Ptr instance offset_const can be negative + use i64_type()

const_int sign_extend
attempt to reduce lifetimes in FnCall
2024-08-28 13:02:03 +08:00 · 2024-08-28 12:58:57 +08:00 · 2024-08-28 12:56:43 +08:00 · 2024-08-28 12:55:19 +08:00 · 2024-08-28 12:54:20 +08:00 · 2024-08-28 12:53:55 +08:00
76 changed files with 2590 additions and 2165 deletions
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ repos:
    hooks:
      - id: nac3-cargo-fmt
        name: nac3 cargo format
-        entry: nix
+        entry: cargo
        language: system
        types: [file, rust]
        pass_filenames: false
        description: Runs cargo fmt on the codebase.
-        args: [develop, -c, cargo, fmt, --all]
+        args: [fmt]
      - id: nac3-cargo-clippy
        name: nac3 cargo clippy
-        entry: nix
+        entry: cargo
        language: system
        types: [file, rust]
        pass_filenames: false
        description: Runs cargo clippy on the codebase.
-        args: [develop, -c, cargo, clippy, --tests]
+        args: [clippy, --tests]
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@ -75,33 +75,33 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ascii-canvas"
-version = "4.0.0"
+version = "3.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ef1e3e699d84ab1b0911a1010c5c106aa34ae89aeac103be5ce0c3859db1e891"
+checksum = "8824ecca2e851cec16968d54a01dd372ef8f95b244fb84b84e70128be347c3c6"
 dependencies = [
 "term",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
-version = "1.4.0"
+version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ace50bade8e6234aa140d9a2f552bbee1db4d353f69b8217bc503490fc1a9f26"
+checksum = "0c4b4d0bd25bd0b74681c0ad21497610ce1b7c91b1022cd21c80c6fbdd9476b0"

 [[package]]
 name = "bit-set"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08807e080ed7f9d5433fa9b275196cfc35414f66a0c79d864dc51a0d825231a3"
+checksum = "0700ddab506f33b20a03b13996eccd309a48e5ff77d0d95926aa0210fb4e95f1"
 dependencies = [
 "bit-vec",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "bit-vec"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.6.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e764a1d40d510daf35e07be9eb06e75770908c27d411ee6c92109c9840eaaf7"
+checksum = "349f9b6a179ed607305526ca489b34ad0a41aed5f7980fa90eb03160b69598fb"

 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
@ -109,15 +109,6 @@ version = "2.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b048fb63fd8b5923fc5aa7b340d8e156aec7ec02f0c78fa8a6ddc2613f6f71de"

-[[package]]
-name = "block-buffer"
-version = "0.10.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3078c7629b62d3f0439517fa394996acacc5cbc91c5a20d8c658e77abd503a71"
-dependencies = [
- "generic-array",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "byteorder"
 version = "1.5.0"
@ -126,9 +117,9 @@ checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"

 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.1.24"
+version = "1.1.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "812acba72f0a070b003d3697490d2b55b837230ae7c6c6497f05cc2ddbb8d938"
+checksum = "72db2f7947ecee9b03b510377e8bb9077afa27176fdbff55c51027e976fdcc48"
 dependencies = [
 "shlex",
 ]
@ -141,9 +132,9 @@ checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"

 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.19"
+version = "4.5.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7be5744db7978a28d9df86a214130d106a89ce49644cbc4e3f0c22c3fba30615"
+checksum = "ed6719fffa43d0d87e5fd8caeab59be1554fb028cd30edc88fc4369b17971019"
 dependencies = [
 "clap_builder",
 "clap_derive",
@ -151,9 +142,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.19"
+version = "4.5.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a5fbc17d3ef8278f55b282b2a2e75ae6f6c7d4bb70ed3d0382375104bfafdb4b"
+checksum = "216aec2b177652e3846684cbfe25c9964d18ec45234f0f5da5157b207ed1aab6"
 dependencies = [
 "anstream",
 "anstyle",
@ -163,14 +154,14 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.5.18"
+version = "4.5.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4ac6a0c7b1a9e9a5186361f67dfa1b88213572f427fb9ab038efb2bd8c582dab"
+checksum = "501d359d5f3dcaf6ecdeee48833ae73ec6e42723a1e52419c79abf9507eec0a0"
 dependencies = [
 "heck 0.5.0",
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.75",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -197,15 +188,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "cpufeatures"
-version = "0.2.14"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "608697df725056feaccfa42cffdaeeec3fccc4ffc38358ecd19b243e716a78e0"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam"
 version = "0.8.4"
@ -263,23 +245,30 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "22ec99545bb0ed0ea7bb9b8e1e9122ea386ff8a48c0922e43f36d45ab09e0e80"

 [[package]]
-name = "crypto-common"
-version = "0.1.6"
+name = "crunchy"
+version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1bfb12502f3fc46cca1bb51ac28df9d618d813cdc3d2f25b9fe775a34af26bb3"
+checksum = "7a81dae078cea95a014a339291cec439d2f232ebe854a9d672b796c6afafa9b7"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "dirs-next"
+version = "2.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b98cf8ebf19c3d1b223e151f99a4f9f0690dca41414773390fc824184ac833e1"
 dependencies = [
- "generic-array",
- "typenum",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "dirs-sys-next",
 ]

 [[package]]
-name = "digest"
-version = "0.10.7"
+name = "dirs-sys-next"
+version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ed9a281f7bc9b7576e61468ba615a66a5c8cfdff42420a70aa82701a3b1e292"
+checksum = "4ebda144c4fe02d1f7ea1a7d9641b6fc6b580adcfa024ae48797ecdeb6825b4d"
 dependencies = [
- "block-buffer",
- "crypto-common",
+ "libc",
+ "redox_users",
+ "winapi",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -321,9 +310,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e8c02a5121d4ea3eb16a80748c74f5549a5665e4c21333c6098f283870fbdea6"
+checksum = "9fc0510504f03c51ada170672ac806f1f105a88aa97a5281117e1ddc3368e51a"

 [[package]]
 name = "fixedbitset"
@ -340,16 +329,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "byteorder",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "generic-array"
-version = "0.14.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "85649ca51fd72272d7821adaf274ad91c288277713d9c18820d8499a7ff69e9a"
-dependencies = [
- "typenum",
- "version_check",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "getopts"
 version = "0.2.21"
@ -385,12 +364,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "ahash",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.15.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e087f84d4f86bf4b218b927129862374b72199ae7d8657835f1e89000eea4fb"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
 version = "0.4.1"
@ -403,15 +376,6 @@ version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"

-[[package]]
-name = "home"
-version = "0.5.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
 version = "1.9.3"
@ -424,12 +388,12 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.6.0"
+version = "2.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "707907fe3c25f5424cce2cb7e1cbcafee6bdbe735ca90ef77c29e84591e5b9da"
+checksum = "93ead53efc7ea8ed3cfb0c79fc8023fbb782a5432b52830b6518941cebe6505c"
 dependencies = [
 "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.15.0",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.5",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -440,9 +404,9 @@ checksum = "b248f5224d1d606005e02c97f5aa4e88eeb230488bcc03bc9ca4d7991399f2b5"

 [[package]]
 name = "inkwell"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40fb405537710d51f6bdbc8471365ddd4cd6d3a3c3ad6e0c8291691031ba94b2"
+checksum = "b597a7b2cdf279aeef6d7149071e35e4bc87c2cf05a5b7f2d731300bffe587ea"
 dependencies = [
 "either",
 "inkwell_internals",
@ -454,13 +418,13 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "inkwell_internals"
-version = "0.10.0"
+version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9dd28cfd4cfba665d47d31c08a6ba637eed16770abca2eccbbc3ca831fef1e44"
+checksum = "4fa4d8d74483041a882adaa9a29f633253a66dde85055f0495c121620ac484b2"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.75",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -483,6 +447,15 @@ version = "1.70.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7943c866cc5cd64cbc25b2e01621d07fa8eb2a1a23160ee81ce38704e97b8ecf"

+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b1c173a5686ce8bfa551b3563d0c2170bf24ca44da99c7ca4bfdab5418c3fe57"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.13.0"
@ -498,45 +471,35 @@ version = "1.0.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "49f1f14873335454500d59611f1cf4a4b0f786f9ac11f4312a78e4cf2566695b"

-[[package]]
-name = "keccak"
-version = "0.1.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ecc2af9a1119c51f12a14607e783cb977bde58bc069ff0c3da1095e635d70654"
-dependencies = [
- "cpufeatures",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lalrpop"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.20.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06093b57658c723a21da679530e061a8c25340fa5a6f98e313b542268c7e2a1f"
+checksum = "55cb077ad656299f160924eb2912aa147d7339ea7d69e1b5517326fdcec3c1ca"
 dependencies = [
 "ascii-canvas",
 "bit-set",
 "ena",
- "itertools",
+ "itertools 0.11.0",
 "lalrpop-util",
 "petgraph",
 "pico-args",
 "regex",
 "regex-syntax",
- "sha3",
 "string_cache",
 "term",
+ "tiny-keccak",
 "unicode-xid",
 "walkdir",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "lalrpop-util"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.20.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "feee752d43abd0f4807a921958ab4131f692a44d4d599733d4419c5d586176ce"
+checksum = "507460a910eb7b32ee961886ff48539633b788a36b65692b95f225b844c82553"
 dependencies = [
 "regex-automata",
- "rustversion",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -547,9 +510,9 @@ checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"

 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.159"
+version = "0.2.157"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "561d97a539a36e26a9a5fad1ea11a3039a67714694aaa379433e580854bc3dc5"
+checksum = "374af5f94e54fa97cf75e945cce8a6b201e88a1a07e688b47dfd2a59c66dbd86"

 [[package]]
 name = "libloading"
@ -561,6 +524,16 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows-targets",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "libredox"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c0ff37bd590ca25063e35af745c343cb7a0271906fb7b37e4813e8f79f00268d"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "linked-hash-map"
 version = "0.5.6"
@ -621,9 +594,11 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "nac3artiq"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools",
+ "inkwell",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
 "nac3core",
 "nac3ld",
+ "nac3parser",
 "parking_lot",
 "pyo3",
 "tempfile",
@ -644,11 +619,11 @@ name = "nac3core"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
 "crossbeam",
- "indexmap 2.6.0",
+ "indexmap 2.4.0",
 "indoc",
 "inkwell",
 "insta",
- "itertools",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
 "nac3parser",
 "parking_lot",
 "rayon",
@ -686,7 +661,9 @@ name = "nac3standalone"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
 "clap",
+ "inkwell",
 "nac3core",
+ "nac3parser",
 "parking_lot",
 ]

@ -698,12 +675,9 @@ checksum = "650eef8c711430f1a879fdd01d4745a7deea475becfb90269c06775983bbf086"

 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.20.1"
+version = "1.19.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "82881c4be219ab5faaf2ad5e5e5ecdff8c66bd7402ca3160975c93b24961afd1"
-dependencies = [
- "portable-atomic",
-]
+checksum = "3fdb12b2476b595f9358c5161aa467c2438859caa136dec86c26fdd2efe17b92"

 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot"
@ -735,7 +709,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b4c5cc86750666a3ed20bdaf5ca2a0344f9c67674cae0515bec2da16fbaa47db"
 dependencies = [
 "fixedbitset",
- "indexmap 2.6.0",
+ "indexmap 2.4.0",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -778,7 +752,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "phf_shared 0.11.2",
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.75",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -807,9 +781,9 @@ checksum = "5be167a7af36ee22fe3115051bc51f6e6c7054c9348e28deb4f49bd6f705a315"

 [[package]]
 name = "portable-atomic"
-version = "1.9.0"
+version = "1.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cc9c68a3f6da06753e9335d63e27f6b9754dd1920d941135b7ea8224f141adb2"
+checksum = "da544ee218f0d287a911e9c99a39a8c9bc8fcad3cb8db5959940044ecfc67265"

 [[package]]
 name = "ppv-lite86"
@ -882,7 +856,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "pyo3-macros-backend",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.75",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -895,14 +869,14 @@ dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "pyo3-build-config",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.75",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.37"
+version = "1.0.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b5b9d34b8991d19d98081b46eacdd8eb58c6f2b201139f7c5f643cc155a633af"
+checksum = "0fa76aaf39101c457836aec0ce2316dbdc3ab723cdda1c6bd4e6ad4208acaca7"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 ]
@ -959,18 +933,29 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.5.7"
+version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9b6dfecf2c74bce2466cabf93f6664d6998a69eb21e39f4207930065b27b771f"
+checksum = "2a908a6e00f1fdd0dfd9c0eb08ce85126f6d8bbda50017e74bc4a4b7d4a926a4"
 dependencies = [
 "bitflags",
 ]

 [[package]]
-name = "regex"
-version = "1.11.0"
+name = "redox_users"
+version = "0.4.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38200e5ee88914975b69f657f0801b6f6dccafd44fd9326302a4aaeecfacb1d8"
+checksum = "bd283d9651eeda4b2a83a43c1c91b266c40fd76ecd39a50a8c630ae69dc72891"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom",
+ "libredox",
+ "thiserror",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex"
+version = "1.10.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4219d74c6b67a3654a9fbebc4b419e22126d13d2f3c4a07ee0cb61ff79a79619"
 dependencies = [
 "aho-corasick",
 "memchr",
@ -980,9 +965,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.4.8"
+version = "0.4.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "368758f23274712b504848e9d5a6f010445cc8b87a7cdb4d7cbee666c1288da3"
+checksum = "38caf58cc5ef2fed281f89292ef23f6365465ed9a41b7a7754eb4e26496c92df"
 dependencies = [
 "aho-corasick",
 "memchr",
@ -991,9 +976,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "regex-syntax"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "0.8.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2b15c43186be67a4fd63bee50d0303afffcef381492ebe2c5d87f324e1b8815c"
+checksum = "7a66a03ae7c801facd77a29370b4faec201768915ac14a721ba36f20bc9c209b"

 [[package]]
 name = "runkernel"
@ -1004,9 +989,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.37"
+version = "0.38.34"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8acb788b847c24f28525660c4d7758620a7210875711f79e7f663cc152726811"
+checksum = "70dc5ec042f7a43c4a73241207cecc9873a06d45debb38b329f8541d85c2730f"
 dependencies = [
 "bitflags",
 "errno",
@ -1050,29 +1035,29 @@ checksum = "61697e0a1c7e512e84a621326239844a24d8207b4669b41bc18b32ea5cbf988b"

 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.210"
+version = "1.0.208"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c8e3592472072e6e22e0a54d5904d9febf8508f65fb8552499a1abc7d1078c3a"
+checksum = "cff085d2cb684faa248efb494c39b68e522822ac0de72ccf08109abde717cfb2"
 dependencies = [
 "serde_derive",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.210"
+version = "1.0.208"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "243902eda00fad750862fc144cea25caca5e20d615af0a81bee94ca738f1df1f"
+checksum = "24008e81ff7613ed8e5ba0cfaf24e2c2f1e5b8a0495711e44fcd4882fca62bcf"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.75",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.128"
+version = "1.0.125"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6ff5456707a1de34e7e37f2a6fd3d3f808c318259cbd01ab6377795054b483d8"
+checksum = "83c8e735a073ccf5be70aa8066aa984eaf2fa000db6c8d0100ae605b366d31ed"
 dependencies = [
 "itoa",
 "memchr",
@ -1092,16 +1077,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "yaml-rust",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "sha3"
-version = "0.10.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "75872d278a8f37ef87fa0ddbda7802605cb18344497949862c0d4dcb291eba60"
-dependencies = [
- "digest",
- "keccak",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "shlex"
 version = "1.3.0"
@ -1172,7 +1147,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
 "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.75",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -1188,9 +1163,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.79"
+version = "2.0.75"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "89132cd0bf050864e1d38dc3bbc07a0eb8e7530af26344d3d2bbbef83499f590"
+checksum = "f6af063034fc1935ede7be0122941bafa9bacb949334d090b77ca98b5817c7d9"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@ -1205,9 +1180,9 @@ checksum = "61c41af27dd6d1e27b1b16b489db798443478cef1f06a660c96db617ba5de3b1"

 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.13.0"
+version = "3.12.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f0f2c9fc62d0beef6951ccffd757e241266a2c833136efbe35af6cd2567dca5b"
+checksum = "04cbcdd0c794ebb0d4cf35e88edd2f7d2c4c3e9a5a6dab322839b321c6a87a64"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
 "fastrand",
@ -1218,12 +1193,13 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "term"
-version = "1.0.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4df4175de05129f31b80458c6df371a15e7fc3fd367272e6bf938e5c351c7ea0"
+checksum = "c59df8ac95d96ff9bede18eb7300b0fda5e5d8d90960e76f8e14ae765eedbf1f"
 dependencies = [
- "home",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "dirs-next",
+ "rustversion",
+ "winapi",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -1241,29 +1217,32 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.64"
+version = "1.0.63"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d50af8abc119fb8bb6dbabcfa89656f46f84aa0ac7688088608076ad2b459a84"
+checksum = "c0342370b38b6a11b6cc11d6a805569958d54cfa061a29969c3b5ce2ea405724"
 dependencies = [
 "thiserror-impl",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.64"
+version = "1.0.63"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08904e7672f5eb876eaaf87e0ce17857500934f4981c4a0ab2b4aa98baac7fc3"
+checksum = "a4558b58466b9ad7ca0f102865eccc95938dca1a74a856f2b57b6629050da261"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.75",
 ]

 [[package]]
-name = "typenum"
-version = "1.17.0"
+name = "tiny-keccak"
+version = "2.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "42ff0bf0c66b8238c6f3b578df37d0b7848e55df8577b3f74f92a69acceeb825"
+checksum = "2c9d3793400a45f954c52e73d068316d76b6f4e36977e3fcebb13a2721e80237"
+dependencies = [
+ "crunchy",
+]

 [[package]]
 name = "unic-char-property"
@ -1319,27 +1298,27 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.13"
+version = "1.0.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e91b56cd4cadaeb79bbf1a5645f6b4f8dc5bde8834ad5894a8db35fda9efa1fe"
+checksum = "3354b9ac3fae1ff6755cb6db53683adb661634f67557942dea4facebec0fee4b"

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-width"
-version = "0.1.14"
+version = "0.1.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7dd6e30e90baa6f72411720665d41d89b9a3d039dc45b8faea1ddd07f617f6af"
+checksum = "0336d538f7abc86d282a4189614dfaa90810dfc2c6f6427eaf88e16311dd225d"

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-xid"
-version = "0.2.6"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ebc1c04c71510c7f702b52b7c350734c9ff1295c464a03335b00bb84fc54f853"
+checksum = "f962df74c8c05a667b5ee8bcf162993134c104e96440b663c8daa176dc772d8c"

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode_names2"
-version = "1.3.0"
+version = "1.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d1673eca9782c84de5f81b82e4109dcfb3611c8ba0d52930ec4a9478f547b2dd"
+checksum = "addeebf294df7922a1164f729fb27ebbbcea99cc32b3bf08afab62757f707677"
 dependencies = [
 "phf",
 "unicode_names2_generator",
@ -1347,9 +1326,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode_names2_generator"
-version = "1.3.0"
+version = "1.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b91e5b84611016120197efd7dc93ef76774f4e084cd73c9fb3ea4a86c570c56e"
+checksum = "f444b8bba042fe3c1251ffaca35c603f2dc2ccc08d595c65a8c4f76f3e8426c0"
 dependencies = [
 "getopts",
 "log",
@ -1391,6 +1370,22 @@ version = "0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"

+[[package]]
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.3.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi-util"
 version = "0.1.9"
@ -1400,6 +1395,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.52.0"
@ -1509,5 +1510,5 @@ checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.79",
+ "syn 2.0.75",
 ]
--- a/flake.lock
+++ b/flake.lock
@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
  "nodes": {
    "nixpkgs": {
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1727348695,
-        "narHash": "sha256-J+PeFKSDV+pHL7ukkfpVzCOO7mBSrrpJ3svwBFABbhI=",
+        "lastModified": 1723637854,
+        "narHash": "sha256-med8+5DSWa2UnOqtdICndjDAEjxr5D7zaIiK4pn0Q7c=",
        "owner": "NixOS",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "1925c603f17fc89f4c8f6bf6f631a802ad85d784",
+        "rev": "c3aa7b8938b17aebd2deecf7be0636000d62a2b9",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
--- a/nac3artiq/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3artiq/Cargo.toml
@ -12,10 +12,16 @@ crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 itertools = "0.13"
 pyo3 = { version = "0.21", features = ["extension-module", "gil-refs"] }
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-tempfile = "3.13"
+tempfile = "3.10"
+nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }
 nac3ld = { path = "../nac3ld" }

+[dependencies.inkwell]
+version = "0.4"
+default-features = false
+features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+
 [features]
 init-llvm-profile = []
 no-escape-analysis = ["nac3core/no-escape-analysis"]
--- a/nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py
@ -112,15 +112,10 @@ def extern(function):
    register_function(function)
    return function

-
-def rpc(arg=None, flags={}):
-    """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the host interpreter."""
-    if arg is None:
-        def inner_decorator(function):
-            return rpc(function, flags)
-        return inner_decorator
-    register_function(arg)
-    return arg
+def rpc(function):
+    """Decorates a function declaration defined by the core device runtime."""
+    register_function(function)
+    return function

 def kernel(function_or_method):
    """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the core device."""
--- a/nac3artiq/src/codegen.rs
+++ b/nac3artiq/src/codegen.rs
@ -1,22 +1,8 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{hash_map::DefaultHasher, HashMap},
-    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
-    iter::once,
-    mem,
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use pyo3::{
-    types::{PyDict, PyList},
-    PyObject, PyResult, Python,
-};
-
 use nac3core::{
    codegen::{
        classes::{
            ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayType,
-            NDArrayValue, ProxyType, ProxyValue, RangeValue, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+            NDArrayValue, RangeValue, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
        },
        expr::{destructure_range, gen_call},
        irrt::call_ndarray_calc_size,
@ -24,21 +10,37 @@ use nac3core::{
        stmt::{gen_block, gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_if_callback, gen_with},
        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
    },
-    inkwell::{
-        context::Context,
-        module::Linkage,
-        types::{BasicType, IntType},
-        values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
-        AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
-    },
-    nac3parser::ast::{Expr, ExprKind, Located, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys, DefinitionId, GenCall},
    typecheck::typedef::{iter_type_vars, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, VarMap},
 };

+use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, ExprKind, Located, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef};
+
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    module::Linkage,
+    types::{BasicType, IntType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, PointerValue, StructValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+};
+
+use pyo3::{
+    types::{PyDict, PyList},
+    PyObject, PyResult, Python,
+};
+
 use crate::{symbol_resolver::InnerResolver, timeline::TimeFns};

+use itertools::Itertools;
+use std::{
+    collections::{hash_map::DefaultHasher, HashMap},
+    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
+    iter::once,
+    mem,
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
 /// The parallelism mode within a block.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 enum ParallelMode {
@ -458,8 +460,8 @@ fn format_rpc_arg<'ctx>(
            let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);

            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, arg_ty);
-            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
-            let llvm_arg_ty = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, llvm_elem_ty);
+            let llvm_arg_ty =
+                NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty));
            let llvm_arg = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(arg.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);

            let llvm_usize_sizeof = ctx
@ -469,7 +471,7 @@ fn format_rpc_arg<'ctx>(
            let llvm_pdata_sizeof = ctx
                .builder
                .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(
-                    llvm_elem_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).size_of(),
+                    llvm_arg_ty.element_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).size_of(),
                    llvm_usize,
                    "",
                )
@ -484,10 +486,13 @@ fn format_rpc_arg<'ctx>(
            let buffer = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i8, buffer_size, "rpc.arg").unwrap();
            let buffer = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(buffer, buffer_size, Some("rpc.arg"));

+            let ppdata = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, llvm_arg_ty.element_type(), None).unwrap();
+            ctx.builder.build_store(ppdata, llvm_arg.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator)).unwrap();
+
            call_memcpy_generic(
                ctx,
                buffer.base_ptr(ctx, generator),
-                llvm_arg.ptr_to_data(ctx),
+                ppdata,
                llvm_pdata_sizeof,
                llvm_i1.const_zero(),
            );
@ -512,7 +517,7 @@ fn format_rpc_arg<'ctx>(
            ctx.builder.build_store(arg_slot, arg).unwrap();

            ctx.builder
-                .build_bit_cast(arg_slot, llvm_pi8, "rpc.arg")
+                .build_bitcast(arg_slot, llvm_pi8, "rpc.arg")
                .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
                .unwrap()
        }
@ -523,305 +528,12 @@ fn format_rpc_arg<'ctx>(
    arg_slot
 }

-/// Formats an RPC return value to conform to the expected format required by NAC3.
-fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
-    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ret_ty: Type,
-) -> Option<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>> {
-    // -- receive value:
-    // T result = {
-    //   void *ret_ptr = alloca(sizeof(T));
-    //   void *ptr = ret_ptr;
-    //   loop: int size = rpc_recv(ptr);
-    //   // Non-zero: Provide `size` bytes of extra storage for variable-length data.
-    //   if(size) { ptr = alloca(size); goto loop; }
-    //   else *(T*)ret_ptr
-    // }
-
-    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
-    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let llvm_i8_8 = ctx.ctx.struct_type(&[llvm_i8.array_type(8).into()], false);
-    let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-
-    let rpc_recv = ctx.module.get_function("rpc_recv").unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        ctx.module.add_function("rpc_recv", llvm_i32.fn_type(&[llvm_pi8.into()], false), None)
-    });
-
-    if ctx.unifier.unioned(ret_ty, ctx.primitives.none) {
-        ctx.build_call_or_invoke(rpc_recv, &[llvm_pi8.const_null().into()], "rpc_recv");
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    let prehead_bb = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap();
-    let current_function = prehead_bb.get_parent().unwrap();
-    let head_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current_function, "rpc.head");
-    let alloc_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current_function, "rpc.continue");
-    let tail_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current_function, "rpc.tail");
-
-    let llvm_ret_ty = ctx.get_llvm_abi_type(generator, ret_ty);
-
-    let result = match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ret_ty) {
-        TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
-            let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();
-            let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-
-            // Round `val` up to its modulo `power_of_two`
-            let round_up = |ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-                            val: IntValue<'ctx>,
-                            power_of_two: IntValue<'ctx>| {
-                debug_assert_eq!(
-                    val.get_type().get_bit_width(),
-                    power_of_two.get_type().get_bit_width()
-                );
-
-                let llvm_val_t = val.get_type();
-
-                let max_rem = ctx
-                    .builder
-                    .build_int_sub(power_of_two, llvm_val_t.const_int(1, false), "")
-                    .unwrap();
-                ctx.builder
-                    .build_and(
-                        ctx.builder.build_int_add(val, max_rem, "").unwrap(),
-                        ctx.builder.build_not(max_rem, "").unwrap(),
-                        "",
-                    )
-                    .unwrap()
-            };
-
-            // Setup types
-            let (elem_ty, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ret_ty);
-            let llvm_elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
-            let llvm_ret_ty = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, llvm_elem_ty);
-
-            // Allocate the resulting ndarray
-            // A condition after format_rpc_ret ensures this will not be popped this off.
-            let ndarray = llvm_ret_ty.new_value(generator, ctx, Some("rpc.result"));
-
-            // Setup ndims
-            let ndims =
-                if let TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndims) {
-                    assert_eq!(values.len(), 1);
-
-                    u64::try_from(values[0].clone()).unwrap()
-                } else {
-                    unreachable!();
-                };
-            // Set `ndarray.ndims`
-            ndarray.store_ndims(ctx, generator, llvm_usize.const_int(ndims, false));
-            // Allocate `ndarray.shape` [size_t; ndims]
-            ndarray.create_dim_sizes(ctx, llvm_usize, ndarray.load_ndims(ctx));
-
-            /*
-                ndarray now:
-                  - .ndims: initialized
-                  - .shape: allocated but uninitialized .shape
-                  - .data: uninitialized
-            */
-
-            let llvm_usize_sizeof = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(llvm_usize.size_of(), llvm_usize, "")
-                .unwrap();
-            let llvm_pdata_sizeof = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(
-                    llvm_elem_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).size_of(),
-                    llvm_usize,
-                    "",
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-            let llvm_elem_sizeof = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(llvm_elem_ty.size_of().unwrap(), llvm_usize, "")
-                .unwrap();
-
-            // Allocates a buffer for the initial RPC'ed object, which is guaranteed to be
-            // (4 + 4 * ndims) bytes with 8-byte alignment
-            let sizeof_dims =
-                ctx.builder.build_int_mul(ndarray.load_ndims(ctx), llvm_usize_sizeof, "").unwrap();
-            let unaligned_buffer_size =
-                ctx.builder.build_int_add(sizeof_dims, llvm_pdata_sizeof, "").unwrap();
-            let buffer_size = round_up(ctx, unaligned_buffer_size, llvm_usize.const_int(8, false));
-
-            let stackptr = call_stacksave(ctx, None);
-            // Just to be absolutely sure, alloca in [i8 x 8] slices to force 8-byte alignment
-            let buffer = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_array_alloca(
-                    llvm_i8_8,
-                    ctx.builder
-                        .build_int_unsigned_div(buffer_size, llvm_usize.const_int(8, false), "")
-                        .unwrap(),
-                    "rpc.buffer",
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-            let buffer = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_bit_cast(buffer, llvm_pi8, "")
-                .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
-                .unwrap();
-            let buffer = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(buffer, buffer_size, None);
-
-            // The first call to `rpc_recv` reads the top-level ndarray object: [pdata, shape]
-            //
-            // The returned value is the number of bytes for `ndarray.data`.
-            let ndarray_nbytes = ctx
-                .build_call_or_invoke(
-                    rpc_recv,
-                    &[buffer.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()], // Reads [usize; ndims]. NOTE: We are allocated [size_t; ndims].
-                    "rpc.size.next",
-                )
-                .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
-                .unwrap();
-
-            // debug_assert(ndarray_nbytes > 0)
-            if ctx.registry.llvm_options.opt_level == OptimizationLevel::None {
-                ctx.make_assert(
-                    generator,
-                    ctx.builder
-                        .build_int_compare(
-                            IntPredicate::UGT,
-                            ndarray_nbytes,
-                            ndarray_nbytes.get_type().const_zero(),
-                            "",
-                        )
-                        .unwrap(),
-                    "0:AssertionError",
-                    "Unexpected RPC termination for ndarray - Expected data buffer next",
-                    [None, None, None],
-                    ctx.current_loc,
-                );
-            }
-
-            // Copy shape from the buffer to `ndarray.shape`.
-            let pbuffer_dims =
-                unsafe { buffer.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_pdata_sizeof, None) };
-
-            call_memcpy_generic(
-                ctx,
-                ndarray.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator),
-                pbuffer_dims,
-                sizeof_dims,
-                llvm_i1.const_zero(),
-            );
-            // Restore stack from before allocation of buffer
-            call_stackrestore(ctx, stackptr);
-
-            // Allocate `ndarray.data`.
-            // `ndarray.shape` must be initialized beforehand in this implementation
-            //   (for ndarray.create_data() to know how many elements to allocate)
-            let num_elements =
-                call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &ndarray.dim_sizes(), (None, None));
-
-            // debug_assert(nelems * sizeof(T) >= ndarray_nbytes)
-            if ctx.registry.llvm_options.opt_level == OptimizationLevel::None {
-                let sizeof_data =
-                    ctx.builder.build_int_mul(num_elements, llvm_elem_sizeof, "").unwrap();
-
-                ctx.make_assert(
-                    generator,
-                    ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::UGE,
-                        sizeof_data,
-                        ndarray_nbytes,
-                        "",
-                    ).unwrap(),
-                    "0:AssertionError",
-                    "Unexpected allocation size request for ndarray data - Expected up to {0} bytes, got {1} bytes",
-                    [Some(sizeof_data), Some(ndarray_nbytes), None],
-                    ctx.current_loc,
-                );
-            }
-
-            ndarray.create_data(ctx, llvm_elem_ty, num_elements);
-
-            let ndarray_data = ndarray.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-            let ndarray_data_i8 =
-                ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(ndarray_data, llvm_pi8, "").unwrap();
-
-            // NOTE: Currently on `prehead_bb`
-            ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();
-
-            // Inserting into `head_bb`. Do `rpc_recv` for `data` recursively.
-            ctx.builder.position_at_end(head_bb);
-
-            let phi = ctx.builder.build_phi(llvm_pi8, "rpc.ptr").unwrap();
-            phi.add_incoming(&[(&ndarray_data_i8, prehead_bb)]);
-
-            let alloc_size = ctx
-                .build_call_or_invoke(rpc_recv, &[phi.as_basic_value()], "rpc.size.next")
-                .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)
-                .unwrap();
-
-            let is_done = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, llvm_i32.const_zero(), alloc_size, "rpc.done")
-                .unwrap();
-            ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(is_done, tail_bb, alloc_bb).unwrap();
-
-            ctx.builder.position_at_end(alloc_bb);
-            // Align the allocation to sizeof(T)
-            let alloc_size = round_up(ctx, alloc_size, llvm_elem_sizeof);
-            let alloc_ptr = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_array_alloca(
-                    llvm_elem_ty,
-                    ctx.builder.build_int_unsigned_div(alloc_size, llvm_elem_sizeof, "").unwrap(),
-                    "rpc.alloc",
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-            let alloc_ptr =
-                ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(alloc_ptr, llvm_pi8, "rpc.alloc.ptr").unwrap();
-            phi.add_incoming(&[(&alloc_ptr, alloc_bb)]);
-            ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();
-
-            ctx.builder.position_at_end(tail_bb);
-            ndarray.as_base_value().into()
-        }
-
-        _ => {
-            let slot = ctx.builder.build_alloca(llvm_ret_ty, "rpc.ret.slot").unwrap();
-            let slotgen = ctx.builder.build_bit_cast(slot, llvm_pi8, "rpc.ret.ptr").unwrap();
-            ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();
-            ctx.builder.position_at_end(head_bb);
-
-            let phi = ctx.builder.build_phi(llvm_pi8, "rpc.ptr").unwrap();
-            phi.add_incoming(&[(&slotgen, prehead_bb)]);
-            let alloc_size = ctx
-                .build_call_or_invoke(rpc_recv, &[phi.as_basic_value()], "rpc.size.next")
-                .unwrap()
-                .into_int_value();
-            let is_done = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, llvm_i32.const_zero(), alloc_size, "rpc.done")
-                .unwrap();
-
-            ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(is_done, tail_bb, alloc_bb).unwrap();
-            ctx.builder.position_at_end(alloc_bb);
-
-            let alloc_ptr =
-                ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_pi8, alloc_size, "rpc.alloc").unwrap();
-            let alloc_ptr =
-                ctx.builder.build_bit_cast(alloc_ptr, llvm_pi8, "rpc.alloc.ptr").unwrap();
-            phi.add_incoming(&[(&alloc_ptr, alloc_bb)]);
-            ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();
-
-            ctx.builder.position_at_end(tail_bb);
-            ctx.builder.build_load(slot, "rpc.result").unwrap()
-        }
-    };
-
-    Some(result)
-}
-
 fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    obj: Option<(Type, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
    fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
    args: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
    generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
-    is_async: bool,
 ) -> Result<Option<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>, String> {
    let int8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
    let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
@ -930,29 +642,6 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
    }

    // call
-    if is_async {
-        let rpc_send_async = ctx.module.get_function("rpc_send_async").unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            ctx.module.add_function(
-                "rpc_send_async",
-                ctx.ctx.void_type().fn_type(
-                    &[
-                        int32.into(),
-                        tag_ptr_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
-                        ptr_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
-                    ],
-                    false,
-                ),
-                None,
-            )
-        });
-        ctx.builder
-            .build_call(
-                rpc_send_async,
-                &[service_id.into(), tag_ptr.into(), args_ptr.into()],
-                "rpc.send",
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-    } else {
    let rpc_send = ctx.module.get_function("rpc_send").unwrap_or_else(|| {
        ctx.module.add_function(
            "rpc_send",
@ -970,24 +659,67 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
    ctx.builder
        .build_call(rpc_send, &[service_id.into(), tag_ptr.into(), args_ptr.into()], "rpc.send")
        .unwrap();
-    }

    // reclaim stack space used by arguments
    call_stackrestore(ctx, stackptr);

-    if is_async {
-        // async RPCs do not return any values
-        Ok(None)
-    } else {
-        let result = format_rpc_ret(generator, ctx, fun.0.ret);
+    // -- receive value:
+    // T result = {
+    //   void *ret_ptr = alloca(sizeof(T));
+    //   void *ptr = ret_ptr;
+    //   loop: int size = rpc_recv(ptr);
+    //   // Non-zero: Provide `size` bytes of extra storage for variable-length data.
+    //   if(size) { ptr = alloca(size); goto loop; }
+    //   else *(T*)ret_ptr
+    // }
+    let rpc_recv = ctx.module.get_function("rpc_recv").unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        ctx.module.add_function("rpc_recv", int32.fn_type(&[ptr_type.into()], false), None)
+    });

-        if !result.is_some_and(|res| res.get_type().is_pointer_type()) {
-            // An RPC returning an NDArray would not touch here.
+    if ctx.unifier.unioned(fun.0.ret, ctx.primitives.none) {
+        ctx.build_call_or_invoke(rpc_recv, &[ptr_type.const_null().into()], "rpc_recv");
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    let prehead_bb = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap();
+    let current_function = prehead_bb.get_parent().unwrap();
+    let head_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current_function, "rpc.head");
+    let alloc_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current_function, "rpc.continue");
+    let tail_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current_function, "rpc.tail");
+
+    let ret_ty = ctx.get_llvm_abi_type(generator, fun.0.ret);
+    let need_load = !ret_ty.is_pointer_type();
+    let slot = ctx.builder.build_alloca(ret_ty, "rpc.ret.slot").unwrap();
+    let slotgen = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(slot, ptr_type, "rpc.ret.ptr").unwrap();
+    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();
+    ctx.builder.position_at_end(head_bb);
+
+    let phi = ctx.builder.build_phi(ptr_type, "rpc.ptr").unwrap();
+    phi.add_incoming(&[(&slotgen, prehead_bb)]);
+    let alloc_size = ctx
+        .build_call_or_invoke(rpc_recv, &[phi.as_basic_value()], "rpc.size.next")
+        .unwrap()
+        .into_int_value();
+    let is_done = ctx
+        .builder
+        .build_int_compare(inkwell::IntPredicate::EQ, int32.const_zero(), alloc_size, "rpc.done")
+        .unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder.build_conditional_branch(is_done, tail_bb, alloc_bb).unwrap();
+    ctx.builder.position_at_end(alloc_bb);
+
+    let alloc_ptr = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(ptr_type, alloc_size, "rpc.alloc").unwrap();
+    let alloc_ptr = ctx.builder.build_bitcast(alloc_ptr, ptr_type, "rpc.alloc.ptr").unwrap();
+    phi.add_incoming(&[(&alloc_ptr, alloc_bb)]);
+    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();
+
+    ctx.builder.position_at_end(tail_bb);
+
+    let result = ctx.builder.build_load(slot, "rpc.result").unwrap();
+    if need_load {
        call_stackrestore(ctx, stackptr);
    }
-
-        Ok(result)
-    }
+    Ok(Some(result))
 }

 pub fn attributes_writeback(
@ -1082,7 +814,7 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
        let args: Vec<_> =
            values.into_iter().map(|(_, val)| (None, ValueEnum::Dynamic(val))).collect();
        if let Err(e) =
-            rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, None, (&fun, PrimDef::Int32.id()), args, generator, false)
+            rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, None, (&fun, PrimDef::Int32.id()), args, generator)
        {
            return Ok(Err(e));
        }
@ -1092,9 +824,9 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback(
    Ok(())
 }

-pub fn rpc_codegen_callback(is_async: bool) -> Arc<GenCall> {
-    Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(move |ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
-        rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, obj, fun, args, generator, is_async)
+pub fn rpc_codegen_callback() -> Arc<GenCall> {
+    Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(|ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
+        rpc_codegen_callback_fn(ctx, obj, fun, args, generator)
    })))
 }

--- a/nac3artiq/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nac3artiq/src/lib.rs
@ -16,30 +16,14 @@
    clippy::wildcard_imports
 )]

-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    fs,
-    io::Write,
-    process::Command,
-    rc::Rc,
-    sync::Arc,
-};
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::fs;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::process::Command;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;

-use itertools::Itertools;
-use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
-use pyo3::{
-    create_exception, exceptions,
-    prelude::*,
-    types::{PyBytes, PyDict, PySet},
-};
-use tempfile::{self, TempDir};
-
-use nac3core::{
-    codegen::{
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, gen_func_impl, irrt::load_irrt, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
-        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
-    },
-    inkwell::{
+use inkwell::{
    context::Context,
    memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
    module::{Linkage, Module},
@ -47,22 +31,33 @@ use nac3core::{
    support::is_multithreaded,
    targets::*,
    OptimizationLevel,
-    },
-    nac3parser::{
-        ast::{Constant, ExprKind, Located, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use nac3core::codegen::{gen_func_impl, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions};
+use nac3core::toplevel::builtins::get_exn_constructor;
+use nac3core::typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap};
+use nac3parser::{
+    ast::{ExprKind, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
    parser::parse_program,
-    },
+};
+use pyo3::create_exception;
+use pyo3::prelude::*;
+use pyo3::{exceptions, types::PyBytes, types::PyDict, types::PySet};
+
+use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
+
+use nac3core::{
+    codegen::irrt::load_irrt,
+    codegen::{concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, CodeGenTask, WithCall, WorkerRegistry},
    symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver,
    toplevel::{
-        builtins::get_exn_constructor,
        composer::{BuiltinFuncCreator, BuiltinFuncSpec, ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
        DefinitionId, GenCall, TopLevelDef,
    },
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{into_var_map, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
-    },
+    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg},
+    typecheck::{type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore, typedef::Type},
 };
+
 use nac3ld::Linker;

 use crate::{
@ -70,13 +65,15 @@ use crate::{
        attributes_writeback, gen_core_log, gen_rtio_log, rpc_codegen_callback, ArtiqCodeGenerator,
    },
    symbol_resolver::{DeferredEvaluationStore, InnerResolver, PythonHelper, Resolver},
-    timeline::TimeFns,
 };
+use tempfile::{self, TempDir};

 mod codegen;
 mod symbol_resolver;
 mod timeline;

+use timeline::TimeFns;
+
 #[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
 enum Isa {
    Host,
@ -197,8 +194,10 @@ impl Nac3 {
                    body.retain(|stmt| {
                        if let StmtKind::FunctionDef { ref decorator_list, .. } = stmt.node {
                            decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                                if let Some(id) = decorator_id_string(decorator) {
-                                    id == "kernel" || id == "portable" || id == "rpc"
+                                if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
+                                    id.to_string() == "kernel"
+                                        || id.to_string() == "portable"
+                                        || id.to_string() == "rpc"
                                } else {
                                    false
                                }
@ -211,8 +210,9 @@ impl Nac3 {
                }
                StmtKind::FunctionDef { ref decorator_list, .. } => {
                    decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                        if let Some(id) = decorator_id_string(decorator) {
-                            id == "extern" || id == "kernel" || id == "portable" || id == "rpc"
+                        if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
+                            let id = id.to_string();
+                            id == "extern" || id == "portable" || id == "kernel" || id == "rpc"
                        } else {
                            false
                        }
@ -448,6 +448,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
                        pyid_to_type: pyid_to_type.clone(),
                        primitive_ids: self.primitive_ids.clone(),
                        global_value_ids: global_value_ids.clone(),
+                        class_names: Mutex::default(),
                        name_to_pyid: name_to_pyid.clone(),
                        module: module.clone(),
                        id_to_pyval: RwLock::default(),
@ -478,25 +479,9 @@ impl Nac3 {

            match &stmt.node {
                StmtKind::FunctionDef { decorator_list, .. } => {
-                    if decorator_list
-                        .iter()
-                        .any(|decorator| decorator_id_string(decorator) == Some("rpc".to_string()))
-                    {
-                        store_fun
-                            .call1(
-                                py,
-                                (
-                                    def_id.0.into_py(py),
-                                    module.getattr(py, name.to_string().as_str()).unwrap(),
-                                ),
-                            )
-                            .unwrap();
-                        let is_async = decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                            decorator_get_flags(decorator)
-                                .iter()
-                                .any(|constant| *constant == Constant::Str("async".into()))
-                        });
-                        rpc_ids.push((None, def_id, is_async));
+                    if decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| matches!(decorator.node, ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == "rpc".into())) {
+                        store_fun.call1(py, (def_id.0.into_py(py), module.getattr(py, name.to_string().as_str()).unwrap())).unwrap();
+                        rpc_ids.push((None, def_id));
                    }
                }
                StmtKind::ClassDef { name, body, .. } => {
@ -504,26 +489,19 @@ impl Nac3 {
                    let class_obj = module.getattr(py, class_name.as_str()).unwrap();
                    for stmt in body {
                        if let StmtKind::FunctionDef { name, decorator_list, .. } = &stmt.node {
-                            if decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                                decorator_id_string(decorator) == Some("rpc".to_string())
-                            }) {
-                                let is_async = decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                                    decorator_get_flags(decorator)
-                                        .iter()
-                                        .any(|constant| *constant == Constant::Str("async".into()))
-                                });
+                            if decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| matches!(decorator.node, ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == "rpc".into())) {
                                if name == &"__init__".into() {
                                    return Err(CompileError::new_err(format!(
                                        "compilation failed\n----------\nThe constructor of class {} should not be decorated with rpc decorator (at {})",
                                        class_name, stmt.location
                                    )));
                                }
-                                rpc_ids.push((Some((class_obj.clone(), *name)), def_id, is_async));
+                                rpc_ids.push((Some((class_obj.clone(), *name)), def_id));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
-                _ => (),
+                _ => ()
            }

            let id = *name_to_pyid.get(&name).unwrap();
@ -562,6 +540,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
            pyid_to_type: pyid_to_type.clone(),
            primitive_ids: self.primitive_ids.clone(),
            global_value_ids: global_value_ids.clone(),
+            class_names: Mutex::default(),
            id_to_pyval: RwLock::default(),
            id_to_primitive: RwLock::default(),
            field_to_val: RwLock::default(),
@ -579,7 +558,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
            .unwrap();

        // Process IRRT
-        let context = Context::create();
+        let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
        let irrt = load_irrt(&context, resolver.as_ref());

        let fun_signature =
@ -619,12 +598,13 @@ impl Nac3 {
        let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());

        {
+            let rpc_codegen = rpc_codegen_callback();
            let defs = top_level.definitions.read();
-            for (class_data, id, is_async) in &rpc_ids {
+            for (class_data, id) in &rpc_ids {
                let mut def = defs[id.0].write();
                match &mut *def {
                    TopLevelDef::Function { codegen_callback, .. } => {
-                        *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen_callback(*is_async));
+                        *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen.clone());
                    }
                    TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } => {
                        let (class_def, method_name) = class_data.as_ref().unwrap();
@ -635,7 +615,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
                            if let TopLevelDef::Function { codegen_callback, .. } =
                                &mut *defs[id.0].write()
                            {
-                                *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen_callback(*is_async));
+                                *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen.clone());
                                store_fun
                                    .call1(
                                        py,
@ -650,11 +630,6 @@ impl Nac3 {
                            }
                        }
                    }
-                    TopLevelDef::Variable { .. } => {
-                        return Err(CompileError::new_err(String::from(
-                            "Unsupported @rpc annotation on global variable",
-                        )))
-                    }
                }
            }
        }
@ -714,7 +689,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
            let buffer = buffer.as_slice().into();
            membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
        })));
-        let size_t = context
+        let size_t = Context::create()
            .ptr_sized_int_type(&self.get_llvm_target_machine().get_target_data(), None)
            .get_bit_width();
        let num_threads = if is_multithreaded() { 4 } else { 1 };
@ -733,7 +708,7 @@ impl Nac3 {

            let mut generator =
                ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("attributes_writeback".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
-            let context = Context::create();
+            let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
            let module = context.create_module("attributes_writeback");
            let target_machine = self.llvm_options.create_target_machine().unwrap();
            module.set_data_layout(&target_machine.get_target_data().get_data_layout());
@ -871,41 +846,6 @@ impl Nac3 {
    }
 }

-/// Retrieves the Name.id from a decorator, supports decorators with arguments.
-fn decorator_id_string(decorator: &Located<ExprKind>) -> Option<String> {
-    if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
-        // Bare decorator
-        return Some(id.to_string());
-    } else if let ExprKind::Call { func, .. } = &decorator.node {
-        // Decorators that are calls (e.g. "@rpc()") have Call for the node,
-        // need to extract the id from within.
-        if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = func.node {
-            return Some(id.to_string());
-        }
-    }
-    None
-}
-
-/// Retrieves flags from a decorator, if any.
-fn decorator_get_flags(decorator: &Located<ExprKind>) -> Vec<Constant> {
-    let mut flags = vec![];
-    if let ExprKind::Call { keywords, .. } = &decorator.node {
-        for keyword in keywords {
-            if keyword.node.arg != Some("flags".into()) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if let ExprKind::Set { elts } = &keyword.node.value.node {
-                for elt in elts {
-                    if let ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } = &elt.node {
-                        flags.push(value.clone());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    flags
-}
-
 fn link_with_lld(elf_filename: String, obj_filename: String) -> PyResult<()> {
    let linker_args = vec![
        "-shared".to_string(),
--- a/nac3artiq/src/symbol_resolver.rs
+++ b/nac3artiq/src/symbol_resolver.rs
@ -1,30 +1,16 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering::Relaxed},
-        Arc,
-    },
+use crate::PrimitivePythonId;
+use inkwell::{
+    module::Linkage,
+    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
+    values::BasicValueEnum,
+    AddressSpace,
 };
-
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-use pyo3::{
-    types::{PyDict, PyTuple},
-    PyAny, PyObject, PyResult, Python,
-};
-
 use nac3core::{
    codegen::{
        classes::{NDArrayType, ProxyType},
        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
    },
-    inkwell::{
-        module::Linkage,
-        types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
-        values::BasicValueEnum,
-        AddressSpace,
-    },
-    nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef},
    symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver, SymbolValue, ValueEnum},
    toplevel::{
        helper::PrimDef,
@ -36,8 +22,19 @@ use nac3core::{
        typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVar, Unifier, VarMap},
    },
 };
-
-use crate::PrimitivePythonId;
+use nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef};
+use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
+use pyo3::{
+    types::{PyDict, PyTuple},
+    PyAny, PyObject, PyResult, Python,
+};
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering::Relaxed},
+        Arc,
+    },
+};

 pub enum PrimitiveValue {
    I32(i32),
@ -82,6 +79,7 @@ pub struct InnerResolver {
    pub id_to_primitive: RwLock<HashMap<u64, PrimitiveValue>>,
    pub field_to_val: RwLock<HashMap<ResolverField, Option<PyFieldHandle>>>,
    pub global_value_ids: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<u64, PyObject>>>,
+    pub class_names: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
    pub pyid_to_def: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<u64, DefinitionId>>>,
    pub pyid_to_type: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<u64, Type>>>,
    pub primitive_ids: PrimitivePythonId,
@ -1470,7 +1468,6 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
        &self,
        id: StrRef,
        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
        let sym_value = {
            let id_to_val = self.0.id_to_pyval.read();
--- a/nac3artiq/src/timeline.rs
+++ b/nac3artiq/src/timeline.rs
@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-use itertools::Either;
-
-use nac3core::{
-    codegen::CodeGenContext,
-    inkwell::{
+use inkwell::{
    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue},
    AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering,
-    },
 };
+use itertools::Either;
+use nac3core::codegen::CodeGenContext;

 /// Functions for manipulating the timeline.
 pub trait TimeFns {
@ -34,7 +31,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
            .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
        let now_hiptr = ctx
            .builder
-            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap();

@ -83,7 +80,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
            .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
        let now_hiptr = ctx
            .builder
-            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap();

@ -112,7 +109,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
            .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
        let now_hiptr = ctx
            .builder
-            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap();

@ -210,7 +207,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
            .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
        let now_hiptr = ctx
            .builder
-            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap();

@ -261,7 +258,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
        let now_hiptr = ctx
            .builder
-            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap();

--- a/nac3core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3core/Cargo.toml
@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ no-escape-analysis = []
 [dependencies]
 itertools = "0.13"
 crossbeam = "0.8"
-indexmap = "2.6"
+indexmap = "2.2"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-rayon = "1.10"
+rayon = "1.8"
 nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
 strum = "0.26"
 strum_macros = "0.26"

 [dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.5"
+version = "0.4"
 default-features = false
-features = ["llvm14-0-prefer-dynamic", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]

 [dev-dependencies]
 test-case = "1.2.0"
--- a/nac3core/build.rs
+++ b/nac3core/build.rs
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use regex::Regex;
 use std::{
    env,
    fs::File,
@ -6,8 +7,6 @@ use std::{
    process::{Command, Stdio},
 };

-use regex::Regex;
-
 fn main() {
    let out_dir = env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap();
    let out_dir = Path::new(&out_dir);
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt.cpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt.cpp
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-#include "irrt/list.hpp"
-#include "irrt/math.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray.hpp"
-#include "irrt/slice.hpp"
+#include <irrt/exception.hpp>
+#include <irrt/int_types.hpp>
+#include <irrt/list.hpp>
+#include <irrt/math.hpp>
+#include <irrt/ndarray.hpp>
+#include <irrt/slice.hpp>
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/cslice.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/cslice.hpp
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once

-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include <irrt/int_types.hpp>

 template<typename SizeT>
 struct CSlice {
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/exception.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/exception.hpp
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once

-#include "irrt/cslice.hpp"
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include <irrt/cslice.hpp>
+#include <irrt/int_types.hpp>

 /**
 * @brief The int type of ARTIQ exception IDs.
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/int_types.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/int_types.hpp
@ -1,20 +1,11 @@
 #pragma once

-#if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 202000
 using int8_t = _BitInt(8);
 using uint8_t = unsigned _BitInt(8);
 using int32_t = _BitInt(32);
 using uint32_t = unsigned _BitInt(32);
 using int64_t = _BitInt(64);
 using uint64_t = unsigned _BitInt(64);
-#else
-using int8_t = _ExtInt(8);
-using uint8_t = unsigned _ExtInt(8);
-using int32_t = _ExtInt(32);
-using uint32_t = unsigned _ExtInt(32);
-using int64_t = _ExtInt(64);
-using uint64_t = unsigned _ExtInt(64);
-#endif

 // NDArray indices are always `uint32_t`.
 using NDIndex = uint32_t;
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/list.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/list.hpp
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once

-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-#include "irrt/math_util.hpp"
+#include <irrt/int_types.hpp>
+#include <irrt/math_util.hpp>

 extern "C" {
 // Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray.hpp
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once

-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include <irrt/int_types.hpp>

 namespace {
 template<typename SizeT>
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/slice.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/slice.hpp
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once

-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
+#include <irrt/int_types.hpp>

 extern "C" {
 SliceIndex __nac3_slice_index_bound(SliceIndex i, const SliceIndex len) {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/builtin_fns.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/builtin_fns.rs
@ -1,37 +1,26 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    types::BasicTypeEnum,
-    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
-    FloatPredicate, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
-};
+use inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum;
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue};
+use inkwell::{FloatPredicate, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel};
 use itertools::Itertools;

-use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        classes::{
+use crate::codegen::classes::{
    ArrayLikeValue, NDArrayValue, ProxyValue, RangeValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor,
    UntypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeMutator,
-        },
-        expr::destructure_range,
-        extern_fns, irrt,
-        irrt::calculate_len_for_slice_range,
-        llvm_intrinsics,
-        macros::codegen_unreachable,
-        numpy,
-        numpy::ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl,
-        stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-    },
-    toplevel::helper::PrimDef,
-    toplevel::numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
-    typecheck::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
 };
+use crate::codegen::expr::destructure_range;
+use crate::codegen::irrt::calculate_len_for_slice_range;
+use crate::codegen::numpy::ndarray_elementwise_unaryop_impl;
+use crate::codegen::stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing;
+use crate::codegen::{extern_fns, irrt, llvm_intrinsics, numpy, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::toplevel::numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys;
+use crate::typecheck::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum};

 /// Shorthand for [`unreachable!()`] when a type of argument is not supported.
 ///
 /// The generated message will contain the function name and the name of the unsupported type.
 fn unsupported_type(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'_, '_>, fn_name: &str, tys: &[Type]) -> ! {
-    codegen_unreachable!(
-        ctx,
+    unreachable!(
        "{fn_name}() not supported for '{}'",
        tys.iter().map(|ty| format!("'{}'", ctx.unifier.stringify(*ty))).join(", "),
    )
@ -93,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn call_len<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(len, llvm_i32, "len").unwrap()
            }
-            _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    })
 }
@ -795,7 +784,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_minimum<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            } else if is_ndarray2 {
                unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, x2_ty).0
            } else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                unreachable!()
            };

            let x1_scalar_ty = if is_ndarray1 { dtype } else { x1_ty };
@ -899,7 +888,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_max_min<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            match fn_name {
                "np_argmin" | "np_argmax" => llvm_int64.const_zero().into(),
                "np_max" | "np_min" => a,
-                _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        }
        BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(n)
@ -954,7 +943,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_max_min<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                        "np_argmax" | "np_max" => {
                            call_max(ctx, (elem_ty, accumulator), (elem_ty, elem))
                        }
-                        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
                    };

                    let updated_idx = match (accumulator, result) {
@ -991,7 +980,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_max_min<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            match fn_name {
                "np_argmin" | "np_argmax" => ctx.builder.build_load(res_idx, "").unwrap(),
                "np_max" | "np_min" => ctx.builder.build_load(accumulator_addr, "").unwrap(),
-                _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        }

@ -1057,7 +1046,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_maximum<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            } else if is_ndarray2 {
                unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, x2_ty).0
            } else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                unreachable!()
            };

            let x1_scalar_ty = if is_ndarray1 { dtype } else { x1_ty };
@ -1497,7 +1486,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_arctan2<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            } else if is_ndarray2 {
                unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, x2_ty).0
            } else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                unreachable!()
            };

            let x1_scalar_ty = if is_ndarray1 { dtype } else { x1_ty };
@ -1564,7 +1553,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_copysign<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            } else if is_ndarray2 {
                unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, x2_ty).0
            } else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                unreachable!()
            };

            let x1_scalar_ty = if is_ndarray1 { dtype } else { x1_ty };
@ -1631,7 +1620,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_fmax<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            } else if is_ndarray2 {
                unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, x2_ty).0
            } else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                unreachable!()
            };

            let x1_scalar_ty = if is_ndarray1 { dtype } else { x1_ty };
@ -1698,7 +1687,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_fmin<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            } else if is_ndarray2 {
                unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, x2_ty).0
            } else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                unreachable!()
            };

            let x1_scalar_ty = if is_ndarray1 { dtype } else { x1_ty };
@ -1821,7 +1810,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_hypot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            } else if is_ndarray2 {
                unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, x2_ty).0
            } else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                unreachable!()
            };

            let x1_scalar_ty = if is_ndarray1 { dtype } else { x1_ty };
@ -1888,7 +1877,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_nextafter<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            } else if is_ndarray2 {
                unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, x2_ty).0
            } else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                unreachable!()
            };

            let x1_scalar_ty = if is_ndarray1 { dtype } else { x1_ty };
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/classes.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/classes.rs
@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum, ArrayType, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType, StructType},
-    values::{ArrayValue, BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
-    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
-};
-
 use crate::codegen::{
    irrt::{call_ndarray_calc_size, call_ndarray_flatten_index},
    llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umin,
    stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
 };
+use inkwell::context::Context;
+use inkwell::types::{ArrayType, BasicType, StructType};
+use inkwell::values::{ArrayValue, BasicValue, StructValue};
+use inkwell::{
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+};

 /// A LLVM type that is used to represent a non-primitive type in NAC3.
 pub trait ProxyType<'ctx>: Into<Self::Base> {
@ -1249,13 +1250,11 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {

    /// Returns the element type of this `ndarray` type.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn element_type(&self) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+    pub fn element_type(&self) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
        self.as_base_type()
            .get_element_type()
            .into_struct_type()
            .get_field_type_at_index(2)
-            .map(BasicTypeEnum::into_pointer_type)
-            .map(PointerType::get_element_type)
            .unwrap()
    }
 }
@ -1405,7 +1404,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {

    /// Returns the double-indirection pointer to the `data` array, as if by calling `getelementptr`
    /// on the field.
-    pub fn ptr_to_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    fn ptr_to_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
        let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
        let var_name = self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.data.addr")).unwrap_or_default();

--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/concrete_type.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/concrete_type.rs
@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
-use indexmap::IndexMap;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
-
 use crate::{
    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
    toplevel::DefinitionId,
@ -15,6 +9,10 @@ use crate::{
    },
 };

+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
 pub struct ConcreteTypeStore {
    store: Vec<ConcreteTypeEnum>,
 }
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/expr.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/expr.rs
@ -1,23 +1,3 @@
-use std::{
-    cmp::min,
-    collections::HashMap,
-    convert::TryInto,
-    iter::{once, repeat, repeat_with, zip},
-};
-
-use inkwell::{
-    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
-    types::{AnyType, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FunctionValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
-    AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
-};
-use itertools::{chain, izip, Either, Itertools};
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{
-    self, Boolop, Cmpop, Comprehension, Constant, Expr, ExprKind, Location, Operator, StrRef,
-    Unaryop,
-};
-
 use crate::{
    codegen::{
        classes::{
@ -31,7 +11,6 @@ use crate::{
            call_expect, call_float_floor, call_float_pow, call_float_powi, call_int_smax,
            call_int_umin, call_memcpy_generic,
        },
-        macros::codegen_unreachable,
        need_sret, numpy,
        stmt::{
            gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_if_callback, gen_if_else_expr_callback, gen_raise,
@ -50,6 +29,20 @@ use crate::{
        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier, VarMap},
    },
 };
+use inkwell::{
+    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
+    types::{AnyType, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FunctionValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
+};
+use itertools::{chain, izip, Either, Itertools};
+use nac3parser::ast::{
+    self, Boolop, Cmpop, Comprehension, Constant, Expr, ExprKind, Location, Operator, StrRef,
+    Unaryop,
+};
+use std::cmp::min;
+use std::iter::{repeat, repeat_with};
+use std::{collections::HashMap, convert::TryInto, iter::once, iter::zip};

 pub fn get_subst_key(
    unifier: &mut Unifier,
@ -119,7 +112,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
        let obj_id = match &*self.unifier.get_ty(ty) {
            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } => *obj_id,
            // we cannot have other types, virtual type should be handled by function calls
-            _ => codegen_unreachable!(self),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
        };
        let def = &self.top_level.definitions.read()[obj_id.0];
        let (index, value) = if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, attributes, .. } = &*def.read() {
@ -130,7 +123,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
                (attribute_index.0, Some(attribute_index.1 .2.clone()))
            }
        } else {
-            codegen_unreachable!(self)
+            unreachable!()
        };
        (index, value)
    }
@ -140,7 +133,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
            TypeEnum::TObj { fields, .. } => {
                fields.iter().find_position(|x| *x.0 == attr).unwrap().0
            }
-            _ => codegen_unreachable!(self),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

@ -195,7 +188,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
                    {
                        *params.iter().next().unwrap().1
                    }
-                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(self, "must be option type"),
+                    _ => unreachable!("must be option type"),
                };
                let val = self.gen_symbol_val(generator, v, ty);
                let ptr = generator
@ -211,7 +204,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
                    {
                        *params.iter().next().unwrap().1
                    }
-                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(self, "must be option type"),
+                    _ => unreachable!("must be option type"),
                };
                let actual_ptr_type =
                    self.get_llvm_type(generator, ty).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
@ -278,7 +271,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
                {
                    self.ctx.i64_type()
                } else {
-                    codegen_unreachable!(self)
+                    unreachable!()
                };
                Some(ty.const_int(*val as u64, false).into())
            }
@ -292,7 +285,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
                let (types, is_vararg_ctx) = if let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } = &*ty {
                    (ty.clone(), *is_vararg_ctx)
                } else {
-                    codegen_unreachable!(self)
+                    unreachable!()
                };
                let values = zip(types, v.iter())
                    .map_while(|(ty, v)| self.gen_const(generator, v, ty))
@ -337,7 +330,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {

                None
            }
-            _ => codegen_unreachable!(self),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

@ -351,7 +344,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
        signed: bool,
    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
        let (BasicValueEnum::IntValue(lhs), BasicValueEnum::IntValue(rhs)) = (lhs, rhs) else {
-            codegen_unreachable!(self)
+            unreachable!()
        };
        let float = self.ctx.f64_type();
        match (op, signed) {
@ -426,7 +419,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
                        .build_right_shift(lhs, rhs, signed, "rshift")
                        .map(Into::into)
                        .unwrap(),
-                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(self),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
                }
            }

@ -438,7 +431,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
            }
            (Operator::Pow, s) => integer_power(generator, self, lhs, rhs, s).into(),
            // special implementation?
-            (Operator::MatMult, _) => codegen_unreachable!(self),
+            (Operator::MatMult, _) => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

@ -450,8 +443,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
        rhs: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
        let (BasicValueEnum::FloatValue(lhs), BasicValueEnum::FloatValue(rhs)) = (lhs, rhs) else {
-            codegen_unreachable!(
-                self,
+            unreachable!(
                "Expected (FloatValue, FloatValue), got ({}, {})",
                lhs.get_type(),
                rhs.get_type()
@ -557,7 +549,7 @@ impl<'ctx, 'a> CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {
                            && val_ty.get_element_type().is_struct_type()
                    } =>
                {
-                    self.builder.build_bit_cast(*val, arg_ty, "call_arg_cast").unwrap()
+                    self.builder.build_bitcast(*val, arg_ty, "call_arg_cast").unwrap()
                }
                _ => *val,
            })
@ -695,7 +687,7 @@ pub fn gen_constructor<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
    def: &TopLevelDef,
    params: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
 ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String> {
-    let TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } = def else { codegen_unreachable!(ctx) };
+    let TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } = def else { unreachable!() };

    // TODO: what about other fields that require alloca?
    let fun_id = methods.iter().find(|method| method.0 == "__init__".into()).map(|method| method.2);
@ -727,7 +719,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_instance<'ctx>(
        key,
    ) = fun
    else {
-        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+        unreachable!()
    };

    if let Some(sym) = instance_to_symbol.get(&key) {
@ -759,7 +751,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_instance<'ctx>(
        .collect();

    let mut signature = store.from_signature(&mut ctx.unifier, &ctx.primitives, sign, &mut cache);
-    let ConcreteTypeEnum::TFunc { args, .. } = &mut signature else { codegen_unreachable!(ctx) };
+    let ConcreteTypeEnum::TFunc { args, .. } = &mut signature else { unreachable!() };

    if let Some(obj) = &obj {
        let zelf = store.from_unifier_type(&mut ctx.unifier, &ctx.primitives, obj.0, &mut cache);
@ -977,7 +969,6 @@ pub fn gen_call<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            TopLevelDef::Class { .. } => {
                return Ok(Some(generator.gen_constructor(ctx, fun.0, &def, params)?))
            }
-            TopLevelDef::Variable { .. } => unreachable!(),
        }
    }
    .or_else(|_: String| {
@ -1126,7 +1117,7 @@ pub fn gen_comprehension<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
 ) -> Result<Option<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>, String> {
-    let ExprKind::ListComp { elt, generators } = &expr.node else { codegen_unreachable!(ctx) };
+    let ExprKind::ListComp { elt, generators } = &expr.node else { unreachable!() };

    let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap().get_parent().unwrap();

@ -1385,13 +1376,13 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty1) {
                        ctx.unifier.get_representative(*params.iter().next().unwrap().1)
                    } else {
-                        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                        unreachable!()
                    };
                let elem_ty2 =
                    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty2) {
                        ctx.unifier.get_representative(*params.iter().next().unwrap().1)
                    } else {
-                        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                        unreachable!()
                    };
                debug_assert!(ctx.unifier.unioned(elem_ty1, elem_ty2));

@ -1464,7 +1455,7 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                        {
                            *params.iter().next().unwrap().1
                        } else {
-                            codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                            unreachable!()
                        };

                        (elem_ty, left_val, right_val)
@ -1474,12 +1465,12 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                        {
                            *params.iter().next().unwrap().1
                        } else {
-                            codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                            unreachable!()
                        };

                        (elem_ty, right_val, left_val)
                    } else {
-                        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                        unreachable!()
                    };
                let list_val =
                    ListValue::from_ptr_val(list_val.into_pointer_value(), llvm_usize, None);
@ -1646,7 +1637,7 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
    } else {
        let left_ty_enum = ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(left_ty.unwrap());
        let TypeEnum::TObj { fields, obj_id, .. } = left_ty_enum.as_ref() else {
-            codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "must be tobj")
+            unreachable!("must be tobj")
        };
        let (op_name, id) = {
            let normal_method_name = Binop::normal(op.base).op_info().method_name;
@ -1667,19 +1658,19 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
        } else {
            let left_enum_ty = ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(left_ty.unwrap());
            let TypeEnum::TObj { fields, .. } = left_enum_ty.as_ref() else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "must be tobj")
+                unreachable!("must be tobj")
            };

            let fn_ty = fields.get(&op_name).unwrap().0;
            let fn_ty_enum = ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(fn_ty);
-            let TypeEnum::TFunc(sig) = fn_ty_enum.as_ref() else { codegen_unreachable!(ctx) };
+            let TypeEnum::TFunc(sig) = fn_ty_enum.as_ref() else { unreachable!() };

            sig.clone()
        };
        let fun_id = {
            let defs = ctx.top_level.definitions.read();
            let obj_def = defs.get(id.0).unwrap().read();
-            let TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } = &*obj_def else { codegen_unreachable!(ctx) };
+            let TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } = &*obj_def else { unreachable!() };

            methods.iter().find(|method| method.0 == op_name).unwrap().2
        };
@ -1810,8 +1801,7 @@ pub fn gen_unaryop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            if op == ast::Unaryop::Invert {
                ast::Unaryop::Not
            } else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(
-                    ctx,
+                unreachable!(
                    "ufunc {} not supported for ndarray[bool, N]",
                    op.op_info().method_name,
                )
@ -1878,8 +1868,8 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
        {
            let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);

-            let (Some(left_ty), lhs) = left else { codegen_unreachable!(ctx) };
-            let (Some(right_ty), rhs) = comparators[0] else { codegen_unreachable!(ctx) };
+            let (Some(left_ty), lhs) = left else { unreachable!() };
+            let (Some(right_ty), rhs) = comparators[0] else { unreachable!() };
            let op = ops[0];

            let is_ndarray1 =
@ -1986,7 +1976,7 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                let op = match op {
                    ast::Cmpop::Eq | ast::Cmpop::Is => IntPredicate::EQ,
                    ast::Cmpop::NotEq => IntPredicate::NE,
-                    _ if left_ty == ctx.primitives.bool => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                    _ if left_ty == ctx.primitives.bool => unreachable!(),
                    ast::Cmpop::Lt => {
                        if use_unsigned_ops {
                            IntPredicate::ULT
@ -2015,7 +2005,7 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                            IntPredicate::SGE
                        }
                    }
-                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };

                ctx.builder.build_int_compare(op, lhs, rhs, "cmp").unwrap()
@ -2032,7 +2022,7 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    ast::Cmpop::LtE => inkwell::FloatPredicate::OLE,
                    ast::Cmpop::Gt => inkwell::FloatPredicate::OGT,
                    ast::Cmpop::GtE => inkwell::FloatPredicate::OGE,
-                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };
                ctx.builder.build_float_compare(op, lhs, rhs, "cmp").unwrap()
            } else if left_ty == ctx.primitives.str {
@ -2164,7 +2154,7 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                        match (op, val) {
                            (Cmpop::Eq, true) | (Cmpop::NotEq, false) => llvm_i1.const_all_ones(),
                            (Cmpop::Eq, false) | (Cmpop::NotEq, true) => llvm_i1.const_zero(),
-                            (_, _) => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                            (_, _) => unreachable!(),
                        }
                    };

@ -2177,14 +2167,14 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    {
                        *params.iter().next().unwrap().1
                    } else {
-                        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                        unreachable!()
                    };
                    let right_elem_ty = if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } =
                        &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(right_ty)
                    {
                        *params.iter().next().unwrap().1
                    } else {
-                        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                        unreachable!()
                    };

                    if !ctx.unifier.unioned(left_elem_ty, right_elem_ty) {
@ -2392,10 +2382,7 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                                })
                                .map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value)?;

-                            Ok(ctx.builder.build_not(
-                                generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, cmp),
-                                "",
-                            ).unwrap())
+                            Ok(ctx.builder.build_not(cmp, "").unwrap())
                        },
                        |_, ctx| {
                            let bb = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().unwrap();
@ -2524,7 +2511,7 @@ fn gen_ndarray_subscript_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);

    let TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndims) else {
-        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+        unreachable!()
    };

    let ndims = values
@ -2876,7 +2863,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                        .const_null()
                        .into()
                }
-                _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "must be option type"),
+                _ => unreachable!("must be option type"),
            }
        }
        ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => match ctx.var_assignment.get(id) {
@ -2886,7 +2873,29 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            Some((_, Some(static_value), _)) => ValueEnum::Static(static_value.clone()),
            None => {
                let resolver = ctx.resolver.clone();
-                resolver.get_symbol_value(*id, ctx, generator).unwrap()
+                if let Some(res) = resolver.get_symbol_value(*id, ctx) {
+                    res
+                } else {
+                    // Allow "raise Exception" short form
+                    let def_id = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id).map_err(|e| {
+                        format!("{} (at {})", e.iter().next().unwrap(), expr.location)
+                    })?;
+                    let def = ctx.top_level.definitions.read();
+                    if let TopLevelDef::Class { constructor, .. } = *def[def_id.0].read() {
+                        let TypeEnum::TFunc(signature) =
+                            ctx.unifier.get_ty(constructor.unwrap()).as_ref().clone()
+                        else {
+                            return Err(format!(
+                                "Failed to resolve symbol {} (at {})",
+                                id, expr.location
+                            ));
+                        };
+                        return Ok(generator
+                            .gen_call(ctx, None, (&signature, def_id), Vec::default())?
+                            .map(Into::into));
+                    }
+                    return Err(format!("Failed to resolve symbol {} (at {})", id, expr.location));
+                }
            }
        },
        ExprKind::List { elts, .. } => {
@ -2915,7 +2924,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(

                    *params.iter().next().unwrap().1
                } else {
-                    codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                    unreachable!()
                };

                if let TypeEnum::TVar { .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty) {
@ -3009,9 +3018,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(

                            return generator.gen_expr(ctx, &modified_expr);
                        }
-                        None => {
-                            codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Function Type should not have attributes")
-                        }
+                        None => unreachable!("Function Type should not have attributes"),
                    }
                } else if let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(c) {
                    if fields.is_empty() && params.is_empty() {
@ -3033,7 +3040,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(

                                return generator.gen_expr(ctx, &modified_expr);
                            }
-                            None => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                            None => unreachable!(),
                        }
                    }
                }
@ -3135,7 +3142,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                }
                (Some(a), None) => a.into(),
                (None, Some(b)) => b.into(),
-                (None, None) => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                (None, None) => unreachable!(),
            }
        }
        ExprKind::BinOp { op, left, right } => {
@ -3225,9 +3232,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                ctx.unifier.get_call_signature(*call).unwrap()
            } else {
                let ty = func.custom.unwrap();
-                let TypeEnum::TFunc(sign) = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(ty) else {
-                    codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
-                };
+                let TypeEnum::TFunc(sign) = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(ty) else { unreachable!() };

                sign.clone()
            };
@ -3246,26 +3251,17 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    let Some(val) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, value)? else { return Ok(None) };

                    // Handle Class Method calls
-                    // The attribute will be `DefinitionId` of the method if the call is to one of the parent methods
-                    let func_id = attr.to_string().parse::<usize>();
-
                    let id = if let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } =
                        &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(value.custom.unwrap())
                    {
                        *obj_id
                    } else {
-                        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                        unreachable!()
                    };
-
-                    // Use the `DefinitionID` from attribute if it is available
-                    let fun_id = if let Ok(func_id) = func_id {
-                        DefinitionId(func_id)
-                    } else {
+                    let fun_id = {
                        let defs = ctx.top_level.definitions.read();
                        let obj_def = defs.get(id.0).unwrap().read();
-                        let TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } = &*obj_def else {
-                            codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
-                        };
+                        let TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } = &*obj_def else { unreachable!() };

                        methods.iter().find(|method| method.0 == *attr).unwrap().2
                    };
@ -3336,9 +3332,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                                        .unwrap(),
                                ));
                            }
-                            ValueEnum::Dynamic(_) => {
-                                codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "option must be static or ptr")
-                            }
+                            ValueEnum::Dynamic(_) => unreachable!("option must be static or ptr"),
                        }
                    }

@ -3487,10 +3481,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                        if let ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Int(v), .. } = &slice.node {
                            (*v).try_into().unwrap()
                        } else {
-                            codegen_unreachable!(
-                                ctx,
-                                "tuple subscript must be const int after type check"
-                            );
+                            unreachable!("tuple subscript must be const int after type check");
                        };
                    match generator.gen_expr(ctx, value)? {
                        Some(ValueEnum::Dynamic(v)) => {
@ -3513,10 +3504,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                        None => return Ok(None),
                    }
                }
-                _ => codegen_unreachable!(
-                    ctx,
-                    "should not be other subscriptable types after type check"
-                ),
+                _ => unreachable!("should not be other subscriptable types after type check"),
            }
        }
        ExprKind::ListComp { .. } => {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/extern_fns.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/extern_fns.rs
@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
-};
+use inkwell::attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc};
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue};
 use itertools::Either;

 use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs
@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
-};
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Stmt, StrRef};
-
 use crate::{
    codegen::{bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, classes::ArraySliceValue, expr::*, stmt::*, CodeGenContext},
    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},
 };
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+};
+use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Stmt, StrRef};

 pub trait CodeGenerator {
    /// Return the module name for the code generator.
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs
@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
+use crate::{symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver, typecheck::typedef::Type};
+
+use super::{
+    classes::{
+        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayValue,
+        TypedArrayLikeAdapter, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+    },
+    llvm_intrinsics, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+use crate::codegen::classes::TypedArrayLikeAccessor;
+use crate::codegen::stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing;
 use inkwell::{
    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
    context::Context,
@ -8,21 +19,8 @@ use inkwell::{
    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
 };
 use itertools::Either;
-
 use nac3parser::ast::Expr;

-use super::{
-    classes::{
-        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayValue,
-        TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeAdapter, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
-    },
-    llvm_intrinsics,
-    macros::codegen_unreachable,
-    stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
-    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-};
-use crate::{symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver, typecheck::typedef::Type};
-
 #[must_use]
 pub fn load_irrt<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, symbol_resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver) -> Module<'ctx> {
    let bitcode_buf = MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(
@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ pub fn integer_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        (64, 64, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int64_t",
        (32, 32, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint32_t",
        (64, 64, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint64_t",
-        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    let base_type = base.get_type();
    let pow_fun = ctx.module.get_function(symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
@ -462,7 +460,7 @@ pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                    BasicTypeEnum::IntType(t) => t.size_of(),
                    BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(t) => t.size_of(),
                    BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => t.size_of().unwrap(),
-                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };
                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size").unwrap()
            }
@ -607,7 +605,7 @@ where
    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size",
        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+        bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
    };
    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_t = llvm_usize.fn_type(
        &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
@ -658,7 +656,7 @@ pub fn call_ndarray_calc_nd_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices",
        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+        bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
    };
    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn =
        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
@ -727,7 +725,7 @@ where
    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index",
        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+        bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
    };
    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn =
        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
@ -795,7 +793,7 @@ pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast",
        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+        bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
    };
    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
@ -915,7 +913,7 @@ pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index<
    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx",
        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+        bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
    };
    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/llvm_intrinsics.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/llvm_intrinsics.rs
@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    intrinsics::Intrinsic,
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum::IntType, FloatType},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
-    AddressSpace,
-};
-use itertools::Either;
-
 use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+use inkwell::context::Context;
+use inkwell::intrinsics::Intrinsic;
+use inkwell::types::AnyTypeEnum::IntType;
+use inkwell::types::FloatType;
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue};
+use inkwell::AddressSpace;
+use itertools::Either;

 /// Returns the string representation for the floating-point type `ft` when used in intrinsic
 /// functions.
@ -185,7 +183,7 @@ pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
        dest
    } else {
        ctx.builder
-            .build_bit_cast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .build_bitcast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap()
    };
@ -193,7 +191,7 @@ pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
        src
    } else {
        ctx.builder
-            .build_bit_cast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .build_bitcast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap()
    };
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/mod.rs
@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
-        Arc,
+use crate::{
+    codegen::classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
+    symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver},
+    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef},
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::{CodeLocation, PrimitiveStore},
+        typedef::{CallId, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
    },
-    thread,
 };
-
 use crossbeam::channel::{unbounded, Receiver, Sender};
 use inkwell::{
    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
@ -24,19 +24,14 @@ use inkwell::{
    AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use parking_lot::{Condvar, Mutex};
-
 use nac3parser::ast::{Location, Stmt, StrRef};
-
-use crate::{
-    codegen::classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
-    symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver},
-    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef},
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{CodeLocation, PrimitiveStore},
-        typedef::{CallId, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
-    },
+use parking_lot::{Condvar, Mutex};
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::sync::{
+    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+    Arc,
 };
+use std::thread;

 pub mod builtin_fns;
 pub mod classes;
@ -46,6 +41,7 @@ pub mod extern_fns;
 mod generator;
 pub mod irrt;
 pub mod llvm_intrinsics;
+pub mod model;
 pub mod numpy;
 pub mod stmt;

@ -55,22 +51,6 @@ mod test;
 use concrete_type::{ConcreteType, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore};
 pub use generator::{CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator};

-mod macros {
-    /// Codegen-variant of [`std::unreachable`] which accepts an instance of [`CodeGenContext`] as
-    /// its first argument to provide Python source information to indicate the codegen location
-    /// causing the assertion.
-    macro_rules! codegen_unreachable {
-        ($ctx:expr $(,)?) => {
-            std::unreachable!("unreachable code while processing {}", &$ctx.current_loc)
-        };
-        ($ctx:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {
-            std::unreachable!("unreachable code while processing {}: {}", &$ctx.current_loc, std::format!("{}", std::format_args!($($arg)+)))
-        };
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) use codegen_unreachable;
-}
-
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct StaticValueStore {
    pub lookup: HashMap<Vec<(usize, u64)>, usize>,
@ -853,9 +833,10 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<
    builder.position_at_end(init_bb);
    let body_bb = context.append_basic_block(fn_val, "body");

-    // Store non-vararg argument values into local variables
    let mut var_assignment = HashMap::new();
    let offset = u32::from(has_sret);
+
+    // Store non-vararg argument values into local variables
    for (n, arg) in args.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, arg)| !arg.is_vararg) {
        let param = fn_val.get_nth_param((n as u32) + offset).unwrap();
        let local_type = get_llvm_type(
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/model/any.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/model/any.rs
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::IntValue,
+};
+
+use super::*;
+
+/// A [`Model`] of any [`BasicTypeEnum`].
+///
+/// Use this when it is infeasible to use model abstractions.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Any<'ctx>(pub BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>);
+
+impl<'ctx> ModelBase<'ctx> for Any<'ctx> {
+    fn llvm_type_impl(&self, _size_t: IntType<'ctx>, _ctx: &'ctx Context) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.0.as_basic_type_enum()
+    }
+
+    fn check_type_impl(
+        &self,
+        _size_t: IntType<'ctx>,
+        _ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
+        if ty == self.0 {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting {}, but got {}", self.0, ty)))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Model<'ctx> for Any<'ctx> {
+    type Type = IntType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = IntValue<'ctx>;
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/model/array.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/model/array.rs
@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+use std::{fmt, marker::PhantomData};
+
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{ArrayType, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::{ArrayValue, IntValue},
+};
+
+use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+
+use super::*;
+
+/// Trait for Rust structs identifying length values for [`Array`].
+pub trait ArrayLen: fmt::Debug + Clone + Copy {
+    fn length(&self) -> u32;
+}
+
+/// A statically known length.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Len<const N: u32>;
+
+/// A dynamically known length.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct AnyLen(pub u32);
+
+impl<const N: u32> ArrayLen for Len<N> {
+    fn length(&self) -> u32 {
+        N
+    }
+}
+
+impl ArrayLen for AnyLen {
+    fn length(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// A Model for an [`ArrayType`].
+///
+/// `Len` should be of a [`LenKind`] and `Item` should be a of [`Model`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Array<'ctx, Len: ArrayLen, Item: ModelBase<'ctx>> {
+    /// Length of this array.
+    pub len: Len,
+    /// [`Model`] of the array items.
+    pub item: Item,
+    pub _phantom: PhantomData<&'ctx ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Len: ArrayLen, Item: ModelBase<'ctx>> Array<'ctx, Len, Item> {
+    pub fn new(len: Len, item: Item) -> Self {
+        Array { len, item, _phantom: PhantomData }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Len: ArrayLen, Item: ModelBase<'ctx>> ModelBase<'ctx> for Array<'ctx, Len, Item> {
+    fn llvm_type_impl(&self, size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        let item = self.item.llvm_type_impl(size_t, ctx);
+        item.array_type(self.len.length()).into()
+    }
+
+    fn check_type_impl(
+        &self,
+        size_t: IntType<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
+        let BasicTypeEnum::ArrayType(ty) = ty else {
+            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting ArrayType, but got {ty:?}")));
+        };
+
+        if ty.len() != self.len.length() {
+            return Err(ModelError(format!(
+                "Expecting ArrayType with size {}, but got an ArrayType with size {}",
+                ty.len(),
+                self.len.length()
+            )));
+        }
+
+        self.item
+            .check_type_impl(size_t, ctx, ty.get_element_type())
+            .map_err(|err| err.under_context("an ArrayType"))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Len: ArrayLen, Item: Model<'ctx>> Model<'ctx> for Array<'ctx, Len, Item> {
+    type Type = ArrayType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = ArrayValue<'ctx>;
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Len: ArrayLen, Item: Model<'ctx>> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Array<'ctx, Len, Item>>> {
+    /// Get the pointer to the `i`-th (0-based) array element.
+    pub fn gep(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        i: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
+        let zero = ctx.ctx.i64_type().const_zero();
+        let ptr = unsafe { ctx.builder.build_in_bounds_gep(self.value, &[zero, i], "").unwrap() };
+
+        unsafe { Ptr::new(self.model.item.item).believe_value(ptr) }
+    }
+
+    /// Like `gep` but `i` is a constant.
+    pub fn gep_const(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, i: u64) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
+        assert!(
+            i < u64::from(self.model.item.len.length()),
+            "Index {i} is out of bounds. Array length = {}",
+            self.model.item.len.length()
+        );
+
+        let i = ctx.ctx.i64_type().const_int(i, true);
+        self.gep(ctx, i)
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience function equivalent to `.gep(...).load(...)`.
+    pub fn get<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        i: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Item> {
+        self.gep(ctx, i).load(generator, ctx)
+    }
+
+    /// Like `get` but `i` is a constant.
+    pub fn get_const<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        i: u64,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Item> {
+        self.gep_const(ctx, i).load(generator, ctx)
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience function equivalent to `.gep(...).store(...)`.
+    pub fn set(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        i: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        value: Instance<'ctx, Item>,
+    ) {
+        self.gep(ctx, i).store(ctx, value);
+    }
+
+    /// Like `set` but `i` is a constant.
+    pub fn set_const(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, i: u64, value: Instance<'ctx, Item>) {
+        self.gep_const(ctx, i).store(ctx, value);
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/model/core.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/model/core.rs
@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
+use inkwell::{context::Context, types::*, values::*};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+
+/// A error type for reporting any [`Model`]-related error (e.g., a [`BasicType`] mismatch).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ModelError(pub String);
+
+impl ModelError {
+    /// Append a context message to the error.
+    pub(super) fn under_context(mut self, context: &str) -> Self {
+        self.0.push_str(" ... in ");
+        self.0.push_str(context);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+// NOTE: A watered down version of `Model` trait. Made to be object safe.
+pub trait ModelBase<'ctx> {
+    // NOTE: Taking `size_t` here instead of `CodeGenerator` to be object safe.
+    // In fact, all the entire model abstraction need from the `CodeGenerator` is its `get_size_type()`.
+
+    // NOTE: Model's llvm_type but object-safe and returns BasicTypeEnum, instead of a known BasicType variant.
+    fn llvm_type_impl(&self, size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>;
+
+    // NOTE: Model's check_type but object-safe.
+    fn check_type_impl(
+        &self,
+        size_t: IntType<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        scrutinee: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), ModelError>;
+}
+
+/// Trait for Rust structs identifying [`BasicType`]s in the context of a known [`CodeGenerator`] and [`CodeGenContext`].
+///
+/// For instance,
+/// - [`Int<Int32>`] identifies an [`IntType`] with 32-bits.
+/// - [`Int<SizeT>`] identifies an [`IntType`] with bit-width [`CodeGenerator::get_size_type`].
+/// - [`Ptr<Int<SizeT>>`] identifies a [`PointerType`] that points to an [`IntType`] with bit-width [`CodeGenerator::get_size_type`].
+/// - [`Int<AnyInt>`] identifies an [`IntType`] with bit-width of whatever is set in the [`AnyInt`] object.
+/// - [`Any`] identifies a [`BasicType`] set in the [`Any`] object itself.
+///
+/// You can get the [`BasicType`] out of a model with [`Model::llvm_type`].
+///
+/// Furthermore, [`Instance<'ctx, M>`] is a simple structure that carries a [`BasicValue`] with [`BasicType`] identified by model `M`.
+///
+/// The main purpose of this abstraction is to have a more Rust type-safe way to use Inkwell and give type-hints for programmers.
+///
+/// ### Notes on `Default` trait
+///
+/// For some models like [`Int<Int32>`] or [`Int<SizeT>`], they have a [`Default`] trait since just by looking at their types, it is possible
+/// to tell the [`BasicType`]s they are identifying.
+///
+/// This can be used to create strongly-typed interfaces accepting only values of a specific [`BasicType`] without having to worry about
+/// writing debug assertions to check, for example, if the programmer has passed in an [`IntValue`] with the wrong bit-width.
+/// ```ignore
+/// fn give_me_i32_and_get_a_size_t_back<'ctx>(i32: Instance<'ctx, Int<Int32>>) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<SizeT>> {
+///     // code...
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// ### Notes on converting between Inkwell and model.
+///
+/// Suppose you have an [`IntValue`], and you want to pass it into a function that takes a [`Instance<'ctx, Int<Int32>>`]. You can do use
+/// [`Model::check_value`] or [`Model::believe_value`].
+/// ```ignore
+/// let my_value: IntValue<'ctx>;
+///
+/// let my_value = Int(Int32).check_value(my_value).unwrap(); // Panics if `my_value` is not 32-bit with a descriptive error message.
+///
+/// // or, if you are absolutely certain that `my_value` is 32-bit and doing extra checks is a waste of time:
+/// let my_value = Int(Int32).believe_value(my_value);
+/// ```
+pub trait Model<'ctx>: fmt::Debug + Clone + Copy + ModelBase<'ctx> {
+    /// The [`BasicType`] *variant* this model is identifying.
+    type Type: BasicType<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>;
+
+    /// The [`BasicValue`] type of the [`BasicType`] of this model.
+    type Value: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>;
+
+    /// Return the [`BasicType`] of this model.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Self::Type {
+        let size_t = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+
+        let ty = self.llvm_type_impl(size_t, ctx);
+        match Self::Type::try_from(ty) {
+            Ok(ty) => ty,
+            _ => panic!("Model::Type is inconsistent with what is returned from ModelBase::get_type_impl()! Got {ty:?}."),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of bytes of the [`BasicType`] of this model.
+    fn size_of<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).size_of().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a [`BasicType`] matches the [`BasicType`] of this model.
+    fn check_type<T: BasicType<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        ty: T,
+    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
+        let size_t = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        self.check_type_impl(size_t, ctx, ty.as_basic_type_enum())
+    }
+
+    /// Create an instance from a value.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// Caller must make sure the type of `value` and the type of this `model` are equivalent.
+    #[must_use]
+    unsafe fn believe_value(&self, value: Self::Value) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        Instance { model: *self, value }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a [`BasicValue`]'s type is equivalent to the type of this model.
+    /// Wrap the [`BasicValue`] into an [`Instance`] if it is.
+    fn check_value<V: BasicValue<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        value: V,
+    ) -> Result<Instance<'ctx, Self>, ModelError> {
+        let value = value.as_basic_value_enum();
+        self.check_type(generator, ctx, value.get_type())
+            .map_err(|err| err.under_context(format!("the value {value:?}").as_str()))?;
+
+        let Ok(value) = Self::Value::try_from(value) else {
+            unreachable!("check_type() has bad implementation")
+        };
+        Ok(unsafe { self.believe_value(value) })
+    }
+
+    // Allocate a value on the stack and return its pointer.
+    fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Self>> {
+        let p = ctx.builder.build_alloca(self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { Ptr::new(*self).believe_value(p) }
+    }
+
+    // Allocate an array on the stack and return its pointer.
+    fn array_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Self>> {
+        let p =
+            ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), len, "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { Ptr::new(*self).believe_value(p) }
+    }
+
+    fn var_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Self>>, String> {
+        let ty = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx).as_basic_type_enum();
+        let p = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, ty, name)?;
+        Ok(unsafe { Ptr::new(*self).believe_value(p) })
+    }
+
+    fn array_var_alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        len: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Result<Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Self>>, String> {
+        // TODO: Remove ArraySliceValue
+        let ty = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx).as_basic_type_enum();
+        let p = generator.gen_array_var_alloc(ctx, ty, len, name)?;
+        Ok(unsafe { Ptr::new(*self).believe_value(PointerValue::from(p)) })
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate a constant array.
+    fn const_array<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        values: &[Instance<'ctx, Self>],
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Array<'ctx, AnyLen, Self>> {
+        macro_rules! make {
+            ($t:expr, $into_value:expr) => {
+                $t.const_array(
+                    &values
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|x| $into_value(x.value.as_basic_value_enum()))
+                        .collect_vec(),
+                )
+            };
+        }
+
+        let value = match self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).as_basic_type_enum() {
+            BasicTypeEnum::ArrayType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_array_value),
+            BasicTypeEnum::IntType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_int_value),
+            BasicTypeEnum::FloatType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_float_value),
+            BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value),
+            BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_struct_value),
+            BasicTypeEnum::VectorType(t) => make!(t, BasicValueEnum::into_vector_value),
+        };
+
+        let model = Array::new(AnyLen(values.len() as u32), *self);
+        model.check_value(generator, ctx, value).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Instance<'ctx, M: Model<'ctx>> {
+    /// The model of this instance.
+    pub model: M,
+
+    /// The value of this instance.
+    ///
+    /// It is guaranteed the [`BasicType`] of `value` is consistent with that of `model`.
+    pub value: M::Value,
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/model/float.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/model/float.rs
@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+use std::{fmt, marker::PhantomData};
+
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{BasicTypeEnum, FloatType, IntType},
+    values::FloatValue,
+};
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub trait FloatKind<'ctx>: fmt::Debug + Clone + Copy {
+    fn float_type(&self, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> FloatType<'ctx>;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Float32;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Float64;
+
+impl<'ctx> FloatKind<'ctx> for Float32 {
+    fn float_type(&self, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> FloatType<'ctx> {
+        ctx.f32_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> FloatKind<'ctx> for Float64 {
+    fn float_type(&self, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> FloatType<'ctx> {
+        ctx.f64_type()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct AnyFloat<'ctx>(FloatType<'ctx>);
+
+impl<'ctx> FloatKind<'ctx> for AnyFloat<'ctx> {
+    fn float_type(&self, _ctx: &'ctx Context) -> FloatType<'ctx> {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Float<'ctx, N: FloatKind<'ctx>> {
+    kind: N,
+    _phantom: PhantomData<&'ctx ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, N: FloatKind<'ctx>> Float<'ctx, N> {
+    pub fn new(kind: N) -> Self {
+        Float { kind, _phantom: PhantomData }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, N: FloatKind<'ctx>> ModelBase<'ctx> for Float<'ctx, N> {
+    fn llvm_type_impl(&self, _size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.kind.float_type(ctx).into()
+    }
+
+    fn check_type_impl(
+        &self,
+        _size_t: IntType<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
+        let Ok(ty) = FloatType::try_from(ty) else {
+            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting FloatType, but got {ty:?}")));
+        };
+
+        let expected_ty = self.kind.float_type(ctx);
+        if ty != expected_ty {
+            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting {expected_ty:?}, but got {ty:?}")));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, N: FloatKind<'ctx>> Model<'ctx> for Float<'ctx, N> {
+    type Value = FloatValue<'ctx>;
+    type Type = FloatType<'ctx>;
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/model/function.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/model/function.rs
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
+    types::{BasicMetadataTypeEnum, BasicType, FunctionType},
+    values::{AnyValue, BasicMetadataValueEnum, BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue},
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+
+use super::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct Arg<'ctx> {
+    ty: BasicMetadataTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    val: BasicMetadataValueEnum<'ctx>,
+}
+
+/// A convenience structure to construct & call an LLVM function.
+///
+/// ### Usage
+///
+/// The syntax is like this:
+/// ```ignore
+/// let result = CallFunction::begin("my_function_name")
+///   .attrs(...)
+///   .arg(arg1)
+///   .arg(arg2)
+///   .arg(arg3)
+///   .returning("my_function_result", Int32);
+/// ```
+///
+/// The function `my_function_name` is called when `.returning()` (or its variants) is called, returning
+/// the result as an `Instance<'ctx, Int<Int32>>`.
+///
+/// If `my_function_name` has not been declared in `ctx.module`, once `.returning()` is called, a function
+/// declaration of `my_function_name` is added to `ctx.module`, where the [`FunctionType`] is deduced from
+/// the argument types and returning type.
+pub struct FnCall<'ctx, 'a, 'b, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized> {
+    generator: &'b mut G,
+    ctx: &'b CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+    /// Function name
+    name: &'b str,
+    /// Call arguments
+    args: Vec<Arg<'ctx>>,
+    /// LLVM function Attributes
+    attrs: Vec<&'static str>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, 'a, 'b, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized> FnCall<'ctx, 'a, 'b, G> {
+    pub fn begin(generator: &'b mut G, ctx: &'b CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>, name: &'b str) -> Self {
+        FnCall { generator, ctx, name, args: Vec::new(), attrs: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// Push a list of LLVM function attributes to the function declaration.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn attrs(mut self, attrs: Vec<&'static str>) -> Self {
+        self.attrs = attrs;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Push a call argument to the function call.
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn arg<M: Model<'ctx>>(mut self, arg: Instance<'ctx, M>) -> Self {
+        let arg = Arg {
+            ty: arg.model.llvm_type(self.generator, self.ctx.ctx).as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+            val: arg.value.as_basic_value_enum().into(),
+        };
+        self.args.push(arg);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Call the function and expect the function to return a value of type of `return_model`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn returning<M: Model<'ctx>>(self, name: &str, return_model: M) -> Instance<'ctx, M> {
+        let ret_ty = return_model.llvm_type(self.generator, self.ctx.ctx);
+
+        let ret = self.call(|tys| ret_ty.fn_type(tys, false), name);
+        let ret = BasicValueEnum::try_from(ret.as_any_value_enum()).unwrap(); // Must work
+        let ret = return_model.check_value(self.generator, self.ctx.ctx, ret).unwrap(); // Must work
+        ret
+    }
+
+    /// Like [`CallFunction::returning_`] but `return_model` is automatically inferred.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn returning_auto<M: Model<'ctx> + Default>(self, name: &str) -> Instance<'ctx, M> {
+        self.returning(name, M::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Call the function and expect the function to return a void-type.
+    pub fn returning_void(self) {
+        let ret_ty = self.ctx.ctx.void_type();
+
+        let _ = self.call(|tys| ret_ty.fn_type(tys, false), "");
+    }
+
+    fn call<F>(&self, make_fn_type: F, return_value_name: &str) -> CallSiteValue<'ctx>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&[BasicMetadataTypeEnum<'ctx>]) -> FunctionType<'ctx>,
+    {
+        // Get the LLVM function.
+        let func = self.ctx.module.get_function(self.name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            // Declare the function if it doesn't exist.
+            let tys = self.args.iter().map(|arg| arg.ty).collect_vec();
+
+            let func_type = make_fn_type(&tys);
+            let func = self.ctx.module.add_function(self.name, func_type, None);
+
+            for attr in &self.attrs {
+                func.add_attribute(
+                    AttributeLoc::Function,
+                    self.ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
+                );
+            }
+
+            func
+        });
+
+        let vals = self.args.iter().map(|arg| arg.val).collect_vec();
+        self.ctx.builder.build_call(func, &vals, return_value_name).unwrap()
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/model/int.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/model/int.rs
@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+use std::{cmp::Ordering, fmt, marker::PhantomData};
+
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
+    values::IntValue,
+    IntPredicate,
+};
+
+use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub trait IntKind<'ctx>: fmt::Debug + Clone + Copy {
+    fn int_type(&self, size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx>;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Bool;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Byte;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Int32;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Int64;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct SizeT;
+
+impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for Bool {
+    fn int_type(&self, _size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        ctx.bool_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for Byte {
+    fn int_type(&self, _size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        ctx.i8_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for Int32 {
+    fn int_type(&self, _size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        ctx.i32_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for Int64 {
+    fn int_type(&self, _size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        ctx.i64_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for SizeT {
+    fn int_type(&self, size_t: IntType<'ctx>, _ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        size_t
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct AnyInt<'ctx>(pub IntType<'ctx>);
+
+impl<'ctx> IntKind<'ctx> for AnyInt<'ctx> {
+    fn int_type(&self, _size_t: IntType<'ctx>, _ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Int<'ctx, N: IntKind<'ctx>> {
+    kind: N,
+    _phantom: PhantomData<&'ctx ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, N: IntKind<'ctx>> ModelBase<'ctx> for Int<'ctx, N> {
+    fn llvm_type_impl(&self, size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.kind.int_type(size_t, ctx).into()
+    }
+
+    fn check_type_impl(
+        &self,
+        size_t: IntType<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
+        let Ok(ty) = IntType::try_from(ty) else {
+            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting IntType, but got {ty:?}")));
+        };
+
+        let exp_ty = self.kind.int_type(size_t, ctx);
+        if ty.get_bit_width() != exp_ty.get_bit_width() {
+            return Err(ModelError(format!(
+                "Expecting IntType to have {} bit(s), but got {} bit(s)",
+                exp_ty.get_bit_width(),
+                ty.get_bit_width()
+            )));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, N: IntKind<'ctx>> Model<'ctx> for Int<'ctx, N> {
+    type Type = IntType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = IntValue<'ctx>;
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, N: IntKind<'ctx>> Int<'ctx, N> {
+    pub fn new(kind: N) -> Self {
+        Int { kind, _phantom: PhantomData }
+    }
+
+    pub fn const_int<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        value: u64,
+        sign_extend: bool,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        let value = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).const_int(value, sign_extend);
+        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn const_0<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        let value = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).const_zero();
+        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn const_1<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        self.const_int(generator, ctx, 1, false)
+    }
+
+    pub fn const_all_ones<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        let value = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).const_all_ones();
+        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn s_extend_or_bit_cast<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        assert!(
+            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
+                <= self.kind.int_type(generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx), ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
+        );
+        let value = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_s_extend_or_bit_cast(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "")
+            .unwrap();
+        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn s_extend<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        assert!(
+            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
+                < self.kind.int_type(generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx), ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
+        );
+        let value =
+            ctx.builder.build_int_s_extend(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn z_extend_or_bit_cast<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        assert!(
+            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
+                <= self.kind.int_type(generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx), ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
+        );
+        let value = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "")
+            .unwrap();
+        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn z_extend<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        assert!(
+            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
+                < self.kind.int_type(generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx), ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
+        );
+        let value =
+            ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn truncate_or_bit_cast<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        assert!(
+            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
+                >= self.kind.int_type(generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx), ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
+        );
+        let value = ctx
+            .builder
+            .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "")
+            .unwrap();
+        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn truncate<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        assert!(
+            value.get_type().get_bit_width()
+                > self.kind.int_type(generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx), ctx.ctx).get_bit_width()
+        );
+        let value =
+            ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(value, self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx), "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { self.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    /// `sext` or `trunc` an int to this model's int type. Does nothing if equal bit-widths.
+    pub fn s_extend_or_truncate<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        let their_width = value.get_type().get_bit_width();
+        let our_width =
+            self.kind.int_type(generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx), ctx.ctx).get_bit_width();
+        match their_width.cmp(&our_width) {
+            Ordering::Less => self.s_extend(generator, ctx, value),
+            Ordering::Equal => unsafe { self.believe_value(value) },
+            Ordering::Greater => self.truncate(generator, ctx, value),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `zext` or `trunc` an int to this model's int type. Does nothing if equal bit-widths.
+    pub fn z_extend_or_truncate<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        let their_width = value.get_type().get_bit_width();
+        let our_width =
+            self.kind.int_type(generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx), ctx.ctx).get_bit_width();
+        match their_width.cmp(&our_width) {
+            Ordering::Less => self.z_extend(generator, ctx, value),
+            Ordering::Equal => unsafe { self.believe_value(value) },
+            Ordering::Greater => self.truncate(generator, ctx, value),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Int<'ctx, Bool> {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn const_false<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        self.const_int(generator, ctx, 0, false)
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn const_true<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        self.const_int(generator, ctx, 1, false)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, N: IntKind<'ctx>> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, N>> {
+    pub fn s_extend_or_bit_cast<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        to_int_kind: NewN,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, NewN>> {
+        Int::new(to_int_kind).s_extend_or_bit_cast(generator, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn s_extend<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        to_int_kind: NewN,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, NewN>> {
+        Int::new(to_int_kind).s_extend(generator, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn z_extend_or_bit_cast<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        to_int_kind: NewN,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, NewN>> {
+        Int::new(to_int_kind).z_extend_or_bit_cast(generator, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn z_extend<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        to_int_kind: NewN,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, NewN>> {
+        Int::new(to_int_kind).z_extend(generator, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn truncate_or_bit_cast<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        to_int_kind: NewN,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, NewN>> {
+        Int::new(to_int_kind).truncate_or_bit_cast(generator, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn truncate<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        to_int_kind: NewN,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, NewN>> {
+        Int::new(to_int_kind).truncate(generator, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn s_extend_or_truncate<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        to_int_kind: NewN,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, NewN>> {
+        Int::new(to_int_kind).s_extend_or_truncate(generator, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn z_extend_or_truncate<NewN: IntKind<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        to_int_kind: NewN,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, NewN>> {
+        Int::new(to_int_kind).z_extend_or_truncate(generator, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn add(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, other: Self) -> Self {
+        let value = ctx.builder.build_int_add(self.value, other.value, "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { self.model.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn sub(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, other: Self) -> Self {
+        let value = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(self.value, other.value, "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { self.model.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn mul(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, other: Self) -> Self {
+        let value = ctx.builder.build_int_mul(self.value, other.value, "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { self.model.believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn compare(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        op: IntPredicate,
+        other: Self,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, Bool>> {
+        let value = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(op, self.value, other.value, "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { Int::new(Bool).believe_value(value) }
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/model/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/model/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+mod any;
+mod array;
+mod core;
+mod float;
+pub mod function;
+mod int;
+mod ptr;
+mod structure;
+
+pub use any::*;
+pub use array::*;
+pub use core::*;
+pub use float::*;
+pub use int::*;
+pub use ptr::*;
+pub use structure::*;
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/model/ptr.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/model/ptr.rs
@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace,
+};
+
+use crate::codegen::{llvm_intrinsics::call_memcpy_generic, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+
+use super::*;
+
+/// A model for [`PointerType`].
+///
+/// `Item` is the element type this pointer is pointing to, and should be of a [`Model`].
+///
+// TODO: LLVM 15: `Item` is a Rust type-hint for the LLVM type of value the `.store()/.load()` family
+// of functions return. If a truly opaque pointer is needed, tell the programmer to use `OpaquePtr`.
+//
+// NOTE: Do not put `Item: ModelBase<'ctx>`. See the LLVM 15 note above.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Ptr<Item> {
+    pub item: Item,
+}
+
+/// An opaque pointer. Like [`Ptr`] but without any Rust type-hints about its element type.
+///
+/// `.load()/.store()` is not available for [`Instance`]s of opaque pointers.
+pub type OpaquePtr = Ptr<()>;
+
+impl<Item> Ptr<Item> {
+    pub fn new(item: Item) -> Self {
+        Ptr { item }
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO: LLVM 15: `Item: ModelBase<'ctx>` don't even need to be a model anymore. It will only be
+// a type-hint for the `.load()/.store()` functions for the `pointee_ty`.
+//
+// See https://thedan64.github.io/inkwell/inkwell/builder/struct.Builder.html#method.build_load.
+impl<'ctx, Item: ModelBase<'ctx>> ModelBase<'ctx> for Ptr<Item> {
+    fn llvm_type_impl(&self, size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        // TODO: LLVM 15: ctx.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+        let item = self.item.llvm_type_impl(size_t, ctx);
+        item.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into()
+    }
+
+    fn check_type_impl(
+        &self,
+        size_t: IntType<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
+        let Ok(ty) = PointerType::try_from(ty) else {
+            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting PointerType, but got {ty:?}")));
+        };
+
+        let elem_ty = ty.get_element_type();
+        let Ok(elem_ty) = BasicTypeEnum::try_from(elem_ty) else {
+            return Err(ModelError(format!(
+                "Expecting pointer element type to be a BasicTypeEnum, but got {elem_ty:?}"
+            )));
+        };
+
+        // TODO: inkwell `get_element_type()` will be deprecated.
+        // Remove the check for `get_element_type()` when the time comes.
+        self.item
+            .check_type_impl(size_t, ctx, elem_ty)
+            .map_err(|err| err.under_context("a PointerType"))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx>> Model<'ctx> for Ptr<Item> {
+    type Type = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = PointerValue<'ctx>;
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx>> Ptr<Item> {
+    /// Return a ***constant*** nullptr.
+    pub fn nullptr<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
+        // TODO: LLVM 15: Write in an impl where `Item` does not have to be `Model<'ctx>`.
+        let ptr = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx).const_null();
+        unsafe { self.believe_value(ptr) }
+    }
+
+    /// Cast a pointer into this model with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_pointer_cast`]
+    pub fn pointer_cast<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
+        // TODO: LLVM 15: Write in an impl where `Item` does not have to be `Model<'ctx>`.
+        // TODO: LLVM 15: This function will only have to be:
+        // ```
+        // return self.believe_value(ptr);
+        // ```
+        let t = self.llvm_type(generator, ctx.ctx);
+        let ptr = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(ptr, t, "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { self.believe_value(ptr) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx>> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
+    /// Offset the pointer by [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_in_bounds_gep`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn offset(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        offset: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
+        let p = unsafe { ctx.builder.build_in_bounds_gep(self.value, &[offset], "").unwrap() };
+        unsafe { self.model.believe_value(p) }
+    }
+
+    /// Offset the pointer by [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_in_bounds_gep`] by a constant offset.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn offset_const(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        offset: i64,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Item>> {
+        let offset = ctx.ctx.i64_type().const_int(offset as u64, true);
+        self.offset(ctx, offset)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_index(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        index: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        value: Instance<'ctx, Item>,
+    ) {
+        self.offset(ctx, index).store(ctx, value);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_index_const(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        index: i64,
+        value: Instance<'ctx, Item>,
+    ) {
+        self.offset_const(ctx, index).store(ctx, value);
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_index<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        index: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Item> {
+        self.offset(ctx, index).load(generator, ctx)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_index_const<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        index: i64,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Item> {
+        self.offset_const(ctx, index).load(generator, ctx)
+    }
+
+    /// Load the value with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_load`].
+    pub fn load<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Item> {
+        let value = ctx.builder.build_load(self.value, "").unwrap();
+        self.model.item.check_value(generator, ctx.ctx, value).unwrap() // If unwrap() panics, there is a logic error.
+    }
+
+    /// Store a value with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_store`].
+    pub fn store(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: Instance<'ctx, Item>) {
+        ctx.builder.build_store(self.value, value.value).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Return a casted pointer of element type `NewElement` with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_pointer_cast`].
+    pub fn pointer_cast<NewItem: Model<'ctx>, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        new_item: NewItem,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<NewItem>> {
+        // TODO: LLVM 15: Write in an impl where `Item` does not have to be `Model<'ctx>`.
+        Ptr::new(new_item).pointer_cast(generator, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the pointer is null with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_is_null`].
+    pub fn is_null(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, Bool>> {
+        let value = ctx.builder.build_is_null(self.value, "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { Int::new(Bool).believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the pointer is not null with [`inkwell::builder::Builder::build_is_not_null`].
+    pub fn is_not_null(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Instance<'ctx, Int<'ctx, Bool>> {
+        let value = ctx.builder.build_is_not_null(self.value, "").unwrap();
+        unsafe { Int::new(Bool).believe_value(value) }
+    }
+
+    /// `memcpy` from another pointer.
+    pub fn copy_from<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        source: Self,
+        num_items: IntValue<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        // Force extend `num_items` and `itemsize` to `i64` so their types would match.
+        let itemsize = self.model.size_of(generator, ctx.ctx);
+        let itemsize = Int::new(Int64).z_extend_or_truncate(generator, ctx, itemsize);
+        let num_items = Int::new(Int64).z_extend_or_truncate(generator, ctx, num_items);
+        let totalsize = itemsize.mul(ctx, num_items);
+
+        let is_volatile = ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_zero(); // is_volatile = false
+        call_memcpy_generic(ctx, self.value, source.value, totalsize.value, is_volatile);
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/model/structure.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/model/structure.rs
@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+use std::{fmt, marker::PhantomData};
+
+use inkwell::{
+    context::Context,
+    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, StructType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, StructValue},
+};
+use itertools::{izip, Itertools};
+
+use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+
+use super::*;
+
+// pub trait StructKind2<'ctx>: fmt::Debug + Clone + Copy {
+//     type Fields<F: FieldTraversal2<'ctx>> = ;
+// }
+
+pub struct Field<M> {
+    gep_index: u32,
+    model: M,
+    name: &'static str,
+}
+
+// NOTE: Very similar to Field, but is forall on `M`, (and also uses ModelBase to get object safety for the `Box<dyn ____>`.
+pub struct Entry<'ctx> {
+    model: Box<dyn ModelBase<'ctx> + 'ctx>,
+    name: &'static str,
+}
+
+pub struct FieldMapper<'ctx> {
+    gep_index_counter: u32,
+    entries: Vec<Entry<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> FieldMapper<'ctx> {
+    fn add<M: 'ctx + Model<'ctx>>(&mut self, name: &'static str, model: M) -> Field<M> {
+        let entry = Entry { model: Box::new(model), name };
+        self.entries.push(entry);
+
+        let gep_index = self.gep_index_counter;
+        self.gep_index_counter += 1;
+        Field { gep_index, model, name }
+    }
+
+    fn add_auto<M: 'ctx + Model<'ctx> + Default>(&mut self, name: &'static str) -> Field<M> {
+        self.add(name, M::default())
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait StructKind<'ctx>: fmt::Debug + Clone + Copy {
+    type Fields;
+
+    fn iter_fields(&self, mapper: &mut FieldMapper<'ctx>) -> Self::Fields;
+
+    // Produce `Vec<Entry>` and `Self::Fields` simultaneously.
+    // The former is for doing field-wise type checks.
+    // The latter is for enabling the `.gep(|f| f.data)` syntax.
+    fn entries_and_fields(&self) -> (Vec<Entry<'ctx>>, Self::Fields) {
+        let mut mapper = FieldMapper { gep_index_counter: 0, entries: Vec::new() };
+        let fields = self.iter_fields(&mut mapper);
+        (mapper.entries, fields)
+    }
+
+    fn entries(&self) -> Vec<Entry<'ctx>> {
+        self.entries_and_fields().0
+    }
+
+    fn fields(&self) -> Self::Fields {
+        self.entries_and_fields().1
+    }
+
+    /// Get the LLVM [`StructType`] of this [`StructKind`].
+    fn get_struct_type(&self, size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> StructType<'ctx> {
+        let entries = self.entries();
+        let entries =
+            entries.into_iter().map(|t| t.model.llvm_type_impl(size_t, ctx)).collect_vec();
+        ctx.struct_type(&entries, false)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Struct<'ctx, S: StructKind<'ctx>> {
+    pub kind: S,
+    _phantom: PhantomData<&'ctx ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, S: StructKind<'ctx>> ModelBase<'ctx> for Struct<'ctx, S> {
+    fn llvm_type_impl(&self, size_t: IntType<'ctx>, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.kind.get_struct_type(size_t, ctx).as_basic_type_enum()
+    }
+
+    fn check_type_impl(
+        &self,
+        size_t: IntType<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), ModelError> {
+        let Ok(ty) = StructType::try_from(ty) else {
+            return Err(ModelError(format!("Expecting StructType, but got {ty:?}")));
+        };
+
+        let entries = self.kind.entries();
+        let field_types = ty.get_field_types();
+
+        // Check the number of fields.
+        if entries.len() != field_types.len() {
+            return Err(ModelError(format!(
+                "Expecting StructType with {} field(s), but got {}",
+                entries.len(),
+                field_types.len()
+            )));
+        }
+
+        // Check each field.
+        for (i, (entry, field_type)) in izip!(entries, field_types).enumerate() {
+            entry.model.check_type_impl(size_t, ctx, field_type).map_err(|err| {
+                let context = &format!("in field #{i} '{}'", entry.name);
+                err.under_context(context)
+            })?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, S: StructKind<'ctx>> Model<'ctx> for Struct<'ctx, S> {
+    type Type = StructType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = StructValue<'ctx>;
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, S: StructKind<'ctx>> Struct<'ctx, S> {
+    pub fn new(kind: S) -> Self {
+        Struct { kind, _phantom: PhantomData }
+    }
+
+    pub fn const_struct<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        fields: &[BasicValueEnum<'ctx>],
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Self> {
+        let val = ctx.const_struct(fields, false);
+        self.check_value(generator, ctx, val).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, S: StructKind<'ctx>> Instance<'ctx, Struct<'ctx, S>> {
+    /// Get a field with [`StructValue::get_field_at_index`].
+    pub fn get_field<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized, M, GetField>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        get_field: GetField,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, M>
+    where
+        M: Model<'ctx>,
+        GetField: FnOnce(S::Fields) -> Field<M>,
+    {
+        let field = get_field(self.model.kind.fields());
+        let val = self.value.get_field_at_index(field.gep_index).unwrap();
+        field.model.check_value(generator, ctx, val).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, S: StructKind<'ctx>> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<Struct<'ctx, S>>> {
+    /// Get a pointer to a field with [`Builder::build_in_bounds_gep`].
+    pub fn gep<M, GetField>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        get_field: GetField,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, Ptr<M>>
+    where
+        M: Model<'ctx>,
+        GetField: FnOnce(S::Fields) -> Field<M>,
+    {
+        let field = get_field(self.model.item.kind.fields());
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+
+        let ptr = unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(
+                    self.value,
+                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_int(u64::from(field.gep_index), false)],
+                    field.name,
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+        };
+
+        unsafe { Ptr::new(field.model).believe_value(ptr) }
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience function equivalent to `.gep(...).load(...)`.
+    pub fn get<M, GetField, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        get_field: GetField,
+    ) -> Instance<'ctx, M>
+    where
+        M: Model<'ctx>,
+        GetField: FnOnce(S::Fields) -> Field<M>,
+    {
+        self.gep(ctx, get_field).load(generator, ctx)
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience function equivalent to `.gep(...).store(...)`.
+    pub fn set<M, GetField>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        get_field: GetField,
+        value: Instance<'ctx, M>,
+    ) where
+        M: Model<'ctx>,
+        GetField: FnOnce(S::Fields) -> Field<M>,
+    {
+        self.gep(ctx, get_field).store(ctx, value);
+    }
+}
+
+/////////////////////// Example; Delete later
+
+// Example: NDArray.
+//
+// Compared to List, it has no generic models.
+pub struct NDArrayFields<'ctx> {
+    data: Field<Ptr<Int<'ctx, Byte>>>,
+    itemsize: Field<Int<'ctx, SizeT>>,
+    ndims: Field<Int<'ctx, SizeT>>,
+    shape: Field<Ptr<Int<'ctx, SizeT>>>,
+    strides: Field<Ptr<Int<'ctx, SizeT>>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+struct NDArray;
+
+impl<'ctx> StructKind<'ctx> for NDArray {
+    type Fields = NDArrayFields<'ctx>;
+
+    fn iter_fields(&self, mapper: &mut FieldMapper<'ctx>) -> Self::Fields {
+        NDArrayFields {
+            data: mapper.add_auto("data"),
+            itemsize: mapper.add_auto("itemsize"),
+            ndims: mapper.add_auto("ndims"),
+            shape: mapper.add_auto("shape"),
+            strides: mapper.add_auto("strides"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Example: List.
+//
+// Compared to NDArray, it has generic models.
+pub struct ListFields<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx>> {
+    items: Field<Ptr<Item>>,
+    len: Field<Int<'ctx, SizeT>>,
+    _phantom: PhantomData<&'ctx ()>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct List<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx>> {
+    item: Item,
+    _phantom: PhantomData<&'ctx ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, Item: Model<'ctx> + 'ctx> StructKind<'ctx> for List<'ctx, Item> {
+    type Fields = ListFields<'ctx, Item>;
+
+    fn iter_fields(&self, mapper: &mut FieldMapper<'ctx>) -> Self::Fields {
+        ListFields {
+            items: mapper.add("items", Ptr::new(self.item)),
+            len: mapper.add_auto("len"),
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/numpy.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/numpy.rs
@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, PointerType},
-    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
-    AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
-};
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{Operator, StrRef};
-
 use crate::{
    codegen::{
        classes::{
@ -20,7 +12,6 @@ use crate::{
            call_ndarray_calc_size,
        },
        llvm_intrinsics::{self, call_memcpy_generic},
-        macros::codegen_unreachable,
        stmt::{gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_for_range_callback, gen_if_else_expr_callback},
        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
    },
@ -35,6 +26,16 @@ use crate::{
        typedef::{FunSignature, Type, TypeEnum},
    },
 };
+use inkwell::{
+    types::BasicType,
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
+};
+use inkwell::{
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicTypeEnum, PointerType},
+    values::BasicValue,
+};
+use nac3parser::ast::{Operator, StrRef};

 /// Creates an uninitialized `NDArray` instance.
 fn create_ndarray_uninitialized<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
@ -258,7 +259,7 @@ fn ndarray_zero_value<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(elem_ty, ctx.primitives.str) {
        ctx.gen_string(generator, "").into()
    } else {
-        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+        unreachable!()
    }
 }

@ -286,7 +287,7 @@ fn ndarray_one_value<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    } else if ctx.unifier.unioned(elem_ty, ctx.primitives.str) {
        ctx.gen_string(generator, "1").into()
    } else {
-        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+        unreachable!()
    }
 }

@ -354,7 +355,7 @@ fn call_ndarray_empty_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

            create_ndarray_const_shape(generator, ctx, elem_ty, &[shape_int])
        }
-        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+        _ => unreachable!(),
    }
 }

@ -625,7 +626,7 @@ fn call_ndarray_full_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        } else if fill_value.is_int_value() || fill_value.is_float_value() {
            fill_value
        } else {
-            codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+            unreachable!()
        };

        Ok(value)
@ -940,7 +941,7 @@ fn call_ndarray_array_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                        .build_store(
                            lst,
                            ctx.builder
-                                .build_bit_cast(object.as_base_value(), llvm_plist_i8, "")
+                                .build_bitcast(object.as_base_value(), llvm_plist_i8, "")
                                .unwrap(),
                        )
                        .unwrap();
@ -962,7 +963,7 @@ fn call_ndarray_array_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                                .builder
                                .build_load(lst, "")
                                .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
-                                .map(|v| ctx.builder.build_bit_cast(v, plist_plist_i8, "").unwrap())
+                                .map(|v| ctx.builder.build_bitcast(v, plist_plist_i8, "").unwrap())
                                .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
                                .unwrap();
                            let this_dim = ListValue::from_ptr_val(this_dim, llvm_usize, None);
@ -981,9 +982,7 @@ fn call_ndarray_array_impl<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                            ctx.builder
                                .build_store(
                                    lst,
-                                    ctx.builder
-                                        .build_bit_cast(next_dim, llvm_plist_i8, "")
-                                        .unwrap(),
+                                    ctx.builder.build_bitcast(next_dim, llvm_plist_i8, "").unwrap(),
                                )
                                .unwrap();

@ -2021,7 +2020,7 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_fill<'ctx>(
            } else if value_arg.is_int_value() || value_arg.is_float_value() {
                value_arg
            } else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                unreachable!()
            };

            Ok(value)
@ -2130,8 +2129,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_transpose<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

        Ok(out.as_base_value().into())
    } else {
-        codegen_unreachable!(
-            ctx,
+        unreachable!(
            "{FN_NAME}() not supported for '{}'",
            format!("'{}'", ctx.unifier.stringify(x1_ty))
        )
@ -2373,7 +2371,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_reshape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                .into_int_value();
                create_ndarray_const_shape(generator, ctx, elem_ty, &[shape_int])
            }
-            _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        .unwrap();

@ -2417,8 +2415,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_reshape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

        Ok(out.as_base_value().into())
    } else {
-        codegen_unreachable!(
-            ctx,
+        unreachable!(
            "{FN_NAME}() not supported for '{}'",
            format!("'{}'", ctx.unifier.stringify(x1_ty))
        )
@ -2486,7 +2483,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_dot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                            .build_float_mul(e1, elem2.into_float_value(), "")
                            .unwrap()
                            .as_basic_value_enum(),
-                        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
                    };
                    let acc_val = ctx.builder.build_load(acc, "").unwrap();
                    let acc_val = match acc_val {
@ -2500,7 +2497,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_dot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                            .build_float_add(e1, product.into_float_value(), "")
                            .unwrap()
                            .as_basic_value_enum(),
-                        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
                    };
                    ctx.builder.build_store(acc, acc_val).unwrap();

@ -2517,8 +2514,7 @@ pub fn ndarray_dot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        (BasicValueEnum::FloatValue(e1), BasicValueEnum::FloatValue(e2)) => {
            Ok(ctx.builder.build_float_mul(e1, e2, "").unwrap().as_basic_value_enum())
        }
-        _ => codegen_unreachable!(
-            ctx,
+        _ => unreachable!(
            "{FN_NAME}() not supported for '{}'",
            format!("'{}'", ctx.unifier.stringify(x1_ty))
        ),
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/stmt.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/stmt.rs
@ -1,3 +1,21 @@
+use super::{
+    super::symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
+    expr::destructure_range,
+    irrt::{handle_slice_indices, list_slice_assignment},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        classes::{ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, RangeValue},
+        expr::gen_binop_expr,
+        gen_in_range_check,
+    },
+    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
+    typecheck::{
+        magic_methods::Binop,
+        typedef::{iter_type_vars, FunSignature, Type, TypeEnum},
+    },
+};
 use inkwell::{
    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
    basic_block::BasicBlock,
@ -6,28 +24,10 @@ use inkwell::{
    IntPredicate,
 };
 use itertools::{izip, Itertools};
-
 use nac3parser::ast::{
    Constant, ExcepthandlerKind, Expr, ExprKind, Location, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef,
 };

-use super::{
-    classes::{ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, RangeValue},
-    expr::{destructure_range, gen_binop_expr},
-    gen_in_range_check,
-    irrt::{handle_slice_indices, list_slice_assignment},
-    macros::codegen_unreachable,
-    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-};
-use crate::{
-    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
-    typecheck::{
-        magic_methods::Binop,
-        typedef::{iter_type_vars, FunSignature, Type, TypeEnum},
-    },
-};
-
 /// See [`CodeGenerator::gen_var_alloc`].
 pub fn gen_var<'ctx>(
    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ pub fn gen_store_target<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                return Ok(None);
            };
            let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(ptr) = val else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx);
+                unreachable!();
            };
            unsafe {
                ctx.builder.build_in_bounds_gep(
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ pub fn gen_store_target<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            }
            .unwrap()
        }
-        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+        _ => unreachable!(),
    }))
 }

@ -176,14 +176,6 @@ pub fn gen_assign<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                }
            }
            let val = value.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, target.custom.unwrap())?;
-
-            // Perform i1 <-> i8 conversion as needed
-            let val = if ctx.unifier.unioned(target.custom.unwrap(), ctx.primitives.bool) {
-                generator.bool_to_i8(ctx, val.into_int_value()).into()
-            } else {
-                val
-            };
-
            ctx.builder.build_store(ptr, val).unwrap();
        }
    };
@ -201,12 +193,12 @@ pub fn gen_assign_target_list<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
    // Deconstruct the tuple `value`
    let BasicValueEnum::StructValue(tuple) = value.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, value_ty)?
    else {
-        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+        unreachable!()
    };

    // NOTE: Currently, RHS's type is forced to be a Tuple by the type inferencer.
    let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tuple_tys, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(value_ty) else {
-        codegen_unreachable!(ctx);
+        unreachable!();
    };

    assert_eq!(tuple.get_type().count_fields() as usize, tuple_tys.len());
@ -266,7 +258,7 @@ pub fn gen_assign_target_list<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            // Now assign with that sub-tuple to the starred target.
            generator.gen_assign(ctx, target, ValueEnum::Dynamic(sub_tuple_val), sub_tuple_ty)?;
        } else {
-            codegen_unreachable!(ctx) // The typechecker ensures this
+            unreachable!() // The typechecker ensures this
        }

        // Handle assignment after the starred target
@ -314,9 +306,7 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(

            if let ExprKind::Slice { .. } = &key.node {
                // Handle assigning to a slice
-                let ExprKind::Slice { lower, upper, step } = &key.node else {
-                    codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
-                };
+                let ExprKind::Slice { lower, upper, step } = &key.node else { unreachable!() };
                let Some((start, end, step)) = handle_slice_indices(
                    lower,
                    upper,
@ -426,9 +416,7 @@ pub fn gen_for<G: CodeGenerator>(
    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
    stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let StmtKind::For { iter, target, body, orelse, .. } = &stmt.node else {
-        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
-    };
+    let StmtKind::For { iter, target, body, orelse, .. } = &stmt.node else { unreachable!() };

    // var_assignment static values may be changed in another branch
    // if so, remove the static value as it may not be correct in this branch
@ -470,7 +458,7 @@ pub fn gen_for<G: CodeGenerator>(
            let Some(target_i) =
                generator.gen_store_target(ctx, target, Some("for.target.addr"))?
            else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                unreachable!()
            };
            let (start, stop, step) = destructure_range(ctx, iter_val);

@ -913,7 +901,7 @@ pub fn gen_while<G: CodeGenerator>(
    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
    stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let StmtKind::While { test, body, orelse, .. } = &stmt.node else { codegen_unreachable!(ctx) };
+    let StmtKind::While { test, body, orelse, .. } = &stmt.node else { unreachable!() };

    // var_assignment static values may be changed in another branch
    // if so, remove the static value as it may not be correct in this branch
@ -943,7 +931,7 @@ pub fn gen_while<G: CodeGenerator>(

        return Ok(());
    };
-    let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(test) = test else { codegen_unreachable!(ctx) };
+    let BasicValueEnum::IntValue(test) = test else { unreachable!() };

    ctx.builder
        .build_conditional_branch(generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, test), body_bb, orelse_bb)
@ -1091,7 +1079,7 @@ pub fn gen_if<G: CodeGenerator>(
    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
    stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let StmtKind::If { test, body, orelse, .. } = &stmt.node else { codegen_unreachable!(ctx) };
+    let StmtKind::If { test, body, orelse, .. } = &stmt.node else { unreachable!() };

    // var_assignment static values may be changed in another branch
    // if so, remove the static value as it may not be correct in this branch
@ -1214,11 +1202,11 @@ pub fn exn_constructor<'ctx>(
    let zelf_id = if let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(zelf_ty) {
        obj_id.0
    } else {
-        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+        unreachable!()
    };
    let defs = ctx.top_level.definitions.read();
    let def = defs[zelf_id].read();
-    let TopLevelDef::Class { name: zelf_name, .. } = &*def else { codegen_unreachable!(ctx) };
+    let TopLevelDef::Class { name: zelf_name, .. } = &*def else { unreachable!() };
    let exception_name = format!("{}:{}", ctx.resolver.get_exception_id(zelf_id), zelf_name);
    unsafe {
        let id_ptr = ctx.builder.build_in_bounds_gep(zelf, &[zero, zero], "exn.id").unwrap();
@ -1326,7 +1314,7 @@ pub fn gen_try<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
    target: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
    let StmtKind::Try { body, handlers, orelse, finalbody, .. } = &target.node else {
-        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+        unreachable!()
    };

    // if we need to generate anything related to exception, we must have personality defined
@ -1403,7 +1391,7 @@ pub fn gen_try<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
            if let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(type_.custom.unwrap()) {
                *obj_id
            } else {
-                codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                unreachable!()
            };
        let exception_name = format!("{}:{}", ctx.resolver.get_exception_id(obj_id.0), exn_name);
        let exn_id = ctx.resolver.get_string_id(&exception_name);
@ -1675,23 +1663,6 @@ pub fn gen_return<G: CodeGenerator>(
    } else {
        None
    };
-
-    // Remap boolean return type into i1
-    let value = value.map(|ret_val| {
-        // The "return type" of a sret function is in the first parameter
-        let expected_ty = if ctx.need_sret {
-            func.get_type().get_param_types()[0]
-        } else {
-            func.get_type().get_return_type().unwrap()
-        };
-
-        if matches!(expected_ty, BasicTypeEnum::IntType(ty) if ty.get_bit_width() == 1) {
-            generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret_val.into_int_value()).into()
-        } else {
-            ret_val
-        }
-    });
-
    if let Some(return_target) = ctx.return_target {
        if let Some(value) = value {
            ctx.builder.build_store(ctx.return_buffer.unwrap(), value).unwrap();
@ -1702,6 +1673,25 @@ pub fn gen_return<G: CodeGenerator>(
        ctx.builder.build_store(ctx.return_buffer.unwrap(), value.unwrap()).unwrap();
        ctx.builder.build_return(None).unwrap();
    } else {
+        // Remap boolean return type into i1
+        let value = value.map(|v| {
+            let expected_ty = func.get_type().get_return_type().unwrap();
+            let ret_val = v.as_basic_value_enum();
+
+            if expected_ty.is_int_type() && ret_val.is_int_value() {
+                let ret_type = expected_ty.into_int_type();
+                let ret_val = ret_val.into_int_value();
+
+                if ret_type.get_bit_width() == 1 && ret_val.get_type().get_bit_width() != 1 {
+                    generator.bool_to_i1(ctx, ret_val)
+                } else {
+                    ret_val
+                }
+                .into()
+            } else {
+                ret_val
+            }
+        });
        let value = value.as_ref().map(|v| v as &dyn BasicValue);
        ctx.builder.build_return(value).unwrap();
    }
@ -1770,30 +1760,7 @@ pub fn gen_stmt<G: CodeGenerator>(
        StmtKind::Try { .. } => gen_try(generator, ctx, stmt)?,
        StmtKind::Raise { exc, .. } => {
            if let Some(exc) = exc {
-                let exn = if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = &exc.node {
-                    // Handle "raise Exception" short form
-                    let def_id = ctx.resolver.get_identifier_def(*id).map_err(|e| {
-                        format!("{} (at {})", e.iter().next().unwrap(), exc.location)
-                    })?;
-                    let def = ctx.top_level.definitions.read();
-                    let TopLevelDef::Class { constructor, .. } = *def[def_id.0].read() else {
-                        return Err(format!("Failed to resolve symbol {id} (at {})", exc.location));
-                    };
-
-                    let TypeEnum::TFunc(signature) =
-                        ctx.unifier.get_ty(constructor.unwrap()).as_ref().clone()
-                    else {
-                        return Err(format!("Failed to resolve symbol {id} (at {})", exc.location));
-                    };
-
-                    generator
-                        .gen_call(ctx, None, (&signature, def_id), Vec::default())?
-                        .map(Into::into)
-                } else {
-                    generator.gen_expr(ctx, exc)?
-                };
-
-                let exc = if let Some(v) = exn {
+                let exc = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, exc)? {
                    v.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, exc.custom.unwrap())?
                } else {
                    return Ok(());
@ -1828,37 +1795,6 @@ pub fn gen_stmt<G: CodeGenerator>(
                stmt.location,
            );
        }
-        StmtKind::Global { names, .. } => {
-            let registered_globals = ctx
-                .top_level
-                .definitions
-                .read()
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|def| {
-                    if let TopLevelDef::Variable { simple_name, ty, .. } = &*def.read() {
-                        Some((*simple_name, *ty))
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect_vec();
-
-            for id in names {
-                let Some((_, ty)) = registered_globals.iter().find(|(name, _)| name == id) else {
-                    return Err(format!("{id} is not a global at {}", stmt.location));
-                };
-
-                let resolver = ctx.resolver.clone();
-                let ptr = resolver
-                    .get_symbol_value(*id, ctx, generator)
-                    .map(|val| val.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, *ty))
-                    .transpose()?
-                    .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
-                    .unwrap();
-
-                ctx.var_assignment.insert(*id, (ptr, None, 0));
-            }
-        }
        _ => unimplemented!(),
    };
    Ok(())
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs
@ -1,20 +1,3 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-
-use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use indoc::indoc;
-use inkwell::{
-    targets::{InitializationConfig, Target},
-    OptimizationLevel,
-};
-use nac3parser::{
-    ast::{fold::Fold, FileName, StrRef},
-    parser::parse_program,
-};
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-
 use crate::{
    codegen::{
        classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
@ -28,10 +11,24 @@ use crate::{
        DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
    },
    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, IdentifierInfo, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
+        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
    },
 };
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use indoc::indoc;
+use inkwell::{
+    targets::{InitializationConfig, Target},
+    OptimizationLevel,
+};
+use nac3parser::ast::FileName;
+use nac3parser::{
+    ast::{fold::Fold, StrRef},
+    parser::parse_program,
+};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::sync::Arc;

 struct Resolver {
    id_to_type: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
@ -67,7 +64,6 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
        &self,
        _: StrRef,
        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
        unimplemented!()
    }
@ -142,8 +138,7 @@ fn test_primitives() {
    };
    let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
    let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
-        ["a".into(), "b".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
+    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "b".into()].into();
    let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
        top_level: &top_level,
        function_data: &mut function_data,
@ -322,8 +317,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
    };
    let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
    let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
-        ["a".into(), "foo".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
+    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "foo".into()].into();
    let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
        top_level: &top_level,
        function_data: &mut function_data,
--- a/nac3core/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/lib.rs
@ -19,10 +19,6 @@
    clippy::wildcard_imports
 )]

-// users of nac3core need to use the same version of these dependencies, so expose them as nac3core::*
-pub use inkwell;
-pub use nac3parser;
-
 pub mod codegen;
 pub mod symbol_resolver;
 pub mod toplevel;
--- a/nac3core/src/symbol_resolver.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/symbol_resolver.rs
@ -1,15 +1,7 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    fmt::{Debug, Display},
-    rc::Rc,
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-
-use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue};
-use itertools::{chain, izip, Itertools};
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Expr, Location, StrRef};
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, collections::HashSet, fmt::Display};

 use crate::{
    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
@ -19,6 +11,10 @@ use crate::{
        typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
    },
 };
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue};
+use itertools::{chain, izip, Itertools};
+use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Expr, Location, StrRef};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;

 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub enum SymbolValue {
@ -369,7 +365,6 @@ pub trait SymbolResolver {
        &self,
        str: StrRef,
        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>;

    fn get_default_param_value(&self, expr: &Expr) -> Option<SymbolValue>;
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/builtins.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/builtins.rs
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::iter::once;

+use helper::{debug_assert_prim_is_allowed, make_exception_fields, PrimDefDetails};
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use inkwell::{
    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
@ -10,10 +11,6 @@ use inkwell::{
 use itertools::Either;
 use strum::IntoEnumIterator;

-use super::{
-    helper::{debug_assert_prim_is_allowed, make_exception_fields, PrimDefDetails},
-    *,
-};
 use crate::{
    codegen::{
        builtin_fns,
@ -26,6 +23,8 @@ use crate::{
    typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, TypeVar, VarMap},
 };

+use super::*;
+
 type BuiltinInfo = Vec<(Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>, Option<Stmt>)>;

 pub fn get_exn_constructor(
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/composer.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/composer.rs
@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
+use nac3parser::ast::fold::Fold;
 use std::rc::Rc;

-use nac3parser::ast::{fold::Fold, ExprKind};
-
-use super::*;
 use crate::{
    codegen::{expr::get_subst_key, stmt::exn_constructor},
    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, IdentifierInfo, Inferencer},
+        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, Inferencer},
        typedef::{TypeVar, VarMap},
    },
 };

+use super::*;
+
 pub struct ComposerConfig {
    pub kernel_ann: Option<&'static str>,
    pub kernel_invariant_ann: &'static str,
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl Default for ComposerConfig {
    }
 }

-pub type DefAst = (Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>, Option<Stmt<()>>);
+type DefAst = (Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>, Option<Stmt<()>>);
 pub struct TopLevelComposer {
    // list of top level definitions, same as top level context
    pub definition_ast_list: Vec<DefAst>,
@ -101,8 +101,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
            .iter()
            .map(|def_ast| match *def_ast.0.read() {
                TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } => name.to_string(),
-                TopLevelDef::Function { simple_name, .. }
-                | TopLevelDef::Variable { simple_name, .. } => simple_name.to_string(),
+                TopLevelDef::Function { simple_name, .. } => simple_name.to_string(),
            })
            .collect_vec();

@ -382,58 +381,8 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                ))
            }

-            ast::StmtKind::AnnAssign { target, annotation, .. } => {
-                let ExprKind::Name { id: name, .. } = target.node else {
-                    return Err(format!(
-                        "global variable declaration must be an identifier (at {})",
-                        ast.location
-                    ));
-                };
-
-                if self.keyword_list.contains(&name) {
-                    return Err(format!(
-                        "cannot use keyword `{}` as a class name (at {})",
-                        name,
-                        ast.location
-                    ));
-                }
-
-                let global_var_name = if mod_path.is_empty() {
-                    name.to_string()
-                } else {
-                    format!("{mod_path}.{name}")
-                };
-                if !defined_names.insert(global_var_name.clone()) {
-                    return Err(format!(
-                        "global variable `{}` defined twice (at {})",
-                        global_var_name,
-                        ast.location
-                    ));
-                }
-
-                let ty_to_be_unified = self.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
-                self.definition_ast_list.push((
-                    RwLock::new(Self::make_top_level_variable_def(
-                        global_var_name,
-                        name,
-                        // dummy here, unify with correct type later,
-                        ty_to_be_unified,
-                        *(annotation.clone()),
-                        resolver,
-                        Some(ast.location),
-                    )).into(),
-                    None,
-                ));
-
-                Ok((
-                    name,
-                    DefinitionId(self.definition_ast_list.len() - 1),
-                    Some(ty_to_be_unified),
-                ))
-            }
-
            _ => Err(format!(
-                "registrations of constructs other than top level classes/functions/variables are not supported (at {})",
+                "registrations of constructs other than top level classes/functions are not supported (at {})",
                ast.location
            )),
        }
@ -447,7 +396,6 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        if inference {
            self.analyze_function_instance()?;
        }
-        self.analyze_top_level_variables()?;
        Ok(())
    }

@ -552,7 +500,6 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
            }
            Ok(())
        };
-
        let mut errors = HashSet::new();
        for (class_def, class_ast) in def_list.iter().skip(self.builtin_num) {
            if class_ast.is_none() {
@ -906,6 +853,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        let unifier = self.unifier.borrow_mut();
        let primitives_store = &self.primitives_ty;

+        let mut errors = HashSet::new();
        let mut analyze = |function_def: &Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>, function_ast: &Option<Stmt>| {
            let mut function_def = function_def.write();
            let function_def = &mut *function_def;
@ -1180,8 +1128,6 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
            })?;
            Ok(())
        };
-
-        let mut errors = HashSet::new();
        for (function_def, function_ast) in def_list.iter().skip(self.builtin_num) {
            if function_ast.is_none() {
                continue;
@ -1756,6 +1702,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
            }
        }

+        let mut errors = HashSet::new();
        let mut analyze = |i, def: &Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>, ast: &Option<Stmt>| {
            let class_def = def.read();
            if let TopLevelDef::Class {
@ -1875,12 +1822,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                        if *name != init_str_id {
                            unreachable!("must be init function here")
                        }
-
-                        let all_inited = Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                            object_id.0,
-                            definition_ast_list,
-                            body.as_slice(),
-                        )?;
+                        let all_inited = Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?;
                        for (f, _, _) in fields {
                            if !all_inited.contains(f) {
                                return Err(HashSet::from([
@ -1898,8 +1840,6 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
            }
            Ok(())
        };
-
-        let mut errors = HashSet::new();
        for (i, (def, ast)) in definition_ast_list.iter().enumerate().skip(self.builtin_num) {
            if ast.is_none() {
                continue;
@ -1949,8 +1889,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
            } = &mut *function_def
            {
                let signature_ty_enum = unifier.get_ty(*signature);
-                let TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature { args, ret, vars, .. }) =
-                    signature_ty_enum.as_ref()
+                let TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature { args, ret, vars }) = signature_ty_enum.as_ref()
                else {
                    unreachable!("must be typeenum::tfunc")
                };
@ -2058,12 +1997,11 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                        })
                    };
                    let mut identifiers = {
-                        let mut result = HashMap::new();
+                        let mut result: HashSet<_> = HashSet::new();
                        if self_type.is_some() {
-                            result.insert("self".into(), IdentifierInfo::default());
+                            result.insert("self".into());
                        }
-                        result
-                            .extend(inst_args.iter().map(|x| (x.name, IdentifierInfo::default())));
+                        result.extend(inst_args.iter().map(|x| x.name));
                        result
                    };
                    let mut calls: HashMap<CodeLocation, CallId> = HashMap::new();
@ -2114,16 +2052,6 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                        instance_to_symbol.insert(String::new(), simple_name.to_string());
                        continue;
                    }
-                    if !decorator_list.is_empty() {
-                        if let ast::ExprKind::Call { func, .. } = &decorator_list[0].node {
-                            if matches!(&func.node,
-                                ast::ExprKind::Name{ id, .. } if id == &"rpc".into())
-                            {
-                                instance_to_symbol.insert(String::new(), simple_name.to_string());
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }

                    let fun_body = body
                        .into_iter()
@ -2228,57 +2156,4 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        }
        Ok(())
    }
-
-    /// Step 6. Analyze and populate the types of global variables.
-    fn analyze_top_level_variables(&mut self) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
-        let def_list = &self.definition_ast_list;
-        let temp_def_list = self.extract_def_list();
-        let unifier = &mut self.unifier;
-        let primitives_store = &self.primitives_ty;
-
-        let mut analyze = |variable_def: &Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>| -> Result<_, HashSet<String>> {
-            let variable_def = &mut *variable_def.write();
-
-            let TopLevelDef::Variable { ty: dummy_ty, ty_decl, resolver, loc, .. } = variable_def
-            else {
-                // not top level variable def, skip
-                return Ok(());
-            };
-
-            let resolver = &**resolver.as_ref().unwrap();
-
-            let ty_annotation = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
-                resolver,
-                &temp_def_list,
-                unifier,
-                primitives_store,
-                ty_decl,
-                HashMap::new(),
-            )?;
-            let ty_from_ty_annotation = get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
-                &temp_def_list,
-                unifier,
-                primitives_store,
-                &ty_annotation,
-                &mut None,
-            )?;
-
-            unifier.unify(*dummy_ty, ty_from_ty_annotation).map_err(|e| {
-                HashSet::from([e.at(Some(loc.unwrap())).to_display(unifier).to_string()])
-            })?;
-            Ok(())
-        };
-
-        let mut errors = HashSet::new();
-        for (variable_def, _) in def_list.iter().skip(self.builtin_num) {
-            if let Err(e) = analyze(variable_def) {
-                errors.extend(e);
-            }
-        }
-        if !errors.is_empty() {
-            return Err(errors);
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
 }
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/helper.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/helper.rs
@ -1,17 +1,13 @@
 use std::convert::TryInto;

+use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
+use crate::toplevel::numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys;
+use crate::typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, Mapping, TypeVarId, VarMap};
+use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Location};
 use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
 use strum_macros::EnumIter;

-use ast::ExprKind;
-use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Location};
-
 use super::*;
-use crate::{
-    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
-    toplevel::numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
-    typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, Mapping, TypeVarId, VarMap},
-};

 /// All primitive types and functions in nac3core.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, EnumIter, PartialEq, Eq)]
@ -391,9 +387,6 @@ impl TopLevelDef {
                    r
                }
            ),
-            TopLevelDef::Variable { name, ty, .. } => {
-                format!("Variable {{ name: {name:?}, ty: {:?} }}", unifier.stringify(*ty),)
-            }
        }
    }
 }
@ -595,18 +588,6 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        }
    }

-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn make_top_level_variable_def(
-        name: String,
-        simple_name: StrRef,
-        ty: Type,
-        ty_decl: Expr,
-        resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
-        loc: Option<Location>,
-    ) -> TopLevelDef {
-        TopLevelDef::Variable { name, simple_name, ty, ty_decl, resolver, loc }
-    }
-
    #[must_use]
    pub fn make_class_method_name(mut class_name: String, method_name: &str) -> String {
        class_name.push('.');
@ -752,16 +733,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        )
    }

-    /// This function returns the fields that have been initialized in the `__init__` function of a class
-    /// The function takes as input:
-    ///  * `class_id`: The `object_id` of the class whose function is being evaluated (check `TopLevelDef::Class`)
-    ///  * `definition_ast_list`: A list of ast definitions and statements defined in `TopLevelComposer`
-    ///  * `stmts`: The body of function being parsed. Each statment is analyzed to check varaible initialization statements
-    pub fn get_all_assigned_field(
-        class_id: usize,
-        definition_ast_list: &Vec<DefAst>,
-        stmts: &[Stmt<()>],
-    ) -> Result<HashSet<StrRef>, HashSet<String>> {
+    pub fn get_all_assigned_field(stmts: &[Stmt<()>]) -> Result<HashSet<StrRef>, HashSet<String>> {
        let mut result = HashSet::new();
        for s in stmts {
            match &s.node {
@ -797,138 +769,30 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                // TODO: do not check for For and While?
                ast::StmtKind::For { body, orelse, .. }
                | ast::StmtKind::While { body, orelse, .. } => {
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        body.as_slice(),
-                    )?);
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        orelse.as_slice(),
-                    )?);
+                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?);
+                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice())?);
                }
                ast::StmtKind::If { body, orelse, .. } => {
-                    let inited_for_sure = Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        body.as_slice(),
-                    )?
-                    .intersection(&Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        orelse.as_slice(),
-                    )?)
+                    let inited_for_sure = Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?
+                        .intersection(&Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice())?)
                        .copied()
                        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
                    result.extend(inited_for_sure);
                }
                ast::StmtKind::Try { body, orelse, finalbody, .. } => {
-                    let inited_for_sure = Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        body.as_slice(),
-                    )?
-                    .intersection(&Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        orelse.as_slice(),
-                    )?)
+                    let inited_for_sure = Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?
+                        .intersection(&Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice())?)
                        .copied()
                        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
                    result.extend(inited_for_sure);
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        finalbody.as_slice(),
-                    )?);
+                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(finalbody.as_slice())?);
                }
                ast::StmtKind::With { body, .. } => {
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        body.as_slice(),
-                    )?);
-                }
-                // Variables Initialized in function calls
-                ast::StmtKind::Expr { value, .. } => {
-                    let ExprKind::Call { func, .. } = &value.node else {
-                        continue;
-                    };
-                    let ExprKind::Attribute { value, attr, .. } = &func.node else {
-                        continue;
-                    };
-                    let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = &value.node else {
-                        continue;
-                    };
-                    // Need to consider the two cases:
-                    //  Case 1) Call to class function i.e. id = `self`
-                    //  Case 2) Call to class ancestor function i.e. id = ancestor_name
-                    // We leave checking whether function in case 2 belonged to class ancestor or not to type checker
-                    //
-                    // According to current handling of `self`, function definition are fixed and do not change regardless
-                    // of which object is passed as `self` i.e. virtual polymorphism is not supported
-                    // Therefore, we change class id for case 2 to reflect behavior of our compiler
-
-                    let class_name = if *id == "self".into() {
-                        let ast::StmtKind::ClassDef { name, .. } =
-                            &definition_ast_list[class_id].1.as_ref().unwrap().node
-                        else {
-                            unreachable!()
-                        };
-                        name
-                    } else {
-                        id
-                    };
-
-                    let parent_method = definition_ast_list.iter().find_map(|def| {
-                        let (
-                            class_def,
-                            Some(ast::Located {
-                                node: ast::StmtKind::ClassDef { name, body, .. },
-                                ..
-                            }),
-                        ) = &def
-                        else {
-                            return None;
-                        };
-                        let TopLevelDef::Class { object_id: class_id, .. } = &*class_def.read()
-                        else {
-                            unreachable!()
-                        };
-
-                        if name == class_name {
-                            body.iter().find_map(|m| {
-                                let ast::StmtKind::FunctionDef { name, body, .. } = &m.node else {
-                                    return None;
-                                };
-                                if *name == *attr {
-                                    return Some((body.clone(), class_id.0));
-                                }
-                                None
-                            })
-                        } else {
-                            None
-                        }
-                    });
-
-                    // If method body is none then method does not exist
-                    if let Some((method_body, class_id)) = parent_method {
-                        result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                            class_id,
-                            definition_ast_list,
-                            method_body.as_slice(),
-                        )?);
-                    } else {
-                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                            "{}.{} not found in class {class_name} at {}",
-                            *id, *attr, value.location
-                        )]));
-                    }
+                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?);
                }
                ast::StmtKind::Pass { .. }
                | ast::StmtKind::Assert { .. }
-                | ast::StmtKind::AnnAssign { .. } => {}
+                | ast::StmtKind::Expr { .. } => {}

                _ => {
                    unimplemented!()
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/mod.rs
@ -6,23 +6,23 @@ use std::{
    sync::Arc,
 };

-use inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum;
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, Expr, Location, Stmt, StrRef};
-
+use super::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+use super::typecheck::type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore;
+use super::typecheck::typedef::{
+    FunSignature, FuncArg, SharedUnifier, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap,
+};
 use crate::{
-    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    codegen::CodeGenerator,
    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{CodeLocation, PrimitiveStore},
-        typedef::{
-            CallId, FunSignature, FuncArg, SharedUnifier, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier,
-            VarMap,
-        },
+        type_inferencer::CodeLocation,
+        typedef::{CallId, TypeVarId},
    },
 };
+use inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use nac3parser::ast::{self, Location, Stmt, StrRef};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;

 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash, Debug)]
 pub struct DefinitionId(pub usize);
@ -148,25 +148,6 @@ pub enum TopLevelDef {
        /// Definition location.
        loc: Option<Location>,
    },
-    Variable {
-        /// Qualified name of the global variable, should be unique globally.
-        name: String,
-
-        /// Simple name, the same as in method/function definition.
-        simple_name: StrRef,
-
-        /// Type of the global variable.
-        ty: Type,
-
-        /// The declared type of the global variable.
-        ty_decl: Expr,
-
-        /// Symbol resolver of the module defined the class.
-        resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
-
-        /// Definition location.
-        loc: Option<Location>,
-    },
 }

 pub struct TopLevelContext {
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/numpy.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/numpy.rs
@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use itertools::Itertools;
-
 use crate::{
    toplevel::helper::PrimDef,
    typecheck::{
@ -7,6 +5,7 @@ use crate::{
        typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier, VarMap},
    },
 };
+use itertools::Itertools;

 /// Creates a `ndarray` [`Type`] with the given type arguments.
 ///
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
@ -1,24 +1,21 @@
-use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
-
-use indoc::indoc;
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
-use test_case::test_case;
-
-use nac3parser::{
-    ast::{fold::Fold, FileName},
-    parser::parse_program,
-};
-
 use super::*;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::typecheck::typedef::into_var_map;
 use crate::{
    codegen::CodeGenContext,
    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
-    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId},
+    toplevel::DefinitionId,
    typecheck::{
        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{into_var_map, Type, Unifier},
+        typedef::{Type, Unifier},
    },
 };
+use indoc::indoc;
+use nac3parser::ast::FileName;
+use nac3parser::{ast::fold::Fold, parser::parse_program};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
+use test_case::test_case;

 struct ResolverInternal {
    id_to_type: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
@ -65,7 +62,6 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
        &self,
        _: StrRef,
        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
        unimplemented!()
    }
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/type_annotation.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/type_annotation.rs
@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
-use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::Constant;
-
 use super::*;
-use crate::{
-    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
-    toplevel::helper::{PrimDef, PrimDefDetails},
-    typecheck::typedef::VarMap,
-};
+use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::{PrimDef, PrimDefDetails};
+use crate::typecheck::typedef::VarMap;
+use nac3parser::ast::Constant;
+use strum::IntoEnumIterator;

 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum TypeAnnotation {
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/function_check.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/function_check.rs
@ -1,19 +1,13 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    iter::once,
-};
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;

+use super::type_inferencer::Inferencer;
+use super::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum};
 use nac3parser::ast::{
    self, Constant, Expr, ExprKind,
    Operator::{LShift, RShift},
    Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef,
 };
-
-use super::{
-    type_inferencer::{IdentifierInfo, Inferencer},
-    typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
-};
-use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use std::{collections::HashSet, iter::once};

 impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    fn should_have_value(&mut self, expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
@ -27,15 +21,15 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    fn check_pattern(
        &mut self,
        pattern: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
    ) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
        match &pattern.node {
            ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() => {
                Err(HashSet::from([format!("cannot assign to a `none` (at {})", pattern.location)]))
            }
            ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
-                if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(id) {
-                    defined_identifiers.insert(*id, IdentifierInfo::default());
+                if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
+                    defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
                }
                self.should_have_value(pattern)?;
                Ok(())
@ -75,7 +69,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    fn check_expr(
        &mut self,
        expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
    ) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
        // there are some cases where the custom field is None
        if let Some(ty) = &expr.custom {
@ -96,7 +90,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                    return Ok(());
                }
                self.should_have_value(expr)?;
-                if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(id) {
+                if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
                    match self.function_data.resolver.get_symbol_type(
                        self.unifier,
                        &self.top_level.definitions.read(),
@ -104,7 +98,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                        *id,
                    ) {
                        Ok(_) => {
-                            self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id, IdentifierInfo::default());
+                            self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
@ -177,7 +171,9 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                for arg in &args.args {
                    // TODO: should we check the types here?
-                    defined_identifiers.entry(arg.node.arg).or_default();
+                    if !defined_identifiers.contains(&arg.node.arg) {
+                        defined_identifiers.insert(arg.node.arg);
+                    }
                }
                self.check_expr(body, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
            }
@ -240,7 +236,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    fn check_stmt(
        &mut self,
        stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
    ) -> Result<bool, HashSet<String>> {
        match &stmt.node {
            StmtKind::For { target, iter, body, orelse, .. } => {
@ -266,11 +262,9 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                let body_returned = self.check_block(body, &mut body_identifiers)?;
                let orelse_returned = self.check_block(orelse, &mut orelse_identifiers)?;

-                for ident in body_identifiers.keys() {
-                    if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(ident)
-                        && orelse_identifiers.contains_key(ident)
-                    {
-                        defined_identifiers.insert(*ident, IdentifierInfo::default());
+                for ident in &body_identifiers {
+                    if !defined_identifiers.contains(ident) && orelse_identifiers.contains(ident) {
+                        defined_identifiers.insert(*ident);
                    }
                }
                Ok(body_returned && orelse_returned)
@ -301,7 +295,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                    let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                    let ast::ExcepthandlerKind::ExceptHandler { name, body, .. } = &handler.node;
                    if let Some(name) = name {
-                        defined_identifiers.insert(*name, IdentifierInfo::default());
+                        defined_identifiers.insert(*name);
                    }
                    self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
                }
@ -365,40 +359,6 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                }
                Ok(true)
            }
-            StmtKind::Global { names, .. } => {
-                for id in names {
-                    if let Some(id_info) = defined_identifiers.get(id) {
-                        if !id_info.is_global {
-                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                                "name '{id}' is assigned to before global declaration at {}",
-                                stmt.location,
-                            )]));
-                        }
-
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    match self.function_data.resolver.get_symbol_type(
-                        self.unifier,
-                        &self.top_level.definitions.read(),
-                        self.primitives,
-                        *id,
-                    ) {
-                        Ok(_) => {
-                            self.defined_identifiers
-                                .insert(*id, IdentifierInfo { is_global: true });
-                        }
-                        Err(e) => {
-                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                                "type error at identifier `{}` ({}) at {}",
-                                id, e, stmt.location
-                            )]))
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                Ok(false)
-            }
            // break, raise, etc.
            _ => Ok(false),
        }
@ -407,7 +367,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    pub fn check_block(
        &mut self,
        block: &[Stmt<Option<Type>>],
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
    ) -> Result<bool, HashSet<String>> {
        let mut ret = false;
        for stmt in block {
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/magic_methods.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/magic_methods.rs
@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
-use std::{cmp::max, collections::HashMap, rc::Rc};
-
-use itertools::{iproduct, Itertools};
-use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Operator, StrRef, Unaryop};
-
-use crate::{
-    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
-    toplevel::{
-        helper::PrimDef,
-        numpy::{make_ndarray_ty, unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
-    },
-    typecheck::{
+use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::toplevel::numpy::{make_ndarray_ty, unpack_ndarray_var_tys};
+use crate::typecheck::{
    type_inferencer::*,
    typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
-    },
 };
+use itertools::{iproduct, Itertools};
+use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
+use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Operator, Unaryop};
+use std::cmp::max;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use strum::IntoEnumIterator;

 /// The variant of a binary operator.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@ -524,23 +520,6 @@ pub fn typeof_binop(
        }

        Operator::MatMult => {
-            // NOTE: NumPy matmul's LHS and RHS must both be ndarrays. Scalars are not allowed.
-            match (&*unifier.get_ty(lhs), &*unifier.get_ty(rhs)) {
-                (
-                    TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: lhs_obj_id, .. },
-                    TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: rhs_obj_id, .. },
-                ) if *lhs_obj_id == primitives.ndarray.obj_id(unifier).unwrap()
-                    && *rhs_obj_id == primitives.ndarray.obj_id(unifier).unwrap() =>
-                {
-                    // LHS and RHS have valid types
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    let lhs_str = unifier.stringify(lhs);
-                    let rhs_str = unifier.stringify(rhs);
-                    return Err(format!("ndarray.__matmul__ only accepts ndarray operands, but left operand has type {lhs_str}, and right operand has type {rhs_str}"));
-                }
-            }
-
            let (_, lhs_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, lhs);
            let lhs_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(lhs_ndims) {
                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_error.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_error.rs
@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Display};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt::Display;

-use itertools::Itertools;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Location, StrRef};
+use crate::typecheck::{magic_methods::HasOpInfo, typedef::TypeEnum};

 use super::{
    magic_methods::Binop,
    typedef::{RecordKey, Type, Unifier},
 };
-use crate::typecheck::{magic_methods::HasOpInfo, typedef::TypeEnum};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Location, StrRef};

 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum TypeErrorKind {
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/mod.rs
@ -1,25 +1,14 @@
-use std::{
-    cell::RefCell,
-    cmp::max,
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    convert::{From, TryInto},
-    iter::once,
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-
-use itertools::{izip, Itertools};
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{
-    self,
-    fold::{self, Fold},
-    Arguments, Comprehension, ExprContext, ExprKind, Located, Location, StrRef,
-};
+use std::cmp::max;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::convert::{From, TryInto};
+use std::iter::once;
+use std::{cell::RefCell, sync::Arc};

 use super::{
    magic_methods::*,
    type_error::{TypeError, TypeErrorKind},
    typedef::{
-        into_var_map, iter_type_vars, Call, CallId, FunSignature, FuncArg, Mapping, OperatorInfo,
+        into_var_map, iter_type_vars, Call, CallId, FunSignature, FuncArg, OperatorInfo,
        RecordField, RecordKey, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVar, Unifier, VarMap,
    },
 };
@ -28,9 +17,15 @@ use crate::{
    toplevel::{
        helper::{arraylike_flatten_element_type, arraylike_get_ndims, PrimDef},
        numpy::{make_ndarray_ty, unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
-        type_annotation::TypeAnnotation,
        TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
    },
+    typecheck::typedef::Mapping,
+};
+use itertools::{izip, Itertools};
+use nac3parser::ast::{
+    self,
+    fold::{self, Fold},
+    Arguments, Comprehension, ExprContext, ExprKind, Located, Location, StrRef,
 };

 #[cfg(test)]
@ -88,20 +83,6 @@ impl PrimitiveStore {
    }
 }

-/// Information regarding a defined identifier.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct IdentifierInfo {
-    /// Whether this identifier refers to a global variable.
-    pub is_global: bool,
-}
-
-impl IdentifierInfo {
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new() -> IdentifierInfo {
-        IdentifierInfo::default()
-    }
-}
-
 pub struct FunctionData {
    pub resolver: Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>,
    pub return_type: Option<Type>,
@ -110,7 +91,7 @@ pub struct FunctionData {

 pub struct Inferencer<'a> {
    pub top_level: &'a TopLevelContext,
-    pub defined_identifiers: HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+    pub defined_identifiers: HashSet<StrRef>,
    pub function_data: &'a mut FunctionData,
    pub unifier: &'a mut Unifier,
    pub primitives: &'a PrimitiveStore,
@ -121,7 +102,6 @@ pub struct Inferencer<'a> {
 }

 type InferenceError = HashSet<String>;
-type OverrideResult = Result<Option<ast::Expr<Option<Type>>>, InferenceError>;

 struct NaiveFolder();
 impl Fold<()> for NaiveFolder {
@ -242,7 +222,9 @@ impl<'a> Fold<()> for Inferencer<'a> {
                                handler.location,
                            ));
                            if let Some(name) = name {
-                                self.defined_identifiers.entry(name).or_default();
+                                if !self.defined_identifiers.contains(&name) {
+                                    self.defined_identifiers.insert(name);
+                                }
                                if let Some(old_typ) = self.variable_mapping.insert(name, typ) {
                                    let loc = handler.location;
                                    self.unifier.unify(old_typ, typ).map_err(|e| {
@ -394,7 +376,6 @@ impl<'a> Fold<()> for Inferencer<'a> {
            | ast::StmtKind::Continue { .. }
            | ast::StmtKind::Expr { .. }
            | ast::StmtKind::For { .. }
-            | ast::StmtKind::Global { .. }
            | ast::StmtKind::Pass { .. }
            | ast::StmtKind::Try { .. } => {}
            ast::StmtKind::If { test, .. } | ast::StmtKind::While { test, .. } => {
@ -566,7 +547,7 @@ impl<'a> Fold<()> for Inferencer<'a> {
                        unreachable!("must be tobj")
                    }
                } else {
-                    if !self.defined_identifiers.contains_key(id) {
+                    if !self.defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
                        match self.function_data.resolver.get_symbol_type(
                            self.unifier,
                            &self.top_level.definitions.read(),
@ -574,7 +555,7 @@ impl<'a> Fold<()> for Inferencer<'a> {
                            *id,
                        ) {
                            Ok(_) => {
-                                self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id, IdentifierInfo::default());
+                                self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
                            }
                            Err(e) => {
                                return report_error(
@ -639,8 +620,8 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    fn infer_pattern<T>(&mut self, pattern: &ast::Expr<T>) -> Result<(), InferenceError> {
        match &pattern.node {
            ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
-                if !self.defined_identifiers.contains_key(id) {
-                    self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id, IdentifierInfo::default());
+                if !self.defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
+                    self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
                }
                Ok(())
            }
@ -749,8 +730,8 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
        let mut defined_identifiers = self.defined_identifiers.clone();
        for arg in &args.args {
            let name = &arg.node.arg;
-            if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(name) {
-                defined_identifiers.insert(*name, IdentifierInfo::default());
+            if !defined_identifiers.contains(name) {
+                defined_identifiers.insert(*name);
            }
        }
        let fn_args: Vec<_> = args
@ -1567,29 +1548,36 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
        }
        // 2-argument ndarray n-dimensional creation functions
        if id == &"np_full".into() && args.len() == 2 {
-            // Parse arguments
-            let shape_expr = args.remove(0);
-            let (ndims, shape) =
-                self.fold_numpy_function_call_shape_argument(*id, 0, shape_expr)?; // Special handling for `shape`
+            let ExprKind::List { elts, .. } = &args[0].node else {
+                return report_error(
+                    format!(
+                        "Expected List literal for first argument of {id}, got {}",
+                        args[0].node.name()
+                    )
+                    .as_str(),
+                    args[0].location,
+                );
+            };

-            let fill_value = self.fold_expr(args.remove(0))?;
+            let ndims = elts.len() as u64;

-            // Build the return type
-            let dtype = fill_value.custom.unwrap();
+            let arg0 = self.fold_expr(args.remove(0))?;
+            let arg1 = self.fold_expr(args.remove(0))?;
+
+            let ty = arg1.custom.unwrap();
            let ndims = self.unifier.get_fresh_literal(vec![SymbolValue::U64(ndims)], None);
-            let ret = make_ndarray_ty(self.unifier, self.primitives, Some(dtype), Some(ndims));
-
+            let ret = make_ndarray_ty(self.unifier, self.primitives, Some(ty), Some(ndims));
            let custom = self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                args: vec![
                    FuncArg {
                        name: "shape".into(),
-                        ty: shape.custom.unwrap(),
+                        ty: arg0.custom.unwrap(),
                        default_value: None,
                        is_vararg: false,
                    },
                    FuncArg {
                        name: "fill_value".into(),
-                        ty: fill_value.custom.unwrap(),
+                        ty: arg1.custom.unwrap(),
                        default_value: None,
                        is_vararg: false,
                    },
@ -1607,7 +1595,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                        location: func.location,
                        node: ExprKind::Name { id: *id, ctx: *ctx },
                    }),
-                    args: vec![shape, fill_value],
+                    args: vec![arg0, arg1],
                    keywords: vec![],
                },
            }));
@ -1684,86 +1672,6 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
        Ok(None)
    }

-    /// Checks whether a class method is calling parent function
-    /// Returns [`None`] if its not a call to parent method, otherwise
-    /// returns a new `func` with class name replaced by `self` and method resolved to its `DefinitionID`
-    ///
-    /// e.g.  A.f1(self, ...) returns Some(self.{DefintionID(f1)})
-    fn check_overriding(&mut self, func: &ast::Expr<()>, args: &[ast::Expr<()>]) -> OverrideResult {
-        // `self` must be first argument for call to parent method
-        if let Some(Located { node: ExprKind::Name { id, .. }, .. }) = &args.first() {
-            if *id != "self".into() {
-                return Ok(None);
-            }
-        } else {
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
-
-        let Located {
-            node: ExprKind::Attribute { value, attr: method_name, ctx }, location, ..
-        } = func
-        else {
-            return Ok(None);
-        };
-        let ExprKind::Name { id: class_name, ctx: class_ctx } = &value.node else {
-            return Ok(None);
-        };
-        let zelf = &self.fold_expr(args[0].clone())?;
-
-        // Check whether the method belongs to class ancestors
-        let def_id = self.unifier.get_ty(zelf.custom.unwrap());
-        let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } = def_id.as_ref() else { unreachable!() };
-        let defs = self.top_level.definitions.read();
-        let res = {
-            if let TopLevelDef::Class { ancestors, .. } = &*defs[obj_id.0].read() {
-                let res = ancestors.iter().find_map(|f| {
-                    let TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id, .. } = f else { unreachable!() };
-                    let TopLevelDef::Class { name, methods, .. } = &*defs[id.0].read() else {
-                        unreachable!()
-                    };
-                    // Class names are stored as `__module__.class`
-                    let name = name.to_string();
-                    let (_, name) = name.rsplit_once('.').unwrap();
-                    if name == class_name.to_string() {
-                        return methods.iter().find_map(|f| {
-                            if f.0 == *method_name {
-                                return Some(*f);
-                            }
-                            None
-                        });
-                    }
-                    None
-                });
-                res
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        };
-
-        match res {
-            Some(r) => {
-                let mut new_func = func.clone();
-                let mut new_value = value.clone();
-                new_value.node = ExprKind::Name { id: "self".into(), ctx: *class_ctx };
-                new_func.node =
-                    ExprKind::Attribute { value: new_value.clone(), attr: *method_name, ctx: *ctx };
-
-                let mut new_func = self.fold_expr(new_func)?;
-
-                let ExprKind::Attribute { value, .. } = new_func.node else { unreachable!() };
-                new_func.node =
-                    ExprKind::Attribute { value, attr: r.2 .0.to_string().into(), ctx: *ctx };
-                new_func.custom = Some(r.1);
-
-                Ok(Some(new_func))
-            }
-            None => report_error(
-                format!("Ancestor method [{class_name}.{method_name}] should be defined with same decorator as its overridden version").as_str(),
-                *location,
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
    fn fold_call(
        &mut self,
        location: Location,
@ -1777,20 +1685,8 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
            return Ok(spec_call_func);
        }

-        // Check for call to parent method
-        let override_res = self.check_overriding(&func, &args)?;
-        let is_override = override_res.is_some();
-        let func = if is_override { override_res.unwrap() } else { self.fold_expr(func)? };
-        let func = Box::new(func);
-
-        let mut args =
-            args.into_iter().map(|v| self.fold_expr(v)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-
-        // TODO: Handle passing of self to functions to allow runtime lookup of functions to be called
-        // Currently removing `self` and using compile time function definitions
-        if is_override {
-            args.remove(0);
-        }
+        let func = Box::new(self.fold_expr(func)?);
+        let args = args.into_iter().map(|v| self.fold_expr(v)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
        let keywords = keywords
            .into_iter()
            .map(|v| fold::fold_keyword(self, v))
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/test.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/test.rs
@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
-use std::iter::zip;
-
-use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use indoc::indoc;
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-use test_case::test_case;
-
-use nac3parser::{ast::FileName, parser::parse_program};
-
+use super::super::{magic_methods::with_fields, typedef::*};
 use super::*;
 use crate::{
-    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    codegen::CodeGenContext,
    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
-    typecheck::{magic_methods::with_fields, typedef::*},
 };
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use indoc::indoc;
+use nac3parser::ast::FileName;
+use nac3parser::parser::parse_program;
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use std::iter::zip;
+use test_case::test_case;

 struct Resolver {
    id_to_type: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
@ -43,7 +41,6 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
        &self,
        _: StrRef,
        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
        unimplemented!()
    }
@ -520,7 +517,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
            primitives: &mut self.primitives,
            virtual_checks: &mut self.virtual_checks,
            calls: &mut self.calls,
-            defined_identifiers: HashMap::default(),
+            defined_identifiers: HashSet::default(),
            in_handler: false,
        }
    }
@ -596,9 +593,8 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: &HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &s
    println!("source:\n{source}");
    let mut env = TestEnvironment::new();
    let id_to_name = std::mem::take(&mut env.id_to_name);
-    let mut defined_identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
-        env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).collect();
-    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into(), IdentifierInfo::default());
+    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().collect();
+    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into());
    let mut inferencer = env.get_inferencer();
    inferencer.defined_identifiers.clone_from(&defined_identifiers);
    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
@ -743,9 +739,8 @@ fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: &HashMap<&str, &str>) {
    println!("source:\n{source}");
    let mut env = TestEnvironment::basic_test_env();
    let id_to_name = std::mem::take(&mut env.id_to_name);
-    let mut defined_identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
-        env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).collect();
-    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into(), IdentifierInfo::default());
+    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().collect();
+    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into());
    let mut inferencer = env.get_inferencer();
    inferencer.defined_identifiers.clone_from(&defined_identifiers);
    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/mod.rs
@ -1,28 +1,21 @@
-use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
-    cell::RefCell,
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    fmt::{self, Display},
-    iter::{repeat, zip},
-    rc::Rc,
-    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
-};
-
+use super::magic_methods::{Binop, HasOpInfo};
+use super::type_error::{TypeError, TypeErrorKind};
+use super::unification_table::{UnificationKey, UnificationTable};
+use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef};
+use crate::typecheck::magic_methods::OpInfo;
+use crate::typecheck::type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use itertools::{repeat_n, Itertools};
-
 use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Location, StrRef, Unaryop};
-
-use super::{
-    magic_methods::{Binop, HasOpInfo},
-    type_error::{TypeError, TypeErrorKind},
-    unification_table::{UnificationKey, UnificationTable},
-};
-use crate::{
-    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
-    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef},
-    typecheck::{magic_methods::OpInfo, type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore},
-};
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt::{self, Display};
+use std::iter::{repeat, zip};
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, collections::HashSet};

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
@ -677,8 +670,8 @@ impl Unifier {
        let num_args = posargs.len() + kwargs.len();

        // Now we check the arguments against the parameters,
-        // and depending on what `call_info` is, we might change how `unify_call()` behaves
-        // to improve user error messages when type checking fails.
+        // and depending on what `call_info` is, we might change how the behavior `unify_call()`
+        // in hopes to improve user error messages when type checking fails.
        match operator_info {
            Some(OperatorInfo::IsBinaryOp { self_type, operator }) => {
                // The call is written in the form of (say) `a + b`.
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/test.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/test.rs
@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
+use super::super::magic_methods::with_fields;
+use super::*;
 use indoc::indoc;
 use itertools::Itertools;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use test_case::test_case;

-use super::*;
-use crate::typecheck::magic_methods::with_fields;
-
 impl Unifier {
    /// Check whether two types are equal.
    fn eq(&mut self, a: Type, b: Type) -> bool {
--- a/nac3ld/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nac3ld/src/lib.rs
@ -21,12 +21,13 @@
    clippy::wildcard_imports
 )]

-use std::{collections::HashMap, mem, ptr, slice, str};
-
-use byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian};
-
 use dwarf::*;
 use elf::*;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::{mem, ptr, slice, str};
+
+extern crate byteorder;
+use byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian};

 mod dwarf;
 mod elf;
--- a/nac3parser/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3parser/Cargo.toml
@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ license = "MIT"
 edition = "2021"

 [build-dependencies]
-lalrpop = "0.22"
+lalrpop = "0.20"

 [dependencies]
 nac3ast = { path = "../nac3ast" }
-lalrpop-util = "0.22"
+lalrpop-util = "0.20"
 log = "0.4"
 unic-emoji-char = "0.9"
 unic-ucd-ident  = "0.9"
-unicode_names2 = "1.3"
+unicode_names2 = "1.2"
 phf = { version = "0.11", features = ["macros"] }
 ahash = "0.8"

--- a/nac3parser/src/config_comment_helper.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/config_comment_helper.rs
@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-use crate::{
-    ast::{Ident, Location},
-    error::*,
-    token::Tok,
-};
+use crate::ast::Ident;
+use crate::ast::Location;
+use crate::error::*;
+use crate::token::Tok;
 use lalrpop_util::ParseError;
-
 use nac3ast::*;

 pub fn make_config_comment(
--- a/nac3parser/src/error.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/error.rs
@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 //! Define internal parse error types
 //! The goal is to provide a matching and a safe error API, maksing errors from LALR
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::fmt;
-
 use lalrpop_util::ParseError as LalrpopError;

-use crate::{ast::Location, token::Tok};
+use crate::ast::Location;
+use crate::token::Tok;
+
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt;

 /// Represents an error during lexical scanning.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
--- a/nac3parser/src/fstring.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/fstring.rs
@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-use std::{iter, mem, str};
+use std::iter;
+use std::mem;
+use std::str;
+
+use crate::ast::{Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr, ExprKind, Location};
+use crate::error::{FStringError, FStringErrorType, ParseError};
+use crate::parser::parse_expression;

 use self::FStringErrorType::*;
-use crate::{
-    ast::{Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr, ExprKind, Location},
-    error::{FStringError, FStringErrorType, ParseError},
-    parser::parse_expression,
-};

 struct FStringParser<'a> {
    chars: iter::Peekable<str::Chars<'a>>,
--- a/nac3parser/src/function.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/function.rs
@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+use ahash::RandomState;
 use std::collections::HashSet;

-use ahash::RandomState;
-
-use crate::{
-    ast,
-    error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType},
-};
+use crate::ast;
+use crate::error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};

 pub struct ArgumentList {
    pub args: Vec<ast::Expr>,
--- a/nac3parser/src/lexer.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/lexer.rs
@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 //! This module takes care of lexing python source text.
 //!
 //! This means source code is translated into separate tokens.
-use std::{char, cmp::Ordering, num::IntErrorKind, str::FromStr};
-
-use unic_emoji_char::is_emoji_presentation;
-use unic_ucd_ident::{is_xid_continue, is_xid_start};

 pub use super::token::Tok;
-use crate::{
-    ast::{FileName, Location},
-    error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType},
-};
+use crate::ast::{FileName, Location};
+use crate::error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};
+use std::char;
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::num::IntErrorKind;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use unic_emoji_char::is_emoji_presentation;
+use unic_ucd_ident::{is_xid_continue, is_xid_start};

 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Default)]
 struct IndentationLevel {
--- a/nac3parser/src/parser.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/parser.rs
@ -5,16 +5,14 @@
 //! parse a whole program, a single statement, or a single
 //! expression.

+use nac3ast::Location;
 use std::iter;

-use nac3ast::Location;
-
+use crate::ast::{self, FileName};
+use crate::error::ParseError;
+use crate::lexer;
 pub use crate::mode::Mode;
-use crate::{
-    ast::{self, FileName},
-    error::ParseError,
-    lexer, python,
-};
+use crate::python;

 /*
 * Parse python code.
--- a/nac3parser/src/token.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/token.rs
@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 //! Different token definitions.
 //! Loosely based on token.h from CPython source:
-use std::fmt::{self, Write};
-
 use crate::ast;
+use std::fmt::{self, Write};

 /// Python source code can be tokenized in a sequence of these tokens.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
--- a/nac3standalone/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3standalone/Cargo.toml
@ -9,8 +9,14 @@ no-escape-analysis = ["nac3core/no-escape-analysis"]

 [dependencies]
 parking_lot = "0.12"
+nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }

 [dependencies.clap]
 version = "4.5"
 features = ["derive"]
+
+[dependencies.inkwell]
+version = "0.4"
+default-features = false
+features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/demo.c
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/demo.c
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ struct cslice {
 };

 void output_int32_list(struct cslice* slice) {
-    const int32_t* data = (int32_t*)slice->data;
+    const int32_t* data = reinterpret_cast<int32_t*>(slice->data);

    putchar('[');
    for (size_t i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ void output_int32_list(struct cslice* slice) {
 }

 void output_str(struct cslice* slice) {
-    const char* data = (const char*)slice->data;
+    const char* data = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(slice->data);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
        putchar(data[i]);
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ void output_strln(struct cslice* slice) {

 uint64_t dbg_stack_address(__attribute__((unused)) struct cslice* slice) {
    int i;
-    void* ptr = (void*)&i;
+    void* ptr = static_cast<void*>(&i);
    return (uintptr_t)ptr;
 }

@ -120,10 +120,10 @@ struct Exception {
 uint32_t __nac3_raise(struct Exception* e) {
    printf("__nac3_raise called. Exception details:\n");
    printf("          ID: %" PRIu32 "\n", e->id);
-    printf("    Location: %*s:%" PRIu32 ":%" PRIu32 "\n", (int)e->file.len, (const char*)e->file.data, e->line,
-           e->column);
-    printf("    Function: %*s\n", (int)e->function.len, (const char*)e->function.data);
-    printf("     Message: \"%*s\"\n", (int)e->message.len, (const char*)e->message.data);
+    printf("    Location: %*s:%" PRIu32 ":%" PRIu32 "\n", static_cast<int>(e->file.len),
+           reinterpret_cast<const char*>(e->file.data), e->line, e->column);
+    printf("    Function: %*s\n", static_cast<int>(e->function.len), reinterpret_cast<const char*>(e->function.data));
+    printf("     Message: \"%*s\"\n", static_cast<int>(e->message.len), reinterpret_cast<const char*>(e->message.data));
    printf("      Params: {0}=%" PRId64 ", {1}=%" PRId64 ", {2}=%" PRId64 "\n", e->param[0], e->param[1], e->param[2]);
    exit(101);
    __builtin_unreachable();
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/assignment.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/assignment.py
@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ def output_bool(x: bool):
 def example1():
    x, *ys, z = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
    output_int32(x)
-    output_int32(len(ys))
    output_int32(ys[0])
    output_int32(ys[1])
    output_int32(ys[2])
@ -19,14 +18,12 @@ def example2():
    x, y, *zs = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
    output_int32(x)
    output_int32(y)
-    output_int32(len(zs))
    output_int32(zs[0])
    output_int32(zs[1])
    output_int32(zs[2])

 def example3():
    *xs, y, z = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
-    output_int32(len(xs))
    output_int32(xs[0])
    output_int32(xs[1])
    output_int32(xs[2])
@ -34,12 +31,6 @@ def example3():
    output_int32(z)

 def example4():
-    *xs, y, z = (4, 5)
-    output_int32(len(xs))
-    output_int32(y)
-    output_int32(z)
-
-def example5():
    # Example from: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements
    x = [0, 1]
    i = 0
@ -53,7 +44,7 @@ class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.value = 1000

-def example6():
+def example5():
    ws = [88, 7, 8]
    a = A()
    x, [y, *ys, a.value], ws[0], (ws[0],) = 1, (2, False, 4, 5), 99, (6,)
@ -72,5 +63,4 @@ def run() -> int32:
    example3()
    example4()
    example5()
-    example6()
    return 0
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/globals.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/globals.py
@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-@extern
-def output_int32(x: int32):
-    ...
-
-@extern
-def output_int64(x: int64):
-    ...
-
-X: int32 = 0
-Y: int64 = int64(1)
-
-def f():
-    global X, Y
-    X = 1
-    Y = int64(2)
-
-def run() -> int32:
-    global X, Y
-
-    output_int32(X)
-    output_int64(Y)
-    f()
-    output_int32(X)
-    output_int64(Y)
-
-    X = 0
-    Y = int64(0)
-    output_int32(X)
-    output_int64(Y)
-
-    return 0
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/inheritance.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/inheritance.py
@ -10,58 +10,23 @@ class A:
    def __init__(self, a: int32):
        self.a = a
    
-    def output_all_fields(self):
-        output_int32(self.a)
+    def f1(self):
+        self.f2()
    
-    def set_a(self, a: int32):
-        self.a = a
+    def f2(self):
+        output_int32(self.a)

 class B(A):
    b: int32

    def __init__(self, b: int32):
-        A.__init__(self, b + 1)
-        self.set_b(b)
-    
-    def output_parent_fields(self):
-        A.output_all_fields(self)
-
-    def output_all_fields(self):
-        A.output_all_fields(self)
-        output_int32(self.b)
-    
-    def set_b(self, b: int32):
+        self.a = b + 1
        self.b = b

-class C(B):
-    c: int32
-
-    def __init__(self, c: int32):
-        B.__init__(self, c + 1)
-        self.c = c
-    
-    def output_parent_fields(self):
-        B.output_all_fields(self)
-
-    def output_all_fields(self):
-        B.output_all_fields(self)
-        output_int32(self.c)
-    
-    def set_c(self, c: int32):
-        self.c = c

 def run() -> int32:
-    ccc = C(10)
-    ccc.output_all_fields()
-    ccc.set_a(1)
-    ccc.set_b(2)
-    ccc.set_c(3)
-    ccc.output_all_fields()
-
-    bbb = B(10)
-    bbb.set_a(9)
-    bbb.set_b(8)
-    bbb.output_all_fields()
-    ccc.output_all_fields()
-
+    aaa = A(5)
+    bbb = B(2)
+    aaa.f1()
+    bbb.f1()
    return 0
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/ndarray.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/ndarray.py
@ -114,22 +114,12 @@ def test_ndarray_ones():
    n: ndarray[float, 1] = np_ones([1])
    output_ndarray_float_1(n)

-    dim = (1,)
-    n_tup: ndarray[float, 1] = np_ones(dim)
-    output_ndarray_float_1(n_tup)
-
 def test_ndarray_full():
    n_float: ndarray[float, 1] = np_full([1], 2.0)
    output_ndarray_float_1(n_float)
    n_i32: ndarray[int32, 1] = np_full([1], 2)
    output_ndarray_int32_1(n_i32)

-    dim = (1,)
-    n_float_tup: ndarray[float, 1] = np_full(dim, 2.0)
-    output_ndarray_float_1(n_float_tup)
-    n_i32_tup: ndarray[int32, 1] = np_full(dim, 2)
-    output_ndarray_int32_1(n_i32_tup)
-
 def test_ndarray_eye():
    n: ndarray[float, 2] = np_eye(2)
    output_ndarray_float_2(n)
--- a/nac3standalone/src/basic_symbol_resolver.rs
+++ b/nac3standalone/src/basic_symbol_resolver.rs
@ -1,14 +1,5 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-
-use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
-
 use nac3core::{
-    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
-    inkwell::{module::Linkage, values::BasicValue},
-    nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef},
+    codegen::CodeGenContext,
    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, SymbolValue, ValueEnum},
    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
    typecheck::{
@ -16,10 +7,15 @@ use nac3core::{
        typedef::{Type, Unifier},
    },
 };
+use nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef};
+use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};

 pub struct ResolverInternal {
    pub id_to_type: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
    pub id_to_def: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, DefinitionId>>,
+    pub class_names: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
    pub module_globals: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, SymbolValue>>,
    pub str_store: Mutex<HashMap<String, i32>>,
 }
@ -50,51 +46,20 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {

    fn get_symbol_type(
        &self,
-        unifier: &mut Unifier,
+        _: &mut Unifier,
        _: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
-        primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+        _: &PrimitiveStore,
        str: StrRef,
    ) -> Result<Type, String> {
-        self.0
-            .id_to_type
-            .lock()
-            .get(&str)
-            .copied()
-            .or_else(|| {
-                self.0
-                    .module_globals
-                    .lock()
-                    .get(&str)
-                    .cloned()
-                    .map(|v| v.get_type(primitives, unifier))
-            })
-            .ok_or(format!("cannot get type of {str}"))
+        self.0.id_to_type.lock().get(&str).copied().ok_or(format!("cannot get type of {str}"))
    }

    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
        &self,
-        str: StrRef,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+        _: StrRef,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
-        self.0.module_globals.lock().get(&str).cloned().map(|v| {
-            ctx.module
-                .get_global(&str.to_string())
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                    let ty = v.get_type(&ctx.primitives, &mut ctx.unifier);
-
-                    let init_val = ctx.gen_symbol_val(generator, &v, ty);
-                    let llvm_ty = init_val.get_type();
-
-                    let global = ctx.module.add_global(llvm_ty, None, &str.to_string());
-                    global.set_linkage(Linkage::LinkOnceAny);
-                    global.set_initializer(&init_val);
-
-                    global
-                })
-                .as_basic_value_enum()
-                .into()
-        })
+        unimplemented!()
    }

    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
--- a/nac3standalone/src/main.rs
+++ b/nac3standalone/src/main.rs
@ -8,30 +8,17 @@
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
 #![allow(clippy::too_many_lines, clippy::wildcard_imports)]

-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    fs,
-    num::NonZeroUsize,
-    path::Path,
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-
 use clap::Parser;
-use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
-
+use inkwell::context::Context;
+use inkwell::{
+    memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer, passes::PassBuilderOptions, support::is_multithreaded, targets::*,
+    OptimizationLevel,
+};
 use nac3core::{
    codegen::{
        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, irrt::load_irrt, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
    },
-    inkwell::{
-        memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer, module::Linkage, passes::PassBuilderOptions,
-        support::is_multithreaded, targets::*, OptimizationLevel,
-    },
-    nac3parser::{
-        ast::{Constant, Expr, ExprKind, StmtKind, StrRef},
-        parser,
-    },
    symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver,
    toplevel::{
        composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
@ -44,6 +31,14 @@ use nac3core::{
        typedef::{FunSignature, Type, Unifier, VarMap},
    },
 };
+use nac3parser::{
+    ast::{Constant, Expr, ExprKind, StmtKind, StrRef},
+    parser,
+};
+use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, fs, path::Path, sync::Arc};

 mod basic_symbol_resolver;
 use basic_symbol_resolver::*;
@ -245,34 +240,6 @@ fn handle_assignment_pattern(
    }
 }

-fn handle_global_var(
-    target: &Expr,
-    value: Option<&Expr>,
-    resolver: &(dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync),
-    internal_resolver: &ResolverInternal,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = target.node else {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "global variable declaration must be an identifier (at {})",
-            target.location,
-        ));
-    };
-
-    let Some(value) = value else {
-        return Err(format!("global variable `{id}` must be initialized in its definition"));
-    };
-
-    if let Ok(val) = parse_parameter_default_value(value, resolver) {
-        internal_resolver.add_module_global(id, val);
-        Ok(())
-    } else {
-        Err(format!(
-            "failed to evaluate this expression `{:?}` as a constant at {}",
-            target.node, target.location,
-        ))
-    }
-}
-
 fn main() {
    let cli = CommandLineArgs::parse();
    let CommandLineArgs { file_name, threads, opt_level, emit_llvm, triple, mcpu, target_features } =
@ -313,19 +280,22 @@ fn main() {
        reloc_mode: RelocMode::PIC,
        ..host_target_machine
    };
-    let target_machine = target_machine_options
+
+    let size_t = Context::create()
+        .ptr_sized_int_type(
+            &target_machine_options
                .create_target_machine(opt_level)
-        .expect("couldn't create target machine");
-
-    let context = nac3core::inkwell::context::Context::create();
-
-    let size_t =
-        context.ptr_sized_int_type(&target_machine.get_target_data(), None).get_bit_width();
+                .map(|tm| tm.get_target_data())
+                .unwrap(),
+            None,
+        )
+        .get_bit_width();

    let program = match fs::read_to_string(file_name.clone()) {
        Ok(program) => program,
        Err(err) => {
-            panic!("Cannot open input file: {err}");
+            println!("Cannot open input file: {err}");
+            return;
        }
    };

@ -336,6 +306,7 @@ fn main() {
    let internal_resolver: Arc<ResolverInternal> = ResolverInternal {
        id_to_type: builtins_ty.into(),
        id_to_def: builtins_def.into(),
+        class_names: Mutex::default(),
        module_globals: Mutex::default(),
        str_store: Mutex::default(),
    }
@ -343,6 +314,8 @@ fn main() {
    let resolver =
        Arc::new(Resolver(internal_resolver.clone())) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;

+    let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+
    // Process IRRT
    let irrt = load_irrt(&context, resolver.as_ref());
    if emit_llvm {
@ -367,26 +340,10 @@ fn main() {
                    unifier,
                    primitives,
                ) {
-                    panic!("{err}");
+                    eprintln!("{err}");
+                    return;
                }
            }
-
-            StmtKind::AnnAssign { target, value, .. } => {
-                if let Err(err) = handle_global_var(
-                    target,
-                    value.as_ref().map(Box::as_ref),
-                    resolver.as_ref(),
-                    internal_resolver.as_ref(),
-                ) {
-                    panic!("{err}");
-                }
-
-                let (name, def_id, _) = composer
-                    .register_top_level(stmt, Some(resolver.clone()), "__main__", true)
-                    .unwrap();
-                internal_resolver.add_id_def(name, def_id);
-            }
-
            // allow (and ignore) "from __future__ import annotations"
            StmtKind::ImportFrom { module, names, .. }
                if module == &Some("__future__".into())
@ -497,12 +454,17 @@ fn main() {
    let mut function_iter = main.get_first_function();
    while let Some(func) = function_iter {
        if func.count_basic_blocks() > 0 && func.get_name().to_str().unwrap() != "run" {
-            func.set_linkage(Linkage::Private);
+            func.set_linkage(inkwell::module::Linkage::Private);
        }
        function_iter = func.get_next_function();
    }

    // Optimize `main`
+    let target_machine = llvm_options
+        .target
+        .create_target_machine(llvm_options.opt_level)
+        .expect("couldn't create target machine");
+
    let pass_options = PassBuilderOptions::create();
    pass_options.set_merge_functions(true);
    let passes = format!("default<O{}>", opt_level as u32);
--- a/nix/windows/PKGBUILD
+++ b/nix/windows/PKGBUILD
@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ build() {
 }

 package() {
-  mkdir -p $pkgdir/clang64/lib/python3.12/site-packages
-  cp ${srcdir}/nac3artiq.pyd $pkgdir/clang64/lib/python3.12/site-packages
+  mkdir -p $pkgdir/clang64/lib/python3.11/site-packages
+  cp ${srcdir}/nac3artiq.pyd $pkgdir/clang64/lib/python3.11/site-packages
 }
--- a/nix/windows/default.nix
+++ b/nix/windows/default.nix
@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ let
    text =
      ''
      implementation=CPython
-      version=3.12
+      version=3.11
      shared=true
      abi3=false
-      lib_name=python3.12
+      lib_name=python3.11
      lib_dir=${msys2-env}/clang64/lib
      pointer_width=64
      build_flags=WITH_THREAD
--- a/nix/windows/make_msys2_packages.sh
+++ b/nix/windows/make_msys2_packages.sh
@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ cd $(dirname $0)
 MSYS2DIR=`pwd`/msys2
 mkdir -p $MSYS2DIR/var/lib/pacman $MSYS2DIR/msys/etc

-curl -L https://repo.msys2.org/msys/x86_64/pacman-mirrors-20240523-1-any.pkg.tar.zst | tar xvf - -C $MSYS2DIR --zstd
+curl -L https://mirror.msys2.org/msys/x86_64/pacman-mirrors-20220205-1-any.pkg.tar.zst | tar xvf - -C $MSYS2DIR --zstd
 curl -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/msys2/MSYS2-packages/master/pacman/pacman.conf | sed "s|SigLevel    = Required|SigLevel    = Never|g" | sed "s|/etc/pacman.d|$MSYS2DIR/etc/pacman.d|g" > $MSYS2DIR/etc/pacman.conf

 fakeroot pacman --root $MSYS2DIR --config $MSYS2DIR/etc/pacman.conf -Syy
-pacman --root $MSYS2DIR --config $MSYS2DIR/etc/pacman.conf --cachedir $MSYS2DIR/msys/cache -Sp mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-rust mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-cmake mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ninja mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-numpy mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-setuptools > $MSYS2DIR/packages.txt
+pacman --root $MSYS2DIR --config $MSYS2DIR/etc/pacman.conf --cachedir $MSYS2DIR/msys/cache -Sp mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-rust mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-cmake mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-ninja mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python3.11 mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-numpy mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-python-setuptools > $MSYS2DIR/packages.txt

 echo "{ pkgs } : [" > msys2_packages.nix
 while read package; do
--- a/nix/windows/msys2_packages.nix
+++ b/nix/windows/msys2_packages.nix
@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 { pkgs } : [

 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunwind-18.1.8-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0f9m76dx40iy794nfks0360gvjhdg6yngb2lyhwp4xd76rn5081m";
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@ -229,9 +229,9 @@
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 (pkgs.fetchurl {
@ -264,12 +264,6 @@
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 })
 ]
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
lyken	236032b888	Ptr instance offset_const can be negative + use i64_type()	2024-08-28 13:02:03 +08:00
lyken	fe851f7ccd	const_int sign_extend	2024-08-28 12:58:57 +08:00
lyken	ec1ee223a0	attempt to reduce lifetimes in FnCall	2024-08-28 12:56:43 +08:00
lyken	c1281db0cd	CallFunction -> FnCall	2024-08-28 12:55:19 +08:00
lyken	1e65f16f1e	ModelError ///	2024-08-28 12:54:20 +08:00
lyken	5f95d1530a	FloatKind::{get_float_type -> float_type}	2024-08-28 12:53:55 +08:00
lyken	cc5950e88c	IntKind::{get_int_type -> int_type}	2024-08-28 12:53:37 +08:00
lyken	44ee84b1d0	trait bound everything	2024-08-28 12:51:55 +08:00
lyken	0c73eecc19	format: newline between fields in Instance	2024-08-28 12:19:27 +08:00
lyken	9113093f9f	sizeof -> size_of	2024-08-28 12:18:47 +08:00
lyken	a2937e1742	get_type* -> llvm_type*	2024-08-28 12:18:23 +08:00
lyken	40aa27c42c	array use i64_type().const_int for GEP	2024-08-28 12:16:55 +08:00
lyken	d12fb99ded	unsafe believe_value	2024-08-28 12:04:10 +08:00
lyken	2e4a33d6ee	ArrayLen::{get_length -> length}	2024-08-28 12:01:12 +08:00
lyken	88b51acd0e	LenKind -> ArrayLen	2024-08-28 12:00:52 +08:00
lyken	4e714cb53b	redesign	2024-08-28 11:47:57 +08:00
lyken	dfbbe66154	core/model: renaming and add notes on upgrading Ptr to LLVM 15	2024-08-27 10:42:57 +08:00
lyken	696575aa77	core/model: introduce models	2024-08-27 10:42:57 +08:00
lyken	048950b7f0	standalone: reformat demo.c	2024-08-27 10:37:46 +08:00
lyken	38be74d5fe	core/irrt: add exceptions and debug utils	2024-08-27 10:36:51 +08:00
lyken	fb41645863	core/irrt: split into headers	2024-08-27 10:31:49 +08:00
lyken	fce5ba3dbf	core/irrt: build.rs capture IR defined constants	2024-08-27 10:28:39 +08:00
lyken	4c0f976ef1	core/irrt: build.rs capture IR defined types	2024-08-27 10:28:33 +08:00
lyken	96073fe6bc	core/irrt: use +std=c++20 to compile To explicitly set the C++ variant and avoid inconsistencies.	2024-08-27 10:28:17 +08:00
lyken	aabd682664	core/irrt: reformat	2024-08-27 10:28:01 +08:00
lyken	4065f98447	add .clang-format	2024-08-27 10:27:31 +08:00
lyken	e00ff7f4e6	core/irrt: comment build.rs & move irrt to nac3core/irrt	2024-08-27 10:26:20 +08:00