self._write_header(10, _H2DMsgType.SWITCH_CLOCK)
-        self.write(struct.pack("B", int(external)))
-        _, ty = self._read_header()
-        if ty != _D2HMsgType.CLOCK_SWITCH_COMPLETED:
-            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {}".format(ty))
+        self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.SWITCH_CLOCK)
+        self._write_int8(external)
+        self._write_flush()
 
-    def load(self, kcode):
-        self._write_header(len(kcode) + 9, _H2DMsgType.LOAD_OBJECT)
-        self.write(kcode)
-        _, ty = self._read_header()
-        if ty != _D2HMsgType.LOAD_COMPLETED:
-            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: "+str(ty))
-
-    def run(self, kname):
-        self._write_header(len(kname) + 9, _H2DMsgType.RUN_KERNEL)
-        self.write(bytes(kname, "ascii"))
-        logger.debug("running kernel: %s", kname)
-
-    def flash_storage_read(self, key):
-        self._write_header(9+len(key), _H2DMsgType.FLASH_READ_REQUEST)
-        self.write(key)
-        length, ty = self._read_header()
-        if ty != _D2HMsgType.FLASH_READ_REPLY:
-            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {}".format(ty))
-        value = self.read(length - 9)
-        return value
-
-    def flash_storage_write(self, key, value):
-        self._write_header(9+len(key)+1+len(value),
-                           _H2DMsgType.FLASH_WRITE_REQUEST)
-        self.write(key)
-        self.write(b"\x00")
-        self.write(value)
-        _, ty = self._read_header()
-        if ty != _D2HMsgType.FLASH_OK_REPLY:
-            if ty == _D2HMsgType.FLASH_ERROR_REPLY:
-                raise IOError("Flash storage is full")
-            else:
-                raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {}".format(ty))
-
-    def flash_storage_erase(self):
-        self._write_header(9, _H2DMsgType.FLASH_ERASE_REQUEST)
-        _, ty = self._read_header()
-        if ty != _D2HMsgType.FLASH_OK_REPLY:
-            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {}".format(ty))
-
-    def flash_storage_remove(self, key):
-        self._write_header(9+len(key), _H2DMsgType.FLASH_REMOVE_REQUEST)
-        self.write(key)
-        _, ty = self._read_header()
-        if ty != _D2HMsgType.FLASH_OK_REPLY:
-            raise IOError("Incorrect reply from device: {}".format(ty))
-
-    def _receive_rpc_value(self, type_tag):
-        if type_tag == "n":
-            return None
-        if type_tag == "b":
-            return bool(struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))[0])
-        if type_tag == "i":
-            return struct.unpack(">l", self.read(4))[0]
-        if type_tag == "I":
-            return struct.unpack(">q", self.read(8))[0]
-        if type_tag == "f":
-            return struct.unpack(">d", self.read(8))[0]
-        if type_tag == "F":
-            n, d = struct.unpack(">qq", self.read(16))
-            return Fraction(n, d)
-
-    def _receive_rpc_values(self):
-        r = []
-        while True:
-            type_tag = chr(struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))[0])
-            if type_tag == "\x00":
-                return r
-            elif type_tag == "l":
-                elt_type_tag = chr(struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))[0])
-                length = struct.unpack(">l", self.read(4))[0]
-                r.append([self._receive_rpc_value(elt_type_tag)
-                          for i in range(length)])
-            else:
-                r.append(self._receive_rpc_value(type_tag))
-
-    def _serve_rpc(self, rpc_wrapper, rpc_map, user_exception_map):
-        rpc_num = struct.unpack(">l", self.read(4))[0]
-        args = self._receive_rpc_values()
-        logger.debug("rpc service: %d %r", rpc_num, args)
-        eid, r = rpc_wrapper.run_rpc(
-            user_exception_map, rpc_map[rpc_num], args)
-        self._write_header(9+2*4, _H2DMsgType.RPC_REPLY)
-        self.write(struct.pack(">ll", eid, r))
-        logger.debug("rpc service: %d %r == %r (eid %d)", rpc_num, args,
-                     r, eid)
-
-    def _serve_exception(self, rpc_wrapper, user_exception_map):
-        eid, p0, p1, p2 = struct.unpack(">lqqq", self.read(4+3*8))
-        rpc_wrapper.filter_rpc_exception(eid)
-        if eid < core_language.first_user_eid:
-            exception = runtime_exceptions.exception_map[eid]
-            raise exception(self.core, p0, p1, p2)
-        else:
-            exception = user_exception_map[eid]
-            raise exception
-
-    def serve(self, rpc_map, user_exception_map):
-        rpc_wrapper = RPCWrapper()
-        while True:
-            _, ty = self._read_header()
-            if ty == _D2HMsgType.RPC_REQUEST:
-                self._serve_rpc(rpc_wrapper, rpc_map, user_exception_map)
-            elif ty == _D2HMsgType.KERNEL_EXCEPTION:
-                self._serve_exception(rpc_wrapper, user_exception_map)
-            elif ty == _D2HMsgType.KERNEL_FINISHED:
-                return
-            else:
-                raise IOError("Incorrect request from device: "+str(ty))
+        self._read_empty(_D2HMsgType.CLOCK_SWITCH_COMPLETED)
 
     def get_log(self):
-        self._write_header(9, _H2DMsgType.LOG_REQUEST)
-        length, ty = self._read_header()
-        if ty != _D2HMsgType.LOG_REPLY:
-            raise IOError("Incorrect request from device: "+str(ty))
-        r = ""
-        for i in range(length - 9):
-            c = struct.unpack("B", self.read(1))[0]
-            if c:
-                r += chr(c)
-        return r
+        self._write_empty(_H2DMsgType.LOG_REQUEST)
+
+        self._read_header()
+        self._read_expect(_D2HMsgType.LOG_REPLY)
+        return self._read_chunk(self._read_length).decode('utf-8')
+
+    def clear_log(self):
+        self._write_empty(_H2DMsgType.LOG_CLEAR)
+
+        self._read_empty(_D2HMsgType.LOG_REPLY)
+
+    def flash_storage_read(self, key):
+        self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.FLASH_READ_REQUEST)
+        self._write_string(key)
+        self._write_flush()
+
+        self._read_header()
+        self._read_expect(_D2HMsgType.FLASH_READ_REPLY)
+        return self._read_chunk(self._read_length)
+
+    def flash_storage_write(self, key, value):
+        self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.FLASH_WRITE_REQUEST)
+        self._write_string(key)
+        self._write_bytes(value)
+        self._write_flush()
+
+        self._read_header()
+        if self._read_type == _D2HMsgType.FLASH_ERROR_REPLY:
+            raise IOError("Flash storage is full")
+        else:
+            self._read_expect(_D2HMsgType.FLASH_OK_REPLY)
+
+    def flash_storage_erase(self):
+        self._write_empty(_H2DMsgType.FLASH_ERASE_REQUEST)
+
+        self._read_empty(_D2HMsgType.FLASH_OK_REPLY)
+
+    def flash_storage_remove(self, key):
+        self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.FLASH_REMOVE_REQUEST)
+        self._write_string(key)
+        self._write_flush()
+
+        self._read_empty(_D2HMsgType.FLASH_OK_REPLY)
+
+    def load(self, kernel_library):
+        self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.LOAD_LIBRARY)
+        self._write_chunk(kernel_library)
+        self._write_flush()
+
+        self._read_empty(_D2HMsgType.LOAD_COMPLETED)
+
+    def run(self):
+        self._write_empty(_H2DMsgType.RUN_KERNEL)
+        logger.debug("running kernel")
+
+    _rpc_sentinel = object()
+
+    # See session.c:{send,receive}_rpc_value and llvm_ir_generator.py:_rpc_tag.
+    def _receive_rpc_value(self, object_map):
+        tag = chr(self._read_int8())
+        if tag == "\x00":
+            return self._rpc_sentinel
+        elif tag == "t":
+            length = self._read_int8()
+            return tuple(self._receive_rpc_value(object_map) for _ in range(length))
+        elif tag == "n":
+            return None
+        elif tag == "b":
+            return bool(self._read_int8())
+        elif tag == "i":
+            return self._read_int32()
+        elif tag == "I":
+            return self._read_int64()
+        elif tag == "f":
+            return self._read_float64()
+        elif tag == "F":
+            numerator   = self._read_int64()
+            denominator = self._read_int64()
+            return Fraction(numerator, denominator)
+        elif tag == "s":
+            return self._read_string()
+        elif tag == "l":
+            length = self._read_int32()
+            return [self._receive_rpc_value(object_map) for _ in range(length)]
+        elif tag == "r":
+            start = self._receive_rpc_value(object_map)
+            stop  = self._receive_rpc_value(object_map)
+            step  = self._receive_rpc_value(object_map)
+            return range(start, stop, step)
+        elif tag == "o":
+            present = self._read_int8()
+            if present:
+                return self._receive_rpc_value(object_map)
+        elif tag == "O":
+            return object_map.retrieve(self._read_int32())
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Unknown RPC value tag: {}".format(repr(tag)))
+
+    def _receive_rpc_args(self, object_map):
+        args = []
+        while True:
+            value = self._receive_rpc_value(object_map)
+            if value is self._rpc_sentinel:
+                return args
+            args.append(value)
+
+    def _skip_rpc_value(self, tags):
+        tag = tags.pop(0)
+        if tag == "t":
+            length = tags.pop(0)
+            for _ in range(length):
+                self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
+        elif tag == "l":
+            self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
+        elif tag == "r":
+            self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
+        else:
+            pass
+
+    def _send_rpc_value(self, tags, value, root, function):
+        def check(cond, expected):
+            if not cond:
+                raise RPCReturnValueError(
+                    "type mismatch: cannot serialize {value} as {type}"
+                    " ({function} has returned {root})".format(
+                        value=repr(value), type=expected(),
+                        function=function, root=root))
+
+        tag = chr(tags.pop(0))
+        if tag == "t":
+            length = tags.pop(0)
+            check(isinstance(value, tuple) and length == len(value),
+                  lambda: "tuple of {}".format(length))
+            for elt in value:
+                self._send_rpc_value(tags, elt, root, function)
+        elif tag == "n":
+            check(value is None,
+                  lambda: "None")
+        elif tag == "b":
+            check(isinstance(value, bool),
+                  lambda: "bool")
+            self._write_int8(value)
+        elif tag == "i":
+            check(isinstance(value, int) and (-2**31 < value < 2**31-1),
+                  lambda: "32-bit int")
+            self._write_int32(value)
+        elif tag == "I":
+            check(isinstance(value, int) and (-2**63 < value < 2**63-1),
+                  lambda: "64-bit int")
+            self._write_int64(value)
+        elif tag == "f":
+            check(isinstance(value, float),
+                  lambda: "float")
+            self._write_float64(value)
+        elif tag == "F":
+            check(isinstance(value, Fraction) and
+                    (-2**63 < value.numerator < 2**63-1) and
+                    (-2**63 < value.denominator < 2**63-1),
+                  lambda: "64-bit Fraction")
+            self._write_int64(value.numerator)
+            self._write_int64(value.denominator)
+        elif tag == "s":
+            check(isinstance(value, str) and "\x00" not in value,
+                  lambda: "str")
+            self._write_string(value)
+        elif tag == "l":
+            check(isinstance(value, list),
+                  lambda: "list")
+            self._write_int32(len(value))
+            for elt in value:
+                tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
+                self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, elt, root, function)
+            self._skip_rpc_value(tags)
+        elif tag == "r":
+            check(isinstance(value, range),
+                  lambda: "range")
+            tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
+            self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, value.start, root, function)
+            tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
+            self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, value.stop, root, function)
+            tags_copy = bytearray(tags)
+            self._send_rpc_value(tags_copy, value.step, root, function)
+            tags = tags_copy
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Unknown RPC value tag: {}".format(repr(tag)))
+
+    def _serve_rpc(self, object_map):
+        service = self._read_int32()
+        args = self._receive_rpc_args(object_map)
+        return_tags = self._read_bytes()
+        logger.debug("rpc service: %d %r -> %s", service, args, return_tags)
+
+        try:
+            result = object_map.retrieve(service)(*args)
+            logger.debug("rpc service: %d %r == %r", service, args, result)
+
+            self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.RPC_REPLY)
+            self._write_bytes(return_tags)
+            self._send_rpc_value(bytearray(return_tags), result, result,
+                                 object_map.retrieve(service))
+            self._write_flush()
+        except core_language.ARTIQException as exn:
+            logger.debug("rpc service: %d %r ! %r", service, args, exn)
+
+            self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.RPC_EXCEPTION)
+            self._write_string(exn.name)
+            self._write_string(exn.message)
+            for index in range(3):
+                self._write_int64(exn.param[index])
+
+            self._write_string(exn.filename)
+            self._write_int32(exn.line)
+            self._write_int32(exn.column)
+            self._write_string(exn.function)
+
+            self._write_flush()
+        except Exception as exn:
+            logger.debug("rpc service: %d %r ! %r", service, args, exn)
+
+            self._write_header(_H2DMsgType.RPC_EXCEPTION)
+            self._write_string(type(exn).__name__)
+            self._write_string(str(exn))
+            for index in range(3):
+                self._write_int64(0)
+
+            (_, (filename, line, function, _), ) = traceback.extract_tb(exn.__traceback__, 2)
+            self._write_string(filename)
+            self._write_int32(line)
+            self._write_int32(-1) # column not known
+            self._write_string(function)
+
+            self._write_flush()
+
+    def _serve_exception(self, symbolizer):
+        name      = self._read_string()
+        message   = self._read_string()
+        params    = [self._read_int64() for _ in range(3)]
+
+        filename  = self._read_string()
+        line      = self._read_int32()
+        column    = self._read_int32()
+        function  = self._read_string()
+
+        backtrace = [self._read_int32() for _ in range(self._read_int32())]
+
+        traceback = list(reversed(symbolizer(backtrace))) + \
+                    [(filename, line, column, function, None)]
+        raise core_language.ARTIQException(name, message, params, traceback)
+
+    def serve(self, object_map, symbolizer):
+        while True:
+            self._read_header()
+            if self._read_type == _D2HMsgType.RPC_REQUEST:
+                self._serve_rpc(object_map)
+            elif self._read_type == _D2HMsgType.KERNEL_EXCEPTION:
+                self._serve_exception(symbolizer)
+            else:
+                self._read_expect(_D2HMsgType.KERNEL_FINISHED)
+                return

artiq/coredevice/comm_serial.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 class Comm(CommGeneric):
     def __init__(self, dmgr, serial_dev, baud_rate=115200):
+        super().__init__()
         self.serial_dev = serial_dev
         self.baud_rate = baud_rate
 
@@ -27,10 +28,10 @@ class Comm(CommGeneric):
         del self.port
 
     def read(self, length):
-        r = bytes()
-        while len(r) < length:
-            r += self.port.read(length - len(r))
-        return r
+        result = bytes()
+        while len(result) < length:
+            result += self.port.read(length - len(result))
+        return result
 
     def write(self, data):
         remaining = len(data)

artiq/coredevice/comm_tcp.py

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ def set_keepalive(sock, after_idle, interval, max_fails):
 
 class Comm(CommGeneric):
     def __init__(self, dmgr, host, port=1381):
+        super().__init__()
         self.host = host
         self.port = port
 

artiq/coredevice/core.py

@@ -1,49 +1,37 @@
 import os
 
+from pythonparser import diagnostic
+
 from artiq.language.core import *
-from artiq.language.units import ns
+from artiq.language.types import *
+from artiq.language.units import *
 
-from artiq.transforms.inline import inline
-from artiq.transforms.quantize_time import quantize_time
-from artiq.transforms.remove_inter_assigns import remove_inter_assigns
-from artiq.transforms.fold_constants import fold_constants
-from artiq.transforms.remove_dead_code import remove_dead_code
-from artiq.transforms.unroll_loops import unroll_loops
-from artiq.transforms.interleave import interleave
-from artiq.transforms.lower_time import lower_time
-from artiq.transforms.unparse import unparse
+from artiq.compiler import Stitcher, Module
+from artiq.compiler.targets import OR1KTarget
 
-from artiq.coredevice.runtime import Runtime
-
-from artiq.py2llvm import get_runtime_binary
+# Import for side effects (creating the exception classes).
+from artiq.coredevice import exceptions
 
 
-def _announce_unparse(label, node):
-    print("*** Unparsing: "+label)
-    print(unparse(node))
+class CompileError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, diagnostic):
+        self.diagnostic = diagnostic
+
+    def render_string(self, colored=False):
+        def shorten_path(path):
+            return path.replace(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(__file__, "..", "..")), "<artiq>")
+        lines = [shorten_path(path) for path in self.diagnostic.render(colored=colored)]
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        # Prepend a newline so that the message shows up on after
+        # exception class name printed by Python.
+        return "\n" + self.render_string(colored=True)
 
 
-def _make_debug_unparse(final):
-    try:
-        env = os.environ["ARTIQ_UNPARSE"]
-    except KeyError:
-        env = ""
-    selected_labels = set(env.split())
-    if "all" in selected_labels:
-        return _announce_unparse
-    else:
-        if "final" in selected_labels:
-            selected_labels.add(final)
-
-        def _filtered_unparse(label, node):
-            if label in selected_labels:
-                _announce_unparse(label, node)
-        return _filtered_unparse
-
-
-def _no_debug_unparse(label, node):
-    pass
-
+@syscall
+def rtio_get_counter() -> TInt64:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
 
 class Core:
     """Core device driver.
@@ -66,79 +54,46 @@ class Core:
         self.first_run = True
         self.core = self
         self.comm.core = self
-        self.runtime = Runtime()
 
-    def transform_stack(self, func_def, rpc_map, exception_map,
-                        debug_unparse=_no_debug_unparse):
-        remove_inter_assigns(func_def)
-        debug_unparse("remove_inter_assigns_1", func_def)
+    def compile(self, function, args, kwargs, with_attr_writeback=True):
+        try:
+            engine = diagnostic.Engine(all_errors_are_fatal=True)
 
-        quantize_time(func_def, self.ref_period)
-        debug_unparse("quantize_time", func_def)
+            stitcher = Stitcher(engine=engine)
+            stitcher.stitch_call(function, args, kwargs)
+            stitcher.finalize()
 
-        fold_constants(func_def)
-        debug_unparse("fold_constants_1", func_def)
+            module = Module(stitcher, ref_period=self.ref_period)
+            target = OR1KTarget()
 
-        unroll_loops(func_def, 500)
-        debug_unparse("unroll_loops", func_def)
+            library = target.compile_and_link([module])
+            stripped_library = target.strip(library)
 
-        interleave(func_def)
-        debug_unparse("interleave", func_def)
+            return stitcher.object_map, stripped_library, \
+                   lambda addresses: target.symbolize(library, addresses)
+        except diagnostic.Error as error:
+            raise CompileError(error.diagnostic) from error
 
-        lower_time(func_def)
-        debug_unparse("lower_time", func_def)
+    def run(self, function, args, kwargs):
+        object_map, kernel_library, symbolizer = self.compile(function, args, kwargs)
 
-        remove_inter_assigns(func_def)
-        debug_unparse("remove_inter_assigns_2", func_def)
-
-        fold_constants(func_def)
-        debug_unparse("fold_constants_2", func_def)
-
-        remove_dead_code(func_def)
-        debug_unparse("remove_dead_code_1", func_def)
-
-        remove_inter_assigns(func_def)
-        debug_unparse("remove_inter_assigns_3", func_def)
-
-        fold_constants(func_def)
-        debug_unparse("fold_constants_3", func_def)
-
-        remove_dead_code(func_def)
-        debug_unparse("remove_dead_code_2", func_def)
-
-    def compile(self, k_function, k_args, k_kwargs, with_attr_writeback=True):
-        debug_unparse = _make_debug_unparse("remove_dead_code_2")
-
-        func_def, rpc_map, exception_map = inline(
-            self, k_function, k_args, k_kwargs, with_attr_writeback)
-        debug_unparse("inline", func_def)
-        self.transform_stack(func_def, rpc_map, exception_map, debug_unparse)
-
-        binary = get_runtime_binary(self.runtime, func_def)
-
-        return binary, rpc_map, exception_map
-
-    def run(self, k_function, k_args, k_kwargs):
         if self.first_run:
             self.comm.check_ident()
             self.comm.switch_clock(self.external_clock)
+            self.first_run = False
 
-        binary, rpc_map, exception_map = self.compile(
-            k_function, k_args, k_kwargs)
-        self.comm.load(binary)
-        self.comm.run(k_function.__name__)
-        self.comm.serve(rpc_map, exception_map)
-        self.first_run = False
+        self.comm.load(kernel_library)
+        self.comm.run()
+        self.comm.serve(object_map, symbolizer)
 
     @kernel
     def get_rtio_counter_mu(self):
-        """Return the current value of the hardware RTIO counter."""
-        return syscall("rtio_get_counter")
+        return rtio_get_counter()
 
     @kernel
     def break_realtime(self):
         """Set the timeline to the current value of the hardware RTIO counter
         plus a margin of 125000 machine units."""
-        min_now = syscall("rtio_get_counter") + 125000
+        min_now = rtio_get_counter() + 125000
         if now_mu() < min_now:
             at_mu(min_now)

artiq/coredevice/dds.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from artiq.language.core import *
+from artiq.language.types import *
 from artiq.language.units import *
 
 
@@ -9,6 +10,24 @@ PHASE_MODE_ABSOLUTE = 1
 PHASE_MODE_TRACKING = 2
 
 
+@syscall
+def dds_init(time_mu: TInt64, channel: TInt32) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+@syscall
+def dds_batch_enter(time_mu: TInt64) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+@syscall
+def dds_batch_exit() -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+@syscall
+def dds_set(time_mu: TInt64, channel: TInt32, ftw: TInt32,
+            pow: TInt32, phase_mode: TInt32) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+
 class _BatchContextManager:
     def __init__(self, dds_bus):
         self.dds_bus = dds_bus
@@ -37,13 +56,13 @@ class DDSBus:
 
         The time of execution of the DDS commands is the time of entering the
         batch (as closely as hardware permits)."""
-        syscall("dds_batch_enter", now_mu())
+        dds_batch_enter(now_mu())
 
     @kernel
     def batch_exit(self):
         """Ends a DDS command batch. All buffered DDS commands are issued
         on the bus."""
-        syscall("dds_batch_exit")
+        dds_batch_exit()
 
 
 class _DDSGeneric:
@@ -105,7 +124,7 @@ class _DDSGeneric:
         """Resets and initializes the DDS channel.
 
         The runtime does this for all channels upon core device startup."""
-        syscall("dds_init", now_mu(), self.channel)
+        dds_init(now_mu(), self.channel)
 
     @kernel
     def set_phase_mode(self, phase_mode):
@@ -144,8 +163,7 @@ class _DDSGeneric:
         """
         if phase_mode == _PHASE_MODE_DEFAULT:
             phase_mode = self.phase_mode
-        syscall("dds_set", now_mu(), self.channel, frequency,
-                phase, phase_mode, amplitude)
+        dds_set(now_mu(), self.channel, frequency, phase, phase_mode, amplitude)
 
     @kernel
     def set(self, frequency, phase=0.0, phase_mode=_PHASE_MODE_DEFAULT,

artiq/coredevice/exceptions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from artiq.language.core import ARTIQException
+
+class ZeroDivisionError(ARTIQException):
+    """Python's :class:`ZeroDivisionError`, mirrored in ARTIQ."""
+
+class ValueError(ARTIQException):
+    """Python's :class:`ValueError`, mirrored in ARTIQ."""
+
+class IndexError(ARTIQException):
+    """Python's :class:`IndexError`, mirrored in ARTIQ."""
+
+class InternalError(ARTIQException):
+    """Raised when the runtime encounters an internal error condition."""
+
+class RTIOUnderflow(ARTIQException):
+    """Raised when the CPU fails to submit a RTIO event early enough
+    (with respect to the event's timestamp).
+
+    The offending event is discarded and the RTIO core keeps operating.
+    """
+
+class RTIOSequenceError(ARTIQException):
+    """Raised when an event is submitted on a given channel with a timestamp
+    not larger than the previous one.
+
+    The offending event is discarded and the RTIO core keeps operating.
+    """
+
+class RTIOOverflow(ARTIQException):
+    """Raised when at least one event could not be registered into the RTIO
+    input FIFO because it was full (CPU not reading fast enough).
+
+    This does not interrupt operations further than cancelling the current
+    read attempt and discarding some events. Reading can be reattempted after
+    the exception is caught, and events will be partially retrieved.
+    """
+
+class DDSBatchError(ARTIQException):
+    """Raised when attempting to start a DDS batch while already in a batch,
+    or when too many commands are batched.
+    """

artiq/coredevice/rpc_wrapper.py

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-from artiq.coredevice.runtime_exceptions import exception_map, _RPCException
-
-
-def _lookup_exception(d, e):
-    for eid, exception in d.items():
-        if isinstance(e, exception):
-            return eid
-    return 0
-
-
-class RPCWrapper:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.last_exception = None
-
-    def run_rpc(self, user_exception_map, fn, args):
-        eid = 0
-        r = None
-
-        try:
-            r = fn(*args)
-        except Exception as e:
-            eid = _lookup_exception(user_exception_map, e)
-            if not eid:
-                eid = _lookup_exception(exception_map, e)
-            if eid:
-                self.last_exception = None
-            else:
-                self.last_exception = e
-                eid = _RPCException.eid
-
-        if r is None:
-            r = 0
-        else:
-            r = int(r)
-
-        return eid, r
-
-    def filter_rpc_exception(self, eid):
-        if eid == _RPCException.eid:
-            raise self.last_exception

artiq/coredevice/runtime.py

@@ -1,212 +1,13 @@
 import os
 
-import llvmlite_artiq.ir as ll
-import llvmlite_artiq.binding as llvm
+class SourceLoader:
+    def __init__(self, runtime_root):
+        self.runtime_root = runtime_root
 
-from artiq.py2llvm import base_types, fractions, lists
-from artiq.language import units
+    def get_source(self, filename):
+        print(os.path.join(self.runtime_root, filename))
+        with open(os.path.join(self.runtime_root, filename)) as f:
+            return f.read()
 
-
-llvm.initialize()
-llvm.initialize_all_targets()
-llvm.initialize_all_asmprinters()
-
-_syscalls = {
-    "now_init": "n:I",
-    "now_save": "I:n",
-    "watchdog_set": "i:i",
-    "watchdog_clear": "i:n",
-    "rtio_get_counter": "n:I",
-    "ttl_set_o": "Iib:n",
-    "ttl_set_oe": "Iib:n",
-    "ttl_set_sensitivity": "Iii:n",
-    "ttl_get": "iI:I",
-    "ttl_clock_set": "Iii:n",
-    "dds_init": "Ii:n",
-    "dds_batch_enter": "I:n",
-    "dds_batch_exit": "n:n",
-    "dds_set": "Iiiiii:n",
-}
-
-
-def _chr_to_type(c):
-    if c == "n":
-        return ll.VoidType()
-    if c == "b":
-        return ll.IntType(1)
-    if c == "i":
-        return ll.IntType(32)
-    if c == "I":
-        return ll.IntType(64)
-    raise ValueError
-
-
-def _str_to_functype(s):
-    assert(s[-2] == ":")
-    type_ret = _chr_to_type(s[-1])
-    type_args = [_chr_to_type(c) for c in s[:-2] if c != "n"]
-    return ll.FunctionType(type_ret, type_args)
-
-
-def _chr_to_value(c):
-    if c == "n":
-        return base_types.VNone()
-    if c == "b":
-        return base_types.VBool()
-    if c == "i":
-        return base_types.VInt()
-    if c == "I":
-        return base_types.VInt(64)
-    raise ValueError
-
-
-def _value_to_str(v):
-    if isinstance(v, base_types.VNone):
-        return "n"
-    if isinstance(v, base_types.VBool):
-        return "b"
-    if isinstance(v, base_types.VInt):
-        if v.nbits == 32:
-            return "i"
-        if v.nbits == 64:
-            return "I"
-        raise ValueError
-    if isinstance(v, base_types.VFloat):
-        return "f"
-    if isinstance(v, fractions.VFraction):
-        return "F"
-    if isinstance(v, lists.VList):
-        return "l" + _value_to_str(v.el_type)
-    raise ValueError
-
-
-class LinkInterface:
-    def init_module(self, module):
-        self.module = module
-        llvm_module = self.module.llvm_module
-
-        # RPC
-        func_type = ll.FunctionType(ll.IntType(32), [ll.IntType(32)],
-                                    var_arg=1)
-        self.rpc = ll.Function(llvm_module, func_type, "__syscall_rpc")
-
-        # syscalls
-        self.syscalls = dict()
-        for func_name, func_type_str in _syscalls.items():
-            func_type = _str_to_functype(func_type_str)
-            self.syscalls[func_name] = ll.Function(
-                llvm_module, func_type, "__syscall_" + func_name)
-
-        # exception handling
-        func_type = ll.FunctionType(ll.IntType(32),
-                                    [ll.PointerType(ll.IntType(8))])
-        self.eh_setjmp = ll.Function(llvm_module, func_type,
-                                     "__eh_setjmp")
-        self.eh_setjmp.attributes.add("nounwind")
-        self.eh_setjmp.attributes.add("returns_twice")
-
-        func_type = ll.FunctionType(ll.PointerType(ll.IntType(8)), [])
-        self.eh_push = ll.Function(llvm_module, func_type, "__eh_push")
-
-        func_type = ll.FunctionType(ll.VoidType(), [ll.IntType(32)])
-        self.eh_pop = ll.Function(llvm_module, func_type, "__eh_pop")
-
-        func_type = ll.FunctionType(ll.IntType(32), [])
-        self.eh_getid = ll.Function(llvm_module, func_type, "__eh_getid")
-
-        func_type = ll.FunctionType(ll.VoidType(), [ll.IntType(32)])
-        self.eh_raise = ll.Function(llvm_module, func_type, "__eh_raise")
-        self.eh_raise.attributes.add("noreturn")
-
-    def _build_rpc(self, args, builder):
-        r = base_types.VInt()
-        if builder is not None:
-            new_args = []
-            new_args.append(args[0].auto_load(builder))  # RPC number
-            for arg in args[1:]:
-                # type tag
-                arg_type_str = _value_to_str(arg)
-                arg_type_int = 0
-                for c in reversed(arg_type_str):
-                    arg_type_int <<= 8
-                    arg_type_int |= ord(c)
-                new_args.append(ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), arg_type_int))
-
-                # pointer to value
-                if not isinstance(arg, base_types.VNone):
-                    if isinstance(arg.llvm_value.type, ll.PointerType):
-                        new_args.append(arg.llvm_value)
-                    else:
-                        arg_ptr = arg.new()
-                        arg_ptr.alloca(builder)
-                        arg_ptr.auto_store(builder, arg.llvm_value)
-                        new_args.append(arg_ptr.llvm_value)
-            # end marker
-            new_args.append(ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), 0))
-            r.auto_store(builder, builder.call(self.rpc, new_args))
-        return r
-
-    def _build_regular_syscall(self, syscall_name, args, builder):
-        r = _chr_to_value(_syscalls[syscall_name][-1])
-        if builder is not None:
-            args = [arg.auto_load(builder) for arg in args]
-            r.auto_store(builder, builder.call(self.syscalls[syscall_name],
-                                               args))
-        return r
-
-    def build_syscall(self, syscall_name, args, builder):
-        if syscall_name == "rpc":
-            return self._build_rpc(args, builder)
-        else:
-            return self._build_regular_syscall(syscall_name, args, builder)
-
-    def build_catch(self, builder):
-        jmpbuf = builder.call(self.eh_push, [])
-        exception_occured = builder.call(self.eh_setjmp, [jmpbuf])
-        return builder.icmp_signed("!=",
-                                   exception_occured,
-                                   ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), 0))
-
-    def build_pop(self, builder, levels):
-        builder.call(self.eh_pop, [ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), levels)])
-
-    def build_getid(self, builder):
-        return builder.call(self.eh_getid, [])
-
-    def build_raise(self, builder, eid):
-        builder.call(self.eh_raise, [eid])
-
-
-def _debug_dump_obj(obj):
-    try:
-        env = os.environ["ARTIQ_DUMP_OBJECT"]
-    except KeyError:
-        return
-
-    for i in range(1000):
-        filename = "{}_{:03d}.elf".format(env, i)
-        try:
-            f = open(filename, "xb")
-        except FileExistsError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            f.write(obj)
-            f.close()
-            return
-    raise IOError
-
-
-class Runtime(LinkInterface):
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.cpu_type = "or1k"
-        # allow 1ms for all initial DDS programming
-        self.warmup_time = 1*units.ms
-
-    def emit_object(self):
-        tm = llvm.Target.from_triple(self.cpu_type).create_target_machine()
-        obj = tm.emit_object(self.module.llvm_module_ref)
-        _debug_dump_obj(obj)
-        return obj
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return "<Runtime {}>".format(self.cpu_type)
+artiq_root = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "..")
+source_loader = SourceLoader(os.path.join(artiq_root, "soc", "runtime"))

artiq/coredevice/runtime_exceptions.py

@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-import inspect
-
-from artiq.language.core import RuntimeException
-
-
-# Must be kept in sync with soc/runtime/exceptions.h
-
-class InternalError(RuntimeException):
-    """Raised when the runtime encounters an internal error condition."""
-    eid = 1
-
-
-class _RPCException(RuntimeException):
-    eid = 2
-
-
-class RTIOUnderflow(RuntimeException):
-    """Raised when the CPU fails to submit a RTIO event early enough
-    (with respect to the event's timestamp).
-
-    The offending event is discarded and the RTIO core keeps operating.
-    """
-    eid = 3
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return "at {} on channel {}, violation {}".format(
-            self.p0*self.core.ref_period,
-            self.p1,
-            (self.p2 - self.p0)*self.core.ref_period)
-
-
-class RTIOSequenceError(RuntimeException):
-    """Raised when an event is submitted on a given channel with a timestamp
-    not larger than the previous one.
-
-    The offending event is discarded and the RTIO core keeps operating.
-    """
-    eid = 4
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return "at {} on channel {}".format(self.p0*self.core.ref_period,
-                                            self.p1)
-
-class RTIOCollisionError(RuntimeException):
-    """Raised when an event is submitted on a given channel with the same
-    coarse timestamp as the previous one but with a different fine timestamp.
-
-    Coarse timestamps correspond to the RTIO system clock (typically around
-    125MHz) whereas fine timestamps correspond to the RTIO SERDES clock
-    (typically around 1GHz).
-
-    The offending event is discarded and the RTIO core keeps operating.
-    """
-    eid = 5
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return "at {} on channel {}".format(self.p0*self.core.ref_period,
-                                            self.p1)
-
-
-class RTIOOverflow(RuntimeException):
-    """Raised when at least one event could not be registered into the RTIO
-    input FIFO because it was full (CPU not reading fast enough).
-
-    This does not interrupt operations further than cancelling the current
-    read attempt and discarding some events. Reading can be reattempted after
-    the exception is caught, and events will be partially retrieved.
-    """
-    eid = 6
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return "on channel {}".format(self.p0)
-
-
-class DDSBatchError(RuntimeException):
-    """Raised when attempting to start a DDS batch while already in a batch,
-    or when too many commands are batched.
-    """
-    eid = 7
-
-
-exception_map = {e.eid: e for e in globals().values()
-                 if inspect.isclass(e)
-                 and issubclass(e, RuntimeException)
-                 and hasattr(e, "eid")}

artiq/coredevice/ttl.py

@@ -1,4 +1,26 @@
 from artiq.language.core import *
+from artiq.language.types import *
+
+
+@syscall
+def ttl_set_o(time_mu: TInt64, channel: TInt32, enabled: TBool) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+@syscall
+def ttl_set_oe(time_mu: TInt64, channel: TInt32, enabled: TBool) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+@syscall
+def ttl_set_sensitivity(time_mu: TInt64, channel: TInt32, sensitivity: TInt32) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+@syscall
+def ttl_get(channel: TInt32, time_limit_mu: TInt64) -> TInt64:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
+
+@syscall
+def ttl_clock_set(time_mu: TInt64, channel: TInt32, ftw: TInt32) -> TNone:
+    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")
 
 
 class TTLOut:
@@ -13,18 +35,18 @@ class TTLOut:
         self.channel = channel
 
         # in RTIO cycles
-        self.o_previous_timestamp = int64(0)
+        self.o_previous_timestamp = int(0, width=64)
 
     @kernel
     def set_o(self, o):
-        syscall("ttl_set_o", now_mu(), self.channel, o)
+        ttl_set_o(now_mu(), self.channel, o)
         self.o_previous_timestamp = now_mu()
 
     @kernel
     def sync(self):
         """Busy-wait until all programmed level switches have been
         effected."""
-        while syscall("rtio_get_counter") < self.o_previous_timestamp:
+        while self.core.get_rtio_counter_mu() < self.o_previous_timestamp:
             pass
 
     @kernel
@@ -76,12 +98,12 @@ class TTLInOut:
         self.channel = channel
 
         # in RTIO cycles
-        self.o_previous_timestamp = int64(0)
-        self.i_previous_timestamp = int64(0)
+        self.o_previous_timestamp = int(0, width=64)
+        self.i_previous_timestamp = int(0, width=64)
 
     @kernel
     def set_oe(self, oe):
-        syscall("ttl_set_oe", now_mu(), self.channel, oe)
+        ttl_set_oe(now_mu(), self.channel, oe)
 
     @kernel
     def output(self):
@@ -95,14 +117,14 @@ class TTLInOut:
 
     @kernel
     def set_o(self, o):
-        syscall("ttl_set_o", now_mu(), self.channel, o)
+        ttl_set_o(now_mu(), self.channel, o)
         self.o_previous_timestamp = now_mu()
 
     @kernel
     def sync(self):
         """Busy-wait until all programmed level switches have been
         effected."""
-        while syscall("rtio_get_counter") < self.o_previous_timestamp:
+        while self.core.get_rtio_counter_mu() < self.o_previous_timestamp:
             pass
 
     @kernel
@@ -137,7 +159,7 @@ class TTLInOut:
 
     @kernel
     def _set_sensitivity(self, value):
-        syscall("ttl_set_sensitivity", now_mu(), self.channel, value)
+        ttl_set_sensitivity(now_mu(), self.channel, value)
         self.i_previous_timestamp = now_mu()
 
     @kernel
@@ -193,8 +215,7 @@ class TTLInOut:
         """Poll the RTIO input during all the previously programmed gate
         openings, and returns the number of registered events."""
         count = 0
-        while syscall("ttl_get", self.channel,
-                      self.i_previous_timestamp) >= 0:
+        while ttl_get(self.channel, self.i_previous_timestamp) >= 0:
             count += 1
         return count
 
@@ -205,7 +226,7 @@ class TTLInOut:
 
         If the gate is permanently closed, returns a negative value.
         """
-        return syscall("ttl_get", self.channel, self.i_previous_timestamp)
+        return ttl_get(self.channel, self.i_previous_timestamp)
 
 
 class TTLClockGen:
@@ -221,7 +242,7 @@ class TTLClockGen:
         self.channel = channel
 
         # in RTIO cycles
-        self.previous_timestamp = int64(0)
+        self.previous_timestamp = int(0, width=64)
         self.acc_width = 24
 
     @portable
@@ -256,7 +277,7 @@ class TTLClockGen:
         that are not powers of two cause jitter of one RTIO clock cycle at the
         output.
         """
-        syscall("ttl_clock_set", now_mu(), self.channel, frequency)
+        ttl_clock_set(now_mu(), self.channel, frequency)
         self.previous_timestamp = now_mu()
 
     @kernel
@@ -273,5 +294,5 @@ class TTLClockGen:
     def sync(self):
         """Busy-wait until all programmed frequency switches and stops have
         been effected."""
-        while syscall("rtio_get_counter") < self.o_previous_timestamp:
+        while self.core.get_rtio_counter_mu() < self.o_previous_timestamp:
             pass

artiq/frontend/artiq_compile.py

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3.5
 
-import logging
-import argparse
+import sys, logging, argparse
 
 from artiq.master.databases import DeviceDB, DatasetDB
 from artiq.master.worker_db import DeviceManager, DatasetManager
+from artiq.coredevice.core import CompileError
 from artiq.tools import *
 
 
@@ -40,34 +40,35 @@ def main():
     dataset_mgr = DatasetManager(DatasetDB(args.dataset_db))
 
     try:
-        module = file_import(args.file)
+        module = file_import(args.file, prefix="artiq_run_")
         exp = get_experiment(module, args.experiment)
         arguments = parse_arguments(args.arguments)
         exp_inst = exp(device_mgr, dataset_mgr, **arguments)
 
-        if (not hasattr(exp.run, "k_function_info")
-                or not exp.run.k_function_info):
+        if not hasattr(exp.run, "artiq_embedded"):
             raise ValueError("Experiment entry point must be a kernel")
-        core_name = exp.run.k_function_info.core_name
+        core_name = exp.run.artiq_embedded.core_name
         core = getattr(exp_inst, core_name)
 
-        binary, rpc_map, _ = core.compile(exp.run.k_function_info.k_function,
-                                          [exp_inst], {},
-                                          with_attr_writeback=False)
+        object_map, kernel_library, symbolizer = \
+            core.compile(exp.run, [exp_inst], {},
+                         with_attr_writeback=False)
+    except CompileError as error:
+        print(error.render_string(colored=True), file=sys.stderr)
+        return
     finally:
         device_mgr.close_devices()
 
-    if rpc_map:
+    if object_map.has_rpc():
         raise ValueError("Experiment must not use RPC")
 
     output = args.output
     if output is None:
-        output = args.file
-        if output.endswith(".py"):
-            output = output[:-3]
-        output += ".elf"
+        basename, ext = os.path.splitext(args.file)
+        output = "{}.elf".format(basename)
+
     with open(output, "wb") as f:
-        f.write(binary)
+        f.write(kernel_library)
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

artiq/frontend/artiq_coretool.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def get_argparser():
     # Configuration Read command
     p_read = subparsers.add_parser("cfg-read",
                                    help="read key from core device config")
-    p_read.add_argument("key", type=to_bytes,
+    p_read.add_argument("key", type=str,
                         help="key to be read from core device config")
 
     # Configuration Write command
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ def get_argparser():
                                     help="write key-value records to core "
                                          "device config")
     p_write.add_argument("-s", "--string", nargs=2, action="append",
-                         default=[], metavar=("KEY", "STRING"), type=to_bytes,
+                         default=[], metavar=("KEY", "STRING"), type=str,
                          help="key-value records to be written to core device "
                               "config")
     p_write.add_argument("-f", "--file", nargs=2, action="append",
-                         type=to_bytes, default=[],
+                         type=str, default=[],
                          metavar=("KEY", "FILENAME"),
                          help="key and file whose content to be written to "
                               "core device config")
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def get_argparser():
     p_delete = subparsers.add_parser("cfg-delete",
                                      help="delete key from core device config")
     p_delete.add_argument("key", nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
-                          default=[], type=to_bytes,
+                          default=[], type=str,
                           help="key to be deleted from core device config")
 
     # Configuration Erase command
@@ -61,9 +61,10 @@ def main():
     device_mgr = DeviceManager(DeviceDB(args.device_db))
     try:
         comm = device_mgr.get("comm")
+        comm.check_ident()
 
         if args.action == "log":
-          print(comm.get_log())
+          print(comm.get_log(), end='')
         elif args.action == "cfg-read":
             value = comm.flash_storage_read(args.key)
             if not value:
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ def main():
                 print(value)
         elif args.action == "cfg-write":
             for key, value in args.string:
-                comm.flash_storage_write(key, value)
+                comm.flash_storage_write(key, value.encode("utf-8"))
             for key, filename in args.file:
                 with open(filename, "rb") as fi:
                     comm.flash_storage_write(key, fi.read())

artiq/frontend/artiq_run.py

@@ -12,9 +12,11 @@ import h5py
 from artiq.language.environment import EnvExperiment
 from artiq.master.databases import DeviceDB, DatasetDB
 from artiq.master.worker_db import DeviceManager, DatasetManager
+from artiq.coredevice.core import CompileError
+from artiq.compiler.embedding import ObjectMap
+from artiq.compiler.targets import OR1KTarget
 from artiq.tools import *
 
-
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
@@ -25,9 +27,13 @@ class ELFRunner(EnvExperiment):
 
     def run(self):
         with open(self.file, "rb") as f:
-            self.core.comm.load(f.read())
-        self.core.comm.run("run")
-        self.core.comm.serve(dict(), dict())
+            kernel_library = f.read()
+
+        target = OR1KTarget()
+        self.core.comm.load(kernel_library)
+        self.core.comm.run()
+        self.core.comm.serve(ObjectMap(),
+                             lambda addresses: target.symbolize(kernel_library, addresses))
 
 
 class DummyScheduler:
@@ -92,7 +98,7 @@ def _build_experiment(device_mgr, dataset_mgr, args):
                                  "for ELF kernels")
             return ELFRunner(device_mgr, dataset_mgr, file=args.file)
         else:
-            module = file_import(args.file)
+            module = file_import(args.file, prefix="artiq_run_")
         file = args.file
     else:
         module = sys.modules["__main__"]
@@ -122,6 +128,9 @@ def run(with_file=False):
         exp_inst.prepare()
         exp_inst.run()
         exp_inst.analyze()
+    except CompileError as error:
+        print(error.render_string(colored=True), file=sys.stderr)
+        return
     finally:
         device_mgr.close_devices()
 

artiq/gateware/targets/pipistrello.py

@@ -131,12 +131,7 @@ trce -v 12 -fastpaths -tsi {build_name}.tsi -o {build_name}.twr {build_name}.ncd
 """
         platform.add_extension(nist_qc1.papilio_adapter_io)
 
-        self.submodules.leds = gpio.GPIOOut(Cat(
-            platform.request("user_led", 0),
-            platform.request("user_led", 1),
-            platform.request("user_led", 2),
-            platform.request("user_led", 3),
-        ))
+        self.submodules.leds = gpio.GPIOOut(platform.request("user_led", 4))
 
         self.comb += [
             platform.request("ttl_l_tx_en").eq(1),
@@ -173,9 +168,10 @@ trce -v 12 -fastpaths -tsi {build_name}.tsi -o {build_name}.twr {build_name}.ncd
         self.submodules += phy
         rtio_channels.append(rtio.Channel.from_phy(phy, ofifo_depth=4))
 
-        phy = ttl_simple.Output(platform.request("user_led", 4))
-        self.submodules += phy
-        rtio_channels.append(rtio.Channel.from_phy(phy, ofifo_depth=4))
+        for led_number in range(4):
+            phy = ttl_simple.Output(platform.request("user_led", led_number))
+            self.submodules += phy
+            rtio_channels.append(rtio.Channel.from_phy(phy, ofifo_depth=4))
 
         self.add_constant("RTIO_REGULAR_TTL_COUNT", len(rtio_channels))
 

artiq/language/__init__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # Copyright (C) 2014, 2015 Robert Jordens <jordens@gmail.com>
 
-from artiq.language import core, environment, units, scan
+from artiq.language import core, types, environment, units, scan
 from artiq.language.core import *
+from artiq.language.types import *
 from artiq.language.environment import *
 from artiq.language.units import *
 from artiq.language.scan import *
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ from artiq.language.scan import *
 
 __all__ = []
 __all__.extend(core.__all__)
+__all__.extend(types.__all__)
 __all__.extend(environment.__all__)
 __all__.extend(units.__all__)
 __all__.extend(scan.__all__)

artiq/language/core.py

@@ -2,92 +2,168 @@
 Core ARTIQ extensions to the Python language.
 """
 
+import os, linecache, re
 from collections import namedtuple
 from functools import wraps
 
+# for runtime files in backtraces
+from artiq.coredevice.runtime import source_loader
 
-__all__ = ["int64", "round64", "TerminationRequested",
-           "kernel", "portable",
-           "set_time_manager", "set_syscall_manager", "set_watchdog_factory",
-           "RuntimeException", "EncodedException"]
+
+__all__ = ["host_int", "int",
+           "kernel", "portable", "syscall",
+           "set_time_manager", "set_watchdog_factory",
+           "ARTIQException",
+           "TerminationRequested"]
 
 # global namespace for kernels
-kernel_globals = ("sequential", "parallel",
+kernel_globals = (
+    "sequential", "parallel",
     "delay_mu", "now_mu", "at_mu", "delay",
     "seconds_to_mu", "mu_to_seconds",
-    "syscall", "watchdog")
+    "watchdog"
+)
 __all__.extend(kernel_globals)
 
+host_int = int
 
-class int64(int):
-    """64-bit integers for static compilation.
+class int:
+    """
+    Arbitrary-precision integers for static compilation.
 
-    When this class is used instead of Python's ``int``, the static compiler
-    stores the corresponding variable on 64 bits instead of 32.
+    The static compiler does not use unlimited-precision integers,
+    like Python normally does, because of their unbounded memory requirements.
+    Instead, it allows to choose a bit width (usually 32 or 64) at compile-time,
+    and all computations follow wrap-around semantics on overflow.
 
-    When used in the interpreter, it behaves as ``int`` and the results of
-    integer operations involving it are also ``int64`` (which matches the
-    size promotion rules of the static compiler). This way, it is possible to
-    specify 64-bit size annotations on constants that are passed to the
-    kernels.
+    This class implements the same semantics on the host.
 
-    Example:
+    For example:
 
-    >>> a = int64(1)
-    >>> b = int64(3) + 2
-    >>> isinstance(a, int64)
+    >>> a = int(1, width=64)
+    >>> b = int(3, width=64) + 2
+    >>> isinstance(a, int)
     True
-    >>> isinstance(b, int64)
+    >>> isinstance(b, int)
     True
     >>> a + b
-    6
+    int(6, width=64)
+    >>> int(10, width=32) + 0x7fffffff
+    int(9, width=32)
+    >>> int(0x80000000)
+    int(-2147483648, width=32)
     """
-    pass
 
-def _make_int64_op_method(int_method):
-    def method(self, *args):
-        r = int_method(self, *args)
-        if isinstance(r, int):
-            r = int64(r)
-        return r
-    return method
+    __slots__ = ['_value', '_width']
 
-for _op_name in ("neg", "pos", "abs", "invert", "round",
-                 "add", "radd", "sub", "rsub", "mul", "rmul", "pow", "rpow",
-                 "lshift", "rlshift", "rshift", "rrshift",
-                 "and", "rand", "xor", "rxor", "or", "ror",
-                 "floordiv", "rfloordiv", "mod", "rmod"):
-    _method_name = "__" + _op_name + "__"
-    _orig_method = getattr(int, _method_name)
-    setattr(int64, _method_name, _make_int64_op_method(_orig_method))
+    def __new__(cls, value, width=32):
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            return value
+        else:
+            sign_bit = 2 ** (width - 1)
+            value = host_int(value)
+            if value & sign_bit:
+                value  = -1 & ~sign_bit + (value & (sign_bit - 1)) + 1
+            else:
+                value &= sign_bit - 1
 
-for _op_name in ("add", "sub", "mul", "floordiv", "mod",
-                 "pow", "lshift", "rshift", "lshift",
-                 "and", "xor", "or"):
-    _op_method = getattr(int, "__" + _op_name + "__")
-    setattr(int64, "__i" + _op_name + "__", _make_int64_op_method(_op_method))
+            self = super().__new__(cls)
+            self._value = value
+            self._width = width
+            return self
+
+    @property
+    def width(self):
+        return self._width
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        return self._value
+
+    def __float__(self):
+        return float(self._value)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self._value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "int({}, width={})".format(self._value, self._width)
+
+    def _unaryop(lower_fn):
+        def operator(self):
+            return int(lower_fn(self._value), self._width)
+        return operator
+
+    __neg__                       = _unaryop(host_int.__neg__)
+    __pos__                       = _unaryop(host_int.__pos__)
+    __abs__                       = _unaryop(host_int.__abs__)
+    __invert__                    = _unaryop(host_int.__invert__)
+    __round__                     = _unaryop(host_int.__round__)
+
+    def _binaryop(lower_fn, rlower_fn=None):
+        def operator(self, other):
+            if isinstance(other, host_int):
+                return int(lower_fn(self._value, other), self._width)
+            elif isinstance(other, int):
+                width = self._width if self._width > other._width else other._width
+                return int(lower_fn(self._value, other._value), width)
+            elif rlower_fn:
+                return getattr(other, rlower_fn)(self._value)
+            else:
+                return NotImplemented
+        return operator
+
+    __add__       = __iadd__      = _binaryop(host_int.__add__,       "__radd__")
+    __sub__       = __isub__      = _binaryop(host_int.__sub__,       "__rsub__")
+    __mul__       = __imul__      = _binaryop(host_int.__mul__,       "__rmul__")
+    __truediv__   = __itruediv__  = _binaryop(host_int.__truediv__,   "__rtruediv__")
+    __floordiv__  = __ifloordiv__ = _binaryop(host_int.__floordiv__,  "__rfloordiv__")
+    __mod__       = __imod__      = _binaryop(host_int.__mod__,       "__rmod__")
+    __pow__       = __ipow__      = _binaryop(host_int.__pow__,       "__rpow__")
+
+    __radd__                      = _binaryop(host_int.__radd__,      "__add__")
+    __rsub__                      = _binaryop(host_int.__rsub__,      "__sub__")
+    __rmul__                      = _binaryop(host_int.__rmul__,      "__mul__")
+    __rfloordiv__                 = _binaryop(host_int.__rfloordiv__, "__floordiv__")
+    __rtruediv__                  = _binaryop(host_int.__rtruediv__,  "__truediv__")
+    __rmod__                      = _binaryop(host_int.__rmod__,      "__mod__")
+    __rpow__                      = _binaryop(host_int.__rpow__,      "__pow__")
+
+    __lshift__    = __ilshift__   = _binaryop(host_int.__lshift__)
+    __rshift__    = __irshift__   = _binaryop(host_int.__rshift__)
+    __and__       = __iand__      = _binaryop(host_int.__and__)
+    __or__        = __ior__       = _binaryop(host_int.__or__)
+    __xor__       = __ixor__      = _binaryop(host_int.__xor__)
+
+    __rlshift__                   = _binaryop(host_int.__rlshift__)
+    __rrshift__                   = _binaryop(host_int.__rrshift__)
+    __rand__                      = _binaryop(host_int.__rand__)
+    __ror__                       = _binaryop(host_int.__ror__)
+    __rxor__                      = _binaryop(host_int.__rxor__)
+
+    def _compareop(lower_fn, rlower_fn):
+        def operator(self, other):
+            if isinstance(other, host_int):
+                return lower_fn(self._value, other)
+            elif isinstance(other, int):
+                return lower_fn(self._value, other._value)
+            else:
+                return getattr(other, rlower_fn)(self._value)
+        return operator
+
+    __eq__                        = _compareop(host_int.__eq__,       "__ne__")
+    __ne__                        = _compareop(host_int.__ne__,       "__eq__")
+    __gt__                        = _compareop(host_int.__gt__,       "__le__")
+    __ge__                        = _compareop(host_int.__ge__,       "__lt__")
+    __lt__                        = _compareop(host_int.__lt__,       "__ge__")
+    __le__                        = _compareop(host_int.__le__,       "__gt__")
 
 
-def round64(x):
-    """Rounds to a 64-bit integer.
-
-    This function is equivalent to ``int64(round(x))`` but, when targeting
-    static compilation, prevents overflow when the rounded value is too large
-    to fit in a 32-bit integer.
-    """
-    return int64(round(x))
-
-
-class TerminationRequested(Exception):
-    """Raised by ``pause`` when the user has requested termination."""
-    pass
-
-
-_KernelFunctionInfo = namedtuple("_KernelFunctionInfo", "core_name k_function")
-
+_ARTIQEmbeddedInfo = namedtuple("_ARTIQEmbeddedInfo",
+                                "core_name function syscall")
 
 def kernel(arg):
-    """This decorator marks an object's method for execution on the core
+    """
+    This decorator marks an object's method for execution on the core
     device.
 
     When a decorated method is called from the Python interpreter, the ``core``
@@ -106,26 +182,20 @@ def kernel(arg):
     specifies the name of the attribute to use as core device driver.
     """
     if isinstance(arg, str):
-        def real_decorator(k_function):
-            @wraps(k_function)
-            def run_on_core(exp, *k_args, **k_kwargs):
-                return getattr(exp, arg).run(k_function,
-                                             ((exp,) + k_args), k_kwargs)
-            run_on_core.k_function_info = _KernelFunctionInfo(
-                core_name=arg, k_function=k_function)
+        def inner_decorator(function):
+            @wraps(function)
+            def run_on_core(self, *k_args, **k_kwargs):
+                return getattr(self, arg).run(run_on_core, ((self,) + k_args), k_kwargs)
+            run_on_core.artiq_embedded = _ARTIQEmbeddedInfo(
+                core_name=arg, function=function, syscall=None)
             return run_on_core
-        return real_decorator
+        return inner_decorator
     else:
-        @wraps(arg)
-        def run_on_core(exp, *k_args, **k_kwargs):
-            return exp.core.run(arg, ((exp,) + k_args), k_kwargs)
-        run_on_core.k_function_info = _KernelFunctionInfo(
-            core_name="core", k_function=arg)
-        return run_on_core
+        return kernel("core")(arg)
 
-
-def portable(f):
-    """This decorator marks a function for execution on the same device as its
+def portable(function):
+    """
+    This decorator marks a function for execution on the same device as its
     caller.
 
     In other words, a decorated function called from the interpreter on the
@@ -133,8 +203,30 @@ def portable(f):
     core device). A decorated function called from a kernel will be executed
     on the core device (no RPC).
     """
-    f.k_function_info = _KernelFunctionInfo(core_name="", k_function=f)
-    return f
+    function.artiq_embedded = \
+        _ARTIQEmbeddedInfo(core_name=None, function=function, syscall=None)
+    return function
+
+def syscall(arg):
+    """
+    This decorator marks a function as a system call. When executed on a core
+    device, a C function with the provided name (or the same name as
+    the Python function, if not provided) will be called. When executed on
+    host, the Python function will be called as usual.
+
+    Every argument and the return value must be annotated with ARTIQ types.
+
+    Only drivers should normally define syscalls.
+    """
+    if isinstance(arg, str):
+        def inner_decorator(function):
+            function.artiq_embedded = \
+                _ARTIQEmbeddedInfo(core_name=None, function=None,
+                                   syscall=function.__name__)
+            return function
+        return inner_decorator
+    else:
+        return syscall(arg.__name__)(arg)
 
 
 class _DummyTimeManager:
@@ -163,22 +255,6 @@ def set_time_manager(time_manager):
     _time_manager = time_manager
 
 
-class _DummySyscallManager:
-    def do(self, *args):
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Attempted to interpret kernel without a syscall manager")
-
-_syscall_manager = _DummySyscallManager()
-
-
-def set_syscall_manager(syscall_manager):
-    """Set the system call manager used for simulating the core device's
-    runtime in the Python interpreter.
-    """
-    global _syscall_manager
-    _syscall_manager = syscall_manager
-
-
 class _Sequential:
     """In a sequential block, statements are executed one after another, with
     the time increasing as one moves down the statement list."""
@@ -251,17 +327,6 @@ def mu_to_seconds(mu, core=None):
     return mu*core.ref_period
 
 
-def syscall(*args):
-    """Invokes a service of the runtime.
-
-    Kernels use this function to interface to the outside world: program RTIO
-    events, make RPCs, etc.
-
-    Only drivers should normally use ``syscall``.
-    """
-    return _syscall_manager.do(*args)
-
-
 class _DummyWatchdog:
     def __init__(self, timeout):
         pass
@@ -286,32 +351,70 @@ def watchdog(timeout):
     return _watchdog_factory(timeout)
 
 
-_encoded_exceptions = dict()
+class TerminationRequested(Exception):
+    """Raised by ``pause`` when the user has requested termination."""
+    pass
 
 
-def EncodedException(eid):
-    """Represents exceptions on the core device, which are identified
-    by a single number."""
-    try:
-        return _encoded_exceptions[eid]
-    except KeyError:
-        class EncodedException(Exception):
-            def __init__(self):
-                Exception.__init__(self, eid)
-        _encoded_exceptions[eid] = EncodedException
-        return EncodedException
+class ARTIQException(Exception):
+    """Base class for exceptions raised or passed through the core device."""
 
+    # Try and create an instance of the specific class, if one exists.
+    def __new__(cls, name, message, params, traceback):
+        def find_subclass(cls):
+            if cls.__name__ == name:
+                return cls
+            else:
+                for subclass in cls.__subclasses__():
+                    cls = find_subclass(subclass)
+                    if cls is not None:
+                        return cls
 
-class RuntimeException(Exception):
-    """Base class for all exceptions used by the device runtime.
-    Those exceptions are defined in ``artiq.coredevice.runtime_exceptions``.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, core, p0, p1, p2):
-        Exception.__init__(self)
-        self.core = core
-        self.p0 = p0
-        self.p1 = p1
-        self.p2 = p2
+        more_specific_cls = find_subclass(cls)
+        if more_specific_cls is None:
+            more_specific_cls = cls
 
+        exn = Exception.__new__(more_specific_cls)
+        exn.__init__(name, message, params, traceback)
+        return exn
 
-first_user_eid = 1024
+    def __init__(self, name, message, params, traceback):
+        Exception.__init__(self, name, message, *params)
+        self.name, self.message, self.params = name, message, params
+        self.traceback = list(traceback)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        lines = []
+
+        if type(self).__name__ == self.name:
+            lines.append(self.message.format(*self.params))
+        else:
+            lines.append("({}) {}".format(self.name, self.message.format(*self.params)))
+
+        lines.append("Core Device Traceback (most recent call last):")
+        for (filename, line, column, function, address) in self.traceback:
+            stub_globals = {"__name__": filename, "__loader__": source_loader}
+            source_line = linecache.getline(filename, line, stub_globals)
+            indentation = re.search(r"^\s*", source_line).end()
+
+            if address is None:
+                formatted_address = ""
+            else:
+                formatted_address = " (RA=0x{:x})".format(address)
+
+            filename = filename.replace(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                                                                      "..")), "<artiq>")
+            if column == -1:
+                lines.append("  File \"{file}\", line {line}, in {function}{address}".
+                             format(file=filename, line=line, function=function,
+                                    address=formatted_address))
+                lines.append("    {}".format(source_line.strip() if source_line else "<unknown>"))
+            else:
+                lines.append("  File \"{file}\", line {line}, column {column},"
+                             " in {function}{address}".
+                             format(file=filename, line=line, column=column + 1,
+                                    function=function, address=formatted_address))
+                lines.append("    {}".format(source_line.strip() if source_line else "<unknown>"))
+                lines.append("    {}^".format(" " * (column - indentation)))
+
+        return "\n".join(lines)

artiq/language/types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+"""
+Values representing ARTIQ types, to be used in function type
+annotations.
+"""
+
+from artiq.compiler import types, builtins
+
+__all__ = ["TNone", "TBool", "TInt32", "TInt64", "TFloat",
+           "TStr", "TList", "TRange32", "TRange64"]
+
+TNone      = builtins.TNone()
+TBool      = builtins.TBool()
+TInt32     = builtins.TInt(types.TValue(32))
+TInt64     = builtins.TInt(types.TValue(64))
+TFloat     = builtins.TFloat()
+TStr       = builtins.TStr()
+TList      = builtins.TList
+TRange32   = builtins.TRange(builtins.TInt(types.TValue(32)))
+TRange64   = builtins.TRange(builtins.TInt(types.TValue(64)))

artiq/py2llvm/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-from artiq.py2llvm.module import Module
-
-def get_runtime_binary(runtime, func_def):
-    module = Module(runtime)
-    module.compile_function(func_def, dict())
-    return module.emit_object()

artiq/py2llvm/ast_body.py

@@ -1,539 +0,0 @@
-import ast
-
-import llvmlite_artiq.ir as ll
-
-from artiq.py2llvm import values, base_types, fractions, lists, iterators
-from artiq.py2llvm.tools import is_terminated
-
-
-_ast_unops = {
-    ast.Invert: "o_inv",
-    ast.Not: "o_not",
-    ast.UAdd: "o_pos",
-    ast.USub: "o_neg"
-}
-
-_ast_binops = {
-    ast.Add: values.operators.add,
-    ast.Sub: values.operators.sub,
-    ast.Mult: values.operators.mul,
-    ast.Div: values.operators.truediv,
-    ast.FloorDiv: values.operators.floordiv,
-    ast.Mod: values.operators.mod,
-    ast.Pow: values.operators.pow,
-    ast.LShift: values.operators.lshift,
-    ast.RShift: values.operators.rshift,
-    ast.BitOr: values.operators.or_,
-    ast.BitXor: values.operators.xor,
-    ast.BitAnd: values.operators.and_
-}
-
-_ast_cmps = {
-    ast.Eq: values.operators.eq,
-    ast.NotEq: values.operators.ne,
-    ast.Lt: values.operators.lt,
-    ast.LtE: values.operators.le,
-    ast.Gt: values.operators.gt,
-    ast.GtE: values.operators.ge
-}
-
-
-class Visitor:
-    def __init__(self, runtime, ns, builder=None):
-        self.runtime = runtime
-        self.ns = ns
-        self.builder = builder
-        self._break_stack = []
-        self._continue_stack = []
-        self._active_exception_stack = []
-        self._exception_level_stack = [0]
-
-    # builder can be None for visit_expression
-    def visit_expression(self, node):
-        method = "_visit_expr_" + node.__class__.__name__
-        try:
-            visitor = getattr(self, method)
-        except AttributeError:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Unsupported node '{}' in expression"
-                                      .format(node.__class__.__name__))
-        return visitor(node)
-
-    def _visit_expr_Name(self, node):
-        try:
-            r = self.ns[node.id]
-        except KeyError:
-            raise NameError("Name '{}' is not defined".format(node.id))
-        return r
-
-    def _visit_expr_NameConstant(self, node):
-        v = node.value
-        if v is None:
-            r = base_types.VNone()
-        elif isinstance(v, bool):
-            r = base_types.VBool()
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError
-        if self.builder is not None:
-            r.set_const_value(self.builder, v)
-        return r
-
-    def _visit_expr_Num(self, node):
-        n = node.n
-        if isinstance(n, int):
-            if abs(n) < 2**31:
-                r = base_types.VInt()
-            else:
-                r = base_types.VInt(64)
-        elif isinstance(n, float):
-            r = base_types.VFloat()
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError
-        if self.builder is not None:
-            r.set_const_value(self.builder, n)
-        return r
-
-    def _visit_expr_UnaryOp(self, node):
-        value = self.visit_expression(node.operand)
-        return getattr(value, _ast_unops[type(node.op)])(self.builder)
-
-    def _visit_expr_BinOp(self, node):
-        return _ast_binops[type(node.op)](self.visit_expression(node.left),
-                                          self.visit_expression(node.right),
-                                          self.builder)
-
-    def _visit_expr_BoolOp(self, node):
-        if self.builder is not None:
-            initial_block = self.builder.basic_block
-            function = initial_block.function
-            merge_block = function.append_basic_block("b_merge")
-
-        test_blocks = []
-        test_values = []
-        for i, value in enumerate(node.values):
-            if self.builder is not None:
-                test_block = function.append_basic_block("b_{}_test".format(i))
-                test_blocks.append(test_block)
-                self.builder.position_at_end(test_block)
-            test_values.append(self.visit_expression(value))
-
-        result = test_values[0].new()
-        for value in test_values[1:]:
-            result.merge(value)
-
-        if self.builder is not None:
-            self.builder.position_at_end(initial_block)
-            result.alloca(self.builder, "b_result")
-            self.builder.branch(test_blocks[0])
-
-            next_test_blocks = test_blocks[1:]
-            next_test_blocks.append(None)
-            for block, next_block, value in zip(test_blocks,
-                                                next_test_blocks,
-                                                test_values):
-                self.builder.position_at_end(block)
-                bval = value.o_bool(self.builder)
-                result.auto_store(self.builder,
-                                  value.auto_load(self.builder))
-                if next_block is None:
-                    self.builder.branch(merge_block)
-                else:
-                    if isinstance(node.op, ast.Or):
-                        self.builder.cbranch(bval.auto_load(self.builder),
-                                             merge_block,
-                                             next_block)
-                    elif isinstance(node.op, ast.And):
-                        self.builder.cbranch(bval.auto_load(self.builder),
-                                             next_block,
-                                             merge_block)
-                    else:
-                        raise NotImplementedError
-            self.builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
-
-        return result
-
-    def _visit_expr_Compare(self, node):
-        comparisons = []
-        old_comparator = self.visit_expression(node.left)
-        for op, comparator_a in zip(node.ops, node.comparators):
-            comparator = self.visit_expression(comparator_a)
-            comparison = _ast_cmps[type(op)](old_comparator, comparator,
-                                             self.builder)
-            comparisons.append(comparison)
-            old_comparator = comparator
-        r = comparisons[0]
-        for comparison in comparisons[1:]:
-            r = values.operators.and_(r, comparison)
-        return r
-
-    def _visit_expr_Call(self, node):
-        fn = node.func.id
-        if fn in {"bool", "int", "int64", "round", "round64", "float", "len"}:
-            value = self.visit_expression(node.args[0])
-            return getattr(value, "o_" + fn)(self.builder)
-        elif fn == "Fraction":
-            r = fractions.VFraction()
-            if self.builder is not None:
-                numerator = self.visit_expression(node.args[0])
-                denominator = self.visit_expression(node.args[1])
-                r.set_value_nd(self.builder, numerator, denominator)
-            return r
-        elif fn == "range":
-            return iterators.IRange(
-                self.builder,
-                [self.visit_expression(arg) for arg in node.args])
-        elif fn == "syscall":
-            return self.runtime.build_syscall(
-                node.args[0].s,
-                [self.visit_expression(expr) for expr in node.args[1:]],
-                self.builder)
-        else:
-            raise NameError("Function '{}' is not defined".format(fn))
-
-    def _visit_expr_Attribute(self, node):
-        value = self.visit_expression(node.value)
-        return value.o_getattr(node.attr, self.builder)
-
-    def _visit_expr_List(self, node):
-        elts = [self.visit_expression(elt) for elt in node.elts]
-        if elts:
-            el_type = elts[0].new()
-            for elt in elts[1:]:
-                el_type.merge(elt)
-        else:
-            el_type = base_types.VNone()
-        count = len(elts)
-        r = lists.VList(el_type, count)
-        r.elts = elts
-        return r
-
-    def _visit_expr_ListComp(self, node):
-        if len(node.generators) != 1:
-            raise NotImplementedError
-        generator = node.generators[0]
-        if not isinstance(generator, ast.comprehension):
-            raise NotImplementedError
-        if not isinstance(generator.target, ast.Name):
-            raise NotImplementedError
-        target = generator.target.id
-        if not isinstance(generator.iter, ast.Call):
-            raise NotImplementedError
-        if not isinstance(generator.iter.func, ast.Name):
-            raise NotImplementedError
-        if generator.iter.func.id != "range":
-            raise NotImplementedError
-        if len(generator.iter.args) != 1:
-            raise NotImplementedError
-        if not isinstance(generator.iter.args[0], ast.Num):
-            raise NotImplementedError
-        count = generator.iter.args[0].n
-
-        # Prevent incorrect use of the generator target, if it is defined in
-        # the local function namespace.
-        if target in self.ns:
-            old_target_val = self.ns[target]
-            del self.ns[target]
-        else:
-            old_target_val = None
-        elt = self.visit_expression(node.elt)
-        if old_target_val is not None:
-            self.ns[target] = old_target_val
-
-        el_type = elt.new()
-        r = lists.VList(el_type, count)
-        r.elt = elt
-        return r
-
-    def _visit_expr_Subscript(self, node):
-        value = self.visit_expression(node.value)
-        if isinstance(node.slice, ast.Index):
-            index = self.visit_expression(node.slice.value)
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError
-        return value.o_subscript(index, self.builder)
-
-    def visit_statements(self, stmts):
-        for node in stmts:
-            node_type = node.__class__.__name__
-            method = "_visit_stmt_" + node_type
-            try:
-                visitor = getattr(self, method)
-            except AttributeError:
-                raise NotImplementedError("Unsupported node '{}' in statement"
-                                          .format(node_type))
-            visitor(node)
-            if node_type in ("Return", "Break", "Continue"):
-                break
-
-    def _bb_terminated(self):
-        return is_terminated(self.builder.basic_block)
-
-    def _visit_stmt_Assign(self, node):
-        val = self.visit_expression(node.value)
-        if isinstance(node.value, ast.List):
-            if len(node.targets) > 1:
-                raise NotImplementedError
-            target = self.visit_expression(node.targets[0])
-            target.set_count(self.builder, val.alloc_count)
-            for i, elt in enumerate(val.elts):
-                idx = base_types.VInt()
-                idx.set_const_value(self.builder, i)
-                target.o_subscript(idx, self.builder).set_value(self.builder,
-                                                                elt)
-        elif isinstance(node.value, ast.ListComp):
-            if len(node.targets) > 1:
-                raise NotImplementedError
-            target = self.visit_expression(node.targets[0])
-            target.set_count(self.builder, val.alloc_count)
-
-            i = base_types.VInt()
-            i.alloca(self.builder)
-            i.auto_store(self.builder, ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), 0))
-
-            function = self.builder.basic_block.function
-            copy_block = function.append_basic_block("ai_copy")
-            end_block = function.append_basic_block("ai_end")
-            self.builder.branch(copy_block)
-
-            self.builder.position_at_end(copy_block)
-            target.o_subscript(i, self.builder).set_value(self.builder,
-                                                          val.elt)
-            i.auto_store(self.builder, self.builder.add(
-                i.auto_load(self.builder),
-                ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), 1)))
-            cont = self.builder.icmp_signed(
-                "<", i.auto_load(self.builder),
-                ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), val.alloc_count))
-            self.builder.cbranch(cont, copy_block, end_block)
-
-            self.builder.position_at_end(end_block)
-        else:
-            for target in node.targets:
-                target = self.visit_expression(target)
-                target.set_value(self.builder, val)
-
-    def _visit_stmt_AugAssign(self, node):
-        target = self.visit_expression(node.target)
-        right = self.visit_expression(node.value)
-        val = _ast_binops[type(node.op)](target, right, self.builder)
-        target.set_value(self.builder, val)
-
-    def _visit_stmt_Expr(self, node):
-        self.visit_expression(node.value)
-
-    def _visit_stmt_If(self, node):
-        function = self.builder.basic_block.function
-        then_block = function.append_basic_block("i_then")
-        else_block = function.append_basic_block("i_else")
-        merge_block = function.append_basic_block("i_merge")
-
-        condition = self.visit_expression(node.test).o_bool(self.builder)
-        self.builder.cbranch(condition.auto_load(self.builder),
-                             then_block, else_block)
-
-        self.builder.position_at_end(then_block)
-        self.visit_statements(node.body)
-        if not self._bb_terminated():
-            self.builder.branch(merge_block)
-
-        self.builder.position_at_end(else_block)
-        self.visit_statements(node.orelse)
-        if not self._bb_terminated():
-            self.builder.branch(merge_block)
-
-        self.builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
-
-    def _enter_loop_body(self, break_block, continue_block):
-        self._break_stack.append(break_block)
-        self._continue_stack.append(continue_block)
-        self._exception_level_stack.append(0)
-
-    def _leave_loop_body(self):
-        self._exception_level_stack.pop()
-        self._continue_stack.pop()
-        self._break_stack.pop()
-
-    def _visit_stmt_While(self, node):
-        function = self.builder.basic_block.function
-
-        body_block = function.append_basic_block("w_body")
-        else_block = function.append_basic_block("w_else")
-        condition = self.visit_expression(node.test).o_bool(self.builder)
-        self.builder.cbranch(
-            condition.auto_load(self.builder), body_block, else_block)
-
-        continue_block = function.append_basic_block("w_continue")
-        merge_block = function.append_basic_block("w_merge")
-        self.builder.position_at_end(body_block)
-        self._enter_loop_body(merge_block, continue_block)
-        self.visit_statements(node.body)
-        self._leave_loop_body()
-        if not self._bb_terminated():
-            self.builder.branch(continue_block)
-
-        self.builder.position_at_end(continue_block)
-        condition = self.visit_expression(node.test).o_bool(self.builder)
-        self.builder.cbranch(
-            condition.auto_load(self.builder), body_block, merge_block)
-
-        self.builder.position_at_end(else_block)
-        self.visit_statements(node.orelse)
-        if not self._bb_terminated():
-            self.builder.branch(merge_block)
-
-        self.builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
-
-    def _visit_stmt_For(self, node):
-        function = self.builder.basic_block.function
-
-        it = self.visit_expression(node.iter)
-        target = self.visit_expression(node.target)
-        itval = it.get_value_ptr()
-
-        body_block = function.append_basic_block("f_body")
-        else_block = function.append_basic_block("f_else")
-        cont = it.o_next(self.builder)
-        self.builder.cbranch(
-            cont.auto_load(self.builder), body_block, else_block)
-
-        continue_block = function.append_basic_block("f_continue")
-        merge_block = function.append_basic_block("f_merge")
-        self.builder.position_at_end(body_block)
-        target.set_value(self.builder, itval)
-        self._enter_loop_body(merge_block, continue_block)
-        self.visit_statements(node.body)
-        self._leave_loop_body()
-        if not self._bb_terminated():
-            self.builder.branch(continue_block)
-
-        self.builder.position_at_end(continue_block)
-        cont = it.o_next(self.builder)
-        self.builder.cbranch(
-            cont.auto_load(self.builder), body_block, merge_block)
-
-        self.builder.position_at_end(else_block)
-        self.visit_statements(node.orelse)
-        if not self._bb_terminated():
-            self.builder.branch(merge_block)
-
-        self.builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
-
-    def _break_loop_body(self, target_block):
-        exception_levels = self._exception_level_stack[-1]
-        if exception_levels:
-            self.runtime.build_pop(self.builder, exception_levels)
-        self.builder.branch(target_block)
-
-    def _visit_stmt_Break(self, node):
-        self._break_loop_body(self._break_stack[-1])
-
-    def _visit_stmt_Continue(self, node):
-        self._break_loop_body(self._continue_stack[-1])
-
-    def _visit_stmt_Return(self, node):
-        if node.value is None:
-            val = base_types.VNone()
-        else:
-            val = self.visit_expression(node.value)
-        exception_levels = sum(self._exception_level_stack)
-        if exception_levels:
-            self.runtime.build_pop(self.builder, exception_levels)
-        if isinstance(val, base_types.VNone):
-            self.builder.ret_void()
-        else:
-            self.builder.ret(val.auto_load(self.builder))
-
-    def _visit_stmt_Pass(self, node):
-        pass
-
-    def _visit_stmt_Raise(self, node):
-        if self._active_exception_stack:
-            finally_block, propagate, propagate_eid = (
-                self._active_exception_stack[-1])
-            self.builder.store(ll.Constant(ll.IntType(1), 1), propagate)
-            if node.exc is not None:
-                eid = ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), node.exc.args[0].n)
-                self.builder.store(eid, propagate_eid)
-            self.builder.branch(finally_block)
-        else:
-            eid = ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), node.exc.args[0].n)
-            self.runtime.build_raise(self.builder, eid)
-
-    def _handle_exception(self, function, finally_block,
-                          propagate, propagate_eid, handlers):
-        eid = self.runtime.build_getid(self.builder)
-        self._active_exception_stack.append(
-            (finally_block, propagate, propagate_eid))
-        self.builder.store(ll.Constant(ll.IntType(1), 1), propagate)
-        self.builder.store(eid, propagate_eid)
-
-        for handler in handlers:
-            handled_exc_block = function.append_basic_block("try_exc_h")
-            cont_exc_block = function.append_basic_block("try_exc_c")
-            if handler.type is None:
-                self.builder.branch(handled_exc_block)
-            else:
-                if isinstance(handler.type, ast.Tuple):
-                    match = self.builder.icmp_signed(
-                        "==", eid,
-                        ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32),
-                                    handler.type.elts[0].args[0].n))
-                    for elt in handler.type.elts[1:]:
-                        match = self.builder.or_(
-                            match,
-                            self.builder.icmp_signed(
-                                "==", eid,
-                                ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), elt.args[0].n)))
-                else:
-                    match = self.builder.icmp_signed(
-                        "==", eid,
-                        ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), handler.type.args[0].n))
-                self.builder.cbranch(match, handled_exc_block, cont_exc_block)
-            self.builder.position_at_end(handled_exc_block)
-            self.builder.store(ll.Constant(ll.IntType(1), 0), propagate)
-            self.visit_statements(handler.body)
-            if not self._bb_terminated():
-                self.builder.branch(finally_block)
-            self.builder.position_at_end(cont_exc_block)
-        self.builder.branch(finally_block)
-
-        self._active_exception_stack.pop()
-
-    def _visit_stmt_Try(self, node):
-        function = self.builder.basic_block.function
-        noexc_block = function.append_basic_block("try_noexc")
-        exc_block = function.append_basic_block("try_exc")
-        finally_block = function.append_basic_block("try_finally")
-
-        propagate = self.builder.alloca(ll.IntType(1),
-                                        name="propagate")
-        self.builder.store(ll.Constant(ll.IntType(1), 0), propagate)
-        propagate_eid = self.builder.alloca(ll.IntType(32),
-                                            name="propagate_eid")
-        exception_occured = self.runtime.build_catch(self.builder)
-        self.builder.cbranch(exception_occured, exc_block, noexc_block)
-
-        self.builder.position_at_end(noexc_block)
-        self._exception_level_stack[-1] += 1
-        self.visit_statements(node.body)
-        self._exception_level_stack[-1] -= 1
-        if not self._bb_terminated():
-            self.runtime.build_pop(self.builder, 1)
-            self.visit_statements(node.orelse)
-            if not self._bb_terminated():
-                self.builder.branch(finally_block)
-        self.builder.position_at_end(exc_block)
-        self._handle_exception(function, finally_block,
-                               propagate, propagate_eid, node.handlers)
-
-        propagate_block = function.append_basic_block("try_propagate")
-        merge_block = function.append_basic_block("try_merge")
-        self.builder.position_at_end(finally_block)
-        self.visit_statements(node.finalbody)
-        if not self._bb_terminated():
-            self.builder.cbranch(
-                self.builder.load(propagate),
-                propagate_block, merge_block)
-        self.builder.position_at_end(propagate_block)
-        self.runtime.build_raise(self.builder, self.builder.load(propagate_eid))
-        self.builder.branch(merge_block)
-        self.builder.position_at_end(merge_block)

artiq/py2llvm/base_types.py

@@ -1,321 +0,0 @@
-import llvmlite_artiq.ir as ll
-
-from artiq.py2llvm.values import VGeneric
-
-
-class VNone(VGeneric):
-    def get_llvm_type(self):
-        return ll.VoidType()
-
-    def alloca(self, builder, name):
-        pass
-
-    def set_const_value(self, builder, v):
-        assert v is None
-
-    def set_value(self, builder, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, VNone):
-            raise TypeError
-
-    def o_bool(self, builder):
-        r = VBool()
-        if builder is not None:
-            r.set_const_value(builder, False)
-        return r
-
-    def o_not(self, builder):
-        r = VBool()
-        if builder is not None:
-            r.set_const_value(builder, True)
-        return r
-
-
-class VInt(VGeneric):
-    def __init__(self, nbits=32):
-        VGeneric.__init__(self)
-        self.nbits = nbits
-
-    def get_llvm_type(self):
-        return ll.IntType(self.nbits)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return "<VInt:{}>".format(self.nbits)
-
-    def same_type(self, other):
-        return isinstance(other, VInt) and other.nbits == self.nbits
-
-    def merge(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, VInt) and not isinstance(other, VBool):
-            if other.nbits > self.nbits:
-                self.nbits = other.nbits
-        else:
-            raise TypeError("Incompatible types: {} and {}"
-                            .format(repr(self), repr(other)))
-
-    def set_value(self, builder, n):
-        self.auto_store(
-            builder, n.o_intx(self.nbits, builder).auto_load(builder))
-
-    def set_const_value(self, builder, n):
-        self.auto_store(builder, ll.Constant(self.get_llvm_type(), n))
-
-    def o_bool(self, builder, inv=False):
-        r = VBool()
-        if builder is not None:
-            r.auto_store(
-                builder, builder.icmp_signed(
-                    "==" if inv else "!=",
-                    self.auto_load(builder),
-                    ll.Constant(self.get_llvm_type(), 0)))
-        return r
-
-    def o_float(self, builder):
-        r = VFloat()
-        if builder is not None:
-            if isinstance(self, VBool):
-                cf = builder.uitofp
-            else:
-                cf = builder.sitofp
-            r.auto_store(builder, cf(self.auto_load(builder),
-                                     r.get_llvm_type()))
-        return r
-
-    def o_not(self, builder):
-        return self.o_bool(builder, inv=True)
-
-    def o_neg(self, builder):
-        r = VInt(self.nbits)
-        if builder is not None:
-            r.auto_store(
-                builder, builder.mul(
-                    self.auto_load(builder),
-                    ll.Constant(self.get_llvm_type(), -1)))
-        return r
-
-    def o_intx(self, target_bits, builder):
-        r = VInt(target_bits)
-        if builder is not None:
-            if self.nbits == target_bits:
-                r.auto_store(
-                    builder, self.auto_load(builder))
-            if self.nbits > target_bits:
-                r.auto_store(
-                    builder, builder.trunc(self.auto_load(builder),
-                                           r.get_llvm_type()))
-            if self.nbits < target_bits:
-                if isinstance(self, VBool):
-                    ef = builder.zext
-                else:
-                    ef = builder.sext
-                r.auto_store(
-                    builder, ef(self.auto_load(builder),
-                                r.get_llvm_type()))
-        return r
-    o_roundx = o_intx
-
-    def o_truediv(self, other, builder):
-        if isinstance(other, VInt):
-            left = self.o_float(builder)
-            right = other.o_float(builder)
-            return left.o_truediv(right, builder)
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-def _make_vint_binop_method(builder_name, bool_op):
-    def binop_method(self, other, builder):
-        if isinstance(other, VInt):
-            target_bits = max(self.nbits, other.nbits)
-            if not bool_op and target_bits == 1:
-                target_bits = 32
-            if bool_op and target_bits == 1:
-                r = VBool()
-            else:
-                r = VInt(target_bits)
-            if builder is not None:
-                left = self.o_intx(target_bits, builder)
-                right = other.o_intx(target_bits, builder)
-                bf = getattr(builder, builder_name)
-                r.auto_store(
-                    builder, bf(left.auto_load(builder),
-                                right.auto_load(builder)))
-            return r
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-    return binop_method
-
-for _method_name, _builder_name, _bool_op in (("o_add", "add", False),
-                                              ("o_sub", "sub", False),
-                                              ("o_mul", "mul", False),
-                                              ("o_floordiv", "sdiv", False),
-                                              ("o_mod", "srem", False),
-                                              ("o_and", "and_", True),
-                                              ("o_xor", "xor", True),
-                                              ("o_or", "or_", True)):
-    setattr(VInt, _method_name, _make_vint_binop_method(_builder_name, _bool_op))
-
-
-def _make_vint_cmp_method(icmp_val):
-    def cmp_method(self, other, builder):
-        if isinstance(other, VInt):
-            r = VBool()
-            if builder is not None:
-                target_bits = max(self.nbits, other.nbits)
-                left = self.o_intx(target_bits, builder)
-                right = other.o_intx(target_bits, builder)
-                r.auto_store(
-                    builder,
-                    builder.icmp_signed(
-                        icmp_val, left.auto_load(builder),
-                        right.auto_load(builder)))
-            return r
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-    return cmp_method
-
-for _method_name, _icmp_val in (("o_eq", "=="),
-                                ("o_ne", "!="),
-                                ("o_lt", "<"),
-                                ("o_le", "<="),
-                                ("o_gt", ">"),
-                                ("o_ge", ">=")):
-    setattr(VInt, _method_name, _make_vint_cmp_method(_icmp_val))
-
-
-class VBool(VInt):
-    def __init__(self):
-        VInt.__init__(self, 1)
-
-    __repr__ = VGeneric.__repr__
-    same_type = VGeneric.same_type
-    merge = VGeneric.merge
-
-    def set_const_value(self, builder, b):
-        VInt.set_const_value(self, builder, int(b))
-
-
-class VFloat(VGeneric):
-    def get_llvm_type(self):
-        return ll.DoubleType()
-
-    def set_value(self, builder, v):
-        if not isinstance(v, VFloat):
-            raise TypeError
-        self.auto_store(builder, v.auto_load(builder))
-
-    def set_const_value(self, builder, n):
-        self.auto_store(builder, ll.Constant(self.get_llvm_type(), n))
-
-    def o_float(self, builder):
-        r = VFloat()
-        if builder is not None:
-            r.auto_store(builder, self.auto_load(builder))
-        return r
-
-    def o_bool(self, builder, inv=False):
-        r = VBool()
-        if builder is not None:
-            r.auto_store(
-                builder, builder.fcmp_ordered(
-                    "==" if inv else "!=",
-                    self.auto_load(builder),
-                    ll.Constant(self.get_llvm_type(), 0.0)))
-        return r
-
-    def o_not(self, builder):
-        return self.o_bool(builder, True)
-
-    def o_neg(self, builder):
-        r = VFloat()
-        if builder is not None:
-            r.auto_store(
-                builder, builder.fmul(
-                    self.auto_load(builder),
-                    ll.Constant(self.get_llvm_type(), -1.0)))
-        return r
-
-    def o_intx(self, target_bits, builder):
-        r = VInt(target_bits)
-        if builder is not None:
-            r.auto_store(builder, builder.fptosi(self.auto_load(builder),
-                                                 r.get_llvm_type()))
-        return r
-
-    def o_roundx(self, target_bits, builder):
-        r = VInt(target_bits)
-        if builder is not None:
-            function = builder.basic_block.function
-            neg_block = function.append_basic_block("fr_neg")
-            merge_block = function.append_basic_block("fr_merge")
-
-            half = VFloat()
-            half.alloca(builder, "half")
-            half.set_const_value(builder, 0.5)
-
-            condition = builder.fcmp_ordered(
-                "<",
-                self.auto_load(builder),
-                ll.Constant(self.get_llvm_type(), 0.0))
-            builder.cbranch(condition, neg_block, merge_block)
-
-            builder.position_at_end(neg_block)
-            half.set_const_value(builder, -0.5)
-            builder.branch(merge_block)
-
-            builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
-            s = builder.fadd(self.auto_load(builder), half.auto_load(builder))
-            r.auto_store(builder, builder.fptosi(s, r.get_llvm_type()))
-        return r
-
-    def o_floordiv(self, other, builder):
-        return self.o_truediv(other, builder).o_int64(builder).o_float(builder)
-
-def _make_vfloat_binop_method(builder_name, reverse):
-    def binop_method(self, other, builder):
-        if not hasattr(other, "o_float"):
-            return NotImplemented
-        r = VFloat()
-        if builder is not None:
-            left = self.o_float(builder)
-            right = other.o_float(builder)
-            if reverse:
-                left, right = right, left
-            bf = getattr(builder, builder_name)
-            r.auto_store(
-                builder, bf(left.auto_load(builder),
-                            right.auto_load(builder)))
-        return r
-    return binop_method
-
-for _method_name, _builder_name in (("add", "fadd"),
-                                    ("sub", "fsub"),
-                                    ("mul", "fmul"),
-                                    ("truediv", "fdiv")):
-    setattr(VFloat, "o_" + _method_name,
-            _make_vfloat_binop_method(_builder_name, False))
-    setattr(VFloat, "or_" + _method_name,
-            _make_vfloat_binop_method(_builder_name, True))
-
-
-def _make_vfloat_cmp_method(fcmp_val):
-    def cmp_method(self, other, builder):
-        if not hasattr(other, "o_float"):
-            return NotImplemented
-        r = VBool()
-        if builder is not None:
-            left = self.o_float(builder)
-            right = other.o_float(builder)
-            r.auto_store(
-                builder,
-                builder.fcmp_ordered(
-                    fcmp_val, left.auto_load(builder),
-                    right.auto_load(builder)))
-        return r
-    return cmp_method
-
-for _method_name, _fcmp_val in (("o_eq", "=="),
-                                ("o_ne", "!="),
-                                ("o_lt", "<"),
-                                ("o_le", "<="),
-                                ("o_gt", ">"),
-                                ("o_ge", ">=")):
-    setattr(VFloat, _method_name, _make_vfloat_cmp_method(_fcmp_val))

artiq/py2llvm/infer_types.py

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-import ast
-from copy import deepcopy
-
-from artiq.py2llvm.ast_body import Visitor
-from artiq.py2llvm import base_types
-
-
-class _TypeScanner(ast.NodeVisitor):
-    def __init__(self, env, ns):
-        self.exprv = Visitor(env, ns)
-
-    def _update_target(self, target, val):
-        ns = self.exprv.ns
-        if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
-            if target.id in ns:
-                ns[target.id].merge(val)
-            else:
-                ns[target.id] = deepcopy(val)
-        elif isinstance(target, ast.Subscript):
-            target = target.value
-            levels = 0
-            while isinstance(target, ast.Subscript):
-                target = target.value
-                levels += 1
-            if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
-                target_value = ns[target.id]
-                for i in range(levels):
-                    target_value = target_value.o_subscript(None, None)
-                target_value.merge_subscript(val)
-            else:
-                raise NotImplementedError
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def visit_Assign(self, node):
-        val = self.exprv.visit_expression(node.value)
-        for target in node.targets:
-            self._update_target(target, val)
-
-    def visit_AugAssign(self, node):
-        val = self.exprv.visit_expression(ast.BinOp(
-            op=node.op, left=node.target, right=node.value))
-        self._update_target(node.target, val)
-
-    def visit_For(self, node):
-        it = self.exprv.visit_expression(node.iter)
-        self._update_target(node.target, it.get_value_ptr())
-        self.generic_visit(node)
-
-    def visit_Return(self, node):
-        if node.value is None:
-            val = base_types.VNone()
-        else:
-            val = self.exprv.visit_expression(node.value)
-        ns = self.exprv.ns
-        if "return" in ns:
-            ns["return"].merge(val)
-        else:
-            ns["return"] = deepcopy(val)
-
-
-def infer_function_types(env, node, param_types):
-    ns = deepcopy(param_types)
-    ts = _TypeScanner(env, ns)
-    ts.visit(node)
-    while True:
-        prev_ns = deepcopy(ns)
-        ts = _TypeScanner(env, ns)
-        ts.visit(node)
-        if all(v.same_type(prev_ns[k]) for k, v in ns.items()):
-            # no more promotions - completed
-            if "return" not in ns:
-                ns["return"] = base_types.VNone()
-            return ns

artiq/py2llvm/iterators.py

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-from artiq.py2llvm.values import operators
-from artiq.py2llvm.base_types import VInt
-
-class IRange:
-    def __init__(self, builder, args):
-        minimum, step = None, None
-        if len(args) == 1:
-            maximum = args[0]
-        elif len(args) == 2:
-            minimum, maximum = args
-        else:
-            minimum, maximum, step = args
-        if minimum is None:
-            minimum = VInt()
-            if builder is not None:
-                minimum.set_const_value(builder, 0)
-        if step is None:
-            step = VInt()
-            if builder is not None:
-                step.set_const_value(builder, 1)
-
-        self._counter = minimum.new()
-        self._counter.merge(maximum)
-        self._counter.merge(step)
-        self._minimum = self._counter.new()
-        self._maximum = self._counter.new()
-        self._step = self._counter.new()
-
-        if builder is not None:
-            self._minimum.alloca(builder, "irange_min")
-            self._maximum.alloca(builder, "irange_max")
-            self._step.alloca(builder, "irange_step")
-            self._counter.alloca(builder, "irange_count")
-
-            self._minimum.set_value(builder, minimum)
-            self._maximum.set_value(builder, maximum)
-            self._step.set_value(builder, step)
-
-            counter_init = operators.sub(self._minimum, self._step, builder)
-            self._counter.set_value(builder, counter_init)
-
-    # must be a pointer value that can be dereferenced anytime
-    # to get the current value of the iterator
-    def get_value_ptr(self):
-        return self._counter
-
-    def o_next(self, builder):
-        self._counter.set_value(
-            builder,
-            operators.add(self._counter, self._step, builder))
-        return operators.lt(self._counter, self._maximum, builder)

artiq/py2llvm/lists.py

@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-import llvmlite_artiq.ir as ll
-
-from artiq.py2llvm.values import VGeneric
-from artiq.py2llvm.base_types import VInt, VNone
-
-
-class VList(VGeneric):
-    def __init__(self, el_type, alloc_count):
-        VGeneric.__init__(self)
-        self.el_type = el_type
-        self.alloc_count = alloc_count
-
-    def get_llvm_type(self):
-        count = 0 if self.alloc_count is None else self.alloc_count
-        if isinstance(self.el_type, VNone):
-            return ll.LiteralStructType([ll.IntType(32)])
-        else:
-            return ll.LiteralStructType([
-                ll.IntType(32), ll.ArrayType(self.el_type.get_llvm_type(),
-                                             count)])
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return "<VList:{} x{}>".format(
-            repr(self.el_type),
-            "?" if self.alloc_count is None else self.alloc_count)
-
-    def same_type(self, other):
-        return (isinstance(other, VList)
-                and self.el_type.same_type(other.el_type))
-
-    def merge(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, VList):
-            if self.alloc_count:
-                if other.alloc_count:
-                    self.el_type.merge(other.el_type)
-                    if self.alloc_count < other.alloc_count:
-                        self.alloc_count = other.alloc_count
-            else:
-                self.el_type = other.el_type.new()
-                self.alloc_count = other.alloc_count
-        else:
-            raise TypeError("Incompatible types: {} and {}"
-                            .format(repr(self), repr(other)))
-
-    def merge_subscript(self, other):
-        self.el_type.merge(other)
-
-    def set_count(self, builder, count):
-        count_ptr = builder.gep(self.llvm_value, [
-            ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), 0),
-            ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), 0)])
-        builder.store(ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), count), count_ptr)
-
-    def o_len(self, builder):
-        r = VInt()
-        if builder is not None:
-            count_ptr = builder.gep(self.llvm_value, [
-                ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), 0),
-                ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), 0)])
-            r.auto_store(builder, builder.load(count_ptr))
-        return r
-
-    def o_subscript(self, index, builder):
-        r = self.el_type.new()
-        if builder is not None and not isinstance(r, VNone):
-            index = index.o_int(builder).auto_load(builder)
-            ssa_r = builder.gep(self.llvm_value, [
-                ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), 0),
-                ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), 1),
-                index])
-            r.auto_store(builder, ssa_r)
-        return r

artiq/py2llvm/module.py

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-import llvmlite_artiq.ir as ll
-import llvmlite_artiq.binding as llvm
-
-from artiq.py2llvm import infer_types, ast_body, base_types, fractions, tools
-
-
-class Module:
-    def __init__(self, runtime=None):
-        self.llvm_module = ll.Module("main")
-        self.runtime = runtime
-
-        if self.runtime is not None:
-            self.runtime.init_module(self)
-        fractions.init_module(self)
-
-    def finalize(self):
-        self.llvm_module_ref = llvm.parse_assembly(str(self.llvm_module))
-        pmb = llvm.create_pass_manager_builder()
-        pmb.opt_level = 2
-        pm = llvm.create_module_pass_manager()
-        pmb.populate(pm)
-        pm.run(self.llvm_module_ref)
-
-    def get_ee(self):
-        self.finalize()
-        tm = llvm.Target.from_default_triple().create_target_machine()
-        ee = llvm.create_mcjit_compiler(self.llvm_module_ref, tm)
-        ee.finalize_object()
-        return ee
-
-    def emit_object(self):
-        self.finalize()
-        return self.runtime.emit_object()
-
-    def compile_function(self, func_def, param_types):
-        ns = infer_types.infer_function_types(self.runtime, func_def, param_types)
-        retval = ns["return"]
-
-        function_type = ll.FunctionType(retval.get_llvm_type(),
-            [ns[arg.arg].get_llvm_type() for arg in func_def.args.args])
-        function = ll.Function(self.llvm_module, function_type, func_def.name)
-        bb = function.append_basic_block("entry")
-        builder = ll.IRBuilder()
-        builder.position_at_end(bb)
-
-        for arg_ast, arg_llvm in zip(func_def.args.args, function.args):
-            arg_llvm.name = arg_ast.arg
-        for k, v in ns.items():
-            v.alloca(builder, k)
-        for arg_ast, arg_llvm in zip(func_def.args.args, function.args):
-            ns[arg_ast.arg].auto_store(builder, arg_llvm)
-
-        visitor = ast_body.Visitor(self.runtime, ns, builder)
-        visitor.visit_statements(func_def.body)
-
-        if not tools.is_terminated(builder.basic_block):
-            if isinstance(retval, base_types.VNone):
-                builder.ret_void()
-            else:
-                builder.ret(retval.auto_load(builder))
-
-        return function, retval

artiq/py2llvm/tools.py

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-import llvmlite_artiq.ir as ll
-
-def is_terminated(basic_block):
-	return (basic_block.instructions
-            and isinstance(basic_block.instructions[-1], ll.Terminator))

artiq/py2llvm/values.py

@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-from types import SimpleNamespace
-from copy import copy
-
-import llvmlite_artiq.ir as ll
-
-
-class VGeneric:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.llvm_value = None
-
-    def new(self):
-        r = copy(self)
-        r.llvm_value = None
-        return r
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return "<" + self.__class__.__name__ + ">"
-
-    def same_type(self, other):
-        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
-
-    def merge(self, other):
-        if not self.same_type(other):
-            raise TypeError("Incompatible types: {} and {}"
-                            .format(repr(self), repr(other)))
-
-    def auto_load(self, builder):
-        if isinstance(self.llvm_value.type, ll.PointerType):
-            return builder.load(self.llvm_value)
-        else:
-            return self.llvm_value
-
-    def auto_store(self, builder, llvm_value):
-        if self.llvm_value is None:
-            self.llvm_value = llvm_value
-        elif isinstance(self.llvm_value.type, ll.PointerType):
-            builder.store(llvm_value, self.llvm_value)
-        else:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "Attempted to set LLVM SSA value multiple times")
-
-    def alloca(self, builder, name=""):
-        if self.llvm_value is not None:
-            raise RuntimeError("Attempted to alloca existing LLVM value "+name)
-        self.llvm_value = builder.alloca(self.get_llvm_type(), name=name)
-
-    def o_int(self, builder):
-        return self.o_intx(32, builder)
-
-    def o_int64(self, builder):
-        return self.o_intx(64, builder)
-
-    def o_round(self, builder):
-        return self.o_roundx(32, builder)
-
-    def o_round64(self, builder):
-        return self.o_roundx(64, builder)
-
-
-def _make_binary_operator(op_name):
-    def op(l, r, builder):
-        try:
-            opf = getattr(l, "o_" + op_name)
-        except AttributeError:
-            result = NotImplemented
-        else:
-            result = opf(r, builder)
-        if result is NotImplemented:
-            try:
-                ropf = getattr(r, "or_" + op_name)
-            except AttributeError:
-                result = NotImplemented
-            else:
-                result = ropf(l, builder)
-            if result is NotImplemented:
-                raise TypeError(
-                    "Unsupported operand types for {}: {} and {}"
-                    .format(op_name, type(l).__name__, type(r).__name__))
-        return result
-    return op
-
-
-def _make_operators():
-    d = dict()
-    for op_name in ("add", "sub", "mul",
-                    "truediv", "floordiv", "mod",
-                    "pow", "lshift", "rshift", "xor",
-                    "eq", "ne", "lt", "le", "gt", "ge"):
-        d[op_name] = _make_binary_operator(op_name)
-    d["and_"] = _make_binary_operator("and")
-    d["or_"] = _make_binary_operator("or")
-    return SimpleNamespace(**d)
-
-operators = _make_operators()

artiq/py2llvm_old/fractions.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import inspect
-import ast
+from pythonparser import parse, ast
 
 import llvmlite_artiq.ir as ll
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ def _gcd(a, b):
 
 
 def init_module(module):
-    func_def = ast.parse(inspect.getsource(_gcd)).body[0]
+    func_def = parse(inspect.getsource(_gcd)).body[0]
     function, _ = module.compile_function(func_def,
                                           {"a": VInt(64), "b": VInt(64)})
     function.linkage = "internal"

artiq/py2llvm_old/test/py2llvm.py

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+import unittest
+from pythonparser import parse, ast
+import inspect
+from fractions import Fraction
+from ctypes import CFUNCTYPE, c_int, c_int32, c_int64, c_double
+import struct
+
+import llvmlite_or1k.binding as llvm
+
+from artiq.language.core import int64
+from artiq.py2llvm.infer_types import infer_function_types
+from artiq.py2llvm import base_types, lists
+from artiq.py2llvm.module import Module
+
+def simplify_encode(a, b):
+    f = Fraction(a, b)
+    return f.numerator*1000 + f.denominator
+
+
+def frac_arith_encode(op, a, b, c, d):
+    if op == 0:
+        f = Fraction(a, b) - Fraction(c, d)
+    elif op == 1:
+        f = Fraction(a, b) + Fraction(c, d)
+    elif op == 2:
+        f = Fraction(a, b) * Fraction(c, d)
+    else:
+        f = Fraction(a, b) / Fraction(c, d)
+    return f.numerator*1000 + f.denominator
+
+
+def frac_arith_encode_int(op, a, b, x):
+    if op == 0:
+        f = Fraction(a, b) - x
+    elif op == 1:
+        f = Fraction(a, b) + x
+    elif op == 2:
+        f = Fraction(a, b) * x
+    else:
+        f = Fraction(a, b) / x
+    return f.numerator*1000 + f.denominator
+
+
+def frac_arith_encode_int_rev(op, a, b, x):
+    if op == 0:
+        f = x - Fraction(a, b)
+    elif op == 1:
+        f = x + Fraction(a, b)
+    elif op == 2:
+        f = x * Fraction(a, b)
+    else:
+        f = x / Fraction(a, b)
+    return f.numerator*1000 + f.denominator
+
+
+def frac_arith_float(op, a, b, x):
+    if op == 0:
+        return Fraction(a, b) - x
+    elif op == 1:
+        return Fraction(a, b) + x
+    elif op == 2:
+        return Fraction(a, b) * x
+    else:
+        return Fraction(a, b) / x
+
+
+def frac_arith_float_rev(op, a, b, x):
+    if op == 0:
+        return x - Fraction(a, b)
+    elif op == 1:
+        return x + Fraction(a, b)
+    elif op == 2:
+        return x * Fraction(a, b)
+    else:
+        return x / Fraction(a, b)
+
+
+class CodeGenCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_frac_simplify(self):
+        simplify_encode_c = CompiledFunction(
+            simplify_encode, {"a": base_types.VInt(), "b": base_types.VInt()})
+        for a in _test_range():
+            for b in _test_range():
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    simplify_encode_c(a, b), simplify_encode(a, b))
+
+    def _test_frac_arith(self, op):
+        frac_arith_encode_c = CompiledFunction(
+            frac_arith_encode, {
+                "op": base_types.VInt(),
+                "a": base_types.VInt(), "b": base_types.VInt(),
+                "c": base_types.VInt(), "d": base_types.VInt()})
+        for a in _test_range():
+            for b in _test_range():
+                for c in _test_range():
+                    for d in _test_range():
+                        self.assertEqual(
+                            frac_arith_encode_c(op, a, b, c, d),
+                            frac_arith_encode(op, a, b, c, d))
+
+    def test_frac_add(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith(0)
+
+    def test_frac_sub(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith(1)
+
+    def test_frac_mul(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith(2)
+
+    def test_frac_div(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith(3)
+
+    def _test_frac_arith_int(self, op, rev):
+        f = frac_arith_encode_int_rev if rev else frac_arith_encode_int
+        f_c = CompiledFunction(f, {
+            "op": base_types.VInt(),
+            "a": base_types.VInt(), "b": base_types.VInt(),
+            "x": base_types.VInt()})
+        for a in _test_range():
+            for b in _test_range():
+                for x in _test_range():
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        f_c(op, a, b, x),
+                        f(op, a, b, x))
+
+    def test_frac_add_int(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith_int(0, False)
+        self._test_frac_arith_int(0, True)
+
+    def test_frac_sub_int(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith_int(1, False)
+        self._test_frac_arith_int(1, True)
+
+    def test_frac_mul_int(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith_int(2, False)
+        self._test_frac_arith_int(2, True)
+
+    def test_frac_div_int(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith_int(3, False)
+        self._test_frac_arith_int(3, True)
+
+    def _test_frac_arith_float(self, op, rev):
+        f = frac_arith_float_rev if rev else frac_arith_float
+        f_c = CompiledFunction(f, {
+            "op": base_types.VInt(),
+            "a": base_types.VInt(), "b": base_types.VInt(),
+            "x": base_types.VFloat()})
+        for a in _test_range():
+            for b in _test_range():
+                for x in _test_range():
+                    self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                        f_c(op, a, b, x/2),
+                        f(op, a, b, x/2))
+
+    def test_frac_add_float(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith_float(0, False)
+        self._test_frac_arith_float(0, True)
+
+    def test_frac_sub_float(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith_float(1, False)
+        self._test_frac_arith_float(1, True)
+
+    def test_frac_mul_float(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith_float(2, False)
+        self._test_frac_arith_float(2, True)
+
+    def test_frac_div_float(self):
+        self._test_frac_arith_float(3, False)
+        self._test_frac_arith_float(3, True)

artiq/py2llvm_old/transforms/quantize_time.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+    def visit_With(self, node):
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+        if (isinstance(node.items[0].context_expr, ast.Call)
+                and node.items[0].context_expr.func.id == "watchdog"):
+
+            idname = "__watchdog_id_" + str(self.watchdog_id_counter)
+            self.watchdog_id_counter += 1
+
+            time = ast.BinOp(left=node.items[0].context_expr.args[0],
+                             op=ast.Mult(),
+                             right=ast.Num(1000))
+            time_int = ast.Call(
+                func=ast.Name("round", ast.Load()),
+                args=[time],
+                keywords=[], starargs=None, kwargs=None)
+            syscall_set = ast.Call(
+                func=ast.Name("syscall", ast.Load()),
+                args=[ast.Str("watchdog_set"), time_int],
+                keywords=[], starargs=None, kwargs=None)
+            stmt_set = ast.copy_location(
+                ast.Assign(targets=[ast.Name(idname, ast.Store())],
+                           value=syscall_set),
+                node)
+
+            syscall_clear = ast.Call(
+                func=ast.Name("syscall", ast.Load()),
+                args=[ast.Str("watchdog_clear"),
+                              ast.Name(idname, ast.Load())],
+                keywords=[], starargs=None, kwargs=None)
+            stmt_clear = ast.copy_location(ast.Expr(syscall_clear), node)
+
+            node.items[0] = ast.withitem(
+                context_expr=ast.Name(id="sequential",
+                ctx=ast.Load()),
+                optional_vars=None)
+            node.body = [
+                stmt_set,
+                ast.Try(body=node.body,
+                        handlers=[],
+                        orelse=[],
+                        finalbody=[stmt_clear])
+            ]
+        return node

artiq/runtime/Makefile

@@ -3,10 +3,18 @@ include $(MISOC_DIRECTORY)/software/common.mak
 
 PYTHON ?= python3.5
 
-OBJECTS := isr.o flash_storage.o clock.o rtiocrg.o elf_loader.o services.o session.o log.o test_mode.o kloader.o bridge_ctl.o mailbox.o ksupport_data.o net_server.o moninj.o main.o
-OBJECTS_KSUPPORT := ksupport.o exception_jmp.o exceptions.o mailbox.o bridge.o rtio.o ttl.o dds.o
+OBJECTS := isr.o clock.o rtiocrg.o flash_storage.o mailbox.o \
+	session.o log.o moninj.o net_server.o bridge_ctl.o \
+	ksupport_data.o kloader.o test_mode.o main.o
+OBJECTS_KSUPPORT := ksupport.o artiq_personality.o mailbox.o \
+	bridge.o rtio.o ttl.o dds.o
 
-CFLAGS += -I$(LIBLWIP_DIRECTORY)/../lwip/src/include -I$(LIBLWIP_DIRECTORY) -I.
+CFLAGS += -I$(MISOC_DIRECTORY)/software/include/dyld \
+	-I$(LIBDYLD_DIRECTORY)/include \
+	-I$(LIBUNWIND_DIRECTORY) \
+	-I$(LIBUNWIND_DIRECTORY)/../unwinder/include \
+	-I$(LIBLWIP_DIRECTORY)/../lwip/src/include \
+	-I$(LIBLWIP_DIRECTORY)
 
 all: runtime.bin runtime.fbi
 
@@ -19,7 +27,7 @@ all: runtime.bin runtime.fbi
 
 runtime.elf: $(OBJECTS)
 	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) \
-		-T $(RUNTIME_DIRECTORY)/linker.ld \
+		-T $(RUNTIME_DIRECTORY)/runtime.ld \
 		-N -o $@ \
 		../libbase/crt0-$(CPU).o \
 		$(OBJECTS) \
@@ -31,28 +39,21 @@ runtime.elf: $(OBJECTS)
 
 ksupport.elf: $(OBJECTS_KSUPPORT)
 	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) \
+		--eh-frame-hdr \
 		-T $(RUNTIME_DIRECTORY)/ksupport.ld \
 		-N -o $@ \
 		../libbase/crt0-$(CPU).o \
 		$^ \
+		-L../libbase \
 		-L../libcompiler_rt \
-		-lcompiler_rt
+		-L../libunwind \
+		-L../libdyld \
+		-lbase -lcompiler_rt -lunwind -ldyld
 	@chmod -x $@
 
-ksupport_data.o: ksupport.bin
+ksupport_data.o: ksupport.elf
 	$(LD) -r -b binary -o $@ $<
 
-service_table.h: ksupport.elf $(RUNTIME_DIRECTORY)/gen_service_table.py
-	@echo " GEN     " $@ && $(PYTHON) $(RUNTIME_DIRECTORY)/gen_service_table.py ksupport.elf > $@
-
-$(RUNTIME_DIRECTORY)/services.c: service_table.h
-
-services.o: $(RUNTIME_DIRECTORY)/services.c service_table.h
-	$(compile)
-
-main.o: $(RUNTIME_DIRECTORY)/main.c
-	$(compile)
-
 %.o: $(RUNTIME_DIRECTORY)/%.c
 	$(compile)
 
@@ -62,6 +63,6 @@ main.o: $(RUNTIME_DIRECTORY)/main.c
 clean:
 	$(RM) $(OBJECTS) $(OBJECTS_KSUPPORT)
 	$(RM) runtime.elf runtime.bin runtime.fbi .*~ *~
-	$(RM) service_table.h ksupport.elf ksupport.bin
+	$(RM) ksupport.elf ksupport.bin
 
-.PHONY: all clean main.o
+.PHONY: all clean

artiq/runtime/artiq_personality.c

@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unwind.h>
+#include "artiq_personality.h"
+
+/* Logging */
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define EH_LOG0(fmt)     fprintf(stderr, "%s: " fmt "\n", __func__)
+#define EH_LOG(fmt, ...) fprintf(stderr, "%s: " fmt "\n", __func__, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define EH_LOG0(fmt)
+#define EH_LOG(fmt, ...)
+#endif
+
+#define EH_FAIL(err) \
+  do { \
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s fatal: %s\n", __func__, err); \
+    abort(); \
+  } while(0)
+
+#define EH_ASSERT(expr) \
+  if(!(expr)) EH_FAIL(#expr)
+
+/* DWARF format handling */
+
+enum {
+    DW_EH_PE_absptr   = 0x00,
+    DW_EH_PE_uleb128  = 0x01,
+    DW_EH_PE_udata2   = 0x02,
+    DW_EH_PE_udata4   = 0x03,
+    DW_EH_PE_udata8   = 0x04,
+    DW_EH_PE_sleb128  = 0x09,
+    DW_EH_PE_sdata2   = 0x0A,
+    DW_EH_PE_sdata4   = 0x0B,
+    DW_EH_PE_sdata8   = 0x0C,
+    DW_EH_PE_pcrel    = 0x10,
+    DW_EH_PE_textrel  = 0x20,
+    DW_EH_PE_datarel  = 0x30,
+    DW_EH_PE_funcrel  = 0x40,
+    DW_EH_PE_aligned  = 0x50,
+    DW_EH_PE_indirect = 0x80,
+    DW_EH_PE_omit     = 0xFF
+};
+
+// Read a uleb128 encoded value and advance pointer
+// See Variable Length Data in: http://dwarfstd.org/Dwarf3.pdf
+static uintptr_t readULEB128(const uint8_t **data) {
+  uintptr_t result = 0;
+  uintptr_t shift = 0;
+  unsigned char byte;
+  const uint8_t *p = *data;
+
+  do {
+    byte = *p++;
+    result |= (byte & 0x7f) << shift;
+    shift += 7;
+  }
+  while (byte & 0x80);
+
+  *data = p;
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+// Read a sleb128 encoded value and advance pointer
+// See Variable Length Data in: http://dwarfstd.org/Dwarf3.pdf
+static uintptr_t readSLEB128(const uint8_t **data) {
+  uintptr_t result = 0;
+  uintptr_t shift = 0;
+  unsigned char byte;
+  const uint8_t *p = *data;
+
+  do {
+    byte = *p++;
+    result |= (byte & 0x7f) << shift;
+    shift += 7;
+  }
+  while (byte & 0x80);
+
+  *data = p;
+
+  if ((byte & 0x40) && (shift < (sizeof(result) << 3))) {
+    result |= (~0 << shift);
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+static unsigned getEncodingSize(uint8_t Encoding) {
+  if (Encoding == DW_EH_PE_omit)
+    return 0;
+
+  switch (Encoding & 0x0F) {
+  case DW_EH_PE_absptr:
+    return sizeof(uintptr_t);
+  case DW_EH_PE_udata2:
+    return sizeof(uint16_t);
+  case DW_EH_PE_udata4:
+    return sizeof(uint32_t);
+  case DW_EH_PE_udata8:
+    return sizeof(uint64_t);
+  case DW_EH_PE_sdata2:
+    return sizeof(int16_t);
+  case DW_EH_PE_sdata4:
+    return sizeof(int32_t);
+  case DW_EH_PE_sdata8:
+    return sizeof(int64_t);
+  default:
+    // not supported
+    abort();
+  }
+}
+
+// Read a pointer encoded value and advance pointer
+// See Variable Length Data in: http://dwarfstd.org/Dwarf3.pdf
+static uintptr_t readEncodedPointer(const uint8_t **data, uint8_t encoding) {
+  uintptr_t result = 0;
+  const uint8_t *p = *data;
+
+  if (encoding == DW_EH_PE_omit)
+    return(result);
+
+  // first get value
+  switch (encoding & 0x0F) {
+    case DW_EH_PE_absptr:
+      memcpy(&result, p, sizeof(uintptr_t));
+      p += sizeof(uintptr_t);
+      break;
+    case DW_EH_PE_uleb128:
+      result = readULEB128(&p);
+      break;
+      // Note: This case has not been tested
+    case DW_EH_PE_sleb128:
+      result = readSLEB128(&p);
+      break;
+    case DW_EH_PE_udata2:
+      {
+        uint16_t valu16;
+        memcpy(&valu16, p, sizeof(uint16_t));
+        result = valu16;
+      }
+      p += sizeof(uint16_t);
+      break;
+    case DW_EH_PE_udata4:
+      {
+        uint32_t valu32;
+        memcpy(&valu32, p, sizeof(uint32_t));
+        result = valu32;
+      }
+      p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+      break;
+    case DW_EH_PE_udata8:
+      {
+        uint64_t valu64;
+        memcpy(&valu64, p, sizeof(uint64_t));
+        result = valu64;
+      }
+      p += sizeof(uint64_t);
+      break;
+    case DW_EH_PE_sdata2:
+      {
+        int16_t val16;
+        memcpy(&val16, p, sizeof(int16_t));
+        result = val16;
+      }
+      p += sizeof(int16_t);
+      break;
+    case DW_EH_PE_sdata4:
+      {
+        int32_t val32;
+        memcpy(&val32, p, sizeof(int32_t));
+        result = val32;
+      }
+      p += sizeof(int32_t);
+      break;
+    case DW_EH_PE_sdata8:
+      {
+        int64_t val64;
+        memcpy(&val64, p, sizeof(int64_t));
+        result = val64;
+      }
+      p += sizeof(int64_t);
+      break;
+    default:
+      // not supported
+      abort();
+      break;
+  }
+
+  // then add relative offset
+  switch (encoding & 0x70) {
+    case DW_EH_PE_absptr:
+      // do nothing
+      break;
+    case DW_EH_PE_pcrel:
+      result += (uintptr_t)(*data);
+      break;
+    case DW_EH_PE_textrel:
+    case DW_EH_PE_datarel:
+    case DW_EH_PE_funcrel:
+    case DW_EH_PE_aligned:
+    default:
+      // not supported
+      abort();
+      break;
+  }
+
+  // then apply indirection
+  if (encoding & DW_EH_PE_indirect) {
+    result = *((uintptr_t*)result);
+  }
+
+  *data = p;
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+/* Raising */
+
+#define ARTIQ_EXCEPTION_CLASS 0x4152545141525451LL // 'ARTQARTQ'
+
+static void __artiq_cleanup(_Unwind_Reason_Code reason, struct _Unwind_Exception *exc);
+static _Unwind_Reason_Code __artiq_uncaught_exception(
+        int version, _Unwind_Action actions, uint64_t exceptionClass,
+        struct _Unwind_Exception *exceptionObject, struct _Unwind_Context *context,
+        void *stop_parameter);
+
+struct artiq_raised_exception {
+  struct _Unwind_Exception unwind;
+  struct artiq_exception artiq;
+  int handled;
+  struct artiq_backtrace_item backtrace[1024];
+  size_t backtrace_size;
+};
+
+static struct artiq_raised_exception inflight;
+
+void __artiq_raise(struct artiq_exception *artiq_exn) {
+  EH_LOG("===> raise (name=%s, msg=%s, params=[%lld,%lld,%lld])",
+         artiq_exn->name, artiq_exn->message,
+         (long long int)artiq_exn->param[0],
+         (long long int)artiq_exn->param[1],
+         (long long int)artiq_exn->param[2]);
+
+  memmove(&inflight.artiq, artiq_exn, sizeof(struct artiq_exception));
+  inflight.unwind.exception_class = ARTIQ_EXCEPTION_CLASS;
+  inflight.unwind.exception_cleanup = &__artiq_cleanup;
+  inflight.handled = 0;
+  inflight.backtrace_size = 0;
+
+  _Unwind_Reason_Code result = _Unwind_RaiseException(&inflight.unwind);
+  EH_ASSERT((result == _URC_END_OF_STACK) &&
+            "Unexpected error during unwinding");
+
+  // If we're here, there are no handlers, only cleanups.
+  // Force unwinding anyway; we shall stop at nothing except the end of stack.
+  result = _Unwind_ForcedUnwind(&inflight.unwind, &__artiq_uncaught_exception,
+                                NULL);
+  EH_FAIL("_Unwind_ForcedUnwind should not return");
+}
+
+void __artiq_reraise() {
+  if(inflight.handled) {
+    EH_LOG0("===> reraise");
+    __artiq_raise(&inflight.artiq);
+  } else {
+    EH_LOG0("===> resume");
+    EH_ASSERT((inflight.artiq.typeinfo != 0) &&
+              "Need an exception to reraise");
+    _Unwind_Resume(&inflight.unwind);
+    abort();
+  }
+}
+
+/* Unwinding */
+
+// The code below does not refer to the `inflight` global.
+
+static void __artiq_cleanup(_Unwind_Reason_Code reason, struct _Unwind_Exception *exc) {
+  EH_LOG0("===> cleanup");
+  struct artiq_raised_exception *inflight = (struct artiq_raised_exception*) exc;
+  // The in-flight exception is statically allocated, so we don't need to free it.
+  // But, we clear it to mark it as processed.
+  memset(&inflight->artiq, 0, sizeof(struct artiq_exception));
+}
+
+static _Unwind_Reason_Code __artiq_uncaught_exception(
+        int version, _Unwind_Action actions, uint64_t exceptionClass,
+        struct _Unwind_Exception *exceptionObject, struct _Unwind_Context *context,
+        void *stop_parameter) {
+  struct artiq_raised_exception *inflight =
+          (struct artiq_raised_exception*)exceptionObject;
+  EH_ASSERT(inflight->backtrace_size <
+            sizeof(inflight->backtrace) / sizeof(inflight->backtrace[0]) &&
+            "Out of space for backtrace");
+
+  uintptr_t pc = _Unwind_GetIP(context);
+  uintptr_t funcStart = _Unwind_GetRegionStart(context);
+  uintptr_t pcOffset = pc - funcStart;
+  EH_LOG("===> uncaught (pc=%p+%p)", (void*)funcStart, (void*)pcOffset);
+
+  inflight->backtrace[inflight->backtrace_size].function = funcStart;
+  inflight->backtrace[inflight->backtrace_size].offset = pcOffset;
+  ++inflight->backtrace_size;
+
+  if(actions & _UA_END_OF_STACK) {
+    EH_LOG0("end of stack");
+    __artiq_terminate(&inflight->artiq, inflight->backtrace, inflight->backtrace_size);
+  } else {
+    EH_LOG0("continue");
+    return _URC_NO_REASON;
+  }
+}
+
+_Unwind_Reason_Code __artiq_personality(
+        int version, _Unwind_Action actions, uint64_t exceptionClass,
+        struct _Unwind_Exception *exceptionObject, struct _Unwind_Context *context);
+_Unwind_Reason_Code __artiq_personality(
+        int version, _Unwind_Action actions, uint64_t exceptionClass,
+        struct _Unwind_Exception *exceptionObject, struct _Unwind_Context *context) {
+  EH_LOG("===> entry (actions =%s%s%s%s; class=%08lx; object=%p, context=%p)",
+         (actions & _UA_SEARCH_PHASE ? " search" : ""),
+         (actions & _UA_CLEANUP_PHASE ? " cleanup" : ""),
+         (actions & _UA_HANDLER_FRAME ? " handler" : ""),
+         (actions & _UA_FORCE_UNWIND ? " force-unwind" : ""),
+         exceptionClass, exceptionObject, context);
+  EH_ASSERT((exceptionClass == ARTIQ_EXCEPTION_CLASS) &&
+            "Foreign exceptions are not supported");
+
+  struct artiq_raised_exception *inflight =
+          (struct artiq_raised_exception*)exceptionObject;
+  EH_LOG("=> exception name=%s",
+         inflight->artiq.name);
+
+  // Get a pointer to LSDA. If there's no LSDA, this function doesn't
+  // actually handle any exceptions.
+  const uint8_t *lsda = (const uint8_t*) _Unwind_GetLanguageSpecificData(context);
+  if(lsda == NULL)
+    return _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND;
+
+  EH_LOG("lsda=%p", lsda);
+
+  // Get the current instruction pointer and offset it before next
+  // instruction in the current frame which threw the exception.
+  uintptr_t pc = _Unwind_GetIP(context) - 1;
+
+  // Get beginning of the current frame's code.
+  uintptr_t funcStart = _Unwind_GetRegionStart(context);
+  uintptr_t pcOffset = pc - funcStart;
+
+  EH_LOG("=> pc=%p (%p+%p)", (void*)pc, (void*)funcStart, (void*)pcOffset);
+
+  // Parse LSDA header.
+  uint8_t lpStartEncoding = *lsda++;
+  if (lpStartEncoding != DW_EH_PE_omit) {
+    readEncodedPointer(&lsda, lpStartEncoding);
+  }
+
+  uint8_t ttypeEncoding = *lsda++;
+  const uint8_t *classInfo = NULL;
+  if (ttypeEncoding != DW_EH_PE_omit) {
+    // Calculate type info locations in emitted dwarf code which
+    // were flagged by type info arguments to llvm.eh.selector
+    // intrinsic
+    uintptr_t classInfoOffset = readULEB128(&lsda);
+    classInfo = lsda + classInfoOffset;
+    EH_LOG("classInfo=%p", classInfo);
+  }
+
+  // Walk call-site table looking for range that includes current PC.
+  uint8_t callSiteEncoding = *lsda++;
+  uint32_t callSiteTableLength = readULEB128(&lsda);
+  const uint8_t *callSiteTableStart = lsda;
+  const uint8_t *callSiteTableEnd = callSiteTableStart + callSiteTableLength;
+  const uint8_t *actionTableStart = callSiteTableEnd;
+  const uint8_t *callSitePtr = callSiteTableStart;
+
+  while(callSitePtr < callSiteTableEnd) {
+    uintptr_t start = readEncodedPointer(&callSitePtr,
+                                         callSiteEncoding);
+    uintptr_t length = readEncodedPointer(&callSitePtr,
+                                          callSiteEncoding);
+    uintptr_t landingPad = readEncodedPointer(&callSitePtr,
+                                              callSiteEncoding);
+    uintptr_t actionValue = readULEB128(&callSitePtr);
+
+    EH_LOG("call site (start=+%p, len=%d, landingPad=+%p, actionValue=%d)",
+           (void*)start, (int)length, (void*)landingPad, (int)actionValue);
+
+    if(landingPad == 0) {
+      EH_LOG0("no landing pad, skipping");
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if((start <= pcOffset) && (pcOffset < (start + length))) {
+      EH_LOG0("=> call site matches pc");
+
+      int exceptionMatched = 0;
+      if(actionValue) {
+        const uint8_t *actionEntry = actionTableStart + (actionValue - 1);
+        EH_LOG("actionEntry=%p", actionEntry);
+
+        for(;;) {
+          // Each emitted DWARF action corresponds to a 2 tuple of
+          // type info address offset, and action offset to the next
+          // emitted action.
+          intptr_t typeInfoOffset = readSLEB128(&actionEntry);
+          const uint8_t *tempActionEntry = actionEntry;
+          intptr_t actionOffset = readSLEB128(&tempActionEntry);
+          EH_LOG("typeInfoOffset=%p actionOffset=%p",
+                 (void*)typeInfoOffset, (void*)actionOffset);
+          EH_ASSERT((typeInfoOffset >= 0) && "Filter clauses are not supported");
+
+          unsigned encodingSize = getEncodingSize(ttypeEncoding);
+          const uint8_t *typeInfoPtrPtr = classInfo - typeInfoOffset * encodingSize;
+          uintptr_t typeInfoPtr = readEncodedPointer(&typeInfoPtrPtr, ttypeEncoding);
+          EH_LOG("encodingSize=%u typeInfoPtrPtr=%p typeInfoPtr=%p",
+                 encodingSize, typeInfoPtrPtr, (void*)typeInfoPtr);
+          EH_LOG("typeInfo=%s", (char*)typeInfoPtr);
+
+          if(typeInfoPtr == 0 || inflight->artiq.typeinfo == typeInfoPtr) {
+            EH_LOG0("matching action found");
+            exceptionMatched = 1;
+            break;
+          }
+
+          if (!actionOffset)
+            break;
+
+          actionEntry += actionOffset;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if(!(actions & _UA_SEARCH_PHASE)) {
+        EH_LOG0("=> jumping to landing pad");
+
+        if(actions & _UA_HANDLER_FRAME)
+          inflight->handled = 1;
+
+        _Unwind_SetGR(context, __builtin_eh_return_data_regno(0),
+                      (uintptr_t)exceptionObject);
+        _Unwind_SetGR(context, __builtin_eh_return_data_regno(1),
+                      (uintptr_t)&inflight->artiq);
+        _Unwind_SetIP(context, funcStart + landingPad);
+
+        return _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT;
+      } else if(exceptionMatched) {
+        EH_LOG0("=> handler found");
+
+        return _URC_HANDLER_FOUND;
+      } else {
+        EH_LOG0("=> handler not found");
+
+        return _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND;
+}

artiq/runtime/artiq_personality.h

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#ifndef __ARTIQ_PERSONALITY_H
+#define __ARTIQ_PERSONALITY_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+struct artiq_exception {
+  union {
+    uintptr_t typeinfo;
+    const char *name;
+  };
+  const char *file;
+  int32_t line;
+  int32_t column;
+  const char *function;
+  const char *message;
+  int64_t param[3];
+};
+
+struct artiq_backtrace_item {
+  intptr_t function;
+  intptr_t offset;
+};
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* Provided by the runtime */
+void __artiq_raise(struct artiq_exception *artiq_exn)
+        __attribute__((noreturn));
+void __artiq_reraise(void)
+        __attribute__((noreturn));
+
+#define artiq_raise_from_c(exnname, exnmsg, exnparam0, exnparam1, exnparam2) \
+        do { \
+          struct artiq_exception exn = { \
+            .name = exnname, \
+            .message = exnmsg, \
+            .param = { exnparam0, exnparam1, exnparam2 }, \
+            .file = __FILE__, \
+            .line = __LINE__, \
+            .column = -1, \
+            .function = __func__, \
+          }; \
+          __artiq_raise(&exn); \
+        } while(0)
+
+/* Called by the runtime */
+void __artiq_terminate(struct artiq_exception *artiq_exn,
+                       struct artiq_backtrace_item *backtrace,
+                       size_t backtrace_size)
+        __attribute__((noreturn));
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* __ARTIQ_PERSONALITY_H */

artiq/runtime/bridge.c

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ static void send_ready(void)
     struct msg_base msg;
 
     msg.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_BRG_READY;
-    mailbox_send_and_wait(&msg);    
+    mailbox_send_and_wait(&msg);
 }
 
 void bridge_main(void)

artiq/runtime/dds.c

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <generated/csr.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 
-#include "exceptions.h"
+#include "artiq_personality.h"
 #include "rtio.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "dds.h"
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ static struct dds_set_params batch[DDS_MAX_BATCH];
 void dds_batch_enter(long long int timestamp)
 {
     if(batch_mode)
-        exception_raise(EID_DDS_BATCH_ERROR);
+        artiq_raise_from_c("DDSBatchError", "DDS batch error", 0, 0, 0);
     batch_mode = 1;
     batch_count = 0;
     batch_ref_time = timestamp;
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ void dds_batch_exit(void)
     int i;
 
     if(!batch_mode)
-        exception_raise(EID_DDS_BATCH_ERROR);
+        artiq_raise_from_c("DDSBatchError", "DDS batch error", 0, 0, 0);
     rtio_chan_sel_write(RTIO_DDS_CHANNEL);
     /* + FUD time */
     now = batch_ref_time - batch_count*(DURATION_PROGRAM + DURATION_WRITE);
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ void dds_set(long long int timestamp, int channel,
 {
     if(batch_mode) {
         if(batch_count >= DDS_MAX_BATCH)
-            exception_raise(EID_DDS_BATCH_ERROR);
+            artiq_raise_from_c("DDSBatchError", "DDS batch error", 0, 0, 0);
         /* timestamp parameter ignored (determined by batch) */
         batch[batch_count].channel = channel;
         batch[batch_count].ftw = ftw;

artiq/runtime/elf_loader.c

@@ -1,240 +0,0 @@
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include "log.h"
-#include "elf_loader.h"
-
-#define EI_NIDENT 16
-
-struct elf32_ehdr {
-    unsigned char ident[EI_NIDENT];    /* ident bytes */
-    unsigned short type;               /* file type */
-    unsigned short machine;            /* target machine */
-    unsigned int version;              /* file version */
-    unsigned int entry;                /* start address */
-    unsigned int phoff;                /* phdr file offset */
-    unsigned int shoff;                /* shdr file offset */
-    unsigned int flags;                /* file flags */
-    unsigned short ehsize;             /* sizeof ehdr */
-    unsigned short phentsize;          /* sizeof phdr */
-    unsigned short phnum;              /* number phdrs */
-    unsigned short shentsize;          /* sizeof shdr */
-    unsigned short shnum;              /* number shdrs */
-    unsigned short shstrndx;           /* shdr string index */
-} __attribute__((packed));
-
-static const unsigned char elf_magic_header[] = {
-    0x7f, 0x45, 0x4c, 0x46,  /* 0x7f, 'E', 'L', 'F' */
-    0x01,                    /* Only 32-bit objects. */
-    0x02,                    /* Only big-endian. */
-    0x01,                    /* Only ELF version 1. */
-};
-
-#define ET_NONE         0       /* Unknown type. */
-#define ET_REL          1       /* Relocatable. */
-#define ET_EXEC         2       /* Executable. */
-#define ET_DYN          3       /* Shared object. */
-#define ET_CORE         4       /* Core file. */
-
-#define EM_OR1K 0x005c
-
-struct elf32_shdr {
-    unsigned int name;        /* section name */
-    unsigned int type;        /* SHT_... */
-    unsigned int flags;       /* SHF_... */
-    unsigned int addr;        /* virtual address */
-    unsigned int offset;      /* file offset */
-    unsigned int size;        /* section size */
-    unsigned int link;        /* misc info */
-    unsigned int info;        /* misc info */
-    unsigned int addralign;   /* memory alignment */
-    unsigned int entsize;     /* entry size if table */
-} __attribute__((packed));
-
-struct elf32_name {
-    char name[12];
-} __attribute__((packed));
-
-struct elf32_rela {
-    unsigned int offset;  /* Location to be relocated. */
-    unsigned int info;    /* Relocation type and symbol index. */
-    int addend;           /* Addend. */
-} __attribute__((packed));
-
-#define ELF32_R_SYM(info)  ((info) >> 8)
-#define ELF32_R_TYPE(info) ((unsigned char)(info))
-
-#define R_OR1K_INSN_REL_26 6
-
-struct elf32_sym {
-    unsigned int name;     /* String table index of name. */
-    unsigned int value;    /* Symbol value. */
-    unsigned int size;     /* Size of associated object. */
-    unsigned char info;    /* Type and binding information. */
-    unsigned char other;   /* Reserved (not used). */
-    unsigned short shndx;  /* Section index of symbol. */
-} __attribute__((packed));
-
-#define STT_NOTYPE      0
-#define STT_OBJECT      1
-#define STT_FUNC        2
-#define STT_SECTION     3
-#define STT_FILE        4
-
-#define ELF32_ST_TYPE(info) ((info) & 0x0f)
-
-
-#define SANITIZE_OFFSET_SIZE(offset, size) \
-    if(offset > 0x10000000) { \
-        log("Incorrect offset in ELF data"); \
-        return 0; \
-    } \
-    if((offset + size) > elf_length) { \
-        log("Attempted to access past the end of ELF data"); \
-        return 0; \
-    }
-
-#define GET_POINTER_SAFE(target, target_type, offset) \
-    SANITIZE_OFFSET_SIZE(offset, sizeof(target_type)); \
-    target = (target_type *)((char *)elf_data + offset)
-
-void *find_symbol(const struct symbol *symbols, const char *name)
-{
-    int i;
-
-    i = 0;
-    while((symbols[i].name != NULL) && (strcmp(symbols[i].name, name) != 0))
-        i++;
-    return symbols[i].target;
-}
-
-static int fixup(void *dest, int dest_length, struct elf32_rela *rela, void *target)
-{
-    int type, offset;
-    unsigned int *_dest = dest;
-    unsigned int *_target = target;
-
-    type = ELF32_R_TYPE(rela->info);
-    offset = rela->offset/4;
-    if(type == R_OR1K_INSN_REL_26) {
-        int val;
-
-        val = _target - (_dest + offset);
-        _dest[offset] = (_dest[offset] & 0xfc000000) | (val & 0x03ffffff);
-    } else
-        log("Unsupported relocation type: %d", type);
-    return 1;
-}
-
-int load_elf(symbol_resolver resolver, symbol_callback callback, void *elf_data, int elf_length, void *dest, int dest_length)
-{
-    struct elf32_ehdr *ehdr;
-    struct elf32_shdr *strtable;
-    unsigned int shdrptr;
-    int i;
-
-    unsigned int textoff, textsize;
-    unsigned int textrelaoff, textrelasize;
-    unsigned int symtaboff, symtabsize;
-    unsigned int strtaboff, strtabsize;
-
-
-    /* validate ELF */
-    GET_POINTER_SAFE(ehdr, struct elf32_ehdr, 0);
-    if(memcmp(ehdr->ident, elf_magic_header, sizeof(elf_magic_header)) != 0) {
-        log("Incorrect ELF header");
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if(ehdr->type != ET_REL) {
-        log("ELF is not relocatable");
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if(ehdr->machine != EM_OR1K) {
-        log("ELF is for a different machine");
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* extract section info */
-    GET_POINTER_SAFE(strtable, struct elf32_shdr, ehdr->shoff + ehdr->shentsize*ehdr->shstrndx);
-    textoff = textsize = 0;
-    textrelaoff = textrelasize = 0;
-    symtaboff = symtabsize = 0;
-    strtaboff = strtabsize = 0;
-    shdrptr = ehdr->shoff;
-    for(i=0;i<ehdr->shnum;i++) {
-        struct elf32_shdr *shdr;
-        struct elf32_name *name;
-
-        GET_POINTER_SAFE(shdr, struct elf32_shdr, shdrptr);
-        GET_POINTER_SAFE(name, struct elf32_name, strtable->offset + shdr->name);
-        
-        if(strncmp(name->name, ".text", 5) == 0) {
-            textoff = shdr->offset;
-            textsize = shdr->size;
-        } else if(strncmp(name->name, ".rela.text", 10) == 0) {
-            textrelaoff = shdr->offset;
-            textrelasize = shdr->size;
-        } else if(strncmp(name->name, ".symtab", 7) == 0) {
-            symtaboff = shdr->offset;
-            symtabsize = shdr->size;
-        } else if(strncmp(name->name, ".strtab", 7) == 0) {
-            strtaboff = shdr->offset;
-            strtabsize = shdr->size;
-        }
-
-        shdrptr += ehdr->shentsize;
-    }
-    SANITIZE_OFFSET_SIZE(textoff, textsize);
-    SANITIZE_OFFSET_SIZE(textrelaoff, textrelasize);
-    SANITIZE_OFFSET_SIZE(symtaboff, symtabsize);
-    SANITIZE_OFFSET_SIZE(strtaboff, strtabsize);
-
-    /* load .text section */
-    if(textsize > dest_length) {
-        log(".text section is too large");
-        return 0;
-    }
-    memcpy(dest, (char *)elf_data + textoff, textsize);
-
-    /* process .text relocations */
-    for(i=0;i<textrelasize;i+=sizeof(struct elf32_rela)) {
-        struct elf32_rela *rela;
-        struct elf32_sym *sym;
-
-        GET_POINTER_SAFE(rela, struct elf32_rela, textrelaoff + i);
-        GET_POINTER_SAFE(sym, struct elf32_sym, symtaboff + sizeof(struct elf32_sym)*ELF32_R_SYM(rela->info));
-        if(sym->name != 0) {
-            char *name;
-            void *target;
-
-            name = (char *)elf_data + strtaboff + sym->name;
-            target = resolver(name);
-            if(target == NULL) {
-                log("Undefined symbol: %s", name);
-                return 0;
-            }
-            if(!fixup(dest, dest_length, rela, target))
-                return 0;
-        } else {
-            log("Unsupported relocation");
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* list provided functions via callback */
-    for(i=0;i<symtabsize;i+=sizeof(struct elf32_sym)) {
-        struct elf32_sym *sym;
-
-        GET_POINTER_SAFE(sym, struct elf32_sym, symtaboff + i);
-        if((ELF32_ST_TYPE(sym->info) == STT_FUNC) && (sym->name != 0)) {
-            char *name;
-            void *target;
-
-            name = (char *)elf_data + strtaboff + sym->name;
-            target = (char *)dest + sym->value;
-            if(!callback(name, target))
-                return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return 1;
-}

artiq/runtime/elf_loader.h

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __ELF_LOADER_H
-#define __ELF_LOADER_H
-
-struct symbol {
-    char *name;
-    void *target;
-};
-
-typedef void * (*symbol_resolver)(const char *);
-typedef int (*symbol_callback)(const char *, void *);
-
-void *find_symbol(const struct symbol *symbols, const char *name);
-/* elf_data must be aligned on a 32-bit boundary */
-int load_elf(symbol_resolver resolver, symbol_callback callback, void *elf_data, int elf_length, void *dest, int dest_length);
-
-#endif /* __ELF_LOADER_H */

artiq/runtime/exception_jmp.S

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-.global exception_setjmp
-.type exception_setjmp, @function
-exception_setjmp:
-    l.sw    0(r3), r1
-    l.sw    4(r3), r2
-    l.sw    8(r3), r9
-    l.sw    12(r3), r10
-    l.sw    16(r3), r14
-    l.sw    20(r3), r16
-    l.sw    24(r3), r18
-    l.sw    28(r3), r20
-    l.sw    32(r3), r22
-    l.sw    36(r3), r24
-    l.sw    40(r3), r26
-    l.sw    44(r3), r28
-    l.sw    48(r3), r30
-    l.jr    r9
-    l.ori   r11, r0, 0
-
-.global exception_longjmp
-.type exception_longjmp, @function
-exception_longjmp:
-    l.lwz   r1, 0(r3)
-    l.lwz   r2, 4(r3)
-    l.lwz   r9, 8(r3)
-    l.lwz   r10, 12(r3)
-    l.lwz   r14, 16(r3)
-    l.lwz   r16, 20(r3)
-    l.lwz   r18, 24(r3)
-    l.lwz   r20, 28(r3)
-    l.lwz   r22, 32(r3)
-    l.lwz   r24, 36(r3)
-    l.lwz   r26, 40(r3)
-    l.lwz   r28, 44(r3)
-    l.lwz   r30, 48(r3)
-    l.jr    r9
-    l.ori   r11, r0, 1

artiq/runtime/exceptions.c

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-#include <generated/csr.h>
-
-#include "log.h"
-#include "exceptions.h"
-
-#define MAX_EXCEPTION_CONTEXTS 64
-
-struct exception_context {
-    void *jb[13];
-};
-
-static struct exception_context exception_contexts[MAX_EXCEPTION_CONTEXTS];
-static int ec_top;
-static int stored_id;
-static long long int stored_params[3];
-
-void *exception_push(void)
-{
-    if(ec_top >= MAX_EXCEPTION_CONTEXTS)
-        exception_raise(EID_INTERNAL_ERROR);
-    return exception_contexts[ec_top++].jb;
-}
-
-void exception_pop(int levels)
-{
-    ec_top -= levels;
-}
-
-int exception_getid(long long int *eparams)
-{
-    int i;
-
-    if(eparams)
-        for(i=0;i<3;i++)
-            eparams[i] = stored_params[i];
-    return stored_id;
-}
-
-void exception_raise(int id)
-{
-    exception_raise_params(id, 0, 0, 0);
-}
-
-void exception_raise_params(int id,
-    long long int p0, long long int p1,
-    long long int p2)
-{
-    if(ec_top > 0) {
-        stored_id = id;
-        stored_params[0] = p0;
-        stored_params[1] = p1;
-        stored_params[2] = p2;
-        exception_longjmp(exception_contexts[--ec_top].jb);
-    } else {
-        log("ERROR: uncaught exception, ID=%d\n", id);
-        while(1);
-    }
-}

artiq/runtime/exceptions.h

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __EXCEPTIONS_H
-#define __EXCEPTIONS_H
-
-enum {
-    EID_NONE = 0,
-    EID_INTERNAL_ERROR = 1,
-    EID_RPC_EXCEPTION = 2,
-    EID_RTIO_UNDERFLOW = 3,
-    EID_RTIO_SEQUENCE_ERROR = 4,
-    EID_RTIO_COLLISION_ERROR = 5,
-    EID_RTIO_OVERFLOW = 6,
-    EID_DDS_BATCH_ERROR = 7
-};
-
-int exception_setjmp(void *jb) __attribute__((returns_twice));
-void exception_longjmp(void *jb) __attribute__((noreturn));
-
-void *exception_push(void);
-void exception_pop(int levels);
-int exception_getid(long long int *eparams);
-void exception_raise(int id) __attribute__((noreturn));
-void exception_raise_params(int id,
-    long long int p0, long long int p1,
-    long long int p2) __attribute__((noreturn));
-
-#endif /* __EXCEPTIONS_H */

artiq/runtime/flash_storage.c

@@ -115,7 +115,8 @@ static int is_empty(struct record *record)
     return record->value_len == 0;
 }
 
-static int key_exists(char *buff, char *key, char *end, char accept_empty, struct record *found_record)
+static int key_exists(char *buff, const char *key, char *end, char accept_empty,
+                      struct record *found_record)
 {
     struct iter_state is;
     struct record iter_record;
@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ static char check_for_empty_records(char *buff)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static unsigned int try_to_flush_duplicates(char *new_key, unsigned int buf_len)
+static unsigned int try_to_flush_duplicates(const char *new_key, unsigned int buf_len)
 {
     unsigned int key_size, new_record_size, ret = 0, can_rollback = 0;
     struct record record, previous_record;
@@ -210,7 +211,8 @@ static unsigned int try_to_flush_duplicates(char *new_key, unsigned int buf_len)
     return ret;
 }
 
-static void write_at_offset(char *key, void *buffer, int buf_len, unsigned int sector_offset)
+static void write_at_offset(const char *key, const void *buffer,
+                            int buf_len, unsigned int sector_offset)
 {
     int key_len = strlen(key) + 1;
     unsigned int record_size = key_len + buf_len + sizeof(record_size);
@@ -223,7 +225,7 @@ static void write_at_offset(char *key, void *buffer, int buf_len, unsigned int s
 }
 
 
-int fs_write(char *key, void *buffer, unsigned int buf_len)
+int fs_write(const char *key, const void *buffer, unsigned int buf_len)
 {
     struct record record;
     unsigned int key_size = strlen(key) + 1;
@@ -269,7 +271,7 @@ void fs_erase(void)
     flush_cpu_dcache();
 }
 
-unsigned int fs_read(char *key, void *buffer, unsigned int buf_len, unsigned int *remain)
+unsigned int fs_read(const char *key, void *buffer, unsigned int buf_len, unsigned int *remain)
 {
     unsigned int read_length = 0;
     struct iter_state is;
@@ -295,7 +297,7 @@ unsigned int fs_read(char *key, void *buffer, unsigned int buf_len, unsigned int
     return read_length;
 }
 
-void fs_remove(char *key)
+void fs_remove(const char *key)
 {
     fs_write(key, NULL, 0);
 }

artiq/runtime/flash_storage.h

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 #ifndef __FLASH_STORAGE_H
 #define __FLASH_STORAGE_H
 
-void fs_remove(char *key);
+void fs_remove(const char *key);
 void fs_erase(void);
-int fs_write(char *key, void *buffer, unsigned int buflen);
-unsigned int fs_read(char *key, void *buffer, unsigned int buflen, unsigned int *remain);
+int fs_write(const char *key, const void *buffer, unsigned int buflen);
+unsigned int fs_read(const char *key, void *buffer, unsigned int buflen, unsigned int *remain);
 
 #endif /* __FLASH_STORAGE_H */

artiq/runtime/gen_service_table.py

@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3.5
-
-import sys
-
-from elftools.elf.elffile import ELFFile
-
-
-services = [
-    ("syscalls", [
-        ("now_init", "now_init"),
-        ("now_save", "now_save"),
-
-        ("watchdog_set", "watchdog_set"),
-        ("watchdog_clear", "watchdog_clear"),
-
-        ("rpc", "rpc"),
-
-        ("rtio_get_counter", "rtio_get_counter"),
-
-        ("ttl_set_o", "ttl_set_o"),
-        ("ttl_set_oe", "ttl_set_oe"),
-        ("ttl_set_sensitivity", "ttl_set_sensitivity"),
-        ("ttl_get", "ttl_get"),
-        ("ttl_clock_set", "ttl_clock_set"),
-
-        ("dds_init", "dds_init"),
-        ("dds_batch_enter", "dds_batch_enter"),
-        ("dds_batch_exit", "dds_batch_exit"),
-        ("dds_set", "dds_set"),
-    ]),
-
-    ("eh", [
-        ("setjmp", "exception_setjmp"),
-        ("push", "exception_push"),
-        ("pop", "exception_pop"),
-        ("getid", "exception_getid"),
-        ("raise", "exception_raise"),
-    ])
-]
-
-
-def print_service_table(ksupport_elf_filename):
-    with open(ksupport_elf_filename, "rb") as f:
-        elf = ELFFile(f)
-        symtab = elf.get_section_by_name(b".symtab")
-        symbols = {symbol.name: symbol.entry.st_value
-                   for symbol in symtab.iter_symbols()}
-    for name, contents in services:
-        print("static const struct symbol {}[] = {{".format(name))
-        for name, value in contents:
-            print("    {{\"{}\", (void *)0x{:08x}}},"
-                  .format(name, symbols[bytes(value, "ascii")]))
-        print("    {NULL, NULL}")
-        print("};")
-
-
-def main():
-    if len(sys.argv) == 2:
-        print_service_table(sys.argv[1])
-    else:
-        print("Incorrect number of command line arguments")
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()

artiq/runtime/kloader.c

@@ -1,126 +1,109 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <generated/csr.h>
 
+#include <dyld.h>
+
+#include "kloader.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "clock.h"
 #include "flash_storage.h"
 #include "mailbox.h"
 #include "messages.h"
-#include "elf_loader.h"
-#include "services.h"
-#include "kloader.h"
 
-static struct symbol symtab[128];
-static int _symtab_count;
-static char _symtab_strings[128*16];
-static char *_symtab_strptr;
-
-static void symtab_init(void)
+static void start_kernel_cpu(struct msg_load_request *msg)
 {
-    memset(symtab, 0, sizeof(symtab));
-    _symtab_count = 0;
-    _symtab_strptr = _symtab_strings;
-}
+    // Stop kernel CPU before messing with its code.
+    kernel_cpu_reset_write(1);
 
-static int symtab_add(const char *name, void *target)
-{
-    if(_symtab_count >= sizeof(symtab)/sizeof(symtab[0])) {
-        log("Too many provided symbols in object");
-        symtab_init();
-        return 0;
-    }
-    symtab[_symtab_count].name = _symtab_strptr;
-    symtab[_symtab_count].target = target;
-    _symtab_count++;
+    // Load kernel support code.
+    extern void _binary_ksupport_elf_start, _binary_ksupport_elf_end;
+    memcpy((void *)(KERNELCPU_EXEC_ADDRESS - KSUPPORT_HEADER_SIZE),
+           &_binary_ksupport_elf_start,
+           &_binary_ksupport_elf_end - &_binary_ksupport_elf_start);
 
-    while(1) {
-        if(_symtab_strptr >= &_symtab_strings[sizeof(_symtab_strings)]) {
-            log("Provided symbol string table overflow");
-            symtab_init();
-            return 0;
-        }
-        *_symtab_strptr = *name;
-        _symtab_strptr++;
-        if(*name == 0)
-            break;
-        name++;
-    }
-
-    return 1;
-}
-
-int kloader_load(void *buffer, int length)
-{
-    if(!kernel_cpu_reset_read()) {
-        log("BUG: attempted to load while kernel CPU running");
-        return 0;
-    }
-    symtab_init();
-    return load_elf(
-        resolve_service_symbol, symtab_add,
-        buffer, length, (void *)KERNELCPU_PAYLOAD_ADDRESS, 4*1024*1024);
-}
-
-kernel_function kloader_find(const char *name)
-{
-    return find_symbol(symtab, name);
-}
-
-extern char _binary_ksupport_bin_start;
-extern char _binary_ksupport_bin_end;
-
-static void start_kernel_cpu(void *addr)
-{
-    memcpy((void *)KERNELCPU_EXEC_ADDRESS, &_binary_ksupport_bin_start,
-        &_binary_ksupport_bin_end - &_binary_ksupport_bin_start);
-    mailbox_acknowledge();
-    mailbox_send(addr);
+    // Start kernel CPU.
+    mailbox_send(msg);
     kernel_cpu_reset_write(0);
 }
 
-void kloader_start_bridge(void)
+void kloader_start_bridge()
 {
     start_kernel_cpu(NULL);
 }
 
-void kloader_start_user_kernel(kernel_function k)
+static int load_or_start_kernel(const void *library, int run_kernel)
+{
+    static struct dyld_info library_info;
+    struct msg_load_request request = {
+        .library      = library,
+        .library_info = &library_info,
+        .run_kernel   = run_kernel,
+    };
+    start_kernel_cpu(&request);
+
+    struct msg_load_reply *reply = mailbox_wait_and_receive();
+    mailbox_acknowledge();
+
+    if(reply->type != MESSAGE_TYPE_LOAD_REPLY) {
+        log("BUG: unexpected reply to load/run request");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if(reply->error != NULL) {
+        log("cannot load kernel: %s", reply->error);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+int kloader_load_library(const void *library)
 {
     if(!kernel_cpu_reset_read()) {
-        log("BUG: attempted to start kernel CPU while already running (user kernel)");
-        return;
+        log("BUG: attempted to load kernel library while kernel CPU is running");
+        return 0;
     }
-    start_kernel_cpu((void *)k);
+
+    return load_or_start_kernel(library, 0);
+}
+
+void kloader_filter_backtrace(struct artiq_backtrace_item *backtrace,
+                              size_t *backtrace_size) {
+    struct artiq_backtrace_item *cursor = backtrace;
+
+    // Remove all backtrace items belonging to ksupport and subtract
+    // shared object base from the addresses.
+    for(int i = 0; i < *backtrace_size; i++) {
+        if(backtrace[i].function > KERNELCPU_PAYLOAD_ADDRESS) {
+            backtrace[i].function -= KERNELCPU_PAYLOAD_ADDRESS;
+            *cursor++ = backtrace[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    *backtrace_size = cursor - backtrace;
+}
+
+void kloader_start_kernel()
+{
+    load_or_start_kernel(NULL, 1);
 }
 
 static int kloader_start_flash_kernel(char *key)
 {
-    char buffer[32*1024];
-    unsigned int len, remain;
-    kernel_function k;
-
-    if(!kernel_cpu_reset_read()) {
-        log("BUG: attempted to start kernel CPU while already running (%s)", key);
-        return 0;
-    }
 #if (defined CSR_SPIFLASH_BASE && defined SPIFLASH_PAGE_SIZE)
-    len = fs_read(key, buffer, sizeof(buffer), &remain);
-    if(len <= 0)
+    char buffer[32*1024];
+    unsigned int length, remain;
+
+    length = fs_read(key, buffer, sizeof(buffer), &remain);
+    if(length <= 0)
         return 0;
+
     if(remain) {
-        log("ERROR: %s too long", key);
+        log("ERROR: kernel %s is too large", key);
         return 0;
     }
-    if(!kloader_load(buffer, len)) {
-        log("ERROR: failed to load ELF binary (%s)", key);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    k = kloader_find("run");
-    if(!k) {
-        log("ERROR: failed to find entry point for ELF kernel (%s)", key);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    start_kernel_cpu((void *)k);
-    return 1;
+
+    return load_or_start_kernel(buffer, 1);
 #else
     return 0;
 #endif
@@ -145,7 +128,7 @@ void kloader_stop(void)
 int kloader_validate_kpointer(void *p)
 {
     unsigned int v = (unsigned int)p;
-    if((v < 0x40400000) || (v > (0x4fffffff - 1024*1024))) {
+    if((v < KERNELCPU_EXEC_ADDRESS) || (v > KERNELCPU_LAST_ADDRESS)) {
         log("Received invalid pointer from kernel CPU: 0x%08x", v);
         return 0;
     }
@@ -195,7 +178,11 @@ void kloader_service_essential_kmsg(void)
             case MESSAGE_TYPE_LOG: {
                 struct msg_log *msg = (struct msg_log *)umsg;
 
-                log_va(msg->fmt, msg->args);
+                if(msg->no_newline) {
+                    lognonl_va(msg->fmt, msg->args);
+                } else {
+                    log_va(msg->fmt, msg->args);
+                }
                 mailbox_acknowledge();
                 break;
             }

artiq/runtime/kloader.h

@@ -1,20 +1,23 @@
 #ifndef __KLOADER_H
 #define __KLOADER_H
 
-#define KERNELCPU_EXEC_ADDRESS 0x40400000
-#define KERNELCPU_PAYLOAD_ADDRESS 0x40408000
+#include "artiq_personality.h"
+
+#define KERNELCPU_EXEC_ADDRESS    0x40400000
+#define KERNELCPU_PAYLOAD_ADDRESS 0x40420000
+#define KERNELCPU_LAST_ADDRESS    (0x4fffffff - 1024*1024)
+#define KSUPPORT_HEADER_SIZE      0x80
 
 extern long long int now;
 
-typedef void (*kernel_function)(void);
-
-int kloader_load(void *buffer, int length);
-kernel_function kloader_find(const char *name);
+int kloader_load_library(const void *code);
+void kloader_filter_backtrace(struct artiq_backtrace_item *backtrace,
+                              size_t *backtrace_size);
 
 void kloader_start_bridge(void);
 int kloader_start_startup_kernel(void);
 int kloader_start_idle_kernel(void);
-void kloader_start_user_kernel(kernel_function k);
+void kloader_start_kernel(void);
 void kloader_stop(void);
 
 int kloader_validate_kpointer(void *p);

artiq/runtime/ksupport.c

@@ -1,67 +1,253 @@
 #include <stdarg.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 
-#include "exceptions.h"
-#include "bridge.h"
+#include <link.h>
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <dyld.h>
+#include <unwind.h>
+
+#include "ksupport.h"
+#include "kloader.h"
 #include "mailbox.h"
 #include "messages.h"
-#include "rtio.h"
+#include "bridge.h"
+#include "artiq_personality.h"
+#include "ttl.h"
 #include "dds.h"
+#include "rtio.h"
 
-/* for the prototypes for watchdog_set() and watchdog_clear() */
-#include "clock.h"
-/* for the prototype for rpc() */
-#include "session.h"
-/* for the prototype for log() */
-#include "log.h"
+void ksupport_abort(void);
 
-void exception_handler(unsigned long vect, unsigned long *sp);
-void exception_handler(unsigned long vect, unsigned long *sp)
+int64_t now;
+
+/* compiler-rt symbols */
+extern void __divsi3, __modsi3, __ledf2, __gedf2, __unorddf2, __eqdf2, __ltdf2,
+    __nedf2, __gtdf2, __negsf2, __negdf2, __addsf3, __subsf3, __mulsf3,
+    __divsf3, __lshrdi3, __muldi3, __divdi3, __ashldi3, __ashrdi3,
+    __udivmoddi4, __floatsisf, __floatunsisf, __fixsfsi, __fixunssfsi,
+    __adddf3, __subdf3, __muldf3, __divdf3, __floatsidf, __floatunsidf,
+    __floatdidf, __fixdfsi, __fixdfdi, __fixunsdfsi, __clzsi2, __ctzsi2,
+    __udivdi3, __umoddi3, __moddi3;
+
+/* artiq_personality symbols */
+extern void __artiq_personality;
+
+struct symbol {
+    const char *name;
+    void *addr;
+};
+
+static const struct symbol runtime_exports[] = {
+    /* compiler-rt */
+    {"__divsi3", &__divsi3},
+    {"__modsi3", &__modsi3},
+    {"__ledf2", &__ledf2},
+    {"__gedf2", &__gedf2},
+    {"__unorddf2", &__unorddf2},
+    {"__eqdf2", &__eqdf2},
+    {"__ltdf2", &__ltdf2},
+    {"__nedf2", &__nedf2},
+    {"__gtdf2", &__gtdf2},
+    {"__negsf2", &__negsf2},
+    {"__negdf2", &__negdf2},
+    {"__addsf3", &__addsf3},
+    {"__subsf3", &__subsf3},
+    {"__mulsf3", &__mulsf3},
+    {"__divsf3", &__divsf3},
+    {"__lshrdi3", &__lshrdi3},
+    {"__muldi3", &__muldi3},
+    {"__divdi3", &__divdi3},
+    {"__ashldi3", &__ashldi3},
+    {"__ashrdi3", &__ashrdi3},
+    {"__udivmoddi4", &__udivmoddi4},
+    {"__floatsisf", &__floatsisf},
+    {"__floatunsisf", &__floatunsisf},
+    {"__fixsfsi", &__fixsfsi},
+    {"__fixunssfsi", &__fixunssfsi},
+    {"__adddf3", &__adddf3},
+    {"__subdf3", &__subdf3},
+    {"__muldf3", &__muldf3},
+    {"__divdf3", &__divdf3},
+    {"__floatsidf", &__floatsidf},
+    {"__floatunsidf", &__floatunsidf},
+    {"__floatdidf", &__floatdidf},
+    {"__fixdfsi", &__fixdfsi},
+    {"__fixdfdi", &__fixdfdi},
+    {"__fixunsdfsi", &__fixunsdfsi},
+    {"__clzsi2", &__clzsi2},
+    {"__ctzsi2", &__ctzsi2},
+    {"__udivdi3", &__udivdi3},
+    {"__umoddi3", &__umoddi3},
+    {"__moddi3", &__moddi3},
+
+    /* exceptions */
+    {"_Unwind_Resume", &_Unwind_Resume},
+    {"__artiq_personality", &__artiq_personality},
+    {"__artiq_raise", &__artiq_raise},
+    {"__artiq_reraise", &__artiq_reraise},
+    {"abort", &ksupport_abort},
+
+    /* proxified syscalls */
+    {"now", &now},
+
+    {"watchdog_set", &watchdog_set},
+    {"watchdog_clear", &watchdog_clear},
+
+    {"log", &log},
+    {"lognonl", &lognonl},
+    {"send_rpc", &send_rpc},
+    {"recv_rpc", &recv_rpc},
+
+    /* direct syscalls */
+    {"rtio_get_counter", &rtio_get_counter},
+
+    {"ttl_set_o", &ttl_set_o},
+    {"ttl_set_oe", &ttl_set_oe},
+    {"ttl_set_sensitivity", &ttl_set_sensitivity},
+    {"ttl_get", &ttl_get},
+    {"ttl_clock_set", &ttl_clock_set},
+
+    {"dds_init", &dds_init},
+    {"dds_batch_enter", &dds_batch_enter},
+    {"dds_batch_exit", &dds_batch_exit},
+    {"dds_set", &dds_set},
+
+    /* end */
+    {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+/* called by libunwind */
+int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-    struct msg_exception msg;
+    struct msg_log request;
 
-    msg.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_EXCEPTION;
-    msg.eid = EID_INTERNAL_ERROR;
-    msg.eparams[0] = 256;
-    msg.eparams[1] = 256;
-    msg.eparams[2] = 256;
-    mailbox_send_and_wait(&msg);
-    while(1);
+    request.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_LOG;
+    request.fmt = fmt;
+    request.no_newline = 1;
+    va_start(request.args, fmt);
+    mailbox_send_and_wait(&request);
+    va_end(request.args);
+
+    return 0;
 }
 
-typedef void (*kernel_function)(void);
+/* called by libunwind */
+int dladdr (const void *address, Dl_info *info) {
+    /* we don't try to resolve names */
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* called by libunwind */
+int dl_iterate_phdr (int (*callback) (struct dl_phdr_info *, size_t, void *), void *data) {
+    Elf32_Ehdr *ehdr;
+    struct dl_phdr_info phdr_info;
+    int retval;
+
+    ehdr = (Elf32_Ehdr *)(KERNELCPU_EXEC_ADDRESS - KSUPPORT_HEADER_SIZE);
+    phdr_info = (struct dl_phdr_info){
+        .dlpi_addr  = 0, /* absolutely linked */
+        .dlpi_name  = "<ksupport>",
+        .dlpi_phdr  = (Elf32_Phdr*) ((intptr_t)ehdr + ehdr->e_phoff),
+        .dlpi_phnum = ehdr->e_phnum,
+    };
+    retval = callback(&phdr_info, sizeof(phdr_info), data);
+    if(retval)
+        return retval;
+
+    ehdr = (Elf32_Ehdr *)KERNELCPU_PAYLOAD_ADDRESS;
+    phdr_info = (struct dl_phdr_info){
+        .dlpi_addr  = KERNELCPU_PAYLOAD_ADDRESS,
+        .dlpi_name  = "<kernel>",
+        .dlpi_phdr  = (Elf32_Phdr*) ((intptr_t)ehdr + ehdr->e_phoff),
+        .dlpi_phnum = ehdr->e_phnum,
+    };
+    retval = callback(&phdr_info, sizeof(phdr_info), data);
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static Elf32_Addr resolve_runtime_export(const char *name) {
+    const struct symbol *sym = runtime_exports;
+    while(sym->name) {
+        if(!strcmp(sym->name, name))
+            return (Elf32_Addr)sym->addr;
+        ++sym;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void exception_handler(unsigned long vect, unsigned long *regs,
+                       unsigned long pc, unsigned long ea);
+void exception_handler(unsigned long vect, unsigned long *regs,
+                       unsigned long pc, unsigned long ea)
+{
+    artiq_raise_from_c("InternalError",
+        "Hardware exception {0} at PC {1}, EA {2}",
+        vect, pc, ea);
+}
 
 int main(void);
 int main(void)
 {
-    kernel_function k;
-    void *jb;
+    struct msg_load_request *request = mailbox_receive();
+    struct msg_load_reply load_reply = {
+        .type = MESSAGE_TYPE_LOAD_REPLY,
+        .error = NULL
+    };
 
-    k = mailbox_receive();
-
-    if(k == NULL)
+    if(request == NULL) {
         bridge_main();
-    else {
-        jb = exception_push();
-        if(exception_setjmp(jb)) {
-            struct msg_exception msg;
+        while(1);
+    }
 
-            msg.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_EXCEPTION;
-            msg.eid = exception_getid(msg.eparams);
-            mailbox_send_and_wait(&msg);
-        } else {
-            struct msg_base msg;
-
-            k();
-            exception_pop(1);
-
-            msg.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_FINISHED;
-            mailbox_send_and_wait(&msg);
+    if(request->library != NULL) {
+        if(!dyld_load(request->library, KERNELCPU_PAYLOAD_ADDRESS,
+                      resolve_runtime_export, request->library_info,
+                      &load_reply.error)) {
+            mailbox_send(&load_reply);
+            while(1);
         }
     }
+
+    if(request->run_kernel) {
+        void (*kernel_init)() = request->library_info->init;
+
+        mailbox_send_and_wait(&load_reply);
+
+        now = now_init();
+        kernel_init();
+        now_save(now);
+
+        struct msg_base finished_reply;
+        finished_reply.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_FINISHED;
+        mailbox_send_and_wait(&finished_reply);
+    } else {
+        mailbox_send(&load_reply);
+    }
+
     while(1);
 }
 
-long long int now_init(void);
+/* called from __artiq_personality */
+void __artiq_terminate(struct artiq_exception *artiq_exn,
+                       struct artiq_backtrace_item *backtrace,
+                       size_t backtrace_size) {
+    struct msg_exception msg;
+
+    msg.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_EXCEPTION;
+    msg.exception = artiq_exn;
+    msg.backtrace = backtrace;
+    msg.backtrace_size = backtrace_size;
+    mailbox_send(&msg);
+
+    while(1);
+}
+
+void ksupport_abort() {
+    artiq_raise_from_c("InternalError", "abort() called; check device log for details",
+                       0, 0, 0);
+}
+
 long long int now_init(void)
 {
     struct msg_base request;
@@ -72,8 +258,11 @@ long long int now_init(void)
     mailbox_send_and_wait(&request);
 
     reply = mailbox_wait_and_receive();
-    if(reply->type != MESSAGE_TYPE_NOW_INIT_REPLY)
-        exception_raise_params(EID_INTERNAL_ERROR, 1, 0, 0);
+    if(reply->type != MESSAGE_TYPE_NOW_INIT_REPLY) {
+        log("Malformed MESSAGE_TYPE_NOW_INIT_REQUEST reply type %d",
+            reply->type);
+        while(1);
+    }
     now = reply->now;
     mailbox_acknowledge();
 
@@ -85,7 +274,6 @@ long long int now_init(void)
     return now;
 }
 
-void now_save(long long int now);
 void now_save(long long int now)
 {
     struct msg_now_save request;
@@ -106,8 +294,11 @@ int watchdog_set(int ms)
     mailbox_send_and_wait(&request);
 
     reply = mailbox_wait_and_receive();
-    if(reply->type != MESSAGE_TYPE_WATCHDOG_SET_REPLY)
-        exception_raise_params(EID_INTERNAL_ERROR, 2, 0, 0);
+    if(reply->type != MESSAGE_TYPE_WATCHDOG_SET_REPLY) {
+        log("Malformed MESSAGE_TYPE_WATCHDOG_SET_REQUEST reply type %d",
+            reply->type);
+        while(1);
+    }
     id = reply->id;
     mailbox_acknowledge();
 
@@ -123,28 +314,56 @@ void watchdog_clear(int id)
     mailbox_send_and_wait(&request);
 }
 
-int rpc(int rpc_num, ...)
+void send_rpc(int service, const char *tag, ...)
 {
-    struct msg_rpc_request request;
-    struct msg_rpc_reply *reply;
-    int eid, retval;
+    struct msg_rpc_send request;
 
-    request.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REQUEST;
-    request.rpc_num = rpc_num;
-    va_start(request.args, rpc_num);
+    request.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_SEND;
+    request.service = service;
+    request.tag = tag;
+    va_start(request.args, tag);
     mailbox_send_and_wait(&request);
     va_end(request.args);
+}
+
+int recv_rpc(void *slot) {
+    struct msg_rpc_recv_request request;
+    struct msg_rpc_recv_reply *reply;
+
+    request.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_RECV_REQUEST;
+    request.slot = slot;
+    mailbox_send_and_wait(&request);
 
     reply = mailbox_wait_and_receive();
-    if(reply->type != MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REPLY)
-        exception_raise_params(EID_INTERNAL_ERROR, 3, 0, 0);
-    eid = reply->eid;
-    retval = reply->retval;
-    mailbox_acknowledge();
+    if(reply->type != MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_RECV_REPLY) {
+        log("Malformed MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_RECV_REQUEST reply type %d",
+            reply->type);
+        while(1);
+    }
 
-    if(eid != EID_NONE)
-        exception_raise(eid);
-    return retval;
+    if(reply->exception) {
+        struct artiq_exception exception;
+        memcpy(&exception, reply->exception,
+               sizeof(struct artiq_exception));
+        mailbox_acknowledge();
+        __artiq_raise(&exception);
+    } else {
+        int alloc_size = reply->alloc_size;
+        mailbox_acknowledge();
+        return alloc_size;
+    }
+}
+
+void lognonl(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    struct msg_log request;
+
+    request.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_LOG;
+    request.fmt = fmt;
+    request.no_newline = 1;
+    va_start(request.args, fmt);
+    mailbox_send_and_wait(&request);
+    va_end(request.args);
 }
 
 void log(const char *fmt, ...)
@@ -153,6 +372,7 @@ void log(const char *fmt, ...)
 
     request.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_LOG;
     request.fmt = fmt;
+    request.no_newline = 0;
     va_start(request.args, fmt);
     mailbox_send_and_wait(&request);
     va_end(request.args);

artiq/runtime/ksupport.h

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#ifndef __KSTARTUP_H
+#define __KSTARTUP_H
+
+long long int now_init(void);
+void now_save(long long int now);
+int watchdog_set(int ms);
+void watchdog_clear(int id);
+void send_rpc(int service, const char *tag, ...);
+int recv_rpc(void *slot);
+void lognonl(const char *fmt, ...);
+void log(const char *fmt, ...);
+
+#endif /* __KSTARTUP_H */

artiq/runtime/ksupport.ld

@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ ENTRY(_start)
 INCLUDE generated/regions.ld
 
 /* First 4M of main memory are reserved for runtime code/data
- * then comes kernel memory. First 32K of kernel memory are for support code.
+ * then comes kernel memory. First 128K of kernel memory are for support code.
  */
 MEMORY {
-    ksupport : ORIGIN = 0x40400000, LENGTH = 0x8000
+    ksupport (RWX) : ORIGIN = 0x40400000, LENGTH = 0x20000
 }
 
 /* On AMP systems, kernel stack is at the end of main RAM,
@@ -15,6 +15,13 @@ MEMORY {
  */
 PROVIDE(_fstack = 0x40000000 + LENGTH(main_ram) - 1024*1024 - 4);
 
+/* Force ld to make the ELF header as loadable. */
+PHDRS
+{
+    text     PT_LOAD FILEHDR PHDRS;
+    eh_frame PT_GNU_EH_FRAME;
+}
+
 SECTIONS
 {
     .text :
@@ -22,7 +29,7 @@ SECTIONS
         _ftext = .;
         *(.text .stub .text.* .gnu.linkonce.t.*)
         _etext = .;
-    } > ksupport
+    } :text
 
     .rodata :
     {
@@ -33,6 +40,16 @@ SECTIONS
         _erodata = .;
     } > ksupport
 
+    .eh_frame :
+    {
+        *(.eh_frame)
+    } :text
+
+    .eh_frame_hdr :
+    {
+        *(.eh_frame_hdr)
+    } :text :eh_frame
+
     .data :
     {
         . = ALIGN(4);
@@ -41,7 +58,7 @@ SECTIONS
         *(.data1)
         *(.sdata .sdata.* .gnu.linkonce.s.*)
         _edata = .;
-    } > ksupport
+    }
 
     .bss :
     {
@@ -57,5 +74,5 @@ SECTIONS
         _ebss = .;
         . = ALIGN(8);
         _heapstart = .;
-    } > ksupport
+    }
 }

artiq/runtime/log.c

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <console.h>
 
 #include <generated/csr.h>
 
@@ -8,7 +10,7 @@
 static int buffer_index;
 static char buffer[LOG_BUFFER_SIZE];
 
-void log_va(const char *fmt, va_list args)
+void lognonl_va(const char *fmt, va_list args)
 {
     char outbuf[256];
     int i, len;
@@ -18,16 +20,29 @@ void log_va(const char *fmt, va_list args)
         buffer[buffer_index] = outbuf[i];
         buffer_index = (buffer_index + 1) % LOG_BUFFER_SIZE;
     }
-    buffer[buffer_index] = '\n';
-    buffer_index = (buffer_index + 1) % LOG_BUFFER_SIZE;
 
 #ifdef CSR_ETHMAC_BASE
     /* Since main comms are over ethernet, the serial port
      * is free for us to use. */
-    puts(outbuf);
+    putsnonl(outbuf);
 #endif
 }
 
+void lognonl(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    lognonl_va(fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+}
+
+void log_va(const char *fmt, va_list args)
+{
+    lognonl_va(fmt, args);
+    lognonl("\n");
+}
+
 void log(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     va_list args;
@@ -41,9 +56,14 @@ void log_get(char *outbuf)
 {
     int i, j;
 
-    j = buffer_index + 1;
-    for(i=0;i<LOG_BUFFER_SIZE;i++) {
+    j = buffer_index;
+    for(i = 0; i < LOG_BUFFER_SIZE; i++) {
         outbuf[i] = buffer[j];
         j = (j + 1) % LOG_BUFFER_SIZE;
     }
 }
+
+void log_clear()
+{
+    memset(buffer, 0, sizeof(buffer));
+}

artiq/runtime/log.h

@@ -5,9 +5,13 @@
 
 #define LOG_BUFFER_SIZE 4096
 
+void lognonl_va(const char *fmt, va_list args);
+void lognonl(const char *fmt, ...);
+
 void log_va(const char *fmt, va_list args);
 void log(const char *fmt, ...);
 
 void log_get(char *outbuf);
+void log_clear(void);
 
 #endif /* __LOG_H */

artiq/runtime/main.c

@@ -182,12 +182,13 @@ static void serial_service(void)
 
     session_poll((void **)&txdata, &txlen);
     if(txlen > 0) {
-        for(i=0;i<txlen;i++)
+        for(i = 0; i < txlen; i++)
             uart_write(txdata[i]);
-        session_ack_data(txlen);
-        session_ack_mem(txlen);
-    } else if(txlen < 0)
+        session_ack_consumed(txlen);
+        session_ack_sent(txlen);
+    } else if(txlen < 0) {
         reset_serial_session(1);
+    }
 }
 
 static void regular_main(void)

artiq/runtime/messages.h

@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@
 #define __MESSAGES_H
 
 #include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 
 enum {
+    MESSAGE_TYPE_LOAD_REPLY,
     MESSAGE_TYPE_NOW_INIT_REQUEST,
     MESSAGE_TYPE_NOW_INIT_REPLY,
     MESSAGE_TYPE_NOW_SAVE,
@@ -12,8 +14,9 @@ enum {
     MESSAGE_TYPE_WATCHDOG_SET_REQUEST,
     MESSAGE_TYPE_WATCHDOG_SET_REPLY,
     MESSAGE_TYPE_WATCHDOG_CLEAR,
-    MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REQUEST,
-    MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REPLY,
+    MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_SEND,
+    MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_RECV_REQUEST,
+    MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_RECV_REPLY,
     MESSAGE_TYPE_LOG,
 
     MESSAGE_TYPE_BRG_READY,
@@ -33,6 +36,17 @@ struct msg_base {
 
 /* kernel messages */
 
+struct msg_load_request {
+    const void *library;
+    struct dyld_info *library_info;
+    int run_kernel;
+};
+
+struct msg_load_reply {
+    int type;
+    const char *error;
+};
+
 struct msg_now_init_reply {
     int type;
     long long int now;
@@ -45,8 +59,9 @@ struct msg_now_save {
 
 struct msg_exception {
     int type;
-    int eid;
-    long long int eparams[3];
+    struct artiq_exception *exception;
+    struct artiq_backtrace_item *backtrace;
+    size_t backtrace_size;
 };
 
 struct msg_watchdog_set_request {
@@ -64,21 +79,28 @@ struct msg_watchdog_clear {
     int id;
 };
 
-struct msg_rpc_request {
+struct msg_rpc_send {
     int type;
-    int rpc_num;
+    int service;
+    const char *tag;
     va_list args;
 };
 
-struct msg_rpc_reply {
+struct msg_rpc_recv_request {
     int type;
-    int eid;
-    int retval;
+    void *slot;
+};
+
+struct msg_rpc_recv_reply {
+    int type;
+    int alloc_size;
+    struct artiq_exception *exception;
 };
 
 struct msg_log {
     int type;
     const char *fmt;
+    int no_newline;
     va_list args;
 };
 

artiq/runtime/net_server.c

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ static err_t net_server_recv(void *arg, struct tcp_pcb *pcb, struct pbuf *p, err
 
 static err_t net_server_sent(void *arg, struct tcp_pcb *pcb, u16_t len)
 {
-    session_ack_mem(len);
+    session_ack_sent(len);
     return ERR_OK;
 }
 
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ void net_server_service(void)
             if(len > sndbuf)
                 len = sndbuf;
             tcp_write(active_pcb, data, len, 0);
-            session_ack_data(len);
+            session_ack_consumed(len);
         }
         if(len < 0)
             net_server_close(active_cs, active_pcb);

artiq/runtime/rtio.c

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #include <generated/csr.h>
 
-#include "exceptions.h"
 #include "rtio.h"
 
 void rtio_init(void)
@@ -22,17 +21,20 @@ void rtio_process_exceptional_status(int status, long long int timestamp, int ch
         while(rtio_o_status_read() & RTIO_O_STATUS_FULL);
     if(status & RTIO_O_STATUS_UNDERFLOW) {
         rtio_o_underflow_reset_write(1);
-        exception_raise_params(EID_RTIO_UNDERFLOW,
+        artiq_raise_from_c("RTIOUnderflow",
+            "RTIO underflow at {0} mu, channel {1}, counter {2}",
             timestamp, channel, rtio_get_counter());
     }
     if(status & RTIO_O_STATUS_SEQUENCE_ERROR) {
         rtio_o_sequence_error_reset_write(1);
-        exception_raise_params(EID_RTIO_SEQUENCE_ERROR,
+        artiq_raise_from_c("RTIOSequenceError",
+            "RTIO sequence error at {0} mu, channel {1}",
             timestamp, channel, 0);
     }
     if(status & RTIO_O_STATUS_COLLISION_ERROR) {
         rtio_o_collision_error_reset_write(1);
-        exception_raise_params(EID_RTIO_COLLISION_ERROR,
+        artiq_raise_from_c("RTIOCollisionError",
+            "RTIO collision error at {0} mu, channel {1}",
             timestamp, channel, 0);
     }
 }

artiq/runtime/rtio.h

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define __RTIO_H
 
 #include <generated/csr.h>
+#include "artiq_personality.h"
 
 #define RTIO_O_STATUS_FULL 1
 #define RTIO_O_STATUS_UNDERFLOW 2

artiq/runtime/runtime.ld

@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@ MEMORY {
 	runtime : ORIGIN = 0x40000000, LENGTH = 0x400000 /* 4M */
 }
 
+/* First 4M of main memory are reserved for runtime code/data
+ * then comes kernel memory. First 32K of kernel memory are for support code.
+ */
+MEMORY {
+  kernel : ORIGIN = 0x40400000, LENGTH = 0x8000
+}
+
 /* Kernel memory space start right after the runtime,
  * and ends before the runtime stack.
  * Runtime stack is always at the end of main_ram.
@@ -17,6 +24,11 @@ MEMORY {
  */
 PROVIDE(_fstack = 0x40000000 + LENGTH(main_ram) - 4);
 
+/* On AMP systems, kernel stack is at the end of main RAM,
+ * before the runtime stack. Leave 1M for runtime stack.
+ */
+PROVIDE(_kernel_fstack = 0x40000000 + LENGTH(main_ram) - 1024*1024 - 4);
+
 SECTIONS
 {
 	.text :
@@ -58,6 +70,12 @@ SECTIONS
 		. = ALIGN(4);
 		_ebss = .;
 		. = ALIGN(8);
-		_heapstart = .;
 	} > runtime
+
+	/DISCARD/ :
+	{
+		*(.eh_frame)
+	}
+
+	_heapstart = .;
 }