flake: update dependencies

[meta] flake: Add LLVM bintools to artiq-{instrumented,pgo}
[core] codegen: Implement StructProxy on existing proxies
2025-02-05 15:42:23 +08:00 · 2025-02-03 13:10:13 +08:00 · 2025-02-03 11:51:57 +08:00 · 2025-02-03 11:51:57 +08:00 · 2025-02-03 11:51:57 +08:00 · 2025-02-03 11:51:57 +08:00
85 changed files with 3168 additions and 2113 deletions
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[target.x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu]
+rustflags = ["-C", "link-arg=-fuse-ld=lld"]
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
-version = 3
+version = 4

 [[package]]
 name = "ahash"
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e89da841a80418a9b391ebaea17f5c112ffaaa96f621d2c285b5174da76b9011"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
- "getrandom",
+ "getrandom 0.2.15",
 "once_cell",
 "version_check",
 "zerocopy",
@ -65,11 +65,12 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-wincon"
-version = "3.0.6"
+version = "3.0.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2109dbce0e72be3ec00bed26e6a7479ca384ad226efdd66db8fa2e3a38c83125"
+checksum = "ca3534e77181a9cc07539ad51f2141fe32f6c3ffd4df76db8ad92346b003ae4e"
 dependencies = [
 "anstyle",
+ "once_cell",
 "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]

@ -105,9 +106,9 @@ checksum = "5e764a1d40d510daf35e07be9eb06e75770908c27d411ee6c92109c9840eaaf7"

 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.6.0"
+version = "2.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b048fb63fd8b5923fc5aa7b340d8e156aec7ec02f0c78fa8a6ddc2613f6f71de"
+checksum = "8f68f53c83ab957f72c32642f3868eec03eb974d1fb82e453128456482613d36"

 [[package]]
 name = "block-buffer"
@ -126,9 +127,9 @@ checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"

 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.7"
+version = "1.2.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a012a0df96dd6d06ba9a1b29d6402d1a5d77c6befd2566afdc26e10603dc93d7"
+checksum = "13208fcbb66eaeffe09b99fffbe1af420f00a7b35aa99ad683dfc1aa76145229"
 dependencies = [
 "shlex",
 ]
@ -141,9 +142,9 @@ checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"

 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.23"
+version = "4.5.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3135e7ec2ef7b10c6ed8950f0f792ed96ee093fa088608f1c76e569722700c84"
+checksum = "769b0145982b4b48713e01ec42d61614425f27b7058bda7180a3a41f30104796"
 dependencies = [
 "clap_builder",
 "clap_derive",
@ -151,9 +152,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.23"
+version = "4.5.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30582fc632330df2bd26877bde0c1f4470d57c582bbc070376afcd04d8cb4838"
+checksum = "1b26884eb4b57140e4d2d93652abfa49498b938b3c9179f9fc487b0acc3edad7"
 dependencies = [
 "anstream",
 "anstyle",
@ -163,14 +164,14 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.5.18"
+version = "4.5.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4ac6a0c7b1a9e9a5186361f67dfa1b88213572f427fb9ab038efb2bd8c582dab"
+checksum = "54b755194d6389280185988721fffba69495eed5ee9feeee9a599b53db80318c"
 dependencies = [
 "heck 0.5.0",
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.94",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -199,9 +200,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "cpufeatures"
-version = "0.2.16"
+version = "0.2.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "16b80225097f2e5ae4e7179dd2266824648f3e2f49d9134d584b76389d31c4c3"
+checksum = "59ed5838eebb26a2bb2e58f6d5b5316989ae9d08bab10e0e6d103e656d1b0280"
 dependencies = [
 "libc",
 ]
@ -333,9 +334,15 @@ checksum = "37909eebbb50d72f9059c3b6d82c0463f2ff062c9e95845c43a6c9c0355411be"

 [[package]]
 name = "fixedbitset"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.5.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0ce7134b9999ecaf8bcd65542e436736ef32ddca1b3e06094cb6ec5755203b80"
+checksum = "1d674e81391d1e1ab681a28d99df07927c6d4aa5b027d7da16ba32d1d21ecd99"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "foldhash"
+version = "0.1.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a0d2fde1f7b3d48b8395d5f2de76c18a528bd6a9cdde438df747bfcba3e05d6f"

 [[package]]
 name = "fxhash"
@ -373,7 +380,19 @@ checksum = "c4567c8db10ae91089c99af84c68c38da3ec2f087c3f82960bcdbf3656b6f4d7"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
 "libc",
- "wasi",
+ "wasi 0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "getrandom"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "43a49c392881ce6d5c3b8cb70f98717b7c07aabbdff06687b9030dbfbe2725f8"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "wasi 0.13.3+wasi-0.2.2",
+ "windows-targets",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -388,20 +407,14 @@ version = "0.12.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8a9ee70c43aaf417c914396645a0fa852624801b24ebb7ae78fe8272889ac888"

-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.14.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e5274423e17b7c9fc20b6e7e208532f9b19825d82dfd615708b70edd83df41f1"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.15.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bf151400ff0baff5465007dd2f3e717f3fe502074ca563069ce3a6629d07b289"
+dependencies = [
+ "foldhash",
+]

 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
@ -436,9 +449,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.7.0"
+version = "2.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62f822373a4fe84d4bb149bf54e584a7f4abec90e072ed49cda0edea5b95471f"
+checksum = "8c9c992b02b5b4c94ea26e32fe5bccb7aa7d9f390ab5c1221ff895bc7ea8b652"
 dependencies = [
 "equivalent",
 "hashbrown 0.15.2",
@ -472,7 +485,7 @@ checksum = "9dd28cfd4cfba665d47d31c08a6ba637eed16770abca2eccbbc3ca831fef1e44"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.94",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -497,9 +510,9 @@ checksum = "7943c866cc5cd64cbc25b2e01621d07fa8eb2a1a23160ee81ce38704e97b8ecf"

 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
-version = "0.13.0"
+version = "0.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "413ee7dfc52ee1a4949ceeb7dbc8a33f2d6c088194d9f922fb8318faf1f01186"
+checksum = "2b192c782037fadd9cfa75548310488aabdbf3d2da73885b31bd0abd03351285"
 dependencies = [
 "either",
 ]
@ -521,9 +534,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "lalrpop"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.22.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06093b57658c723a21da679530e061a8c25340fa5a6f98e313b542268c7e2a1f"
+checksum = "7047a26de42016abf8f181b46b398aef0b77ad46711df41847f6ed869a2a1d5b"
 dependencies = [
 "ascii-canvas",
 "bit-set",
@ -543,9 +556,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "lalrpop-util"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.22.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "feee752d43abd0f4807a921958ab4131f692a44d4d599733d4419c5d586176ce"
+checksum = "e8d05b3fe34b8bd562c338db725dfa9beb9451a48f65f129ccb9538b48d2c93b"
 dependencies = [
 "regex-automata",
 "rustversion",
@ -581,9 +594,9 @@ checksum = "0717cef1bc8b636c6e1c1bbdefc09e6322da8a9321966e8928ef80d20f7f770f"

 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.4.14"
+version = "0.4.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "78b3ae25bc7c8c38cec158d1f2757ee79e9b3740fbc7ccf0e59e4b08d793fa89"
+checksum = "d26c52dbd32dccf2d10cac7725f8eae5296885fb5703b261f7d0a0739ec807ab"

 [[package]]
 name = "llvm-sys"
@ -610,9 +623,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "log"
-version = "0.4.22"
+version = "0.4.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a7a70ba024b9dc04c27ea2f0c0548feb474ec5c54bba33a7f72f873a39d07b24"
+checksum = "04cbf5b083de1c7e0222a7a51dbfdba1cbe1c6ab0b15e29fff3f6c077fd9cd9f"

 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
@ -655,7 +668,7 @@ name = "nac3core"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
 "crossbeam",
- "indexmap 2.7.0",
+ "indexmap 2.7.1",
 "indoc",
 "inkwell",
 "insta",
@ -663,7 +676,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "nac3core_derive",
 "nac3parser",
 "parking_lot",
- "rayon",
 "regex",
 "strum",
 "strum_macros",
@ -678,7 +690,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "proc-macro-error",
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.94",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
 "trybuild",
 ]

@ -751,55 +763,55 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "petgraph"
-version = "0.6.5"
+version = "0.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b4c5cc86750666a3ed20bdaf5ca2a0344f9c67674cae0515bec2da16fbaa47db"
+checksum = "3672b37090dbd86368a4145bc067582552b29c27377cad4e0a306c97f9bd7772"
 dependencies = [
 "fixedbitset",
- "indexmap 2.7.0",
+ "indexmap 2.7.1",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "phf"
-version = "0.11.2"
+version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ade2d8b8f33c7333b51bcf0428d37e217e9f32192ae4772156f65063b8ce03dc"
+checksum = "1fd6780a80ae0c52cc120a26a1a42c1ae51b247a253e4e06113d23d2c2edd078"
 dependencies = [
 "phf_macros",
- "phf_shared 0.11.2",
+ "phf_shared 0.11.3",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "phf_codegen"
-version = "0.11.2"
+version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e8d39688d359e6b34654d328e262234662d16cc0f60ec8dcbe5e718709342a5a"
+checksum = "aef8048c789fa5e851558d709946d6d79a8ff88c0440c587967f8e94bfb1216a"
 dependencies = [
 "phf_generator",
- "phf_shared 0.11.2",
+ "phf_shared 0.11.3",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "phf_generator"
-version = "0.11.2"
+version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48e4cc64c2ad9ebe670cb8fd69dd50ae301650392e81c05f9bfcb2d5bdbc24b0"
+checksum = "3c80231409c20246a13fddb31776fb942c38553c51e871f8cbd687a4cfb5843d"
 dependencies = [
- "phf_shared 0.11.2",
+ "phf_shared 0.11.3",
 "rand",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "phf_macros"
-version = "0.11.2"
+version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3444646e286606587e49f3bcf1679b8cef1dc2c5ecc29ddacaffc305180d464b"
+checksum = "f84ac04429c13a7ff43785d75ad27569f2951ce0ffd30a3321230db2fc727216"
 dependencies = [
 "phf_generator",
- "phf_shared 0.11.2",
+ "phf_shared 0.11.3",
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.94",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -808,16 +820,16 @@ version = "0.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b6796ad771acdc0123d2a88dc428b5e38ef24456743ddb1744ed628f9815c096"
 dependencies = [
- "siphasher",
+ "siphasher 0.3.11",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "phf_shared"
-version = "0.11.2"
+version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "90fcb95eef784c2ac79119d1dd819e162b5da872ce6f3c3abe1e8ca1c082f72b"
+checksum = "67eabc2ef2a60eb7faa00097bd1ffdb5bd28e62bf39990626a582201b7a754e5"
 dependencies = [
- "siphasher",
+ "siphasher 1.0.1",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -873,9 +885,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.92"
+version = "1.0.93"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "37d3544b3f2748c54e147655edb5025752e2303145b5aefb3c3ea2c78b973bb0"
+checksum = "60946a68e5f9d28b0dc1c21bb8a97ee7d018a8b322fa57838ba31cc878e22d99"
 dependencies = [
 "unicode-ident",
 ]
@ -927,7 +939,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "pyo3-macros-backend",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.94",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -940,7 +952,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "pyo3-build-config",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.94",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -979,27 +991,7 @@ version = "0.6.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ec0be4795e2f6a28069bec0b5ff3e2ac9bafc99e6a9a7dc3547996c5c816922c"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rayon"
-version = "1.10.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b418a60154510ca1a002a752ca9714984e21e4241e804d32555251faf8b78ffa"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
- "rayon-core",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rayon-core"
-version = "1.12.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1465873a3dfdaa8ae7cb14b4383657caab0b3e8a0aa9ae8e04b044854c8dfce2"
-dependencies = [
- "crossbeam-deque",
- "crossbeam-utils",
+ "getrandom 0.2.15",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -1049,9 +1041,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.42"
+version = "0.38.44"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f93dc38ecbab2eb790ff964bb77fa94faf256fd3e73285fd7ba0903b76bedb85"
+checksum = "fdb5bc1ae2baa591800df16c9ca78619bf65c0488b41b96ccec5d11220d8c154"
 dependencies = [
 "bitflags",
 "errno",
@ -1068,9 +1060,9 @@ checksum = "f7c45b9784283f1b2e7fb61b42047c2fd678ef0960d4f6f1eba131594cc369d4"

 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
-version = "1.0.18"
+version = "1.0.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f3cb5ba0dc43242ce17de99c180e96db90b235b8a9fdc9543c96d2209116bd9f"
+checksum = "6ea1a2d0a644769cc99faa24c3ad26b379b786fe7c36fd3c546254801650e6dd"

 [[package]]
 name = "same-file"
@ -1089,9 +1081,9 @@ checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"

 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
-version = "1.0.24"
+version = "1.0.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3cb6eb87a131f756572d7fb904f6e7b68633f09cca868c5df1c4b8d1a694bbba"
+checksum = "f79dfe2d285b0488816f30e700a7438c5a73d816b5b7d3ac72fbc48b0d185e03"

 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
@ -1110,14 +1102,14 @@ checksum = "5a9bf7cf98d04a2b28aead066b7496853d4779c9cc183c440dbac457641e19a0"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.94",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.134"
+version = "1.0.137"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d00f4175c42ee48b15416f6193a959ba3a0d67fc699a0db9ad12df9f83991c7d"
+checksum = "930cfb6e6abf99298aaad7d29abbef7a9999a9a8806a40088f55f0dcec03146b"
 dependencies = [
 "itoa",
 "memchr",
@ -1164,9 +1156,9 @@ checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"

 [[package]]
 name = "similar"
-version = "2.6.0"
+version = "2.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1de1d4f81173b03af4c0cbed3c898f6bff5b870e4a7f5d6f4057d62a7a4b686e"
+checksum = "bbbb5d9659141646ae647b42fe094daf6c6192d1620870b449d9557f748b2daa"

 [[package]]
 name = "siphasher"
@ -1174,6 +1166,12 @@ version = "0.3.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "38b58827f4464d87d377d175e90bf58eb00fd8716ff0a62f80356b5e61555d0d"

+[[package]]
+name = "siphasher"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "56199f7ddabf13fe5074ce809e7d3f42b42ae711800501b5b16ea82ad029c39d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
 version = "1.13.2"
@ -1182,12 +1180,11 @@ checksum = "3c5e1a9a646d36c3599cd173a41282daf47c44583ad367b8e6837255952e5c67"

 [[package]]
 name = "string-interner"
-version = "0.17.0"
+version = "0.18.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1c6a0d765f5807e98a091107bae0a56ea3799f66a5de47b2c84c94a39c09974e"
+checksum = "1a3275464d7a9f2d4cac57c89c2ef96a8524dba2864c8d6f82e3980baf136f9b"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "hashbrown 0.14.5",
+ "hashbrown 0.15.2",
 "serde",
 ]

@ -1226,7 +1223,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
 "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.94",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -1242,9 +1239,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.94"
+version = "2.0.96"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "987bc0be1cdea8b10216bd06e2ca407d40b9543468fafd3ddfb02f36e77f71f3"
+checksum = "d5d0adab1ae378d7f53bdebc67a39f1f151407ef230f0ce2883572f5d8985c80"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@ -1265,13 +1262,13 @@ checksum = "42a4d50cdb458045afc8131fd91b64904da29548bcb63c7236e0844936c13078"

 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.15.0"
+version = "3.16.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9a8a559c81686f576e8cd0290cd2a24a2a9ad80c98b3478856500fcbd7acd704"
+checksum = "38c246215d7d24f48ae091a2902398798e05d978b24315d6efbc00ede9a8bb91"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
 "fastrand",
- "getrandom",
+ "getrandom 0.3.1",
 "once_cell",
 "rustix",
 "windows-sys 0.59.0",
@ -1326,7 +1323,7 @@ checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.94",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -1356,7 +1353,7 @@ version = "0.22.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4ae48d6208a266e853d946088ed816055e556cc6028c5e8e2b84d9fa5dd7c7f5"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap 2.7.0",
+ "indexmap 2.7.1",
 "serde",
 "serde_spanned",
 "toml_datetime",
@ -1365,9 +1362,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "trybuild"
-version = "1.0.101"
+version = "1.0.103"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8dcd332a5496c026f1e14b7f3d2b7bd98e509660c04239c58b0ba38a12daded4"
+checksum = "b812699e0c4f813b872b373a4471717d9eb550da14b311058a4d9cf4173cbca6"
 dependencies = [
 "dissimilar",
 "glob",
@ -1439,9 +1436,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.14"
+version = "1.0.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "adb9e6ca4f869e1180728b7950e35922a7fc6397f7b641499e8f3ef06e50dc83"
+checksum = "a210d160f08b701c8721ba1c726c11662f877ea6b7094007e1ca9a1041945034"

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-width"
@ -1511,6 +1508,15 @@ version = "0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"

+[[package]]
+name = "wasi"
+version = "0.13.3+wasi-0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "26816d2e1a4a36a2940b96c5296ce403917633dff8f3440e9b236ed6f6bacad2"
+dependencies = [
+ "wit-bindgen-rt",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi-util"
 version = "0.1.9"
@ -1604,13 +1610,22 @@ checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"

 [[package]]
 name = "winnow"
-version = "0.6.22"
+version = "0.6.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "39281189af81c07ec09db316b302a3e67bf9bd7cbf6c820b50e35fee9c2fa980"
+checksum = "ad699df48212c6cc6eb4435f35500ac6fd3b9913324f938aea302022ce19d310"
 dependencies = [
 "memchr",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen-rt"
+version = "0.33.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3268f3d866458b787f390cf61f4bbb563b922d091359f9608842999eaee3943c"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "yaml-rust"
 version = "0.4.5"
@ -1638,5 +1653,5 @@ checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.94",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
 ]
--- a/flake.lock
+++ b/flake.lock
@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
  "nodes": {
    "nixpkgs": {
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1735834308,
-        "narHash": "sha256-dklw3AXr3OGO4/XT1Tu3Xz9n/we8GctZZ75ZWVqAVhk=",
+        "lastModified": 1738680400,
+        "narHash": "sha256-ooLh+XW8jfa+91F1nhf9OF7qhuA/y1ChLx6lXDNeY5U=",
        "owner": "NixOS",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "6df24922a1400241dae323af55f30e4318a6ca65",
+        "rev": "799ba5bffed04ced7067a91798353d360788b30d",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
              lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
            };
            passthru.cargoLock = cargoLock;
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 (pkgs.wrapClangMulti pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang) llvm-tools-irrt pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out llvm-nac3 ];
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 (pkgs.wrapClangMulti pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang) llvm-tools-irrt pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out pkgs.llvmPackages_14.bintools llvm-nac3 ];
            buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3 ];
            checkInputs = [ (pkgs.python3.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ])) ];
            checkPhase =
@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
            name = "nac3artiq-instrumented";
            src = self;
            inherit (nac3artiq) cargoLock;
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt pkgs.llvmPackages_14.bintools llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
            buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3-instrumented ];
            cargoBuildFlags = [ "--package" "nac3artiq" "--features" "init-llvm-profile" ];
            doCheck = false;
@ -120,6 +120,7 @@
          buildInputs = [
            (python3-mimalloc.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ps.jsonschema ps.lmdb ps.platformdirs nac3artiq-instrumented ]))
            pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out
+            pkgs.llvmPackages_14.bintools
          ];
          phases = [ "buildPhase" "installPhase" ];
          buildPhase =
@ -147,7 +148,7 @@
            name = "nac3artiq-pgo";
            src = self;
            inherit (nac3artiq) cargoLock;
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt llvm-nac3-pgo ];
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt pkgs.llvmPackages_14.bintools llvm-nac3-pgo ];
            buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3-pgo ];
            cargoBuildFlags = [ "--package" "nac3artiq" ];
            cargoTestFlags = [ "--package" "nac3ast" "--package" "nac3parser" "--package" "nac3core" "--package" "nac3artiq" ];
@ -168,7 +169,7 @@
        buildInputs = with pkgs; [
          # build dependencies
          packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-nac3
-          (pkgs.wrapClangMulti llvmPackages_14.clang) llvmPackages_14.llvm.out  # for running nac3standalone demos
+          (pkgs.wrapClangMulti llvmPackages_14.clang) llvmPackages_14.llvm.out llvmPackages_14.bintools  # for running nac3standalone demos
          packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt
          cargo
          rustc
@ -180,12 +181,9 @@
          clippy
          pre-commit
          rustfmt
-          rust-analyzer
        ];
-        RUST_SRC_PATH = "${pkgs.rust.packages.stable.rustPlatform.rustLibSrc}";
        shellHook =
          ''
-          export PYTHONPATH=/home/abdul/nac3/pyo3:$PYTHONPATH
          export DEMO_LINALG_STUB=${packages.x86_64-linux.demo-linalg-stub}/lib/liblinalg.a
          export DEMO_LINALG_STUB32=${packages.x86_64-linux.demo-linalg-stub32}/lib/liblinalg.a
          '';
--- a/nac3artiq/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3artiq/Cargo.toml
@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ name = "nac3artiq"
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]

 [dependencies]
-itertools = "0.13"
+itertools = "0.14"
 pyo3 = { version = "0.21", features = ["extension-module", "gil-refs"] }
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-tempfile = "3.13"
+tempfile = "3.16"
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }
 nac3ld = { path = "../nac3ld" }

--- a/nac3artiq/demo/demo.py
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/demo.py
@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from min_artiq import *

-attr1: Kernel[str] = "ss"

@nac3
 class Demo:
@ -15,8 +14,6 @@ class Demo:

    @kernel
    def run(self):
-        global attr1
-        # attr1 = "2"
        self.core.reset()
        while True:
            with parallel:
--- a/nac3artiq/demo/embedding_map.py
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/embedding_map.py
@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-class EmbeddingMap:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.object_inverse_map = {}
-        self.object_map = {}
-        self.string_map = {}
-        self.string_reverse_map = {}
-        self.function_map = {}
-        self.attributes_writeback = []
-
-    def store_function(self, key, fun):
-        self.function_map[key] = fun
-        return key
-
-    def store_object(self, obj):
-        obj_id = id(obj)
-        if obj_id in self.object_inverse_map:
-            return self.object_inverse_map[obj_id]
-        key = len(self.object_map) + 1
-        self.object_map[key] = obj
-        self.object_inverse_map[obj_id] = key
-        return key
-
-    def store_str(self, s):
-        if s in self.string_reverse_map:
-            return self.string_reverse_map[s]
-        key = len(self.string_map)
-        self.string_map[key] = s
-        self.string_reverse_map[s] = key
-        return key
-
-    def retrieve_function(self, key):
-        return self.function_map[key]
-
-    def retrieve_object(self, key):
-        return self.object_map[key]
-
-    def retrieve_str(self, key):
-        return self.string_map[key]
-
--- a/nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py
@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from typing import Generic, TypeVar
 from math import floor, ceil

 import nac3artiq
-from embedding_map import EmbeddingMap


 __all__ = [
@ -193,6 +192,46 @@ def print_int64(x: int64):
    raise NotImplementedError("syscall not simulated")


+class EmbeddingMap:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.object_inverse_map = {}
+        self.object_map = {}
+        self.string_map = {}
+        self.string_reverse_map = {}
+        self.function_map = {}
+        self.attributes_writeback = []
+
+    def store_function(self, key, fun):
+        self.function_map[key] = fun
+        return key
+
+    def store_object(self, obj):
+        obj_id = id(obj)
+        if obj_id in self.object_inverse_map:
+            return self.object_inverse_map[obj_id]
+        key = len(self.object_map) + 1
+        self.object_map[key] = obj
+        self.object_inverse_map[obj_id] = key
+        return key
+
+    def store_str(self, s):
+        if s in self.string_reverse_map:
+            return self.string_reverse_map[s]
+        key = len(self.string_map)
+        self.string_map[key] = s
+        self.string_reverse_map[s] = key
+        return key
+
+    def retrieve_function(self, key):
+        return self.function_map[key]
+
+    def retrieve_object(self, key):
+        return self.object_map[key]
+
+    def retrieve_str(self, key):
+        return self.string_map[key]
+
+
@nac3
 class Core:
    ref_period: KernelInvariant[float]
--- a/nac3artiq/demo/module.py
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/module.py
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+from numpy import int32
+
+# Global Variable Definition
+X: Kernel[int32] = 1
+
+# TopLevelFunction Defintion
+@kernel
+def display_X():
+    print_int32(X)
+
+# TopLevel Class Definition
+@nac3
+class A:    
+    @kernel
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.set_x(1)
+    
+    @kernel
+    def set_x(self, new_val: int32):
+        global X
+        X = new_val
+    
+    @kernel
+    def get_X(self) -> int32:
+        return X
--- a/nac3artiq/demo/module_support.py
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/module_support.py
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from min_artiq import *
+import module as module_definition
+
+@nac3
+class TestModuleSupport:
+    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.core = Core()
+
+    @kernel
+    def run(self):
+        # Accessing classes
+        obj = module_definition.A()
+        obj.get_X()
+        obj.set_x(2)
+        
+        # Calling functions
+        module_definition.display_X()
+
+        # Updating global variables
+        module_definition.X = 9
+        module_definition.display_X()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    TestModuleSupport().run()
--- a/nac3artiq/demo/nac3artiq.so
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/nac3artiq.so
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../target/release/libnac3artiq.so
--- a/nac3artiq/demo/string_attribute_issue337.py
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/string_attribute_issue337.py
@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-from min_artiq import *
-from numpy import int32
-
-
-@nac3
-class Demo:
-    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
-    attr1: KernelInvariant[str]
-    attr2: KernelInvariant[int32]
-
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.core = Core()
-        self.attr2 = 32
-        self.attr1 = "SAMPLE"
-
-    @kernel
-    def run(self):
-        print_int32(self.attr2)
-        self.attr1
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    Demo().run()
--- a/nac3artiq/demo/support_class_attr_issue102.py
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/support_class_attr_issue102.py
@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-from min_artiq import *
-from numpy import int32
-
-
-@nac3
-class Demo:
-    attr1: KernelInvariant[int32] = 2
-    attr2: int32 = 4
-    attr3: Kernel[int32]
-
-    @kernel
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.attr3 = 8
-
-
-@nac3
-class NAC3Devices:
-    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
-    attr4: KernelInvariant[int32] = 16
-    
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.core = Core()
-
-    @kernel
-    def run(self):
-        Demo.attr1  # Supported
-        # Demo.attr2  # Field not accessible on Kernel
-        # Demo.attr3  # Only attributes can be accessed in this way
-        # Demo.attr1 = 2  # Attributes are immutable
-
-        self.attr4  # Attributes can be accessed within class
-
-        obj = Demo()
-        obj.attr1  # Attributes can be accessed by class objects
-
-        NAC3Devices.attr4  # Attributes accessible for classes without __init__
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    NAC3Devices().run()
--- a/nac3artiq/src/codegen.rs
+++ b/nac3artiq/src/codegen.rs
@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ use std::{

 use itertools::Itertools;
 use pyo3::{
-    types::{PyDict, PyList}, PyObject, PyResult, Python
+    types::{PyDict, PyList},
+    PyObject, PyResult, Python,
 };

 use super::{symbol_resolver::InnerResolver, timeline::TimeFns};
@ -18,9 +19,9 @@ use nac3core::{
        llvm_intrinsics::{call_int_smax, call_memcpy, call_stackrestore, call_stacksave},
        stmt::{gen_block, gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_if_callback, gen_with},
        type_aligned_alloca,
-        types::ndarray::NDArrayType,
+        types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, RangeType},
        values::{
-            ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, ProxyValue, RangeValue,
+            ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, ProxyValue,
            UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
        },
        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ use nac3core::{
    inkwell::{
        context::Context,
        module::Linkage,
+        targets::TargetMachine,
        types::{BasicType, IntType},
        values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
        AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ use nac3core::{
    toplevel::{
        helper::{extract_ndims, PrimDef},
        numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
-        DefinitionId, GenCall, TopLevelDef,
+        DefinitionId, GenCall,
    },
    typecheck::typedef::{iter_type_vars, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, VarMap},
 };
@ -86,13 +88,13 @@ pub struct ArtiqCodeGenerator<'a> {
 impl<'a> ArtiqCodeGenerator<'a> {
    pub fn new(
        name: String,
-        size_t: u32,
+        size_t: IntType<'_>,
        timeline: &'a (dyn TimeFns + Sync),
    ) -> ArtiqCodeGenerator<'a> {
-        assert!(size_t == 32 || size_t == 64);
+        assert!(matches!(size_t.get_bit_width(), 32 | 64));
        ArtiqCodeGenerator {
            name,
-            size_t,
+            size_t: size_t.get_bit_width(),
            name_counter: 0,
            start: None,
            end: None,
@ -101,6 +103,17 @@ impl<'a> ArtiqCodeGenerator<'a> {
        }
    }

+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_target_machine(
+        name: String,
+        ctx: &Context,
+        target_machine: &TargetMachine,
+        timeline: &'a (dyn TimeFns + Sync),
+    ) -> ArtiqCodeGenerator<'a> {
+        let llvm_usize = ctx.ptr_sized_int_type(&target_machine.get_target_data(), None);
+        Self::new(name, llvm_usize, timeline)
+    }
+
    /// If the generator is currently in a direct-`parallel` block context, emits IR that resets the
    /// position of the timeline to the initial timeline position before entering the `parallel`
    /// block.
@ -458,13 +471,13 @@ fn format_rpc_arg<'ctx>(
            // libproto_artiq: NDArray = [data[..], dim_sz[..]]

            let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();
-            let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+            let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

            let (elem_ty, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, arg_ty);
            let ndims = extract_ndims(&ctx.unifier, ndims);
            let dtype = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype, ndims)
-                .map_value(arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
+            let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(ctx, dtype, ndims)
+                .map_pointer_value(arg.into_pointer_value(), None);

            let ndims = llvm_usize.const_int(ndims, false);

@ -543,7 +556,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
    let llvm_i8_8 = ctx.ctx.struct_type(&[llvm_i8.array_type(8).into()], false);
    let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());

    let rpc_recv = ctx.module.get_function("rpc_recv").unwrap_or_else(|| {
@ -596,7 +609,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
            let (dtype, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ret_ty);
            let dtype_llvm = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
            let ndims = extract_ndims(&ctx.unifier, ndims);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype_llvm, ndims)
+            let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(ctx, dtype_llvm, ndims)
                .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);

            // NOTE: Current content of `ndarray`:
@ -684,7 +697,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(

            // debug_assert(nelems * sizeof(T) >= ndarray_nbytes)
            if ctx.registry.llvm_options.opt_level == OptimizationLevel::None {
-                let num_elements = ndarray.size(generator, ctx);
+                let num_elements = ndarray.size(ctx);

                let expected_ndarray_nbytes =
                    ctx.builder.build_int_mul(num_elements, itemsize, "").unwrap();
@ -748,7 +761,7 @@ fn format_rpc_ret<'ctx>(
            ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(head_bb).unwrap();

            ctx.builder.position_at_end(tail_bb);
-            ndarray.as_base_value().into()
+            ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => {
@ -796,7 +809,7 @@ fn rpc_codegen_callback_fn<'ctx>(
 ) -> Result<Option<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>, String> {
    let int8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
    let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let size_type = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let size_type = ctx.get_size_type();
    let ptr_type = int8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
    let tag_ptr_type = ctx.ctx.struct_type(&[ptr_type.into(), size_type.into()], false);

@ -981,8 +994,7 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback<'ctx>(
            values.push((ty, obj.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ty).unwrap()));
        }

-        // For now the global variables are just values so completely useless (14.0 stored as a float object in globals)
-        for (gloabl_id, val) in &*globals {
+        for val in (*globals).values() {
            let val = val.as_ref(py);
            let ty = inner_resolver.get_obj_type(
                py,
@ -995,33 +1007,6 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback<'ctx>(
                return Ok(Err(ty));
            }
            let ty = ty.unwrap();
-
-            if let Some(def_id) = inner_resolver.pyid_to_def.read().get(gloabl_id) {
-                if let TopLevelDef::Variable { name, simple_name, .. } = &*top_levels[def_id.0].read() {
-                    // println!("[+] Varaible with type: {:?}\n{:?}\n", ctx.unifier.stringify(*ty), ctx.unifier.get_ty(*ty));
-                    println!("Sending Value of {:?}", val.to_string());
-                    if gen_rpc_tag(ctx, ty, &mut scratch_buffer).is_ok() {
-                        // let Some(val) = ctx.module.get_global(simple_name.to_string().as_str()) else {continue;};
-                        // let val = val.as_pointer_value();
-                        let pydict = PyDict::new(py);
-                        pydict.set_item("global", val)?;
-                        pydict.set_item("name", name)?;
-                        host_attributes.append(pydict)?;
-
-                        values.push((
-                            ty,
-                            // ctx.build_gep_and_load(
-                            //     val,
-                            //     &[zero, int32.const_int(0, false)],
-                            //     None,
-                            // ),
-                            inner_resolver.get_obj_value(py, val, ctx, generator, ty)?.unwrap(),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-            
            match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(ty) {
                TypeEnum::TObj { fields, obj_id, .. }
                    if *obj_id != ctx.primitives.option.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
@ -1030,15 +1015,6 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback<'ctx>(
                    // for non-primitive attributes, they should be in another global
                    let mut attributes = Vec::new();
                    let obj = inner_resolver.get_obj_value(py, val, ctx, generator, ty)?.unwrap();
-                    
-                    if !obj.is_pointer_value() && gen_rpc_tag(ctx, ty, &mut scratch_buffer).is_ok() {
-                        println!("[-] Other function skipped");
-                    //     values.push((ty, obj));
-                    //     let pydict = PyDict::new(py);
-                    //     pydict.set_item("global", val)?;
-                    //     host_attributes.append(pydict)?;
-                    //     continue;
-                    }
                    for (name, (field_ty, is_mutable)) in fields {
                        if !is_mutable {
                            continue;
@ -1076,6 +1052,34 @@ pub fn attributes_writeback<'ctx>(
                        ));
                    }
                }
+                TypeEnum::TModule { attributes, .. } => {
+                    let mut fields = Vec::new();
+                    let obj = inner_resolver.get_obj_value(py, val, ctx, generator, ty)?.unwrap();
+
+                    for (name, (field_ty, is_method)) in attributes {
+                        if *is_method {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        if gen_rpc_tag(ctx, *field_ty, &mut scratch_buffer).is_ok() {
+                            fields.push(name.to_string());
+                            let (index, _) = ctx.get_attr_index(ty, *name);
+                            values.push((
+                                *field_ty,
+                                ctx.build_gep_and_load(
+                                    obj.into_pointer_value(),
+                                    &[zero, int32.const_int(index as u64, false)],
+                                    None,
+                                ),
+                            ));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if !fields.is_empty() {
+                        let pydict = PyDict::new(py);
+                        pydict.set_item("obj", val)?;
+                        pydict.set_item("fields", fields)?;
+                        host_attributes.append(pydict)?;
+                    }
+                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }
@ -1191,7 +1195,7 @@ fn polymorphic_print<'ctx>(

    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
    let llvm_i64 = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    let suffix = suffix.unwrap_or_default();

@ -1379,7 +1383,7 @@ fn polymorphic_print<'ctx>(

                let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);
                let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, ty)
-                    .map_value(value.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                    .map_pointer_value(value.into_pointer_value(), None);

                let num_0 = llvm_usize.const_zero();

@ -1427,7 +1431,7 @@ fn polymorphic_print<'ctx>(
                fmt.push_str("range(");
                flush(ctx, generator, &mut fmt, &mut args);

-                let val = RangeValue::from_pointer_value(value.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                let val = RangeType::new(ctx).map_pointer_value(value.into_pointer_value(), None);

                let (start, stop, step) = destructure_range(ctx, val);

--- a/nac3artiq/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nac3artiq/src/lib.rs
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ use nac3core::{
        OptimizationLevel,
    },
    nac3parser::{
-        ast::{Constant, ExprKind, Located, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
+        ast::{self, Constant, ExprKind, Located, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
        parser::parse_program,
    },
    symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver,
@ -78,14 +78,62 @@ enum Isa {
 }

 impl Isa {
-    /// Returns the number of bits in `size_t` for the [`Isa`].
-    fn get_size_type(self) -> u32 {
-        if self == Isa::Host {
-            64u32
-        } else {
-            32u32
+    /// Returns the [`TargetTriple`] used for compiling to this ISA.
+    pub fn get_llvm_target_triple(self) -> TargetTriple {
+        match self {
+            Isa::Host => TargetMachine::get_default_triple(),
+            Isa::RiscV32G | Isa::RiscV32IMA => TargetTriple::create("riscv32-unknown-linux"),
+            Isa::CortexA9 => TargetTriple::create("armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf"),
        }
    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`String`] representing the target CPU used for compiling to this ISA.
+    pub fn get_llvm_target_cpu(self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            Isa::Host => TargetMachine::get_host_cpu_name().to_string(),
+            Isa::RiscV32G | Isa::RiscV32IMA => "generic-rv32".to_string(),
+            Isa::CortexA9 => "cortex-a9".to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`String`] representing the target features used for compiling to this ISA.
+    pub fn get_llvm_target_features(self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            Isa::Host => TargetMachine::get_host_cpu_features().to_string(),
+            Isa::RiscV32G => "+a,+m,+f,+d".to_string(),
+            Isa::RiscV32IMA => "+a,+m".to_string(),
+            Isa::CortexA9 => "+dsp,+fp16,+neon,+vfp3,+long-calls".to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an instance of [`CodeGenTargetMachineOptions`] representing the target machine
+    /// options used for compiling to this ISA.
+    pub fn get_llvm_target_options(self) -> CodeGenTargetMachineOptions {
+        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions {
+            triple: self.get_llvm_target_triple().as_str().to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            cpu: self.get_llvm_target_cpu(),
+            features: self.get_llvm_target_features(),
+            reloc_mode: RelocMode::PIC,
+            ..CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an instance of [`TargetMachine`] used in compiling and linking of a program of this
+    /// ISA.
+    pub fn create_llvm_target_machine(self, opt_level: OptimizationLevel) -> TargetMachine {
+        self.get_llvm_target_options()
+            .create_target_machine(opt_level)
+            .expect("couldn't create target machine")
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of bits in `size_t` for this ISA.
+    fn get_size_type(self, ctx: &Context) -> u32 {
+        ctx.ptr_sized_int_type(
+            &self.create_llvm_target_machine(OptimizationLevel::Default).get_target_data(),
+            None,
+        )
+        .get_bit_width()
+    }
 }

 #[derive(Clone)]
@ -111,6 +159,7 @@ pub struct PrimitivePythonId {
    generic_alias: (u64, u64),
    virtual_id: u64,
    option: u64,
+    module: u64,
 }

 type TopLevelComponent = (Stmt, String, PyObject);
@ -228,17 +277,10 @@ impl Nac3 {
                        }
                    })
                }
-                // Allow global declaration with Kernel[X] to pass across
-                // These are kept in sync between kernel and host
-                // KernelInvariants are constants, and hence not included here
+                // Allow global variable declaration with `Kernel` type annotation
                StmtKind::AnnAssign { ref annotation, .. } => {
-                    match &annotation.node {
-                        ExprKind::Subscript { value, .. } 
-                        if matches!(&value.node, ExprKind::Name { id, .. } 
-                        if id.to_string().as_str() == "Kernel") => true,
-                        _ => false
+                    matches!(&annotation.node, ExprKind::Subscript { value, .. } if matches!(&value.node, ExprKind::Name {id, ..} if id == &"Kernel".into()))
                }
-                },
                _ => false,
            };

@ -389,7 +431,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
        py: Python,
        link_fn: &dyn Fn(&Module) -> PyResult<T>,
    ) -> PyResult<T> {
-        let size_t = self.isa.get_size_type();
+        let size_t = self.isa.get_size_type(&Context::create());
        let (mut composer, mut builtins_def, mut builtins_ty) = TopLevelComposer::new(
            self.builtins.clone(),
            Self::get_lateinit_builtins(),
@ -432,12 +474,14 @@ impl Nac3 {
        ];
        add_exceptions(&mut composer, &mut builtins_def, &mut builtins_ty, &exception_names);

+        // Stores a mapping from module id to attributes
        let mut module_to_resolver_cache: HashMap<u64, _> = HashMap::new();

        let mut rpc_ids = vec![];
        for (stmt, path, module) in &self.top_levels {
            let py_module: &PyAny = module.extract(py)?;
            let module_id: u64 = id_fn.call1((py_module,))?.extract()?;
+            let module_name: String = py_module.getattr("__name__")?.extract()?;
            let helper = helper.clone();
            let class_obj;
            if let StmtKind::ClassDef { name, .. } = &stmt.node {
@ -452,7 +496,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
            } else {
                class_obj = None;
            }
-            let (name_to_pyid, resolver) =
+            let (name_to_pyid, resolver, _, _) =
                module_to_resolver_cache.get(&module_id).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| {
                    let mut name_to_pyid: HashMap<StrRef, u64> = HashMap::new();
                    let members: &PyDict =
@ -481,9 +525,17 @@ impl Nac3 {
                    })))
                        as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
                    let name_to_pyid = Rc::new(name_to_pyid);
-                    module_to_resolver_cache
-                        .insert(module_id, (name_to_pyid.clone(), resolver.clone()));
-                    (name_to_pyid, resolver)
+                    let module_location = ast::Location::new(1, 1, stmt.location.file);
+                    module_to_resolver_cache.insert(
+                        module_id,
+                        (
+                            name_to_pyid.clone(),
+                            resolver.clone(),
+                            module_name.clone(),
+                            Some(module_location),
+                        ),
+                    );
+                    (name_to_pyid, resolver, module_name, Some(module_location))
                });

            let (name, def_id, ty) = composer
@ -555,15 +607,24 @@ impl Nac3 {
                    pyid_to_ty.insert(id, ty);
                }
            }
-            if let StmtKind::AnnAssign { target, .. } = &stmt.node {
-                let ExprKind::Name { id: name, .. } = target.node else { unreachable!() };
-                
-                global_value_ids
-                    .write()
-                    // .insert(id, py_module.getattr(name.to_string().as_str()).unwrap().into());
-                    .insert(id, module.as_ref(py).into());
-
        }
+
+        // Adding top level module definitions
+        for (module_id, (module_name_to_pyid, module_resolver, module_name, module_location)) in
+            module_to_resolver_cache
+        {
+            let def_id = composer
+                .register_top_level_module(
+                    &module_name,
+                    &module_name_to_pyid,
+                    module_resolver,
+                    module_location,
+                )
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    CompileError::new_err(format!("compilation failed\n----------\n{e}"))
+                })?;
+
+            self.pyid_to_def.write().insert(module_id, def_id);
        }

        let id_fun = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?.getattr("id")?;
@ -685,6 +746,9 @@ impl Nac3 {
                            "Unsupported @rpc annotation on global variable",
                        )))
                    }
+                    TopLevelDef::Module { .. } => {
+                        unreachable!("Type module cannot be decorated with @rpc")
+                    }
                }
            }
        }
@ -723,14 +787,18 @@ impl Nac3 {
            let buffer = buffer.as_slice().into();
            membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
        })));
-        let size_t = context
-            .ptr_sized_int_type(&self.get_llvm_target_machine().get_target_data(), None)
-            .get_bit_width();
        let num_threads = if is_multithreaded() { 4 } else { 1 };
        let thread_names: Vec<String> = (0..num_threads).map(|_| "main".to_string()).collect();
        let threads: Vec<_> = thread_names
            .iter()
-            .map(|s| Box::new(ArtiqCodeGenerator::new(s.to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns)))
+            .map(|s| {
+                Box::new(ArtiqCodeGenerator::with_target_machine(
+                    s.to_string(),
+                    &context,
+                    &self.get_llvm_target_machine(),
+                    self.time_fns,
+                ))
+            })
            .collect();

        let membuffer = membuffers.clone();
@ -739,8 +807,13 @@ impl Nac3 {
            let (registry, handles) =
                WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level.clone(), &self.llvm_options, &f);

-            let mut generator = ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("main".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
            let context = Context::create();
+            let mut generator = ArtiqCodeGenerator::with_target_machine(
+                "main".to_string(),
+                &context,
+                &self.get_llvm_target_machine(),
+                self.time_fns,
+            );
            let module = context.create_module("main");
            let target_machine = self.llvm_options.create_target_machine().unwrap();
            module.set_data_layout(&target_machine.get_target_data().get_data_layout());
@ -859,52 +932,10 @@ impl Nac3 {
        link_fn(&main)
    }

-    /// Returns the [`TargetTriple`] used for compiling to [isa].
-    fn get_llvm_target_triple(isa: Isa) -> TargetTriple {
-        match isa {
-            Isa::Host => TargetMachine::get_default_triple(),
-            Isa::RiscV32G | Isa::RiscV32IMA => TargetTriple::create("riscv32-unknown-linux"),
-            Isa::CortexA9 => TargetTriple::create("armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the [`String`] representing the target CPU used for compiling to [isa].
-    fn get_llvm_target_cpu(isa: Isa) -> String {
-        match isa {
-            Isa::Host => TargetMachine::get_host_cpu_name().to_string(),
-            Isa::RiscV32G | Isa::RiscV32IMA => "generic-rv32".to_string(),
-            Isa::CortexA9 => "cortex-a9".to_string(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the [`String`] representing the target features used for compiling to [isa].
-    fn get_llvm_target_features(isa: Isa) -> String {
-        match isa {
-            Isa::Host => TargetMachine::get_host_cpu_features().to_string(),
-            Isa::RiscV32G => "+a,+m,+f,+d".to_string(),
-            Isa::RiscV32IMA => "+a,+m".to_string(),
-            Isa::CortexA9 => "+dsp,+fp16,+neon,+vfp3,+long-calls".to_string(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an instance of [`CodeGenTargetMachineOptions`] representing the target machine
-    /// options used for compiling to [isa].
-    fn get_llvm_target_options(isa: Isa) -> CodeGenTargetMachineOptions {
-        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions {
-            triple: Nac3::get_llvm_target_triple(isa).as_str().to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-            cpu: Nac3::get_llvm_target_cpu(isa),
-            features: Nac3::get_llvm_target_features(isa),
-            reloc_mode: RelocMode::PIC,
-            ..CodeGenTargetMachineOptions::from_host()
-        }
-    }
-
    /// Returns an instance of [`TargetMachine`] used in compiling and linking of a program to the
-    /// target [isa].
+    /// target [ISA][isa].
    fn get_llvm_target_machine(&self) -> TargetMachine {
-        Nac3::get_llvm_target_options(self.isa)
-            .create_target_machine(self.llvm_options.opt_level)
-            .expect("couldn't create target machine")
+        self.isa.create_llvm_target_machine(self.llvm_options.opt_level)
    }
 }

@ -1012,7 +1043,8 @@ impl Nac3 {
            Isa::RiscV32IMA => &timeline::NOW_PINNING_TIME_FNS,
            Isa::CortexA9 | Isa::Host => &timeline::EXTERN_TIME_FNS,
        };
-        let (primitive, _) = TopLevelComposer::make_primitives(isa.get_size_type());
+        let (primitive, _) =
+            TopLevelComposer::make_primitives(isa.get_size_type(&Context::create()));
        let builtins = vec![
            (
                "now_mu".into(),
@ -1100,6 +1132,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
            tuple: get_attr_id(builtins_mod, "tuple"),
            exception: get_attr_id(builtins_mod, "Exception"),
            option: get_id(artiq_builtins.get_item("Option").ok().flatten().unwrap()),
+            module: get_attr_id(types_mod, "ModuleType"),
        };

        let working_directory = tempfile::Builder::new().prefix("nac3-").tempdir().unwrap();
@ -1161,7 +1194,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
            deferred_eval_store: DeferredEvaluationStore::new(),
            llvm_options: CodeGenLLVMOptions {
                opt_level: OptimizationLevel::Default,
-                target: Nac3::get_llvm_target_options(isa),
+                target: isa.get_llvm_target_options(),
            },
        })
    }
--- a/nac3artiq/src/symbol_resolver.rs
+++ b/nac3artiq/src/symbol_resolver.rs
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use pyo3::{
 use super::PrimitivePythonId;
 use nac3core::{
    codegen::{
-        types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, ProxyType},
+        types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, structure::StructProxyType, ProxyType},
        values::ndarray::make_contiguous_strides,
        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
    },
@ -674,6 +674,48 @@ impl InnerResolver {
            })
        });

+        // check if obj is module
+        if self.helper.id_fn.call1(py, (ty.clone(),))?.extract::<u64>(py)?
+            == self.primitive_ids.module
+            && self.pyid_to_def.read().contains_key(&py_obj_id)
+        {
+            let def_id = self.pyid_to_def.read()[&py_obj_id];
+            let def = defs[def_id.0].read();
+            let TopLevelDef::Module { name: module_name, module_id, attributes, methods, .. } =
+                &*def
+            else {
+                unreachable!("must be a module here");
+            };
+            // Construct the module return type
+            let mut module_attributes = HashMap::new();
+            for (name, _) in attributes {
+                let attribute_obj = obj.getattr(name.to_string().as_str())?;
+                let attribute_ty =
+                    self.get_obj_type(py, attribute_obj, unifier, defs, primitives)?;
+                if let Ok(attribute_ty) = attribute_ty {
+                    module_attributes.insert(*name, (attribute_ty, false));
+                } else {
+                    return Ok(Err(format!("Unable to resolve {module_name}.{name}")));
+                }
+            }
+
+            for name in methods.keys() {
+                let method_obj = obj.getattr(name.to_string().as_str())?;
+                let method_ty = self.get_obj_type(py, method_obj, unifier, defs, primitives)?;
+                if let Ok(method_ty) = method_ty {
+                    module_attributes.insert(*name, (method_ty, true));
+                } else {
+                    return Ok(Err(format!("Unable to resolve {module_name}.{name}")));
+                }
+            }
+
+            let module_ty =
+                TypeEnum::TModule { module_id: *module_id, attributes: module_attributes };
+
+            let ty = unifier.add_ty(module_ty);
+            return Ok(Ok(ty));
+        }
+
        if let Some(ty) = constructor_ty {
            self.pyid_to_type.write().insert(py_obj_id, ty);
            return Ok(Ok(ty));
@ -1007,7 +1049,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                }
                _ => unreachable!("must be list"),
            };
-            let size_t = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+            let size_t = ctx.get_size_type();
            let ty = if len == 0
                && matches!(&*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(elem_ty), TypeEnum::TVar { .. })
            {
@ -1096,7 +1138,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {

            let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
            let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-            let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+            let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
            let llvm_ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, ndarray_ty);
            let dtype = llvm_ndarray.element_type();

@ -1104,7 +1146,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                if self.global_value_ids.read().contains_key(&id) {
                    let global = ctx.module.get_global(&id_str).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                        ctx.module.add_global(
-                            llvm_ndarray.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type(),
+                            llvm_ndarray.as_abi_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type(),
                            Some(AddressSpace::default()),
                            &id_str,
                        )
@ -1273,11 +1315,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                    .unwrap()
            };

-            let ndarray = llvm_ndarray
-                .as_base_type()
-                .get_element_type()
-                .into_struct_type()
-                .const_named_struct(&[
+            let ndarray = llvm_ndarray.get_struct_type().const_named_struct(&[
                ndarray_itemsize.into(),
                ndarray_ndims.into(),
                ndarray_shape.into(),
@ -1286,7 +1324,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
            ]);

            let ndarray_global = ctx.module.add_global(
-                llvm_ndarray.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type(),
+                llvm_ndarray.as_abi_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type(),
                Some(AddressSpace::default()),
                &id_str,
            );
@ -1373,6 +1411,77 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                    None => Ok(None),
                }
            }
+        } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.module {
+            let id_str = id.to_string();
+
+            if let Some(global) = ctx.module.get_global(&id_str) {
+                return Ok(Some(global.as_pointer_value().into()));
+            }
+
+            let top_level_defs = ctx.top_level.definitions.read();
+            let ty = self
+                .get_obj_type(py, obj, &mut ctx.unifier, &top_level_defs, &ctx.primitives)?
+                .unwrap();
+            let ty = ctx
+                .get_llvm_type(generator, ty)
+                .into_pointer_type()
+                .get_element_type()
+                .into_struct_type();
+
+            {
+                if self.global_value_ids.read().contains_key(&id) {
+                    let global = ctx.module.get_global(&id_str).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        ctx.module.add_global(ty, Some(AddressSpace::default()), &id_str)
+                    });
+                    return Ok(Some(global.as_pointer_value().into()));
+                }
+                self.global_value_ids.write().insert(id, obj.into());
+            }
+
+            let fields = {
+                let definition =
+                    top_level_defs.get(self.pyid_to_def.read().get(&id).unwrap().0).unwrap().read();
+                let TopLevelDef::Module { attributes, .. } = &*definition else { unreachable!() };
+                attributes
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|f| {
+                        let definition = top_level_defs.get(f.1 .0).unwrap().read();
+                        if let TopLevelDef::Variable { ty, .. } = &*definition {
+                            Some((f.0, *ty))
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .collect_vec()
+            };
+
+            let values: Result<Option<Vec<_>>, _> = fields
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, ty)| {
+                    self.get_obj_value(
+                        py,
+                        obj.getattr(name.to_string().as_str())?,
+                        ctx,
+                        generator,
+                        *ty,
+                    )
+                    .map_err(|e| {
+                        super::CompileError::new_err(format!("Error getting field {name}: {e}"))
+                    })
+                })
+                .collect();
+            let values = values?;
+
+            if let Some(values) = values {
+                let val = ty.const_named_struct(&values);
+                let global = ctx.module.get_global(&id_str).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    ctx.module.add_global(ty, Some(AddressSpace::default()), &id_str)
+                });
+                global.set_initializer(&val);
+                Ok(Some(global.as_pointer_value().into()))
+            } else {
+                Ok(None)
+            }
        } else {
            let id_str = id.to_string();

@ -1558,35 +1667,45 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
-        if let Some(global_value) = self
-            .0
-            .name_to_pyid
-            .get(&id)
-            .and_then(|pyid| self.0.global_value_ids.read().get(pyid).cloned())
-        {
-            let val = ctx.module.get_global(id.to_string().as_str()).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                let v = Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<SymbolValue> {
-                    Ok(self
-                        .0
-                        .get_default_param_obj_value(py, global_value.as_ref(py))
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .unwrap())
+        if let Some(def_id) = self.0.id_to_def.read().get(&id) {
+            let top_levels = ctx.top_level.definitions.read();
+            if matches!(&*top_levels[def_id.0].read(), TopLevelDef::Variable { .. }) {
+                let module_val = &self.0.module;
+                let ret = Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<Result<BasicValueEnum, String>> {
+                    let module_val = module_val.as_ref(py);
+
+                    let ty = self.0.get_obj_type(
+                        py,
+                        module_val,
+                        &mut ctx.unifier,
+                        &top_levels,
+                        &ctx.primitives,
+                    )?;
+                    if let Err(ty) = ty {
+                        return Ok(Err(ty));
+                    }
+                    let ty = ty.unwrap();
+                    let obj = self.0.get_obj_value(py, module_val, ctx, generator, ty)?.unwrap();
+                    let (idx, _) = ctx.get_attr_index(ty, id);
+                    let ret = unsafe {
+                        ctx.builder.build_gep(
+                            obj.into_pointer_value(),
+                            &[
+                                ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_zero(),
+                                ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_int(idx as u64, false),
+                            ],
+                            id.to_string().as_str(),
+                        )
+                    }
+                    .unwrap();
+                    Ok(Ok(ret.as_basic_value_enum()))
                })
                .unwrap();
-
-                let ty = v.get_type(&ctx.primitives, &mut ctx.unifier);
-
-                let init_val = ctx.gen_symbol_val(generator, &v, ty);
-                let llvm_ty = init_val.get_type();
-
-                println!("Adding {id}");
-                let global = ctx.module.add_global(llvm_ty, None, &id.to_string());
-                global.set_linkage(Linkage::LinkOnceAny);
-                global.set_initializer(&init_val);
-
-                global
-            });
-            return Some(val.as_basic_value_enum().into());
+                if ret.is_err() {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                return Some(ret.unwrap().into());
+            }
        }

        let sym_value = {
--- a/nac3ast/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3ast/Cargo.toml
@ -11,5 +11,5 @@ fold = []

 [dependencies]
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-string-interner = "0.17"
+string-interner = "0.18"
 fxhash = "0.2"
--- a/nac3core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3core/Cargo.toml
@ -10,11 +10,10 @@ derive = ["dep:nac3core_derive"]
 no-escape-analysis = []

 [dependencies]
-itertools = "0.13"
+itertools = "0.14"
 crossbeam = "0.8"
-indexmap = "2.6"
+indexmap = "2.7"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-rayon = "1.10"
 nac3core_derive = { path = "nac3core_derive", optional = true }
 nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
 strum = "0.26"
@ -31,4 +30,4 @@ indoc = "2.0"
 insta = "=1.11.0"

 [build-dependencies]
-regex = "1.10"
+regex = "1.11"
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/builtin_fns.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/builtin_fns.rs
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use inkwell::{
    types::BasicTypeEnum,
-    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue},
    FloatPredicate, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ use super::{
    irrt::calculate_len_for_slice_range,
    llvm_intrinsics,
    macros::codegen_unreachable,
-    types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, ListType, TupleType},
+    types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, ListType, RangeType, TupleType},
    values::{
        ndarray::{NDArrayOut, NDArrayValue, ScalarOrNDArray},
-        ProxyValue, RangeValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+        ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
    },
    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
 };
@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ pub fn call_len<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    let range_ty = ctx.primitives.range;

    Ok(if ctx.unifier.unioned(arg_ty, range_ty) {
-        let arg = RangeValue::from_pointer_value(arg.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
+        let arg = RangeType::new(ctx).map_pointer_value(arg.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
        let (start, end, step) = destructure_range(ctx, arg);
        calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, start, end, step)
    } else {
        match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(arg_ty) {
            TypeEnum::TTuple { .. } => {
                let tuple = TupleType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, arg_ty)
-                    .map_value(arg.into_struct_value(), None);
+                    .map_struct_value(arg.into_struct_value(), None);
                llvm_i32.const_int(tuple.get_type().num_elements().into(), false)
            }

@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ pub fn call_len<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.ndarray.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
            {
                let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, arg_ty)
-                    .map_value(arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                    .map_pointer_value(arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
                ctx.builder
-                    .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(ndarray.len(generator, ctx), llvm_i32, "len")
+                    .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(ndarray.len(ctx), llvm_i32, "len")
                    .unwrap()
            }

@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub fn call_len<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.list.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
            {
                let list = ListType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, arg_ty)
-                    .map_value(arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                    .map_pointer_value(arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
                ctx.builder
                    .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(list.load_size(ctx, None), llvm_i32, "len")
                    .unwrap()
@ -126,7 +126,8 @@ pub fn call_int32<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
        {
            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_value(n, None);
+            let ndarray =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_pointer_value(n, None);

            let result = ndarray
                .map(
@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ pub fn call_int32<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                )
                .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, "int32", &[n_ty]),
@ -186,7 +187,8 @@ pub fn call_int64<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
        {
            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_value(n, None);
+            let ndarray =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_pointer_value(n, None);

            let result = ndarray
                .map(
@ -197,7 +199,7 @@ pub fn call_int64<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                )
                .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, "int64", &[n_ty]),
@ -262,7 +264,8 @@ pub fn call_uint32<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
        {
            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_value(n, None);
+            let ndarray =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_pointer_value(n, None);

            let result = ndarray
                .map(
@ -273,7 +276,7 @@ pub fn call_uint32<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                )
                .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, "uint32", &[n_ty]),
@ -327,7 +330,8 @@ pub fn call_uint64<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
        {
            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_value(n, None);
+            let ndarray =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_pointer_value(n, None);

            let result = ndarray
                .map(
@ -338,7 +342,7 @@ pub fn call_uint64<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                )
                .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, "uint64", &[n_ty]),
@ -391,7 +395,8 @@ pub fn call_float<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
        {
            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_value(n, None);
+            let ndarray =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_pointer_value(n, None);

            let result = ndarray
                .map(
@ -402,7 +407,7 @@ pub fn call_float<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                )
                .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, "float", &[n_ty]),
@ -435,7 +440,8 @@ pub fn call_round<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
        {
            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_value(n, None);
+            let ndarray =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_pointer_value(n, None);

            let result = ndarray
                .map(
@ -448,7 +454,7 @@ pub fn call_round<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                )
                .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[n_ty]),
@ -474,7 +480,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_round<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
        {
            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_value(n, None);
+            let ndarray =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_pointer_value(n, None);

            let result = ndarray
                .map(
@ -485,7 +492,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_round<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                )
                .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[n_ty]),
@ -536,7 +543,8 @@ pub fn call_bool<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
        {
            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_value(n, None);
+            let ndarray =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_pointer_value(n, None);

            let result = ndarray
                .map(
@ -550,7 +558,7 @@ pub fn call_bool<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                )
                .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[n_ty]),
@ -587,7 +595,8 @@ pub fn call_floor<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
        {
            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_value(n, None);
+            let ndarray =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_pointer_value(n, None);

            let result = ndarray
                .map(
@ -600,7 +609,7 @@ pub fn call_floor<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                )
                .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[n_ty]),
@ -637,7 +646,8 @@ pub fn call_ceil<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            if n_ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::NDArray.id()) =>
        {
            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, n_ty);
-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_value(n, None);
+            let ndarray =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, n_ty).map_pointer_value(n, None);

            let result = ndarray
                .map(
@ -650,7 +660,7 @@ pub fn call_ceil<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                )
                .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[n_ty]),
@ -752,12 +762,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_minimum<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            debug_assert!(ctx.unifier.unioned(x1_dtype, x2_dtype));
            let llvm_common_dtype = x1.get_type().element_type();

-            let result = NDArrayType::new_broadcast(
-                generator,
-                ctx.ctx,
-                llvm_common_dtype,
-                &[x1.get_type(), x2.get_type()],
-            )
+            let result =
+                NDArrayType::new_broadcast(ctx, llvm_common_dtype, &[x1.get_type(), x2.get_type()])
                    .broadcast_starmap(
                        generator,
                        ctx,
@ -771,7 +777,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_minimum<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                    )
                    .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty, x2_ty]),
@ -835,7 +841,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_max_min<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    debug_assert!(["np_argmin", "np_argmax", "np_max", "np_min"].iter().any(|f| *f == fn_name));

    let llvm_int64 = ctx.ctx.i64_type();
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    Ok(match a {
        BasicValueEnum::IntValue(_) | BasicValueEnum::FloatValue(_) => {
@ -862,7 +868,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_max_min<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        {
            let (elem_ty, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, a_ty);

-            let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, a_ty).map_value(n, None);
+            let ndarray =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, a_ty).map_pointer_value(n, None);
            let llvm_dtype = ndarray.get_type().element_type();

            let zero = llvm_usize.const_zero();
@ -870,7 +877,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_max_min<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            if ctx.registry.llvm_options.opt_level == OptimizationLevel::None {
                let size_nez = ctx
                    .builder
-                    .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, ndarray.size(generator, ctx), zero, "")
+                    .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::NE, ndarray.size(ctx), zero, "")
                    .unwrap();

                ctx.make_assert(
@ -1015,12 +1022,8 @@ pub fn call_numpy_maximum<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            debug_assert!(ctx.unifier.unioned(x1_dtype, x2_dtype));
            let llvm_common_dtype = x1.get_type().element_type();

-            let result = NDArrayType::new_broadcast(
-                generator,
-                ctx.ctx,
-                llvm_common_dtype,
-                &[x1.get_type(), x2.get_type()],
-            )
+            let result =
+                NDArrayType::new_broadcast(ctx, llvm_common_dtype, &[x1.get_type(), x2.get_type()])
                    .broadcast_starmap(
                        generator,
                        ctx,
@ -1034,7 +1037,7 @@ pub fn call_numpy_maximum<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                    )
                    .unwrap();

-            result.as_base_value().into()
+            result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }

        _ => unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty, x2_ty]),
@ -1646,13 +1649,13 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_cholesky<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

    let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(x1) = x1 else { unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]) };

-    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_value(x1, None);
+    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_pointer_value(x1, None);

    if !x1.get_type().element_type().is_float_type() {
        unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
    }

-    let out = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2)
+    let out = NDArrayType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2)
        .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);
    out.copy_shape_from_ndarray(generator, ctx, x1);
    unsafe { out.create_data(generator, ctx) };
@ -1661,11 +1664,11 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_cholesky<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    let out_c = out.make_contiguous_ndarray(generator, ctx);
    extern_fns::call_np_linalg_cholesky(
        ctx,
-        x1_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        out_c.as_base_value().into(),
+        x1_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        out_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
        None,
    );
-    Ok(out.as_base_value().into())
+    Ok(out.as_abi_value(ctx).into())
 }

 /// Invokes the `np_linalg_qr` linalg function
@ -1676,11 +1679,11 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_qr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String> {
    const FN_NAME: &str = "np_linalg_qr";

-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(x1) = x1 else { unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]) };

-    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_value(x1, None);
+    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_pointer_value(x1, None);

    if !x1.get_type().element_type().is_float_type() {
        unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
@ -1694,7 +1697,7 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_qr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    };
    let dk = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_smin(ctx, d0, d1, None);

-    let out_ndarray_ty = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2);
+    let out_ndarray_ty = NDArrayType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2);
    let q = out_ndarray_ty.construct_dyn_shape(generator, ctx, &[d0, dk], None);
    unsafe { q.create_data(generator, ctx) };

@ -1707,17 +1710,20 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_qr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

    extern_fns::call_np_linalg_qr(
        ctx,
-        x1_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        q_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        r_c.as_base_value().into(),
+        x1_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        q_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        r_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
        None,
    );

-    let q = q.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
-    let r = r.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
-    let tuple = TupleType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, &[q.get_type(), r.get_type()])
-        .construct_from_objects(ctx, [q, r], None);
-    Ok(tuple.as_base_value().into())
+    let q = q.as_abi_value(ctx);
+    let r = r.as_abi_value(ctx);
+    let tuple = TupleType::new(ctx, &[q.get_type(), r.get_type()]).construct_from_objects(
+        ctx,
+        [q.into(), r.into()],
+        None,
+    );
+    Ok(tuple.as_abi_value(ctx).into())
 }

 /// Invokes the `np_linalg_svd` linalg function
@ -1728,11 +1734,11 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_svd<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String> {
    const FN_NAME: &str = "np_linalg_svd";

-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(x1) = x1 else { unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]) };

-    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_value(x1, None);
+    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_pointer_value(x1, None);

    if !x1.get_type().element_type().is_float_type() {
        unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
@ -1746,8 +1752,8 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_svd<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    };
    let dk = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_smin(ctx, d0, d1, None);

-    let out_ndarray1_ty = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 1);
-    let out_ndarray2_ty = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2);
+    let out_ndarray1_ty = NDArrayType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 1);
+    let out_ndarray2_ty = NDArrayType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2);

    let u = out_ndarray2_ty.construct_dyn_shape(generator, ctx, &[d0, d0], None);
    unsafe { u.create_data(generator, ctx) };
@ -1765,19 +1771,19 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_svd<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

    extern_fns::call_np_linalg_svd(
        ctx,
-        x1_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        u_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        s_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        vh_c.as_base_value().into(),
+        x1_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        u_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        s_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        vh_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
        None,
    );

-    let u = u.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
-    let s = s.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
-    let vh = vh.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
-    let tuple = TupleType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, &[u.get_type(), s.get_type(), vh.get_type()])
-        .construct_from_objects(ctx, [u, s, vh], None);
-    Ok(tuple.as_base_value().into())
+    let u = u.as_abi_value(ctx);
+    let s = s.as_abi_value(ctx);
+    let vh = vh.as_abi_value(ctx);
+    let tuple = TupleType::new(ctx, &[u.get_type(), s.get_type(), vh.get_type()])
+        .construct_from_objects(ctx, [u.into(), s.into(), vh.into()], None);
+    Ok(tuple.as_abi_value(ctx).into())
 }

 /// Invokes the `np_linalg_inv` linalg function
@ -1790,13 +1796,13 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_inv<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

    let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(x1) = x1 else { unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]) };

-    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_value(x1, None);
+    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_pointer_value(x1, None);

    if !x1.get_type().element_type().is_float_type() {
        unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
    }

-    let out = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2)
+    let out = NDArrayType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2)
        .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);
    out.copy_shape_from_ndarray(generator, ctx, x1);
    unsafe { out.create_data(generator, ctx) };
@ -1805,12 +1811,12 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_inv<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    let out_c = out.make_contiguous_ndarray(generator, ctx);
    extern_fns::call_np_linalg_inv(
        ctx,
-        x1_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        out_c.as_base_value().into(),
+        x1_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        out_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
        None,
    );

-    Ok(out.as_base_value().into())
+    Ok(out.as_abi_value(ctx).into())
 }

 /// Invokes the `np_linalg_pinv` linalg function
@ -1821,11 +1827,11 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_pinv<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String> {
    const FN_NAME: &str = "np_linalg_pinv";

-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(x1) = x1 else { unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]) };

-    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_value(x1, None);
+    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_pointer_value(x1, None);

    if !x1.get_type().element_type().is_float_type() {
        unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
@ -1838,20 +1844,24 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_pinv<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        x1_shape.get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_int(1, false), None)
    };

-    let out = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2)
-        .construct_dyn_shape(generator, ctx, &[d0, d1], None);
+    let out = NDArrayType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2).construct_dyn_shape(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        &[d0, d1],
+        None,
+    );
    unsafe { out.create_data(generator, ctx) };

    let x1_c = x1.make_contiguous_ndarray(generator, ctx);
    let out_c = out.make_contiguous_ndarray(generator, ctx);
    extern_fns::call_np_linalg_pinv(
        ctx,
-        x1_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        out_c.as_base_value().into(),
+        x1_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        out_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
        None,
    );

-    Ok(out.as_base_value().into())
+    Ok(out.as_abi_value(ctx).into())
 }

 /// Invokes the `sp_linalg_lu` linalg function
@ -1862,11 +1872,11 @@ pub fn call_sp_linalg_lu<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String> {
    const FN_NAME: &str = "sp_linalg_lu";

-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(x1) = x1 else { unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]) };

-    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_value(x1, None);
+    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_pointer_value(x1, None);

    if !x1.get_type().element_type().is_float_type() {
        unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
@ -1880,7 +1890,7 @@ pub fn call_sp_linalg_lu<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    };
    let dk = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_smin(ctx, d0, d1, None);

-    let out_ndarray_ty = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2);
+    let out_ndarray_ty = NDArrayType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2);

    let l = out_ndarray_ty.construct_dyn_shape(generator, ctx, &[d0, dk], None);
    unsafe { l.create_data(generator, ctx) };
@ -1893,17 +1903,20 @@ pub fn call_sp_linalg_lu<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    let u_c = u.make_contiguous_ndarray(generator, ctx);
    extern_fns::call_sp_linalg_lu(
        ctx,
-        x1_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        l_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        u_c.as_base_value().into(),
+        x1_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        l_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        u_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
        None,
    );

-    let l = l.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
-    let u = u.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
-    let tuple = TupleType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, &[l.get_type(), u.get_type()])
-        .construct_from_objects(ctx, [l, u], None);
-    Ok(tuple.as_base_value().into())
+    let l = l.as_abi_value(ctx);
+    let u = u.as_abi_value(ctx);
+    let tuple = TupleType::new(ctx, &[l.get_type(), u.get_type()]).construct_from_objects(
+        ctx,
+        [l.into(), u.into()],
+        None,
+    );
+    Ok(tuple.as_abi_value(ctx).into())
 }

 /// Invokes the `np_linalg_matrix_power` linalg function
@ -1915,7 +1928,7 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_matrix_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String> {
    const FN_NAME: &str = "np_linalg_matrix_power";

-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(x1) = x1 else {
        unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty, x2_ty])
@ -1936,11 +1949,11 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_matrix_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty, x2_ty])
    };

-    let x2 = NDArrayType::new_unsized(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into())
+    let x2 = NDArrayType::new_unsized(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into())
        .construct_unsized(generator, ctx, &x2, None); // x2.shape == []
    let x2 = x2.atleast_nd(generator, ctx, 1); // x2.shape == [1]

-    let out = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2)
+    let out = NDArrayType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2)
        .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);
    out.copy_shape_from_ndarray(generator, ctx, x1);
    unsafe { out.create_data(generator, ctx) };
@ -1951,13 +1964,13 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_matrix_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

    extern_fns::call_np_linalg_matrix_power(
        ctx,
-        x1_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        x2_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        out_c.as_base_value().into(),
+        x1_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        x2_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        out_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
        None,
    );

-    Ok(out.as_base_value().into())
+    Ok(out.as_abi_value(ctx).into())
 }

 /// Invokes the `np_linalg_det` linalg function
@ -1968,27 +1981,31 @@ pub fn call_np_linalg_det<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ) -> Result<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, String> {
    const FN_NAME: &str = "np_linalg_matrix_power";

-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(x1) = x1 else { unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]) };

-    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_value(x1, None);
+    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_pointer_value(x1, None);

    if !x1.get_type().element_type().is_float_type() {
        unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
    }

    // The output is a float64, but we are using an ndarray (shape == [1]) for uniformity in function call.
-    let det = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 1)
-        .construct_const_shape(generator, ctx, &[1], None);
+    let det = NDArrayType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 1).construct_const_shape(
+        generator,
+        ctx,
+        &[1],
+        None,
+    );
    unsafe { det.create_data(generator, ctx) };

    let x1_c = x1.make_contiguous_ndarray(generator, ctx);
    let out_c = det.make_contiguous_ndarray(generator, ctx);
    extern_fns::call_np_linalg_det(
        ctx,
-        x1_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        out_c.as_base_value().into(),
+        x1_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        out_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
        None,
    );

@ -2007,14 +2024,14 @@ pub fn call_sp_linalg_schur<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

    let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(x1) = x1 else { unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]) };

-    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_value(x1, None);
+    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_pointer_value(x1, None);
    assert_eq!(x1.get_type().ndims(), 2);

    if !x1.get_type().element_type().is_float_type() {
        unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
    }

-    let out_ndarray_ty = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2);
+    let out_ndarray_ty = NDArrayType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2);

    let t = out_ndarray_ty.construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);
    t.copy_shape_from_ndarray(generator, ctx, x1);
@ -2029,17 +2046,20 @@ pub fn call_sp_linalg_schur<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    let z_c = z.make_contiguous_ndarray(generator, ctx);
    extern_fns::call_sp_linalg_schur(
        ctx,
-        x1_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        t_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        z_c.as_base_value().into(),
+        x1_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        t_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        z_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
        None,
    );

-    let t = t.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
-    let z = z.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
-    let tuple = TupleType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, &[t.get_type(), z.get_type()])
-        .construct_from_objects(ctx, [t, z], None);
-    Ok(tuple.as_base_value().into())
+    let t = t.as_abi_value(ctx);
+    let z = z.as_abi_value(ctx);
+    let tuple = TupleType::new(ctx, &[t.get_type(), z.get_type()]).construct_from_objects(
+        ctx,
+        [t.into(), z.into()],
+        None,
+    );
+    Ok(tuple.as_abi_value(ctx).into())
 }

 /// Invokes the `sp_linalg_hessenberg` linalg function
@ -2052,14 +2072,14 @@ pub fn call_sp_linalg_hessenberg<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

    let BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(x1) = x1 else { unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]) };

-    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_value(x1, None);
+    let x1 = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_pointer_value(x1, None);
    assert_eq!(x1.get_type().ndims(), 2);

    if !x1.get_type().element_type().is_float_type() {
        unsupported_type(ctx, FN_NAME, &[x1_ty]);
    }

-    let out_ndarray_ty = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2);
+    let out_ndarray_ty = NDArrayType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.f64_type().into(), 2);

    let h = out_ndarray_ty.construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);
    h.copy_shape_from_ndarray(generator, ctx, x1);
@ -2074,15 +2094,18 @@ pub fn call_sp_linalg_hessenberg<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    let q_c = q.make_contiguous_ndarray(generator, ctx);
    extern_fns::call_sp_linalg_hessenberg(
        ctx,
-        x1_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        h_c.as_base_value().into(),
-        q_c.as_base_value().into(),
+        x1_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        h_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+        q_c.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
        None,
    );

-    let h = h.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
-    let q = q.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum();
-    let tuple = TupleType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, &[h.get_type(), q.get_type()])
-        .construct_from_objects(ctx, [h, q], None);
-    Ok(tuple.as_base_value().into())
+    let h = h.as_abi_value(ctx);
+    let q = q.as_abi_value(ctx);
+    let tuple = TupleType::new(ctx, &[h.get_type(), q.get_type()]).construct_from_objects(
+        ctx,
+        [h.into(), q.into()],
+        None,
+    );
+    Ok(tuple.as_abi_value(ctx).into())
 }
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/concrete_type.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/concrete_type.rs
@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ pub enum ConcreteTypeEnum {
        fields: HashMap<StrRef, (ConcreteType, bool)>,
        params: IndexMap<TypeVarId, ConcreteType>,
    },
+    TModule {
+        module_id: DefinitionId,
+        methods: HashMap<StrRef, (ConcreteType, bool)>,
+    },
    TVirtual {
        ty: ConcreteType,
    },
@ -205,6 +209,19 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                        })
                        .collect(),
                },
+                TypeEnum::TModule { module_id, attributes } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TModule {
+                    module_id: *module_id,
+                    methods: attributes
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter_map(|(name, ty)| match &*unifier.get_ty(ty.0) {
+                            TypeEnum::TFunc(..) | TypeEnum::TObj { .. } => None,
+                            _ => Some((
+                                *name,
+                                (self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, ty.0, cache), ty.1),
+                            )),
+                        })
+                        .collect(),
+                },
                TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TVirtual {
                    ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache),
                },
@ -284,6 +301,15 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                    TypeVar { id, ty }
                })),
            },
+            ConcreteTypeEnum::TModule { module_id, methods } => TypeEnum::TModule {
+                module_id: *module_id,
+                attributes: methods
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(name, cty)| {
+                        (*name, (self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, cty.0, cache), cty.1))
+                    })
+                    .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
+            },
            ConcreteTypeEnum::TFunc { args, ret, vars } => TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                args: args
                    .iter()
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/expr.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/expr.rs
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ use super::{
        gen_for_callback_incrementing, gen_if_callback, gen_if_else_expr_callback, gen_raise,
        gen_var,
    },
-    types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, ListType},
+    types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, ListType, RangeType},
    values::{
        ndarray::{NDArrayOut, RustNDIndex, ScalarOrNDArray},
        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ListValue, ProxyValue, RangeValue,
@ -61,8 +61,13 @@ pub fn get_subst_key(
 ) -> String {
    let mut vars = obj
        .map(|ty| {
-            let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(ty) else { unreachable!() };
+            if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(ty) {
                params.clone()
+            } else if let TypeEnum::TModule { .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(ty) {
+                indexmap::IndexMap::new()
+            } else {
+                unreachable!()
+            }
        })
        .unwrap_or_default();
    vars.extend(fun_vars);
@ -120,6 +125,7 @@ impl<'ctx> CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_> {
    pub fn get_attr_index(&mut self, ty: Type, attr: StrRef) -> (usize, Option<Constant>) {
        let obj_id = match &*self.unifier.get_ty(ty) {
            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } => *obj_id,
+            TypeEnum::TModule { module_id, .. } => *module_id,
            // we cannot have other types, virtual type should be handled by function calls
            _ => codegen_unreachable!(self),
        };
@ -131,6 +137,8 @@ impl<'ctx> CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_> {
                let attribute_index = attributes.iter().find_position(|x| x.0 == attr).unwrap();
                (attribute_index.0, Some(attribute_index.1 .2.clone()))
            }
+        } else if let TopLevelDef::Module { attributes, .. } = &*def.read() {
+            (attributes.iter().find_position(|x| x.0 == attr).unwrap().0, None)
        } else {
            codegen_unreachable!(self)
        };
@ -165,7 +173,7 @@ impl<'ctx> CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_> {
                    .build_global_string_ptr(v, "const")
                    .map(|v| v.as_pointer_value().into())
                    .unwrap();
-                let size = generator.get_size_type(self.ctx).const_int(v.len() as u64, false);
+                let size = self.get_size_type().const_int(v.len() as u64, false);
                let ty = self.get_llvm_type(generator, self.primitives.str).into_struct_type();
                ty.const_named_struct(&[str_ptr, size.into()]).into()
            }
@ -318,7 +326,7 @@ impl<'ctx> CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_> {
                        .build_global_string_ptr(v, "const")
                        .map(|v| v.as_pointer_value().into())
                        .unwrap();
-                    let size = generator.get_size_type(self.ctx).const_int(v.len() as u64, false);
+                    let size = self.get_size_type().const_int(v.len() as u64, false);
                    let ty = self.get_llvm_type(generator, self.primitives.str);
                    let val =
                        ty.into_struct_type().const_named_struct(&[str_ptr, size.into()]).into();
@ -820,7 +828,7 @@ pub fn gen_call<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
    fun: (&FunSignature, DefinitionId),
    params: Vec<(Option<StrRef>, ValueEnum<'ctx>)>,
 ) -> Result<Option<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>, String> {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    let definition = ctx.top_level.definitions.read().get(fun.1 .0).cloned().unwrap();
    let id;
@ -979,7 +987,7 @@ pub fn gen_call<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            TopLevelDef::Class { .. } => {
                return Ok(Some(generator.gen_constructor(ctx, fun.0, &def, params)?))
            }
-            TopLevelDef::Variable { .. } => unreachable!(),
+            TopLevelDef::Variable { .. } | TopLevelDef::Module { .. } => unreachable!(),
        }
    }
    .or_else(|_: String| {
@ -1020,7 +1028,7 @@ pub fn gen_call<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
        }
        let is_vararg = args.iter().any(|arg| arg.is_vararg);
        if is_vararg {
-            params.push(generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx).into());
+            params.push(ctx.get_size_type().into());
        }
        let fun_ty = match ret_type {
            Some(ret_type) if !has_sret => ret_type.fn_type(&params, is_vararg),
@ -1128,7 +1136,7 @@ pub fn gen_comprehension<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
        return Ok(None);
    };
    let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let size_t = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let size_t = ctx.get_size_type();
    let zero_size_t = size_t.const_zero();
    let zero_32 = int32.const_zero();

@ -1143,7 +1151,7 @@ pub fn gen_comprehension<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.range.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
        {
            let iter_val =
-                RangeValue::from_pointer_value(iter_val.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
+                RangeType::new(ctx).map_pointer_value(iter_val.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
            let (start, stop, step) = destructure_range(ctx, iter_val);
            let diff = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(stop, start, "diff").unwrap();
            // add 1 to the length as the value is rounded to zero
@ -1167,7 +1175,7 @@ pub fn gen_comprehension<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    "listcomp.alloc_size",
                )
                .unwrap();
-            list = ListType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, elem_ty).construct(
+            list = ListType::new(ctx, &elem_ty).construct(
                generator,
                ctx,
                list_alloc_size.into_int_value(),
@ -1218,12 +1226,7 @@ pub fn gen_comprehension<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    Some("length"),
                )
                .into_int_value();
-            list = ListType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, elem_ty).construct(
-                generator,
-                ctx,
-                length,
-                Some("listcomp"),
-            );
+            list = ListType::new(ctx, &elem_ty).construct(generator, ctx, length, Some("listcomp"));

            let counter = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, size_t.into(), Some("counter.addr"))?;
            // counter = -1
@ -1258,12 +1261,10 @@ pub fn gen_comprehension<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
    }

    // Emits the content of `cont_bb`
-    let emit_cont_bb =
-        |ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, generator: &dyn CodeGenerator, list: ListValue<'ctx>| {
+    let emit_cont_bb = |ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, list: ListValue<'ctx>| {
        ctx.builder.position_at_end(cont_bb);
        list.store_size(
            ctx,
-                generator,
            ctx.builder.build_load(index, "index").map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value).unwrap(),
        );
    };
@ -1274,7 +1275,7 @@ pub fn gen_comprehension<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
        } else {
            // Bail if the predicate is an ellipsis - Emit cont_bb contents in case the
            // no element matches the predicate
-            emit_cont_bb(ctx, generator, list);
+            emit_cont_bb(ctx, list);

            return Ok(None);
        };
@ -1287,7 +1288,7 @@ pub fn gen_comprehension<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(

    let Some(elem) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, elt)? else {
        // Similarly, bail if the generator expression is an ellipsis, but keep cont_bb contents
-        emit_cont_bb(ctx, generator, list);
+        emit_cont_bb(ctx, list);

        return Ok(None);
    };
@ -1304,9 +1305,9 @@ pub fn gen_comprehension<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
        .unwrap();
    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(test_bb).unwrap();

-    emit_cont_bb(ctx, generator, list);
+    emit_cont_bb(ctx, list);

-    Ok(Some(list.as_base_value().into()))
+    Ok(Some(list.as_abi_value(ctx).into()))
 }

 /// Generates LLVM IR for a binary operator expression using the [`Type`] and
@ -1350,7 +1351,7 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
    } else if ty1.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id())
        || ty2.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id())
    {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+        let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

        if op.variant == BinopVariant::AugAssign {
            todo!("Augmented assignment operators not implemented for lists")
@ -1388,8 +1389,8 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    .build_int_add(lhs.load_size(ctx, None), rhs.load_size(ctx, None), "")
                    .unwrap();

-                let new_list = ListType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, llvm_elem_ty)
-                    .construct(generator, ctx, size, None);
+                let new_list =
+                    ListType::new(ctx, &llvm_elem_ty).construct(generator, ctx, size, None);

                let lhs_size = ctx
                    .builder
@ -1436,7 +1437,7 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_zero(),
                );

-                Ok(Some(new_list.as_base_value().into()))
+                Ok(Some(new_list.as_abi_value(ctx).into()))
            }

            Operator::Mult => {
@ -1476,7 +1477,7 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                let elem_llvm_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
                let sizeof_elem = elem_llvm_ty.size_of().unwrap();

-                let new_list = ListType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, elem_llvm_ty).construct(
+                let new_list = ListType::new(ctx, &elem_llvm_ty).construct(
                    generator,
                    ctx,
                    ctx.builder.build_int_mul(list_val.load_size(ctx, None), int_val, "").unwrap(),
@ -1523,7 +1524,7 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
                )?;

-                Ok(Some(new_list.as_base_value().into()))
+                Ok(Some(new_list.as_abi_value(ctx).into()))
            }

            _ => todo!("Operator not supported"),
@ -1578,8 +1579,7 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            let right = right.to_ndarray(generator, ctx);

            let result = NDArrayType::new_broadcast(
-                generator,
-                ctx.ctx,
+                ctx,
                llvm_common_dtype,
                &[left.get_type(), right.get_type()],
            )
@ -1601,7 +1601,7 @@ pub fn gen_binop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                Ok(result)
            })
            .unwrap();
-            Ok(Some(result.as_base_value().into()))
+            Ok(Some(result.as_abi_value(ctx).into()))
        }
    } else {
        let left_ty_enum = ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(left_ty.unwrap());
@ -1767,7 +1767,7 @@ pub fn gen_unaryop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
        let (ndarray_dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);

        let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, ty)
-            .map_value(val.into_pointer_value(), None);
+            .map_pointer_value(val.into_pointer_value(), None);

        // ndarray uses `~` rather than `not` to perform elementwise inversion, convert it before
        // passing it to the elementwise codegen function
@ -1796,7 +1796,7 @@ pub fn gen_unaryop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            },
        )?;

-        mapped_ndarray.as_base_value().into()
+        mapped_ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
    } else {
        unimplemented!()
    }))
@ -1852,8 +1852,7 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                .to_ndarray(generator, ctx);

            let result_ndarray = NDArrayType::new_broadcast(
-                generator,
-                ctx.ctx,
+                ctx,
                ctx.ctx.i8_type().into(),
                &[left.get_type(), right.get_type()],
            )
@ -1884,7 +1883,7 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                },
            )?;

-            return Ok(Some(result_ndarray.as_base_value().into()));
+            return Ok(Some(result_ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into()));
        }
    }

@ -1972,7 +1971,7 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                let rhs = rhs.into_struct_value();

                let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-                let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+                let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

                let plhs = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, lhs.get_type().into(), None).unwrap();
                ctx.builder.build_store(plhs, lhs).unwrap();
@ -2000,7 +1999,7 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    &[llvm_usize.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_int(1, false)],
                    None,
                ).into_int_value();
-                let result = call_string_eq(generator, ctx, lhs_ptr, lhs_len, rhs_ptr, rhs_len);
+                let result = call_string_eq(ctx, lhs_ptr, lhs_len, rhs_ptr, rhs_len);
                if *op == Cmpop::NotEq {
                    ctx.builder.build_not(result, "").unwrap() 
                } else {
@ -2010,7 +2009,7 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                .iter()
                .any(|ty| ty.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).is_some_and(|id| id == PrimDef::List.id()))
            {
-                let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+                let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

                let gen_list_cmpop = |generator: &mut G,
                                      ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>|
@ -2131,9 +2130,7 @@ pub fn gen_cmpop_expr_with_values<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                                                    ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_zero(),
                                                )
                                                .unwrap();
-                                            ctx.builder
-                                                .build_unconditional_branch(hooks.exit_bb)
-                                                .unwrap();
+                                            hooks.build_break_branch(&ctx.builder);

                                            Ok(())
                                        },
@ -2375,7 +2372,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
 ) -> Result<Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>, String> {
    ctx.current_loc = expr.location;
    let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let usize = ctx.get_size_type();
    let zero = int32.const_int(0, false);

    let loc = ctx.debug_info.0.create_debug_location(
@ -2480,20 +2477,11 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            } else {
                Some(elements[0].get_type())
            };
-            let length = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx).const_int(elements.len() as u64, false);
+            let length = ctx.get_size_type().const_int(elements.len() as u64, false);
            let arr_str_ptr = if let Some(ty) = ty {
-                ListType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ty).construct(
-                    generator,
-                    ctx,
-                    length,
-                    Some("list"),
-                )
+                ListType::new(ctx, &ty).construct(generator, ctx, length, Some("list"))
            } else {
-                ListType::new_untyped(generator, ctx.ctx).construct_empty(
-                    generator,
-                    ctx,
-                    Some("list"),
-                )
+                ListType::new_untyped(ctx).construct_empty(generator, ctx, Some("list"))
            };
            let arr_ptr = arr_str_ptr.data();
            for (i, v) in elements.iter().enumerate() {
@ -2505,7 +2493,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                );
                ctx.builder.build_store(elem_ptr, *v).unwrap();
            }
-            arr_str_ptr.as_base_value().into()
+            arr_str_ptr.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
        }
        ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
            let elements_val = elts
@ -2825,6 +2813,10 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                        &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(value.custom.unwrap())
                    {
                        *obj_id
+                    } else if let TypeEnum::TModule { module_id, .. } =
+                        &*ctx.unifier.get_ty(value.custom.unwrap())
+                    {
+                        *module_id
                    } else {
                        codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
                    };
@ -2835,11 +2827,13 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    } else {
                        let defs = ctx.top_level.definitions.read();
                        let obj_def = defs.get(id.0).unwrap().read();
-                        let TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } = &*obj_def else {
-                            codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
-                        };
-
+                        if let TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } = &*obj_def {
                            methods.iter().find(|method| method.0 == *attr).unwrap().2
+                        } else if let TopLevelDef::Module { methods, .. } = &*obj_def {
+                            *methods.iter().find(|method| method.0 == attr).unwrap().1
+                        } else {
+                            codegen_unreachable!(ctx)
+                        }
                    };
                    // directly generate code for option.unwrap
                    // since it needs to return static value to optimize for kernel invariant
@ -2972,12 +2966,8 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                                .unwrap(),
                            step,
                        );
-                        let res_array_ret = ListType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, ty).construct(
-                            generator,
-                            ctx,
-                            length,
-                            Some("ret"),
-                        );
+                        let res_array_ret =
+                            ListType::new(ctx, &ty).construct(generator, ctx, length, Some("ret"));
                        let Some(res_ind) = handle_slice_indices(
                            &None,
                            &None,
@ -2998,7 +2988,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                            v,
                            (start, end, step),
                        );
-                        res_array_ret.as_base_value().into()
+                        res_array_ret.as_abi_value(ctx).into()
                    } else {
                        let len = v.load_size(ctx, Some("len"));
                        let raw_index = if let Some(v) = generator.gen_expr(ctx, slice)? {
@ -3009,7 +2999,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                        };
                        let raw_index = ctx
                            .builder
-                            .build_int_s_extend(raw_index, generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx), "sext")
+                            .build_int_s_extend(raw_index, ctx.get_size_type(), "sext")
                            .unwrap();
                        // handle negative index
                        let is_negative = ctx
@ -3017,7 +3007,7 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                            .build_int_compare(
                                IntPredicate::SLT,
                                raw_index,
-                                generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx).const_zero(),
+                                ctx.get_size_type().const_zero(),
                                "is_neg",
                            )
                            .unwrap();
@ -3053,14 +3043,14 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    let ndarray_ty = value.custom.unwrap();
                    let ndarray = ndarray.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ndarray_ty)?;
                    let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, ndarray_ty)
-                        .map_value(ndarray.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                        .map_pointer_value(ndarray.into_pointer_value(), None);

                    let indices = RustNDIndex::from_subscript_expr(generator, ctx, slice)?;
                    let result = ndarray
                        .index(generator, ctx, &indices)
                        .split_unsized(generator, ctx)
                        .to_basic_value_enum();
-                    return Ok(Some(ValueEnum::Dynamic(result)));
+                    return Ok(Some(result.into()));
                }
                TypeEnum::TTuple { .. } => {
                    let index: u32 =
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use inkwell::{
    context::Context,
+    targets::TargetMachine,
    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
 };
@ -18,6 +19,9 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
    fn get_name(&self) -> &str;

    /// Return an instance of [`IntType`] corresponding to the type of `size_t` for this instance.
+    ///
+    /// Prefer using [`CodeGenContext::get_size_type`] if [`CodeGenContext`] is available, as it is
+    /// equivalent to this function in a more concise syntax.
    fn get_size_type<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx>;

    /// Generate function call and returns the function return value.
@ -270,19 +274,27 @@ pub struct DefaultCodeGenerator {

 impl DefaultCodeGenerator {
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new(name: String, size_t: u32) -> DefaultCodeGenerator {
-        assert!(matches!(size_t, 32 | 64));
-        DefaultCodeGenerator { name, size_t }
+    pub fn new(name: String, size_t: IntType<'_>) -> DefaultCodeGenerator {
+        assert!(matches!(size_t.get_bit_width(), 32 | 64));
+        DefaultCodeGenerator { name, size_t: size_t.get_bit_width() }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_target_machine(
+        name: String,
+        ctx: &Context,
+        target_machine: &TargetMachine,
+    ) -> DefaultCodeGenerator {
+        let llvm_usize = ctx.ptr_sized_int_type(&target_machine.get_target_data(), None);
+        Self::new(name, llvm_usize)
    }
 }

 impl CodeGenerator for DefaultCodeGenerator {
-    /// Returns the name for this [`CodeGenerator`].
    fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
        &self.name
    }

-    /// Returns an LLVM integer type representing `size_t`.
    fn get_size_type<'ctx>(&self, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> IntType<'ctx> {
        // it should be unsigned, but we don't really need unsigned and this could save us from
        // having to do a bit cast...
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/list.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/list.rs
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    src_arr: ListValue<'ctx>,
    src_idx: (IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>, IntValue<'ctx>),
 ) {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
    let llvm_pi8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();

@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    ctx.builder.position_at_end(update_bb);
    let new_len =
        ctx.builder.build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(new_len, llvm_usize, "new_len").unwrap();
-    dest_arr.store_size(ctx, generator, new_len);
+    dest_arr.store_size(ctx, new_len);
    ctx.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont_bb).unwrap();
    ctx.builder.position_at_end(cont_bb);
 }
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs
@ -68,13 +68,9 @@ pub fn load_irrt<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, symbol_resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver)
 /// - When [`TypeContext::size_type`] is 32-bits, the function name is `fn_name}`.
 /// - When [`TypeContext::size_type`] is 64-bits, the function name is `{fn_name}64`.
 #[must_use]
-pub fn get_usize_dependent_function_name<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
-    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'_, '_>,
-    name: &str,
-) -> String {
+pub fn get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'_, '_>, name: &str) -> String {
    let mut name = name.to_owned();
-    match generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx).get_bit_width() {
+    match ctx.get_size_type().get_bit_width() {
        32 => {}
        64 => name.push_str("64"),
        bit_width => {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/array.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/array.rs
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerato
    ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
    shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
 ) {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
    assert_eq!(list.get_type().element_type().unwrap(), ctx.ctx.i8_type().into());
    assert_eq!(ndims.get_type(), llvm_usize);
    assert_eq!(
@ -29,17 +29,14 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerato
        llvm_usize.into()
    );

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
-        generator,
-        ctx,
-        "__nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape",
-    );
+    let name =
+        get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape");

    infer_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        None,
-        &[list.as_base_value().into(), ndims.into(), shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()],
+        &[list.as_abi_value(ctx).into(), ndims.into(), shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()],
        None,
        None,
    );
@ -55,25 +52,20 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_array_set_and_validate_list_shape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerato
 /// - `ndarray.ndims`: Must be initialized.
 /// - `ndarray.shape`: Must be initialized.
 /// - `ndarray.data`: Must be allocated and contiguous.
-pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    list: ListValue<'ctx>,
    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
 ) {
    assert_eq!(list.get_type().element_type().unwrap(), ctx.ctx.i8_type().into());

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
-        generator,
-        ctx,
-        "__nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array",
-    );
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array");

    infer_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        None,
-        &[list.as_base_value().into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into()],
+        &[list.as_abi_value(ctx).into(), ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into()],
        None,
        None,
    );
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/basic.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/basic.rs
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator +
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
 ) {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());

    assert_eq!(
@ -28,11 +28,8 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator +
        llvm_usize.into()
    );

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
-        generator,
-        ctx,
-        "__nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative",
-    );
+    let name =
+        get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative");

    create_and_call_function(
        ctx,
@ -57,7 +54,7 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator +
    ndarray_shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
    output_shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
 ) {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());

    assert_eq!(
@ -69,11 +66,8 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator +
        llvm_usize.into()
    );

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
-        generator,
-        ctx,
-        "__nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same",
-    );
+    let name =
+        get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same");

    create_and_call_function(
        ctx,
@ -94,21 +88,20 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_output_shape_same<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator +
 ///
 /// Returns a [`usize`][CodeGenerator::get_size_type] value of the number of elements of an
 /// `ndarray`, corresponding to the value of `ndarray.size`.
-pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_size<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_size<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
 ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type();

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_size");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_size");

    create_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
-        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.as_abi_type().into(), ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into())],
        Some("size"),
        None,
    )
@ -120,21 +113,20 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_size<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ///
 /// Returns a [`usize`][CodeGenerator::get_size_type] value of the number of bytes consumed by the
 /// data of the `ndarray`, corresponding to the value of `ndarray.nbytes`.
-pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
 ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type();

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_nbytes");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_nbytes");

    create_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
-        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.as_abi_type().into(), ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into())],
        Some("nbytes"),
        None,
    )
@ -146,21 +138,20 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ///
 /// Returns a [`usize`][CodeGenerator::get_size_type] value of the size of the topmost dimension of
 /// the `ndarray`, corresponding to the value of `ndarray.__len__`.
-pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_len<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_len<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
 ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type();

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_len");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_len");

    create_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        Some(llvm_usize.into()),
-        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.as_abi_type().into(), ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into())],
        Some("len"),
        None,
    )
@ -171,21 +162,20 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_len<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 /// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous`.
 ///
 /// Returns an `i1` value indicating whether the `ndarray` is C-contiguous.
-pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
 ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
    let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();
-    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type();

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous");

    create_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        Some(llvm_i1.into()),
-        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.as_abi_type().into(), ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into())],
        Some("is_c_contiguous"),
        None,
    )
@ -196,26 +186,28 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 /// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement`.
 ///
 /// Returns a [`PointerValue`] to the `index`-th flattened element of the `ndarray`.
-pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
    index: IntValue<'ctx>,
 ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
    let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type();

    assert_eq!(index.get_type(), llvm_usize);

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement");

    create_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        Some(llvm_pi8.into()),
-        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into()), (llvm_usize.into(), index.into())],
+        &[
+            (llvm_ndarray.as_abi_type().into(), ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into()),
+            (llvm_usize.into(), index.into()),
+        ],
        Some("pelement"),
        None,
    )
@ -236,24 +228,23 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized
 ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
    let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type();

    assert_eq!(
        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(indices.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
        llvm_usize.into()
    );

-    let name =
-        get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices");

    create_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        Some(llvm_pi8.into()),
        &[
-            (llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into()),
+            (llvm_ndarray.as_abi_type().into(), ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into()),
            (llvm_pusize.into(), indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()),
        ],
        Some("pelement"),
@ -266,21 +257,19 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_get_pelement_by_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized
 /// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape`.
 ///
 /// Sets `ndarray.strides` assuming that `ndarray.shape` is C-contiguous.
-pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
 ) {
-    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type().as_base_type();
+    let llvm_ndarray = ndarray.get_type();

-    let name =
-        get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape");

    create_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        None,
-        &[(llvm_ndarray.into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into())],
+        &[(llvm_ndarray.as_abi_type().into(), ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into())],
        None,
        None,
    );
@ -291,19 +280,18 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 /// Copies all elements from `src_ndarray` to `dst_ndarray` using their flattened views. The number
 /// of elements in `src_ndarray` must be greater than or equal to the number of elements in
 /// `dst_ndarray`.
-pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_copy_data<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_copy_data<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    src_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
    dst_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
 ) {
-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_copy_data");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_copy_data");

    infer_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        None,
-        &[src_ndarray.as_base_value().into(), dst_ndarray.as_base_value().into()],
+        &[src_ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into(), dst_ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into()],
        None,
        None,
    );
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/broadcast.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/broadcast.rs
@ -20,18 +20,17 @@ use crate::codegen::{
 /// - `dst_ndarray.ndims` must be initialized and matching the length of `dst_ndarray.shape`.
 /// - `dst_ndarray.shape` must be initialized and contains the target broadcast shape.
 /// - `dst_ndarray.strides` must be allocated and may contain uninitialized values.
-pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    src_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
    dst_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
 ) {
-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to");
    infer_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        None,
-        &[src_ndarray.as_base_value().into(), dst_ndarray.as_base_value().into()],
+        &[src_ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into(), dst_ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into()],
        None,
        None,
    );
@ -53,19 +52,18 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes<'ctx, G, Shape>(
    Shape: TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>
        + TypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
 {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    assert_eq!(num_shape_entries.get_type(), llvm_usize);
-    assert!(ShapeEntryType::is_type(
-        generator,
-        ctx.ctx,
-        shape_entries.base_ptr(ctx, generator).get_type()
+    assert!(ShapeEntryType::is_representable(
+        shape_entries.base_ptr(ctx, generator).get_type(),
+        llvm_usize,
    )
    .is_ok());
    assert_eq!(dst_ndims.get_type(), llvm_usize);
    assert_eq!(dst_shape.element_type(ctx, generator), llvm_usize.into());

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_broadcast_shapes");
    infer_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/indexing.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/indexing.rs
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_index<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    src_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
    dst_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
 ) {
-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_index");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_index");
    infer_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_index<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        &[
            indices.size(ctx, generator).into(),
            indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
-            src_ndarray.as_base_value().into(),
-            dst_ndarray.as_base_value().into(),
+            src_ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+            dst_ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
        ],
        None,
        None,
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/iter.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/iter.rs
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub fn call_nac3_nditer_initialize<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
    indices: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
 ) {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());

    assert_eq!(
@ -33,15 +33,15 @@ pub fn call_nac3_nditer_initialize<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        llvm_usize.into()
    );

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_nditer_initialize");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_nditer_initialize");

    create_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        None,
        &[
-            (iter.get_type().as_base_type().into(), iter.as_base_value().into()),
-            (ndarray.get_type().as_base_type().into(), ndarray.as_base_value().into()),
+            (iter.get_type().as_abi_type().into(), iter.as_abi_value(ctx).into()),
+            (ndarray.get_type().as_abi_type().into(), ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into()),
            (llvm_pusize.into(), indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into()),
        ],
        None,
@ -53,18 +53,17 @@ pub fn call_nac3_nditer_initialize<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ///
 /// Returns an `i1` value indicating whether there are elements left to traverse for the `iter`
 /// object.
-pub fn call_nac3_nditer_has_element<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_nac3_nditer_has_element<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    iter: NDIterValue<'ctx>,
 ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_nditer_has_element");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_nditer_has_element");

    infer_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        Some(ctx.ctx.bool_type().into()),
-        &[iter.as_base_value().into()],
+        &[iter.as_abi_value(ctx).into()],
        None,
        None,
    )
@ -75,12 +74,8 @@ pub fn call_nac3_nditer_has_element<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 /// Generates a call to `__nac3_nditer_next`.
 ///
 /// Moves `iter` to point to the next element.
-pub fn call_nac3_nditer_next<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
-    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    iter: NDIterValue<'ctx>,
-) {
-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_nditer_next");
+pub fn call_nac3_nditer_next<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, iter: NDIterValue<'ctx>) {
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_nditer_next");

-    infer_and_call_function(ctx, &name, None, &[iter.as_base_value().into()], None, None);
+    infer_and_call_function(ctx, &name, None, &[iter.as_abi_value(ctx).into()], None, None);
 }
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/matmul.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/matmul.rs
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized
    new_b_shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
    dst_shape: &impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
 ) {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    assert_eq!(
        BasicTypeEnum::try_from(a_shape.element_type(ctx, generator)).unwrap(),
@ -43,8 +43,7 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized
        llvm_usize.into()
    );

-    let name =
-        get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_matmul_calculate_shapes");

    infer_and_call_function(
        ctx,
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/reshape.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/reshape.rs
@ -18,14 +18,13 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape<'ctx, G: CodeGenera
    new_ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
    new_shape: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
 ) {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    assert_eq!(size.get_type(), llvm_usize);
    assert_eq!(new_ndims.get_type(), llvm_usize);
    assert_eq!(new_shape.element_type(ctx, generator), llvm_usize.into());

    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(
-        generator,
        ctx,
        "__nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape",
    );
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/transpose.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/ndarray/transpose.rs
@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_transpose<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    dst_ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
    axes: Option<&impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>>,
 ) {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

    assert!(axes.is_none_or(|axes| axes.size(ctx, generator).get_type() == llvm_usize));
    assert!(axes.is_none_or(|axes| axes.element_type(ctx, generator) == llvm_usize.into()));

-    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_transpose");
+    let name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "__nac3_ndarray_transpose");
    infer_and_call_function(
        ctx,
        &name,
        None,
        &[
-            src_ndarray.as_base_value().into(),
-            dst_ndarray.as_base_value().into(),
+            src_ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
+            dst_ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into(),
            axes.map_or(llvm_usize.const_zero(), |axes| axes.size(ctx, generator)).into(),
            axes.map_or(llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).const_null(), |axes| {
                axes.base_ptr(ctx, generator)
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/string.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/string.rs
@ -2,11 +2,10 @@ use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, IntValue, PointerValue};
 use itertools::Either;

 use super::get_usize_dependent_function_name;
-use crate::codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};
+use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;

 /// Generates a call to string equality comparison. Returns an `i1` representing whether the strings are equal.
-pub fn call_string_eq<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_string_eq<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    str1_ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
    str1_len: IntValue<'ctx>,
@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ pub fn call_string_eq<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
    let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();

-    let func_name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(generator, ctx, "nac3_str_eq");
+    let func_name = get_usize_dependent_function_name(ctx, "nac3_str_eq");

    let func = ctx.module.get_function(&func_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
        ctx.module.add_function(
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/mod.rs
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use std::{
+    cell::OnceCell,
    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
    sync::{
        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ use inkwell::{
    module::Module,
    passes::PassBuilderOptions,
    targets::{CodeModel, RelocMode, Target, TargetMachine, TargetTriple},
-    types::{AnyType, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
+    types::{AnyType, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
    values::{BasicValueEnum, FunctionValue, IntValue, PhiValue, PointerValue},
    AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
 };
@ -226,14 +227,33 @@ pub struct CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a> {

    /// The current source location.
    pub current_loc: Location,
+
+    /// The cached type of `size_t`.
+    llvm_usize: OnceCell<IntType<'ctx>>,
 }

-impl CodeGenContext<'_, '_> {
+impl<'ctx> CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_> {
    /// Whether the [current basic block][Builder::get_insert_block] referenced by `builder`
    /// contains a [terminator statement][BasicBlock::get_terminator].
    pub fn is_terminated(&self) -> bool {
        self.builder.get_insert_block().and_then(BasicBlock::get_terminator).is_some()
    }
+
+    /// Returns a [`IntType`] representing `size_t` for the compilation target as specified by
+    /// [`self.registry`][WorkerRegistry].
+    pub fn get_size_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        *self.llvm_usize.get_or_init(|| {
+            self.ctx.ptr_sized_int_type(
+                &self
+                    .registry
+                    .llvm_options
+                    .create_target_machine()
+                    .map(|tm| tm.get_target_data())
+                    .unwrap(),
+                None,
+            )
+        })
+    }
 }

 type Fp = Box<dyn Fn(&Module) + Send + Sync>;
@ -481,6 +501,38 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    type_cache.get(&unifier.get_representative(ty)).copied().unwrap_or_else(|| {
        let ty_enum = unifier.get_ty(ty);
        let result = match &*ty_enum {
+            TModule {module_id, attributes} => {
+                let top_level_defs = top_level.definitions.read();
+                let definition = top_level_defs.get(module_id.0).unwrap();
+                let TopLevelDef::Module { name, attributes: attribute_fields, .. } = &*definition.read() else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                };
+                let ty: BasicTypeEnum<'_> = if let Some(t) = module.get_struct_type(&name.to_string()) {
+                    t.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into()
+                } else {
+                    let struct_type = ctx.opaque_struct_type(&name.to_string());
+                    type_cache.insert(
+                        unifier.get_representative(ty),
+                        struct_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
+                    );
+                    let module_fields: Vec<BasicTypeEnum<'_>> = attribute_fields.iter()
+                    .map(|f| {
+                        get_llvm_type(
+                            ctx,
+                            module,
+                            generator,
+                            unifier,
+                            top_level,
+                            type_cache,
+                            attributes[&f.0].0,
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .collect_vec();
+                    struct_type.set_body(&module_fields, false);
+                    struct_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into()
+                };
+                return ty;
+            },
            TObj { obj_id, fields, .. } => {
                // check to avoid treating non-class primitives as classes
                if PrimDef::contains_id(*obj_id) {
@ -510,7 +562,7 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                                *params.iter().next().unwrap().1,
                            );

-                            ListType::new(generator, ctx, element_type).as_base_type().into()
+                            ListType::new_with_generator(generator, ctx, element_type).as_abi_type().into()
                        }

                        TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
@ -520,7 +572,7 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                                ctx, module, generator, unifier, top_level, type_cache, dtype,
                            );

-                            NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx, element_type, ndims).as_base_type().into()
+                            NDArrayType::new_with_generator(generator, ctx, element_type, ndims).as_abi_type().into()
                        }

                        _ => unreachable!(
@ -574,7 +626,7 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                        get_llvm_type(ctx, module, generator, unifier, top_level, type_cache, *ty)
                    })
                    .collect_vec();
-                TupleType::new(generator, ctx, &fields).as_base_type().into()
+                TupleType::new_with_generator(generator, ctx, &fields).as_abi_type().into()
            }
            TVirtual { .. } => unimplemented!(),
            _ => unreachable!("{}", ty_enum.get_type_name()),
@ -748,7 +800,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<
                Some(t) => t.as_basic_type_enum(),
            }
        }),
-        (primitives.range, RangeType::new(context).as_base_type().into()),
+        (primitives.range, RangeType::new_with_generator(generator, context).as_abi_type().into()),
        (primitives.exception, {
            let name = "Exception";
            if let Some(t) = module.get_struct_type(name) {
@ -987,8 +1039,20 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<
        need_sret: has_sret,
        current_loc: Location::default(),
        debug_info: (dibuilder, compile_unit, func_scope.as_debug_info_scope()),
+        llvm_usize: OnceCell::default(),
    };

+    let target_llvm_usize = context.ptr_sized_int_type(
+        &registry.llvm_options.create_target_machine().map(|tm| tm.get_target_data()).unwrap(),
+        None,
+    );
+    let generator_llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(context);
+    assert_eq!(
+        generator_llvm_usize,
+        target_llvm_usize,
+        "CodeGenerator (size_t = {generator_llvm_usize}) is not compatible with CodeGen Target (size_t = {target_llvm_usize})",
+    );
+
    let loc = code_gen_context.debug_info.0.create_debug_location(
        context,
        row as u32,
@ -1180,7 +1244,7 @@ pub fn type_aligned_alloca<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

    let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
    let llvm_pi8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
    let align_ty = align_ty.into();

    let size = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(size, llvm_usize, "").unwrap();
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/numpy.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/numpy.rs
@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_empty<'ctx>(

    let shape = parse_numpy_int_sequence(generator, context, (shape_ty, shape_arg));

-    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, ndims)
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(context, llvm_dtype, ndims)
        .construct_numpy_empty(generator, context, &shape, None);
-    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+    Ok(ndarray.as_abi_value(context))
 }

 /// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.zeros`.
@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_zeros<'ctx>(

    let shape = parse_numpy_int_sequence(generator, context, (shape_ty, shape_arg));

-    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, ndims)
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(context, llvm_dtype, ndims)
        .construct_numpy_zeros(generator, context, dtype, &shape, None);
-    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+    Ok(ndarray.as_abi_value(context))
 }

 /// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.ones`.
@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_ones<'ctx>(

    let shape = parse_numpy_int_sequence(generator, context, (shape_ty, shape_arg));

-    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, ndims)
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(context, llvm_dtype, ndims)
        .construct_numpy_ones(generator, context, dtype, &shape, None);
-    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+    Ok(ndarray.as_abi_value(context))
 }

 /// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.full`.
@ -120,14 +120,14 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_full<'ctx>(

    let shape = parse_numpy_int_sequence(generator, context, (shape_ty, shape_arg));

-    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, ndims).construct_numpy_full(
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(context, llvm_dtype, ndims).construct_numpy_full(
        generator,
        context,
        &shape,
        fill_value_arg,
        None,
    );
-    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+    Ok(ndarray.as_abi_value(context))
 }

 pub fn gen_ndarray_array<'ctx>(
@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_array<'ctx>(
        .construct_numpy_array(generator, context, (obj_ty, obj_arg), copy, None)
        .atleast_nd(generator, context, ndims);

-    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+    Ok(ndarray.as_abi_value(context))
 }

 /// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.eye`.
@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_eye<'ctx>(

    let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut context.unifier, fun.0.ret);

-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(context.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = context.get_size_type();
    let llvm_dtype = context.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);

    let nrows = context
@ -223,9 +223,9 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_eye<'ctx>(
        .build_int_s_extend_or_bit_cast(offset_arg.into_int_value(), llvm_usize, "")
        .unwrap();

-    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, 2)
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(context, llvm_dtype, 2)
        .construct_numpy_eye(generator, context, dtype, nrows, ncols, offset, None);
-    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+    Ok(ndarray.as_abi_value(context))
 }

 /// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.identity`.
@ -244,16 +244,16 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_identity<'ctx>(

    let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut context.unifier, fun.0.ret);

-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(context.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = context.get_size_type();
    let llvm_dtype = context.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);

    let n = context
        .builder
        .build_int_s_extend_or_bit_cast(n_arg.into_int_value(), llvm_usize, "")
        .unwrap();
-    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, context.ctx, llvm_dtype, 2)
+    let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(context, llvm_dtype, 2)
        .construct_numpy_identity(generator, context, dtype, n, None);
-    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+    Ok(ndarray.as_abi_value(context))
 }

 /// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.copy`.
@ -272,9 +272,9 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_copy<'ctx>(
        obj.as_ref().unwrap().1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, this_ty)?;

    let this = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, context, this_ty)
-        .map_value(this_arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
+        .map_pointer_value(this_arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
    let ndarray = this.make_copy(generator, context);
-    Ok(ndarray.as_base_value())
+    Ok(ndarray.as_abi_value(context))
 }

 /// Generates LLVM IR for `ndarray.fill`.
@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ pub fn gen_ndarray_fill<'ctx>(
    let value_arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(context, generator, value_ty)?;

    let this = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, context, this_ty)
-        .map_value(this_arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
+        .map_pointer_value(this_arg.into_pointer_value(), None);
    this.fill(generator, context, value_arg);
    Ok(())
 }
@ -316,8 +316,10 @@ pub fn ndarray_dot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(

    match (x1, x2) {
        (BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(n1), BasicValueEnum::PointerValue(n2)) => {
-            let a = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_value(n1, None);
-            let b = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x2_ty).map_value(n2, None);
+            let a =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x1_ty).map_pointer_value(n1, None);
+            let b =
+                NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, x2_ty).map_pointer_value(n2, None);

            // TODO: General `np.dot()` https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.dot.html.
            assert_eq!(a.get_type().ndims(), 1);
@ -325,8 +327,8 @@ pub fn ndarray_dot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            let common_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, x1_ty);

            // Check shapes.
-            let a_size = a.size(generator, ctx);
-            let b_size = b.size(generator, ctx);
+            let a_size = a.size(ctx);
+            let b_size = b.size(ctx);
            let same_shape =
                ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, a_size, b_size, "").unwrap();
            ctx.make_assert(
@ -349,13 +351,13 @@ pub fn ndarray_dot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                ctx,
                Some("np_dot"),
                |generator, ctx| {
-                    let a_iter = NDIterType::new(generator, ctx.ctx).construct(generator, ctx, a);
-                    let b_iter = NDIterType::new(generator, ctx.ctx).construct(generator, ctx, b);
+                    let a_iter = NDIterType::new(ctx).construct(generator, ctx, a);
+                    let b_iter = NDIterType::new(ctx).construct(generator, ctx, b);
                    Ok((a_iter, b_iter))
                },
-                |generator, ctx, (a_iter, _b_iter)| {
+                |_, ctx, (a_iter, _b_iter)| {
                    // Only a_iter drives the condition, b_iter should have the same status.
-                    Ok(a_iter.has_element(generator, ctx))
+                    Ok(a_iter.has_element(ctx))
                },
                |_, ctx, _hooks, (a_iter, b_iter)| {
                    let a_scalar = a_iter.get_scalar(ctx);
@ -385,9 +387,9 @@ pub fn ndarray_dot<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                    ctx.builder.build_store(result, new_result).unwrap();
                    Ok(())
                },
-                |generator, ctx, (a_iter, b_iter)| {
-                    a_iter.next(generator, ctx);
-                    b_iter.next(generator, ctx);
+                |_, ctx, (a_iter, b_iter)| {
+                    a_iter.next(ctx);
+                    b_iter.next(ctx);
                    Ok(())
                },
            )
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/stmt.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/stmt.rs
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use inkwell::{
    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
    basic_block::BasicBlock,
+    builder::Builder,
    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, FunctionValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
    IntPredicate,
@ -16,10 +17,10 @@ use super::{
    gen_in_range_check,
    irrt::{handle_slice_indices, list_slice_assignment},
    macros::codegen_unreachable,
-    types::ndarray::NDArrayType,
+    types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, RangeType},
    values::{
        ndarray::{RustNDIndex, ScalarOrNDArray},
-        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, ProxyValue, RangeValue,
+        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, ProxyValue,
    },
    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
 };
@ -306,7 +307,7 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.list.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
        {
            // Handle list item assignment
-            let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+            let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
            let target_item_ty = iter_type_vars(list_params).next().unwrap().ty;

            let target = generator
@ -367,10 +368,8 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    .unwrap()
                    .to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, key_ty)?
                    .into_int_value();
-                let index = ctx
-                    .builder
-                    .build_int_s_extend(index, generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx), "sext")
-                    .unwrap();
+                let index =
+                    ctx.builder.build_int_s_extend(index, ctx.get_size_type(), "sext").unwrap();

                // handle negative index
                let is_negative = ctx
@ -378,7 +377,7 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
                    .build_int_compare(
                        IntPredicate::SLT,
                        index,
-                        generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx).const_zero(),
+                        ctx.get_size_type().const_zero(),
                        "is_neg",
                    )
                    .unwrap();
@ -441,7 +440,7 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            // ```

            let target = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, target_ty)
-                .map_value(target.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                .map_pointer_value(target.into_pointer_value(), None);
            let target = target.index(generator, ctx, &key);

            let value = ScalarOrNDArray::from_value(generator, ctx, (value_ty, value))
@ -450,8 +449,7 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            let broadcast_ndims =
                [target.get_type().ndims(), value.get_type().ndims()].into_iter().max().unwrap();
            let broadcast_result = NDArrayType::new(
-                generator,
-                ctx.ctx,
+                ctx,
                value.get_type().element_type(),
                broadcast_ndims,
            )
@ -460,7 +458,7 @@ pub fn gen_setitem<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
            let target = broadcast_result.ndarrays[0];
            let value = broadcast_result.ndarrays[1];

-            target.copy_data_from(generator, ctx, value);
+            target.copy_data_from(ctx, value);
        }
        _ => {
            panic!("encountered unknown target type: {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(target_ty));
@ -484,7 +482,7 @@ pub fn gen_for<G: CodeGenerator>(
    let var_assignment = ctx.var_assignment.clone();

    let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let size_t = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let size_t = ctx.get_size_type();
    let zero = int32.const_zero();
    let current = ctx.builder.get_insert_block().and_then(BasicBlock::get_parent).unwrap();
    let body_bb = ctx.ctx.append_basic_block(current, "for.body");
@ -513,7 +511,7 @@ pub fn gen_for<G: CodeGenerator>(
            if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.range.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
        {
            let iter_val =
-                RangeValue::from_pointer_value(iter_val.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
+                RangeType::new(ctx).map_pointer_value(iter_val.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
            // Internal variable for loop; Cannot be assigned
            let i = generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, int32.into(), Some("for.i.addr"))?;
            // Variable declared in "target" expression of the loop; Can be reassigned *or* shadowed
@ -665,11 +663,25 @@ pub fn gen_for<G: CodeGenerator>(
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash)]
 pub struct BreakContinueHooks<'ctx> {
    /// The [exit block][`BasicBlock`] to branch to when `break`-ing out of a loop.
-    pub exit_bb: BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    exit_bb: BasicBlock<'ctx>,

    /// The [latch basic block][`BasicBlock`] to branch to for `continue`-ing to the next iteration
    /// of the loop.
-    pub latch_bb: BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    latch_bb: BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> BreakContinueHooks<'ctx> {
+    /// Creates a [`br` instruction][Builder::build_unconditional_branch] to the exit
+    /// [`BasicBlock`], as if by calling `break`.
+    pub fn build_break_branch(&self, builder: &Builder<'ctx>) {
+        builder.build_unconditional_branch(self.exit_bb).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a [`br` instruction][Builder::build_unconditional_branch] to the latch
+    /// [`BasicBlock`], as if by calling `continue`.
+    pub fn build_continue_branch(&self, builder: &Builder<'ctx>) {
+        builder.build_unconditional_branch(self.latch_bb).unwrap();
+    }
 }

 /// Generates a C-style `for` construct using lambdas, similar to the following C code:
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs
@ -97,7 +97,8 @@ fn test_primitives() {
        "};
    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();

-    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
+    let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
    let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
    let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
    let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ fn test_primitives() {
        Arc::new(Resolver { id_to_type: HashMap::new(), id_to_def: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()) })
            as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;

-    let threads = vec![DefaultCodeGenerator::new("test".into(), 32).into()];
+    let threads = vec![DefaultCodeGenerator::new("test".into(), context.i64_type()).into()];
    let signature = FunSignature {
        args: vec![
            FuncArg {
@ -260,7 +261,8 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
        "};
    let statements_2 = parse_program(source_2, FileName::default()).unwrap();

-    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
+    let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
    let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
    let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
    let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
@ -307,7 +309,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
        unreachable!()
    }

-    let threads = vec![DefaultCodeGenerator::new("test".into(), 32).into()];
+    let threads = vec![DefaultCodeGenerator::new("test".into(), context.i64_type()).into()];
    let mut function_data = FunctionData {
        resolver: resolver.clone(),
        bound_variables: Vec::new(),
@ -439,31 +441,34 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
 #[test]
 fn test_classes_list_type_new() {
    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
-    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), 64);
+    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), ctx.i64_type());

    let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);

-    let llvm_list = ListType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
-    assert!(ListType::is_representable(llvm_list.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+    let llvm_list = ListType::new_with_generator(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into());
+    assert!(ListType::is_representable(llvm_list.as_abi_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
 }

 #[test]
 fn test_classes_range_type_new() {
    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), ctx.i64_type());

-    let llvm_range = RangeType::new(&ctx);
-    assert!(RangeType::is_representable(llvm_range.as_base_type()).is_ok());
+    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);
+
+    let llvm_range = RangeType::new_with_generator(&generator, &ctx);
+    assert!(RangeType::is_representable(llvm_range.as_abi_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
 }

 #[test]
 fn test_classes_ndarray_type_new() {
    let ctx = inkwell::context::Context::create();
-    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), 64);
+    let generator = DefaultCodeGenerator::new(String::new(), ctx.i64_type());

    let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(&ctx);

-    let llvm_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into(), 2);
-    assert!(NDArrayType::is_representable(llvm_ndarray.as_base_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
+    let llvm_ndarray = NDArrayType::new_with_generator(&generator, &ctx, llvm_i32.into(), 2);
+    assert!(NDArrayType::is_representable(llvm_ndarray.as_abi_type(), llvm_usize).is_ok());
 }
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/list.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/list.rs
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use inkwell::{
-    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    context::Context,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType, StructType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ use crate::{
    codegen::{
        types::structure::{
            check_struct_type_matches_fields, FieldIndexCounter, StructField, StructFields,
+            StructProxyType,
        },
-        values::{ListValue, ProxyValue},
+        values::ListValue,
        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
    },
    typecheck::typedef::{iter_type_vars, Type, TypeEnum},
@ -56,47 +57,12 @@ impl<'ctx> ListStructFields<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ListType<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `list` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
-        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
-
-        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
-        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
-            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `list` type, got {llvm_ty}"));
-        };
-
-        let fields = ListStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
-
-        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
-            fields,
-            llvm_ty,
-            "list",
-            &[(fields.items.name(), &|ty| {
-                if ty.is_pointer_type() {
-                    Ok(())
-                } else {
-                    Err(format!("Expected T* for `list.items`, got {ty}"))
-                }
-            })],
-        )
-    }
-
    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
    #[must_use]
    fn fields(item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> ListStructFields<'ctx> {
        ListStructFields::new_typed(item, llvm_usize)
    }

-    /// See [`ListType::fields`].
-    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_fields(&self, _ctx: &impl AsContextRef<'ctx>) -> ListStructFields<'ctx> {
-        Self::fields(self.item.unwrap_or(self.llvm_usize.into()), self.llvm_usize)
-    }
-
    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `List`.
    #[must_use]
    fn llvm_type(
@ -104,7 +70,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ListType<'ctx> {
        element_type: Option<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
-        let element_type = element_type.unwrap_or(llvm_usize.into());
+        let element_type = element_type.map_or(llvm_usize.into(), |ty| ty.as_basic_type_enum());

        let field_tys =
            Self::fields(element_type, llvm_usize).into_iter().map(|field| field.1).collect_vec();
@ -112,26 +78,45 @@ impl<'ctx> ListType<'ctx> {
        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
    }

+    fn new_impl(
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        element_type: Option<BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_list = Self::llvm_type(ctx, element_type, llvm_usize);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_list, item: element_type, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
    /// Creates an instance of [`ListType`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    pub fn new(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, element_type: &impl BasicType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, Some(element_type.as_basic_type_enum()), ctx.get_size_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`ListType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        generator: &G,
        ctx: &'ctx Context,
        element_type: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
    ) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
-        let llvm_list = Self::llvm_type(ctx, Some(element_type), llvm_usize);
-
-        Self { ty: llvm_list, item: Some(element_type), llvm_usize }
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, Some(element_type.as_basic_type_enum()), generator.get_size_type(ctx))
    }

    /// Creates an instance of [`ListType`] with an unknown element type.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new_untyped<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
-        let llvm_list = Self::llvm_type(ctx, None, llvm_usize);
+    pub fn new_untyped(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, None, ctx.get_size_type())
+    }

-        Self { ty: llvm_list, item: None, llvm_usize }
+    /// Creates an instance of [`ListType`] with an unknown element type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_untyped_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, None, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
    }

    /// Creates an [`ListType`] from a [unifier type][Type].
@ -152,24 +137,26 @@ impl<'ctx> ListType<'ctx> {
            _ => panic!("Expected `list` type, but got {}", ctx.unifier.stringify(ty)),
        };

-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+        let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
        let llvm_elem_type = if let TypeEnum::TVar { .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty) {
            None
        } else {
            Some(ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_type))
        };

-        Self {
-            ty: Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, llvm_elem_type, llvm_usize),
-            item: llvm_elem_type,
-            llvm_usize,
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, llvm_elem_type, llvm_usize)
    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ListType`] from a [`StructType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_type(ty: StructType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::from_pointer_type(ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), llvm_usize)
    }

    /// Creates an [`ListType`] from a [`PointerType`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+    pub fn from_pointer_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::has_same_repr(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        let ctx = ptr_ty.get_context();

@ -273,7 +260,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ListType<'ctx> {
        }

        let plist = self.alloca_var(generator, ctx, name);
-        plist.store_size(ctx, generator, len);
+        plist.store_size(ctx, len);

        let item = self.item.unwrap_or(self.llvm_usize.into());
        plist.create_data(ctx, item, None);
@ -300,7 +287,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ListType<'ctx> {
    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
        let plist = self.alloca_var(generator, ctx, name);

-        plist.store_size(ctx, generator, self.llvm_usize.const_zero());
+        plist.store_size(ctx, self.llvm_usize.const_zero());
        plist.create_data(ctx, self.item.unwrap_or(self.llvm_usize.into()), None);

        plist
@ -308,9 +295,27 @@ impl<'ctx> ListType<'ctx> {

    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ListValue`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn map_value(
+    pub fn map_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        &self,
-        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_struct_value(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            value,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ListValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_pointer_value(
+        &self,
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
@ -318,36 +323,64 @@ impl<'ctx> ListType<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for ListType<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Value = ListValue<'ctx>;

-    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    fn is_representable(
        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
-            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+            Self::has_same_repr(ty, llvm_usize)
        } else {
            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
        }
    }

-    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    fn has_same_repr(ty: Self::Base, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ty = ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `list` type, got {llvm_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        let fields = ListStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            fields,
+            llvm_ty,
+            "list",
+            &[(fields.items.name(), &|ty| {
+                if ty.is_pointer_type() {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected T* for `list.items`, got {ty}"))
+                }
+            })],
+        )
    }

    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
-        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+        self.as_abi_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
    }

    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.ty
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_type(&self) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyType<'ctx> for ListType<'ctx> {
+    type StructFields = ListStructFields<'ctx>;
+
+    fn get_fields(&self) -> Self::StructFields {
+        Self::fields(self.item.unwrap_or(self.llvm_usize.into()), self.llvm_usize)
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> From<ListType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/mod.rs
@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 //!   on the stack.

 use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::BasicType,
+    types::{BasicType, IntType},
    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
 };

@ -39,25 +38,24 @@ pub mod utils;

 /// A LLVM type that is used to represent a corresponding type in NAC3.
 pub trait ProxyType<'ctx>: Into<Self::Base> {
-    /// The LLVM type of which values of this type possess. This is usually a
-    /// [LLVM pointer type][PointerType] for any non-primitive types.
+    /// The ABI type of which values of this type possess.
+    type ABI: BasicType<'ctx>;
+
+    /// The LLVM type of which values of this type possess.
    type Base: BasicType<'ctx>;

    /// The type of values represented by this type.
    type Value: ProxyValue<'ctx, Type = Self>;

-    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` can be represented by this [`ProxyType`].
+    fn is_representable(
        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Result<(), String>;

-    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` can be represented by this [`ProxyType`].
-    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
-    ) -> Result<(), String>;
+    /// Checks whether the type represented by `ty` expresses the same type represented by this
+    /// [`ProxyType`].
+    fn has_same_repr(ty: Self::Base, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String>;

    /// Returns the type that should be used in `alloca` IR statements.
    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx>;
@ -122,4 +120,10 @@ pub trait ProxyType<'ctx>: Into<Self::Base> {

    /// Returns the [base type][Self::Base] of this proxy.
    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base;
+
+    /// Returns this proxy as its ABI type, i.e. the expected type representation if a value of this
+    /// [`ProxyType`] is being passed into or returned from a function.
+    ///
+    /// See [`CodeGenContext::get_llvm_abi_type`].
+    fn as_abi_type(&self) -> Self::ABI;
 }
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/array.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/array.rs
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
        assert!(self.ndims >= ndims_int);
        assert_eq!(dtype, self.dtype);

-        let list_value = list.as_i8_list(generator, ctx);
+        let list_value = list.as_i8_list(ctx);

        // Validate `list` has a consistent shape.
        // Raise an exception if `list` is something abnormal like `[[1, 2], [3]]`.
@ -61,15 +61,13 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
            generator, ctx, list_value, ndims, &shape,
        );

-        let ndarray = Self::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype, ndims_int)
-            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+        let ndarray =
+            Self::new(ctx, dtype, ndims_int).construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
        ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator));
        unsafe { ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx) };

        // Copy all contents from the list.
-        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array(
-            generator, ctx, list_value, ndarray,
-        );
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_array_write_list_to_array(ctx, list_value, ndarray);

        ndarray
    }
@ -98,8 +96,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {

            let llvm_pi8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());

-            let ndarray = Self::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype, 1)
-                .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+            let ndarray = Self::new(ctx, dtype, 1).construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);

            // Set data
            let data = ctx
@ -116,7 +113,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
            }

            // Set strides, the `data` is contiguous
-            ndarray.set_strides_contiguous(generator, ctx);
+            ndarray.set_strides_contiguous(ctx);

            ndarray
        } else {
@ -154,7 +151,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
                    (list_ty, list),
                    name,
                );
-                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_base_value()))
+                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx)))
            },
            |generator, ctx| {
                let ndarray = self.construct_numpy_array_from_list_copy_none_impl(
@ -163,14 +160,14 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
                    (list_ty, list),
                    name,
                );
-                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_base_value()))
+                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx)))
            },
        )
        .unwrap()
        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
        .unwrap();

-        NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype, ndims).map_value(ndarray, None)
+        NDArrayType::new(ctx, dtype, ndims).map_pointer_value(ndarray, None)
    }

    /// Implementation of `np_array(<ndarray>, copy=copy)`.
@ -192,18 +189,18 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
            |_generator, _ctx| Ok(copy),
            |generator, ctx| {
                let ndarray = ndarray.make_copy(generator, ctx); // Force copy
-                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_base_value()))
+                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx)))
            },
-            |_generator, _ctx| {
+            |_generator, ctx| {
                // No need to copy. Return `ndarray` itself.
-                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_base_value()))
+                Ok(Some(ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx)))
            },
        )
        .unwrap()
        .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
        .unwrap();

-        ndarray.get_type().map_value(ndarray_val, name)
+        ndarray.get_type().map_pointer_value(ndarray_val, name)
    }

    /// Create a new ndarray like
@ -225,7 +222,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.list.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
            {
                let list = ListType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, object_ty)
-                    .map_value(object.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                    .map_pointer_value(object.into_pointer_value(), None);
                self.construct_numpy_array_list_impl(generator, ctx, (object_ty, list), copy, name)
            }

@ -233,7 +230,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.ndarray.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
            {
                let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, object_ty)
-                    .map_value(object.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                    .map_pointer_value(object.into_pointer_value(), None);
                self.construct_numpy_array_ndarray_impl(generator, ctx, ndarray, copy, name)
            }

--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/broadcast.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/broadcast.rs
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use inkwell::{
    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType, StructType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ use nac3core_derive::StructFields;

 use crate::codegen::{
    types::{
-        structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields},
+        structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields, StructProxyType},
        ProxyType,
    },
-    values::{ndarray::ShapeEntryValue, ProxyValue},
+    values::ndarray::ShapeEntryValue,
    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
 };

@ -32,28 +32,6 @@ pub struct ShapeEntryStructFields<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ShapeEntryType<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a [`ShapeEntryType`], returning [Err] if it does not.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
-        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
-
-        let llvm_ndarray_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
-        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ndarray_ty else {
-            return Err(format!(
-                "Expected struct type for `ShapeEntry` type, got {llvm_ndarray_ty}"
-            ));
-        };
-
-        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
-            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize),
-            llvm_ndarray_ty,
-            "NDArray",
-            &[],
-        )
-    }
-
    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
    #[must_use]
    fn fields(
@ -63,13 +41,6 @@ impl<'ctx> ShapeEntryType<'ctx> {
        ShapeEntryStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
    }

-    /// See [`ShapeEntryStructFields::fields`].
-    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_fields(&self, ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>) -> ShapeEntryStructFields<'ctx> {
-        Self::fields(ctx, self.llvm_usize)
-    }
-
    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `ShapeEntry`.
    #[must_use]
    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
@ -79,19 +50,37 @@ impl<'ctx> ShapeEntryType<'ctx> {
        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
    }

-    /// Creates an instance of [`ShapeEntryType`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+    fn new_impl(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
        let llvm_ty = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);

        Self { ty: llvm_ty, llvm_usize }
    }

+    /// Creates an instance of [`ShapeEntryType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, ctx.get_size_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`ShapeEntryType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a [`ShapeEntryType`] from a [`StructType`] representing an `ShapeEntry`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_type(ty: StructType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::from_pointer_type(ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), llvm_usize)
+    }
+
    /// Creates a [`ShapeEntryType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `ShapeEntry`.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+    pub fn from_pointer_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::has_same_repr(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        Self { ty: ptr_ty, llvm_usize }
    }
@ -127,9 +116,27 @@ impl<'ctx> ShapeEntryType<'ctx> {

    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ShapeEntryValue`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn map_value(
+    pub fn map_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        &self,
-        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_struct_value(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            value,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ShapeEntryValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_pointer_value(
+        &self,
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
@ -137,36 +144,58 @@ impl<'ctx> ShapeEntryType<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for ShapeEntryType<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Value = ShapeEntryValue<'ctx>;

-    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    fn is_representable(
        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
-            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+            Self::has_same_repr(ty, llvm_usize)
        } else {
            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
        }
    }

-    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    fn has_same_repr(ty: Self::Base, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ndarray_ty = ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ndarray_ty else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected struct type for `ShapeEntry` type, got {llvm_ndarray_ty}"
+            ));
+        };
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize),
+            llvm_ndarray_ty,
+            "NDArray",
+            &[],
+        )
    }

    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
-        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+        self.as_abi_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
    }

    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.ty
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_type(&self) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyType<'ctx> for ShapeEntryType<'ctx> {
+    type StructFields = ShapeEntryStructFields<'ctx>;
+
+    fn get_fields(&self) -> Self::StructFields {
+        Self::fields(self.ty.get_context(), self.llvm_usize)
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> From<ShapeEntryType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/contiguous.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/contiguous.rs
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use inkwell::{
    context::Context,
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType, StructType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ use crate::{
        types::{
            structure::{
                check_struct_type_matches_fields, FieldIndexCounter, StructField, StructFields,
+                StructProxyType,
            },
            ProxyType,
        },
-        values::{ndarray::ContiguousNDArrayValue, ProxyValue},
+        values::ndarray::ContiguousNDArrayValue,
        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
    },
    toplevel::numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys,
@ -58,36 +59,6 @@ impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `ndarray` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
-        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
-
-        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
-        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
-            return Err(format!(
-                "Expected struct type for `ContiguousNDArray` type, got {llvm_ty}"
-            ));
-        };
-
-        let fields = ContiguousNDArrayStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
-
-        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
-            fields,
-            llvm_ty,
-            "ContiguousNDArray",
-            &[(fields.data.name(), &|ty| {
-                if ty.is_pointer_type() {
-                    Ok(())
-                } else {
-                    Err(format!("Expected T* for `ContiguousNDArray.data`, got {ty}"))
-                }
-            })],
-        )
-    }
-
    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
    #[must_use]
    fn fields(
@ -97,13 +68,6 @@ impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
        ContiguousNDArrayStructFields::new_typed(item, llvm_usize)
    }

-    /// See [`NDArrayType::fields`].
-    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_fields(&self) -> ContiguousNDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
-        Self::fields(self.item, self.llvm_usize)
-    }
-
    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of an `NDArray`.
    #[must_use]
    fn llvm_type(
@ -117,17 +81,26 @@ impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
    }

+    fn new_impl(ctx: &'ctx Context, item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        let llvm_cndarray = Self::llvm_type(ctx, item, llvm_usize);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_cndarray, item, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
    /// Creates an instance of [`ContiguousNDArrayType`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    pub fn new(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, item: &impl BasicType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, item.as_basic_type_enum(), ctx.get_size_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`ContiguousNDArrayType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        generator: &G,
        ctx: &'ctx Context,
        item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
    ) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
-        let llvm_cndarray = Self::llvm_type(ctx, item, llvm_usize);
-
-        Self { ty: llvm_cndarray, item, llvm_usize }
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, item, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
    }

    /// Creates an [`ContiguousNDArrayType`] from a [unifier type][Type].
@ -140,19 +113,28 @@ impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
        let (dtype, _) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);

        let llvm_dtype = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);

-        Self { ty: Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, llvm_dtype, llvm_usize), item: llvm_dtype, llvm_usize }
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, llvm_dtype, ctx.get_size_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`ContiguousNDArrayType`] from a [`StructType`] representing an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_type(
+        ty: StructType<'ctx>,
+        item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::from_pointer_type(ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), item, llvm_usize)
    }

    /// Creates an [`ContiguousNDArrayType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `NDArray`.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn from_type(
+    pub fn from_pointer_type(
        ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
        item: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+        debug_assert!(Self::has_same_repr(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        Self { ty: ptr_ty, item, llvm_usize }
    }
@ -196,9 +178,28 @@ impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {

    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn map_value(
+    pub fn map_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        &self,
-        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_struct_value(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            value,
+            self.item,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_pointer_value(
+        &self,
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
@ -211,36 +212,66 @@ impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Value = ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx>;

-    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    fn is_representable(
        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
-            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+            Self::has_same_repr(ty, llvm_usize)
        } else {
            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
        }
    }

-    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    fn has_same_repr(ty: Self::Base, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ty = ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected struct type for `ContiguousNDArray` type, got {llvm_ty}"
+            ));
+        };
+
+        let fields = ContiguousNDArrayStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            fields,
+            llvm_ty,
+            "ContiguousNDArray",
+            &[(fields.data.name(), &|ty| {
+                if ty.is_pointer_type() {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    Err(format!("Expected T* for `ContiguousNDArray.data`, got {ty}"))
+                }
+            })],
+        )
    }

    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
-        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+        self.as_abi_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
    }

    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.ty
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_type(&self) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyType<'ctx> for ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    type StructFields = ContiguousNDArrayStructFields<'ctx>;
+
+    fn get_fields(&self) -> Self::StructFields {
+        Self::fields(self.item, self.llvm_usize)
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> From<ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/indexing.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/indexing.rs
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use inkwell::{
    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType, StructType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ use nac3core_derive::StructFields;

 use crate::codegen::{
    types::{
-        structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields},
+        structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields, StructProxyType},
        ProxyType,
    },
    values::{
        ndarray::{NDIndexValue, RustNDIndex},
-        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue,
+        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArraySliceValue,
    },
    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
 };
@ -35,25 +35,6 @@ pub struct NDIndexStructFields<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> NDIndexType<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `ndindex` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
-        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
-
-        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
-        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
-            return Err(format!(
-                "Expected struct type for `ContiguousNDArray` type, got {llvm_ty}"
-            ));
-        };
-
-        let fields = NDIndexStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
-
-        check_struct_type_matches_fields(fields, llvm_ty, "NDIndex", &[])
-    }
-
    #[must_use]
    fn fields(
        ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>,
@ -62,11 +43,6 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIndexType<'ctx> {
        NDIndexStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
    }

-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_fields(&self) -> NDIndexStructFields<'ctx> {
-        Self::fields(self.ty.get_context(), self.llvm_usize)
-    }
-
    #[must_use]
    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
        let field_tys =
@ -75,17 +51,33 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIndexType<'ctx> {
        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
    }

-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+    fn new_impl(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
        let llvm_ndindex = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);

        Self { ty: llvm_ndindex, llvm_usize }
    }

    #[must_use]
-    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+    pub fn new(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, ctx.get_size_type())
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_type(ty: StructType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::from_pointer_type(ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_pointer_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::has_same_repr(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        Self { ty: ptr_ty, llvm_usize }
    }
@ -156,9 +148,26 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIndexType<'ctx> {
    }

    #[must_use]
-    pub fn map_value(
+    pub fn map_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        &self,
-        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_struct_value(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            value,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_pointer_value(
+        &self,
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
@ -166,36 +175,55 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIndexType<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for NDIndexType<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Value = NDIndexValue<'ctx>;

-    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    fn is_representable(
        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
-            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+            Self::has_same_repr(ty, llvm_usize)
        } else {
            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
        }
    }

-    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    fn has_same_repr(ty: Self::Base, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ty = ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected struct type for `ContiguousNDArray` type, got {llvm_ty}"
+            ));
+        };
+
+        let fields = NDIndexStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(fields, llvm_ty, "NDIndex", &[])
    }

    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
-        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+        self.as_abi_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
    }

    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.ty
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_type(&self) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyType<'ctx> for NDIndexType<'ctx> {
+    type StructFields = NDIndexStructFields<'ctx>;
+
+    fn get_fields(&self) -> Self::StructFields {
+        Self::fields(self.ty.get_context(), self.llvm_usize)
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> From<NDIndexType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/map.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/map.rs
@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
        let out_ndarray = match out {
            NDArrayOut::NewNDArray { dtype } => {
                // Create a new ndarray based on the broadcast shape.
-                let result_ndarray =
-                    NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, dtype, broadcast_result.ndims)
+                let result_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(ctx, dtype, broadcast_result.ndims)
                    .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);
                result_ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(
                    generator,
@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
        };

        // Map element-wise and store results into `mapped_ndarray`.
-        let nditer = NDIterType::new(generator, ctx.ctx).construct(generator, ctx, out_ndarray);
+        let nditer = NDIterType::new(ctx).construct(generator, ctx, out_ndarray);
        gen_for_callback(
            generator,
            ctx,
@ -80,16 +79,14 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
                let other_nditers = broadcast_result
                    .ndarrays
                    .iter()
-                    .map(|ndarray| {
-                        NDIterType::new(generator, ctx.ctx).construct(generator, ctx, *ndarray)
-                    })
+                    .map(|ndarray| NDIterType::new(ctx).construct(generator, ctx, *ndarray))
                    .collect_vec();
                Ok((nditer, other_nditers))
            },
-            |generator, ctx, (out_nditer, _in_nditers)| {
+            |_, ctx, (out_nditer, _in_nditers)| {
                // We can simply use `out_nditer`'s `has_element()`.
                // `in_nditers`' `has_element()`s should return the same value.
-                Ok(out_nditer.has_element(generator, ctx))
+                Ok(out_nditer.has_element(ctx))
            },
            |generator, ctx, _hooks, (out_nditer, in_nditers)| {
                // Get all the scalars from the broadcasted input ndarrays, pass them to `mapping`,
@ -104,10 +101,10 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {

                Ok(())
            },
-            |generator, ctx, (out_nditer, in_nditers)| {
+            |_, ctx, (out_nditer, in_nditers)| {
                // Advance all iterators
-                out_nditer.next(generator, ctx);
-                in_nditers.iter().for_each(|nditer| nditer.next(generator, ctx));
+                out_nditer.next(ctx);
+                in_nditers.iter().for_each(|nditer| nditer.next(ctx));
                Ok(())
            },
        )?;
@ -169,8 +166,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx> {
            // Promote all input to ndarrays and map through them.
            let inputs = inputs.iter().map(|input| input.to_ndarray(generator, ctx)).collect_vec();
            let ndarray = NDArrayType::new_broadcast(
-                generator,
-                ctx.ctx,
+                ctx,
                ret_dtype,
                &inputs.iter().map(NDArrayValue::get_type).collect_vec(),
            )
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/mod.rs
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use inkwell::{
    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
-    values::{BasicValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType, StructType},
+    values::{BasicValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ use itertools::Itertools;
 use nac3core_derive::StructFields;

 use super::{
-    structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields},
+    structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields, StructProxyType},
    ProxyType,
 };
 use crate::{
    codegen::{
-        values::{ndarray::NDArrayValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeMutator},
+        values::{ndarray::NDArrayValue, TypedArrayLikeMutator},
        {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
    },
    toplevel::{helper::extract_ndims, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
@ -62,26 +62,6 @@ pub struct NDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `ndarray` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
-        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
-
-        let llvm_ndarray_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
-        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ndarray_ty else {
-            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `NDArray` type, got {llvm_ndarray_ty}"));
-        };
-
-        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
-            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize),
-            llvm_ndarray_ty,
-            "NDArray",
-            &[],
-        )
-    }
-
    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
    #[must_use]
    fn fields(
@ -91,13 +71,6 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
        NDArrayStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
    }

-    /// See [`NDArrayType::fields`].
-    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_fields(&self, ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>) -> NDArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
-        Self::fields(ctx, self.llvm_usize)
-    }
-
    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of an `NDArray`.
    #[must_use]
    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
@ -107,24 +80,56 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
    }

-    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
+    fn new_impl(
        ctx: &'ctx Context,
        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
        ndims: u64,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
        let llvm_ndarray = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);

        NDArrayType { ty: llvm_ndarray, dtype, ndims, llvm_usize }
    }

+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>, ndims: u64) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, dtype, ndims, ctx.get_size_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        ndims: u64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, dtype, ndims, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`] as a result of a broadcast operation over one or more
    /// `ndarray` operands.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new_broadcast<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    pub fn new_broadcast(
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        inputs: &[NDArrayType<'ctx>],
+    ) -> Self {
+        assert!(!inputs.is_empty());
+
+        Self::new_impl(
+            ctx.ctx,
+            dtype,
+            inputs.iter().map(NDArrayType::ndims).max().unwrap(),
+            ctx.get_size_type(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`] as a result of a broadcast operation over one or more
+    /// `ndarray` operands.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_broadcast_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        generator: &G,
        ctx: &'ctx Context,
        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
@ -132,20 +137,28 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
    ) -> Self {
        assert!(!inputs.is_empty());

-        Self::new(generator, ctx, dtype, inputs.iter().map(NDArrayType::ndims).max().unwrap())
+        Self::new_impl(
+            ctx,
+            dtype,
+            inputs.iter().map(NDArrayType::ndims).max().unwrap(),
+            generator.get_size_type(ctx),
+        )
    }

    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`] with `ndims` of 0.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new_unsized<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    pub fn new_unsized(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, dtype, 0, ctx.get_size_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDArrayType`] with `ndims` of 0.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_unsized_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        generator: &G,
        ctx: &'ctx Context,
        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
    ) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
-        let llvm_ndarray = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);
-
-        NDArrayType { ty: llvm_ndarray, dtype, ndims: 0, llvm_usize }
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, dtype, 0, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
    }

    /// Creates an [`NDArrayType`] from a [unifier type][Type].
@ -158,26 +171,31 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
        let (dtype, ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(&mut ctx.unifier, ty);

        let llvm_dtype = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype);
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
        let ndims = extract_ndims(&ctx.unifier, ndims);

-        NDArrayType {
-            ty: Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, llvm_usize),
-            dtype: llvm_dtype,
-            ndims,
-            llvm_usize,
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, llvm_dtype, ndims, ctx.get_size_type())
    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`NDArrayType`] from a [`StructType`] representing an `NDArray`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_type(
+        ty: StructType<'ctx>,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        ndims: u64,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::from_pointer_type(ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), dtype, ndims, llvm_usize)
    }

    /// Creates an [`NDArrayType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `NDArray`.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn from_type(
+    pub fn from_pointer_type(
        ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
        ndims: u64,
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+        debug_assert!(Self::has_same_repr(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        NDArrayType { ty: ptr_ty, dtype, ndims, llvm_usize }
    }
@ -259,9 +277,9 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
            .builder
            .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(self.dtype.size_of().unwrap(), self.llvm_usize, "")
            .unwrap();
-        ndarray.store_itemsize(ctx, generator, itemsize);
+        ndarray.store_itemsize(ctx, itemsize);

-        ndarray.store_ndims(ctx, generator, ndims);
+        ndarray.store_ndims(ctx, ndims);

        ndarray.create_shape(ctx, self.llvm_usize, ndims);
        ndarray.create_strides(ctx, self.llvm_usize, ndims);
@ -304,10 +322,10 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
        assert_eq!(shape.len() as u64, self.ndims);

-        let ndarray = Self::new(generator, ctx.ctx, self.dtype, shape.len() as u64)
+        let ndarray = Self::new(ctx, self.dtype, shape.len() as u64)
            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);

-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+        let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

        // Write shape
        let ndarray_shape = ndarray.shape();
@ -339,10 +357,10 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
        assert_eq!(shape.len() as u64, self.ndims);

-        let ndarray = Self::new(generator, ctx.ctx, self.dtype, shape.len() as u64)
+        let ndarray = Self::new(ctx, self.dtype, shape.len() as u64)
            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);

-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+        let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

        // Write shape
        let ndarray_shape = ndarray.shape();
@ -389,17 +407,37 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
            .build_pointer_cast(data, ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "")
            .unwrap();

-        let ndarray = Self::new_unsized(generator, ctx.ctx, value.get_type())
-            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
+        let ndarray =
+            Self::new_unsized(ctx, value.get_type()).construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, name);
        ctx.builder.build_store(ndarray.ptr_to_data(ctx), data).unwrap();
        ndarray
    }

    /// Converts an existing value into a [`NDArrayValue`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn map_value(
+    pub fn map_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        &self,
-        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_struct_value(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            value,
+            self.dtype,
+            self.ndims,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`NDArrayValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_pointer_value(
+        &self,
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
@ -413,36 +451,56 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Value = NDArrayValue<'ctx>;

-    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    fn is_representable(
        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
-            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+            Self::has_same_repr(ty, llvm_usize)
        } else {
            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
        }
    }

-    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    fn has_same_repr(ty: Self::Base, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ndarray_ty = ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ndarray_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `NDArray` type, got {llvm_ndarray_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize),
+            llvm_ndarray_ty,
+            "NDArray",
+            &[],
+        )
    }

    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
-        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+        self.as_abi_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
    }

    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.ty
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_type(&self) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyType<'ctx> for NDArrayType<'ctx> {
+    type StructFields = NDArrayStructFields<'ctx>;
+
+    fn get_fields(&self) -> Self::StructFields {
+        Self::fields(self.ty.get_context(), self.llvm_usize)
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> From<NDArrayType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/nditer.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/ndarray/nditer.rs
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use inkwell::{
    context::{AsContextRef, Context},
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType, StructType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ use nac3core_derive::StructFields;
 use super::ProxyType;
 use crate::codegen::{
    irrt,
-    types::structure::{check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields},
+    types::structure::{
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields, StructField, StructFields, StructProxyType,
+    },
    values::{
        ndarray::{NDArrayValue, NDIterValue},
        ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAdapter,
@ -44,39 +46,12 @@ pub struct NDIterStructFields<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> NDIterType<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `nditer` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
-        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
-
-        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
-        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ty else {
-            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `NDIter` type, got {llvm_ty}"));
-        };
-
-        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
-            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize),
-            llvm_ndarray_ty,
-            "NDIter",
-            &[],
-        )
-    }
-
    /// Returns an instance of [`StructFields`] containing all field accessors for this type.
    #[must_use]
    fn fields(ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> NDIterStructFields<'ctx> {
        NDIterStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize)
    }

-    /// See [`NDIterType::fields`].
-    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_fields(&self, ctx: impl AsContextRef<'ctx>) -> NDIterStructFields<'ctx> {
-        Self::fields(ctx, self.llvm_usize)
-    }
-
    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of an `NDIter`.
    #[must_use]
    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
@ -86,19 +61,37 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIterType<'ctx> {
        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
    }

-    /// Creates an instance of [`NDIter`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+    fn new_impl(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
        let llvm_nditer = Self::llvm_type(ctx, llvm_usize);

        Self { ty: llvm_nditer, llvm_usize }
    }

+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDIter`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, ctx.get_size_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`NDIter`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`NDIterType`] from a [`StructType`] representing an `NDIter`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_type(ty: StructType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::from_pointer_type(ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), llvm_usize)
+    }
+
    /// Creates an [`NDIterType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing an `NDIter`.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+    pub fn from_pointer_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::has_same_repr(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        Self { ty: ptr_ty, llvm_usize }
    }
@ -151,11 +144,6 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIterType<'ctx> {
    }

    /// Allocate an [`NDIter`] that iterates through the given `ndarray`.
-    ///
-    /// Note: This function allocates an array on the stack at the current builder location, which
-    /// may lead to stack explosion if called in a hot loop. Therefore, callers are recommended to
-    /// call `llvm.stacksave` before calling this function and call `llvm.stackrestore` after the
-    /// [`NDIter`] is no longer needed.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn construct<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        &self,
@ -172,7 +160,8 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIterType<'ctx> {
        let indices =
            TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(indices, |_, _, v| v.into_int_value(), |_, _, v| v.into());

-        let nditer = self.map_value(nditer, ndarray, indices.as_slice_value(ctx, generator), None);
+        let nditer =
+            self.map_pointer_value(nditer, ndarray, indices.as_slice_value(ctx, generator), None);

        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_nditer_initialize(generator, ctx, nditer, ndarray, &indices);

@ -180,9 +169,30 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIterType<'ctx> {
    }

    #[must_use]
-    pub fn map_value(
+    pub fn map_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        &self,
-        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        parent: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+        indices: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_struct_value(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            value,
+            parent,
+            indices,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_pointer_value(
+        &self,
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
        parent: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
        indices: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
@ -198,36 +208,56 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIterType<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for NDIterType<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Value = NDIterValue<'ctx>;

-    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    fn is_representable(
        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
-            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+            Self::has_same_repr(ty, llvm_usize)
        } else {
            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
        }
    }

-    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    fn has_same_repr(ty: Self::Base, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = ty.get_context();
+
+        let llvm_ty = ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ndarray_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `NDIter` type, got {llvm_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            Self::fields(ctx, llvm_usize),
+            llvm_ndarray_ty,
+            "NDIter",
+            &[],
+        )
    }

    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
-        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+        self.as_abi_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
    }

    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.ty
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_type(&self) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyType<'ctx> for NDIterType<'ctx> {
+    type StructFields = NDIterStructFields<'ctx>;
+
+    fn get_fields(&self) -> Self::StructFields {
+        Self::fields(self.ty.get_context(), self.llvm_usize)
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> From<NDIterType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/range.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/range.rs
@ -1,25 +1,167 @@
 use inkwell::{
    context::Context,
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, ArrayType, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{ArrayValue, PointerValue},
    AddressSpace,
 };

 use super::ProxyType;
-use crate::codegen::{
-    values::{ProxyValue, RangeValue},
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        values::RangeValue,
        {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    },
+    typecheck::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
 };

 /// Proxy type for a `range` type in LLVM.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RangeType<'ctx> {
    ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
 }

 impl<'ctx> RangeType<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `range` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
-    pub fn is_representable(llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let llvm_range_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
+    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `Range`.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        // typedef int32_t Range[3];
+        let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
+        llvm_i32.array_type(3).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+    }
+
+    fn new_impl(ctx: &'ctx Context, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        let llvm_range = Self::llvm_type(ctx);
+
+        RangeType { ty: llvm_range, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`RangeType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, ctx.get_size_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`RangeType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`RangeType`] from a [unifier type][Type].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_unifier_type(ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, ty: Type) -> Self {
+        // Check unifier type
+        assert!(
+            matches!(&*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty), TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.range.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap())
+        );
+
+        Self::new(ctx)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`RangeType`] from a [`ArrayType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_array_type(arr_ty: ArrayType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::from_pointer_type(arr_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`RangeType`] from a [`PointerType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_pointer_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::has_same_repr(ptr_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+
+        RangeType { ty: ptr_ty, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of all fields of this `range` type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn value_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_abi_type().get_element_type().into_array_type().get_element_type().into_int_type()
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`RangeValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca(ctx, name),
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates an instance of [`RangeValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca_var`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
+            self.raw_alloca_var(generator, ctx, name),
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`RangeValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_array_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: ArrayValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_array_value(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            value,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`RangeValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_pointer_value(
+        &self,
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for RangeType<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
+    type Value = RangeValue<'ctx>;
+
+    fn is_representable(
+        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
+            Self::has_same_repr(ty, llvm_usize)
+        } else {
+            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn has_same_repr(ty: Self::Base, _: IntType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let llvm_range_ty = ty.get_element_type();
        let AnyTypeEnum::ArrayType(llvm_range_ty) = llvm_range_ty else {
            return Err(format!("Expected array type for `range` type, got {llvm_range_ty}"));
        };
@ -46,106 +188,17 @@ impl<'ctx> RangeType<'ctx> {
        Ok(())
    }

-    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `Range`.
-    #[must_use]
-    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
-        // typedef int32_t Range[3];
-        let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
-        llvm_i32.array_type(3).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
-    }
-
-    /// Creates an instance of [`RangeType`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new(ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
-        let llvm_range = Self::llvm_type(ctx);
-
-        RangeType::from_type(llvm_range)
-    }
-
-    /// Creates an [`RangeType`] from a [`PointerType`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn from_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty).is_ok());
-
-        RangeType { ty: ptr_ty }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the type of all fields of this `range` type.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn value_type(&self) -> IntType<'ctx> {
-        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_array_type().get_element_type().into_int_type()
-    }
-
-    /// Allocates an instance of [`RangeValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
-    ///
-    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn alloca<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
-    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
-        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(self.raw_alloca(ctx, name), name)
-    }
-
-    /// Allocates an instance of [`RangeValue`] as if by calling `alloca` on the base type.
-    ///
-    /// See [`ProxyType::raw_alloca_var`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn alloca_var<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &mut G,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
-    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
-        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
-            self.raw_alloca_var(generator, ctx, name),
-            name,
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// Converts an existing value into a [`RangeValue`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn map_value(
-        &self,
-        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
-        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
-    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
-        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(value, name)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for RangeType<'ctx> {
-    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
-    type Value = RangeValue<'ctx>;
-
-    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
-            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
-        } else {
-            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        _: &G,
-        _: &'ctx Context,
-        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty)
-    }
-
    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
-        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+        self.as_abi_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
    }

    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.ty
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_type(&self) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_type()
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> From<RangeType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/structure.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/structure.rs
@ -2,13 +2,55 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;

 use inkwell::{
    context::AsContextRef,
-    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType, StructType},
-    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
+    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType, StructType},
+    values::{AggregateValueEnum, BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
+    AddressSpace,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;

+use super::ProxyType;
 use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;

+/// A LLVM type that is used to represent a corresponding structure-like type in NAC3.
+pub trait StructProxyType<'ctx>: ProxyType<'ctx, Base = PointerType<'ctx>> {
+    /// The concrete type of [`StructFields`].
+    type StructFields: StructFields<'ctx>;
+
+    /// Whether this [`StructProxyType`] has the same LLVM type representation as
+    /// [`llvm_ty`][StructType].
+    fn has_same_struct_repr(
+        llvm_ty: StructType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::has_same_pointer_repr(llvm_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether this [`StructProxyType`] has the same LLVM type representation as
+    /// [`llvm_ty`][PointerType].
+    fn has_same_pointer_repr(
+        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::has_same_repr(llvm_ty, llvm_usize)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the fields present in this [`StructProxyType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    fn get_fields(&self) -> Self::StructFields;
+
+    /// Returns the [`StructType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    fn get_struct_type(&self) -> StructType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`PointerType`] representing this type.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn get_pointer_type(&self) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_type()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Trait indicating that the structure is a field-wise representation of an LLVM structure.
 ///
 /// # Usage
@ -161,17 +203,38 @@ where

    /// Gets the value of this field for a given `obj`.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_from_value(&self, obj: StructValue<'ctx>) -> Value {
-        obj.get_field_at_index(self.index).and_then(|value| Value::try_from(value).ok()).unwrap()
+    pub fn extract_value(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, obj: StructValue<'ctx>) -> Value {
+        Value::try_from(
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_extract_value(
+                    obj,
+                    self.index,
+                    &format!("{}.{}", obj.get_name().to_str().unwrap(), self.name),
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+        )
+        .unwrap()
    }

    /// Sets the value of this field for a given `obj`.
-    pub fn set_for_value(&self, obj: StructValue<'ctx>, value: Value) {
-        obj.set_field_at_index(self.index, value);
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn insert_value(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        obj: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        value: Value,
+    ) -> StructValue<'ctx> {
+        let obj_name = obj.get_name().to_str().unwrap();
+        let new_obj_name = if obj_name.chars().all(char::is_numeric) { "" } else { obj_name };
+
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_insert_value(obj, value, self.index, new_obj_name)
+            .map(AggregateValueEnum::into_struct_value)
+            .unwrap()
    }

-    /// Gets the value of this field for a pointer-to-structure.
-    pub fn get(
+    /// Loads the value of this field for a pointer-to-structure.
+    pub fn load(
        &self,
        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
@ -187,8 +250,8 @@ where
            .unwrap()
    }

-    /// Sets the value of this field for a pointer-to-structure.
-    pub fn set(
+    /// Stores the value of this field for a pointer-to-structure.
+    pub fn store(
        &self,
        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        pobj: PointerValue<'ctx>,
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/tuple.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/tuple.rs
@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 use inkwell::{
    context::Context,
-    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, StructType},
-    values::BasicValueEnum,
+    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType, StructType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, PointerValue, StructValue},
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;

 use super::ProxyType;
 use crate::{
-    codegen::{
-        values::{ProxyValue, TupleValue},
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-    },
+    codegen::{values::TupleValue, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
    typecheck::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
 };

@ -21,28 +18,40 @@ pub struct TupleType<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> TupleType<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents any tuple type, returning [Err] if it does not.
-    pub fn is_representable(_value: StructType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a tuple.
    #[must_use]
    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, tys: &[BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>]) -> StructType<'ctx> {
        ctx.struct_type(tys, false)
    }

+    fn new_impl(
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        tys: &[BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>],
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let llvm_tuple = Self::llvm_type(ctx, tys);
+
+        Self { ty: llvm_tuple, llvm_usize }
+    }
+
    /// Creates an instance of [`TupleType`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+    pub fn new(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, tys: &[impl BasicType<'ctx>]) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(
+            ctx.ctx,
+            &tys.iter().map(BasicType::as_basic_type_enum).collect_vec(),
+            ctx.get_size_type(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`TupleType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        generator: &G,
        ctx: &'ctx Context,
        tys: &[BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>],
    ) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
-        let llvm_tuple = Self::llvm_type(ctx, tys);
-
-        Self { ty: llvm_tuple, llvm_usize }
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, tys, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
    }

    /// Creates an [`TupleType`] from a [unifier type][Type].
@ -52,7 +61,7 @@ impl<'ctx> TupleType<'ctx> {
        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        ty: Type,
    ) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+        let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

        // Sanity check on object type.
        let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tys, .. } = &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ty) else {
@ -65,12 +74,18 @@ impl<'ctx> TupleType<'ctx> {

    /// Creates an [`TupleType`] from a [`StructType`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn from_type(struct_ty: StructType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(struct_ty).is_ok());
+    pub fn from_struct_type(struct_ty: StructType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::has_same_repr(struct_ty, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        TupleType { ty: struct_ty, llvm_usize }
    }

+    /// Creates an [`TupleType`] from a [`PointerType`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_pointer_type(ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::from_struct_type(ptr_ty.get_element_type().into_struct_type(), llvm_usize)
+    }
+
    /// Returns the number of elements present in this [`TupleType`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn num_elements(&self) -> u32 {
@ -105,7 +120,10 @@ impl<'ctx> TupleType<'ctx> {
        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
-        self.map_value(Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, &self.ty.get_field_types()).const_zero(), name)
+        self.map_struct_value(
+            Self::llvm_type(ctx.ctx, &self.ty.get_field_types()).const_zero(),
+            name,
+        )
    }

    /// Constructs a [`TupleValue`] from `objects`. The resulting tuple preserves the order of
@ -135,37 +153,44 @@ impl<'ctx> TupleType<'ctx> {

    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ListValue`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn map_value(
+    pub fn map_struct_value(
        &self,
-        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        value: StructValue<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_struct_value(value, self.llvm_usize, name)
    }
+
+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`TupleValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_pointer_value(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(ctx, value, self.llvm_usize, name)
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for TupleType<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = StructType<'ctx>;
    type Base = StructType<'ctx>;
    type Value = TupleValue<'ctx>;

-    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    fn is_representable(
        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        if let BasicTypeEnum::StructType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
-            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+            Self::has_same_repr(ty, llvm_usize)
        } else {
            Err(format!("Expected struct type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
        }
    }

-    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        _generator: &G,
-        _ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty)
+    fn has_same_repr(_: Self::Base, _: IntType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Ok(())
    }

    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
@ -175,6 +200,10 @@ impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for TupleType<'ctx> {
    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.ty
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_type(&self) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_type()
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> From<TupleType<'ctx>> for StructType<'ctx> {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/types/utils/slice.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/types/utils/slice.rs
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use inkwell::{
    context::{AsContextRef, Context, ContextRef},
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
-    values::IntValue,
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType, StructType},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
@ -12,10 +12,11 @@ use crate::codegen::{
    types::{
        structure::{
            check_struct_type_matches_fields, FieldIndexCounter, StructField, StructFields,
+            StructProxyType,
        },
        ProxyType,
    },
-    values::{utils::SliceValue, ProxyValue},
+    values::utils::SliceValue,
    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
 };

@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ pub struct SliceType<'ctx> {
 }

 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, StructFields)]
-pub struct SliceFields<'ctx> {
+pub struct SliceStructFields<'ctx> {
    #[value_type(bool_type())]
    pub start_defined: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
    #[value_type(usize)]
@ -42,14 +43,14 @@ pub struct SliceFields<'ctx> {
    pub step: StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>>,
 }

-impl<'ctx> SliceFields<'ctx> {
-    /// Creates a new instance of [`SliceFields`] with a custom integer type for its range values.
+impl<'ctx> SliceStructFields<'ctx> {
+    /// Creates a new instance of [`SliceStructFields`] with a custom integer type for its range values.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new_sized(ctx: &impl AsContextRef<'ctx>, int_ty: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
        let ctx = unsafe { ContextRef::new(ctx.as_ctx_ref()) };
        let mut counter = FieldIndexCounter::default();

-        SliceFields {
+        SliceStructFields {
            start_defined: StructField::create(&mut counter, "start_defined", ctx.bool_type()),
            start: StructField::create(&mut counter, "start", int_ty),
            stop_defined: StructField::create(&mut counter, "stop_defined", ctx.bool_type()),
@ -61,60 +62,10 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceFields<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> SliceType<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `llvm_ty` represents a `slice` type, returning [Err] if it does not.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        llvm_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
-        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let ctx = llvm_ty.get_context();
-
-        let fields = SliceFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
-
-        let llvm_ty = llvm_ty.get_element_type();
-        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
-            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `Slice` type, got {llvm_ty}"));
-        };
-
-        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
-            fields,
-            llvm_ty,
-            "Slice",
-            &[
-                (fields.start.name(), &|ty| {
-                    if ty.is_int_type() {
-                        Ok(())
-                    } else {
-                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.start`, got {ty}"))
-                    }
-                }),
-                (fields.stop.name(), &|ty| {
-                    if ty.is_int_type() {
-                        Ok(())
-                    } else {
-                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.stop`, got {ty}"))
-                    }
-                }),
-                (fields.step.name(), &|ty| {
-                    if ty.is_int_type() {
-                        Ok(())
-                    } else {
-                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.step`, got {ty}"))
-                    }
-                }),
-            ],
-        )
-    }
-
-    // TODO: Move this into e.g. StructProxyType
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn get_fields(&self) -> SliceFields<'ctx> {
-        SliceFields::new_sized(&self.int_ty.get_context(), self.int_ty)
-    }
-
    /// Creates an LLVM type corresponding to the expected structure of a `Slice`.
    #[must_use]
    fn llvm_type(ctx: &'ctx Context, int_ty: IntType<'ctx>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
-        let field_tys = SliceFields::new_sized(&int_ty.get_context(), int_ty)
+        let field_tys = SliceStructFields::new_sized(&int_ty.get_context(), int_ty)
            .into_iter()
            .map(|field| field.1)
            .collect_vec();
@ -122,29 +73,61 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceType<'ctx> {
        ctx.struct_type(&field_tys, false).ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
    }

-    /// Creates an instance of [`SliceType`] with `int_ty` as its backing integer type.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new(ctx: &'ctx Context, int_ty: IntType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+    fn new_impl(ctx: &'ctx Context, int_ty: IntType<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
        let llvm_ty = Self::llvm_type(ctx, int_ty);

        Self { ty: llvm_ty, int_ty, llvm_usize }
    }

+    /// Creates an instance of [`SliceType`] with `int_ty` as its backing integer type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, int_ty: IntType<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, int_ty, ctx.get_size_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`SliceType`] with `int_ty` as its backing integer type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+        int_ty: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, int_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
    /// Creates an instance of [`SliceType`] with `usize` as its backing integer type.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new_usize<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(generator: &G, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
-        Self::new(ctx, llvm_usize, llvm_usize)
+    pub fn new_usize(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx.ctx, ctx.get_size_type(), ctx.get_size_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an instance of [`SliceType`] with `usize` as its backing integer type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new_usize_with_generator<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &G,
+        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new_impl(ctx, generator.get_size_type(ctx), generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an [`SliceType`] from a [`StructType`] representing a `slice`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_type(
+        ty: StructType<'ctx>,
+        int_ty: IntType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::from_pointer_type(ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), int_ty, llvm_usize)
    }

    /// Creates an [`SliceType`] from a [`PointerType`] representing a `slice`.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn from_type(
+    pub fn from_pointer_type(
        ptr_ty: PointerType<'ctx>,
        int_ty: IntType<'ctx>,
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr_ty, int_ty).is_ok());
+        debug_assert!(Self::has_same_repr(ptr_ty, int_ty).is_ok());

        Self { ty: ptr_ty, int_ty, llvm_usize }
    }
@ -189,11 +172,30 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceType<'ctx> {
        )
    }

+    /// Converts an existing value into a [`SliceValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        value: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
+        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_struct_value(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            value,
+            self.int_ty,
+            self.llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
    /// Converts an existing value into a [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn map_value(
+    pub fn map_pointer_value(
        &self,
-        value: <<Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Base,
+        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value {
        <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::Value::from_pointer_value(
@ -206,36 +208,80 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceType<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyType<'ctx> for SliceType<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerType<'ctx>;
    type Value = SliceValue<'ctx>;

-    fn is_type<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
+    fn is_representable(
        llvm_ty: impl BasicType<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        if let BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(ty) = llvm_ty.as_basic_type_enum() {
-            <Self as ProxyType<'ctx>>::is_representable(generator, ctx, ty)
+            Self::has_same_repr(ty, llvm_usize)
        } else {
            Err(format!("Expected pointer type, got {llvm_ty:?}"))
        }
    }

-    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        llvm_ty: Self::Base,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Self::is_representable(llvm_ty, generator.get_size_type(ctx))
+    fn has_same_repr(ty: Self::Base, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let ctx = ty.get_context();
+
+        let fields = SliceStructFields::new(ctx, llvm_usize);
+
+        let llvm_ty = ty.get_element_type();
+        let AnyTypeEnum::StructType(llvm_ty) = llvm_ty else {
+            return Err(format!("Expected struct type for `Slice` type, got {llvm_ty}"));
+        };
+
+        check_struct_type_matches_fields(
+            fields,
+            llvm_ty,
+            "Slice",
+            &[
+                (fields.start.name(), &|ty| {
+                    if ty.is_int_type() {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.start`, got {ty}"))
+                    }
+                }),
+                (fields.stop.name(), &|ty| {
+                    if ty.is_int_type() {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.stop`, got {ty}"))
+                    }
+                }),
+                (fields.step.name(), &|ty| {
+                    if ty.is_int_type() {
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        Err(format!("Expected int type for `Slice.step`, got {ty}"))
+                    }
+                }),
+            ],
+        )
    }

    fn alloca_type(&self) -> impl BasicType<'ctx> {
-        self.as_base_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
+        self.as_abi_type().get_element_type().into_struct_type()
    }

    fn as_base_type(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.ty
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_type(&self) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_type()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyType<'ctx> for SliceType<'ctx> {
+    type StructFields = SliceStructFields<'ctx>;
+
+    fn get_fields(&self) -> Self::StructFields {
+        SliceStructFields::new_sized(&self.ty.get_context(), self.int_ty)
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> From<SliceType<'ctx>> for PointerType<'ctx> {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/array.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/array.rs
@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx> for ArraySliceValue<'ctx> {
        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&str>,
    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        debug_assert_eq!(idx.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+        debug_assert_eq!(idx.get_type(), ctx.get_size_type());

        let size = self.size(ctx, generator);
        let in_range = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::ULT, *idx, size, "").unwrap();
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/list.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/list.rs
@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 use inkwell::{
    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
 };

 use super::{
-    ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ProxyValue, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeMutator,
+    structure::StructProxyValue, ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ProxyValue,
+    UntypedArrayLikeAccessor, UntypedArrayLikeMutator,
 };
 use crate::codegen::{
-    types::{structure::StructField, ListType, ProxyType},
+    types::{
+        structure::{StructField, StructProxyType},
+        ListType, ProxyType,
+    },
    {CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
 };

@ -21,13 +25,24 @@ pub struct ListValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ListValue<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `list`, returning [Err] if `value` is not an
-    /// instance.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    /// Creates an [`ListValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        val: StructValue<'ctx>,
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        ListType::is_representable(value.get_type(), llvm_usize)
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let pval = generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                val.get_type().into(),
+                name.map(|name| format!("{name}.addr")).as_deref(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pval, val).unwrap();
+        Self::from_pointer_value(pval, llvm_usize, name)
    }

    /// Creates an [`ListValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
@ -37,24 +52,18 @@ impl<'ctx> ListValue<'ctx> {
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_instance(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        ListValue { value: ptr, llvm_usize, name }
    }

-    fn items_field(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
-        self.get_type().get_fields(&ctx.ctx).items
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the double-indirection pointer to the `data` array, as if by calling `getelementptr`
-    /// on the field.
-    fn pptr_to_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        self.items_field(ctx).ptr_by_gep(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+    fn items_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
+        self.get_type().get_fields().items
    }

    /// Stores the array of data elements `data` into this instance.
    fn store_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, data: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
-        self.items_field(ctx).set(ctx, self.value, data, self.name);
+        self.items_field().store(ctx, self.value, data, self.name);
    }

    /// Convenience method for creating a new array storing data elements with the given element
@ -92,20 +101,15 @@ impl<'ctx> ListValue<'ctx> {
        ListDataProxy(self)
    }

-    fn len_field(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-        self.get_type().get_fields(&ctx.ctx).len
+    fn len_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+        self.get_type().get_fields().len
    }

    /// Stores the `size` of this `list` into this instance.
-    pub fn store_size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        generator: &G,
-        size: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) {
-        debug_assert_eq!(size.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+    pub fn store_size(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, size: IntValue<'ctx>) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(size.get_type(), ctx.get_size_type());

-        self.len_field(ctx).set(ctx, self.value, size, self.name);
+        self.len_field().store(ctx, self.value, size, self.name);
    }

    /// Returns the size of this `list` as a value.
@ -114,21 +118,17 @@ impl<'ctx> ListValue<'ctx> {
        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        self.len_field(ctx).get(ctx, self.value, name)
+        self.len_field().load(ctx, self.value, name)
    }

    /// Returns an instance of [`ListValue`] with the `items` pointer cast to `i8*`.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn as_i8_list<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> ListValue<'ctx> {
+    pub fn as_i8_list(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> ListValue<'ctx> {
        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
-        let llvm_list_i8 = <Self as ProxyValue>::Type::new(generator, ctx.ctx, llvm_i8.into());
+        let llvm_list_i8 = <Self as ProxyValue>::Type::new(ctx, &llvm_i8);

        Self::from_pointer_value(
-            ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(self.value, llvm_list_i8.as_base_type(), "").unwrap(),
+            ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(self.value, llvm_list_i8.as_abi_type(), "").unwrap(),
            self.llvm_usize,
            self.name,
        )
@ -136,17 +136,24 @@ impl<'ctx> ListValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for ListValue<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Type = ListType<'ctx>;

    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
-        ListType::from_type(self.as_base_value().get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
+        ListType::from_pointer_type(self.as_base_value().get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
    }

    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.value
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_value(&self, _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_value()
    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyValue<'ctx> for ListValue<'ctx> {}

 impl<'ctx> From<ListValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
    fn from(value: ListValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
@ -172,12 +179,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        _: &G,
    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        let var_name = self.0.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.data")).unwrap_or_default();
-
-        ctx.builder
-            .build_load(self.0.pptr_to_data(ctx), var_name.as_str())
-            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
-            .unwrap()
+        self.0.items_field().load(ctx, self.0.value, self.0.name)
    }

    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
@ -213,7 +215,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx> for ListDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&str>,
    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        debug_assert_eq!(idx.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+        debug_assert_eq!(idx.get_type(), ctx.get_size_type());

        let size = self.size(ctx, generator);
        let in_range = ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::ULT, *idx, size, "").unwrap();
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/mod.rs
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-use inkwell::{context::Context, values::BasicValue};
+use inkwell::{types::IntType, values::BasicValue};

-use super::types::ProxyType;
-use crate::codegen::CodeGenerator;
+use super::{types::ProxyType, CodeGenContext};
 pub use array::*;
 pub use list::*;
 pub use range::*;
@ -11,34 +10,24 @@ mod array;
 mod list;
 pub mod ndarray;
 mod range;
+pub mod structure;
 mod tuple;
 pub mod utils;

 /// A LLVM type that is used to represent a non-primitive value in NAC3.
 pub trait ProxyValue<'ctx>: Into<Self::Base> {
-    /// The type of LLVM values represented by this instance. This is usually the
-    /// [LLVM pointer type][PointerValue].
+    /// The ABI type of LLVM values represented by this instance.
+    type ABI: BasicValue<'ctx>;
+
+    /// The type of LLVM values represented by this instance.
    type Base: BasicValue<'ctx>;

    /// The type of this value.
    type Type: ProxyType<'ctx, Value = Self>;

    /// Checks whether `value` can be represented by this [`ProxyValue`].
-    fn is_instance<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        value: impl BasicValue<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Self::Type::is_type(generator, ctx, value.as_basic_value_enum().get_type())
-    }
-
-    /// Checks whether `value` can be represented by this [`ProxyValue`].
-    fn is_representable<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &'ctx Context,
-        value: Self::Base,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        Self::is_instance(generator, ctx, value.as_basic_value_enum())
+    fn is_instance(value: impl BasicValue<'ctx>, llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        Self::Type::is_representable(value.as_basic_value_enum().get_type(), llvm_usize)
    }

    /// Returns the [type][ProxyType] of this value.
@ -46,4 +35,10 @@ pub trait ProxyValue<'ctx>: Into<Self::Base> {

    /// Returns the [base value][Self::Base] of this proxy.
    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base;
+
+    /// Returns this proxy as its ABI value, i.e. the expected value representation if a value
+    /// represented by this [`ProxyValue`] is being passed into or returned from a function.
+    ///
+    /// See [`CodeGenContext::get_llvm_abi_type`].
+    fn as_abi_value(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self::ABI;
 }
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/broadcast.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/broadcast.rs
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use inkwell::{
    types::IntType,
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;

@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ use crate::codegen::{
    irrt,
    types::{
        ndarray::{NDArrayType, ShapeEntryType},
-        structure::StructField,
+        structure::{StructField, StructProxyType},
        ProxyType,
    },
    values::{
-        ndarray::NDArrayValue, ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue,
-        TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeAdapter, TypedArrayLikeMutator,
+        ndarray::NDArrayValue, structure::StructProxyValue, ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue,
+        ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeAdapter,
+        TypedArrayLikeMutator,
    },
    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
 };
@ -26,13 +27,24 @@ pub struct ShapeEntryValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ShapeEntryValue<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `ShapeEntry`, returning [Err] if `value` is
-    /// not an instance.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    /// Creates an [`ShapeEntryValue`] from a [`StructValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        val: StructValue<'ctx>,
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        <Self as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Type::is_representable(value.get_type(), llvm_usize)
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let pval = generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                val.get_type().into(),
+                name.map(|name| format!("{name}.addr")).as_deref(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pval, val).unwrap();
+        Self::from_pointer_value(pval, llvm_usize, name)
    }

    /// Creates an [`ShapeEntryValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
@ -42,42 +54,49 @@ impl<'ctx> ShapeEntryValue<'ctx> {
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_instance(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        Self { value: ptr, llvm_usize, name }
    }

    fn ndims_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-        self.get_type().get_fields(self.value.get_type().get_context()).ndims
+        self.get_type().get_fields().ndims
    }

    /// Stores the number of dimensions into this value.
    pub fn store_ndims(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: IntValue<'ctx>) {
-        self.ndims_field().set(ctx, self.value, value, self.name);
+        self.ndims_field().store(ctx, self.value, value, self.name);
    }

    fn shape_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
-        self.get_type().get_fields(self.value.get_type().get_context()).shape
+        self.get_type().get_fields().shape
    }

    /// Stores the shape into this value.
    pub fn store_shape(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
-        self.shape_field().set(ctx, self.value, value, self.name);
+        self.shape_field().store(ctx, self.value, value, self.name);
    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for ShapeEntryValue<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Type = ShapeEntryType<'ctx>;

    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
-        Self::Type::from_type(self.value.get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
+        Self::Type::from_pointer_type(self.value.get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
    }

    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.value
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_value(&self, _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_value()
    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyValue<'ctx> for ShapeEntryValue<'ctx> {}

 impl<'ctx> From<ShapeEntryValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
    fn from(value: ShapeEntryValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
@ -104,7 +123,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        assert!(self.ndims <= target_ndims);
        assert_eq!(target_shape.element_type(ctx, generator), self.llvm_usize.into());

-        let broadcast_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, self.dtype, target_ndims)
+        let broadcast_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(ctx, self.dtype, target_ndims)
            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);
        broadcast_ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(
            generator,
@ -112,7 +131,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
            target_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator),
        );

-        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to(generator, ctx, *self, broadcast_ndarray);
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_broadcast_to(ctx, *self, broadcast_ndarray);
        broadcast_ndarray
    }
 }
@ -146,8 +165,8 @@ fn broadcast_shapes<'ctx, G, Shape>(
    Shape: TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>
        + TypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>>,
 {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_shape_ty = ShapeEntryType::new(generator, ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
+    let llvm_shape_ty = ShapeEntryType::new(ctx);

    assert!(in_shape_entries
        .iter()
@ -167,7 +186,7 @@ fn broadcast_shapes<'ctx, G, Shape>(
                None,
            )
        };
-        let shape_entry = llvm_shape_ty.map_value(pshape_entry, None);
+        let shape_entry = llvm_shape_ty.map_pointer_value(pshape_entry, None);

        let in_ndims = llvm_usize.const_int(*in_ndims, false);
        shape_entry.store_ndims(ctx, in_ndims);
@ -199,7 +218,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
    ) -> BroadcastAllResult<'ctx, G> {
        assert!(!ndarrays.is_empty());

-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+        let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

        // Infer the broadcast output ndims.
        let broadcast_ndims_int =
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/contiguous.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/contiguous.rs
@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 use inkwell::{
    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace,
 };

-use super::{ArrayLikeValue, NDArrayValue, ProxyValue};
+use super::NDArrayValue;
 use crate::codegen::{
    stmt::gen_if_callback,
    types::{
        ndarray::{ContiguousNDArrayType, NDArrayType},
-        structure::StructField,
+        structure::{StructField, StructProxyType},
    },
+    values::{structure::StructProxyValue, ArrayLikeValue, ProxyValue},
    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
 };

@ -23,13 +24,25 @@ pub struct ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `ContiguousNDArray`, returning [Err] if `value` is
-    /// not an instance.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    /// Creates an [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`] from a [`StructValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        val: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        <Self as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Type::is_representable(value.get_type(), llvm_usize)
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let pval = generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                val.get_type().into(),
+                name.map(|name| format!("{name}.addr")).as_deref(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pval, val).unwrap();
+        Self::from_pointer_value(pval, dtype, llvm_usize, name)
    }

    /// Creates an [`ContiguousNDArrayValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
@ -40,7 +53,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_instance(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        Self { value: ptr, item: dtype, llvm_usize, name }
    }
@ -50,7 +63,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx> {
    }

    pub fn store_ndims(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: IntValue<'ctx>) {
-        self.ndims_field().set(ctx, self.as_base_value(), value, self.name);
+        self.ndims_field().store(ctx, self.as_abi_value(ctx), value, self.name);
    }

    fn shape_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
@ -58,11 +71,11 @@ impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx> {
    }

    pub fn store_shape(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
-        self.shape_field().set(ctx, self.as_base_value(), value, self.name);
+        self.shape_field().store(ctx, self.as_abi_value(ctx), value, self.name);
    }

    pub fn load_shape(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        self.shape_field().get(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.shape_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

    fn data_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
@ -70,20 +83,21 @@ impl<'ctx> ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx> {
    }

    pub fn store_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
-        self.data_field().set(ctx, self.as_base_value(), value, self.name);
+        self.data_field().store(ctx, self.as_abi_value(ctx), value, self.name);
    }

    pub fn load_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        self.data_field().get(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.data_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Type = ContiguousNDArrayType<'ctx>;

    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
-        <Self as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Type::from_type(
+        <Self as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Type::from_pointer_type(
            self.as_base_value().get_type(),
            self.item,
            self.llvm_usize,
@ -93,7 +107,13 @@ impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx> {
    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.value
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_value(&self, _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_value()
    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyValue<'ctx> for ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx> {}

 impl<'ctx> From<ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
    fn from(value: ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
@ -117,8 +137,8 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        generator: &mut G,
        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    ) -> ContiguousNDArrayValue<'ctx> {
-        let result = ContiguousNDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, self.dtype)
-            .alloca_var(generator, ctx, self.name);
+        let result =
+            ContiguousNDArrayType::new(ctx, &self.dtype).alloca_var(generator, ctx, self.name);

        // Set ndims and shape.
        let ndims = self.llvm_usize.const_int(self.ndims, false);
@ -130,10 +150,10 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        gen_if_callback(
            generator,
            ctx,
-            |generator, ctx| Ok(self.is_c_contiguous(generator, ctx)),
+            |_, ctx| Ok(self.is_c_contiguous(ctx)),
            |_, ctx| {
                // This ndarray is contiguous.
-                let data = self.data_field(ctx).get(ctx, self.as_base_value(), self.name);
+                let data = self.data_field().load(ctx, self.as_abi_value(ctx), self.name);
                let data = ctx
                    .builder
                    .build_pointer_cast(data, result.item.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "")
@ -178,13 +198,16 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        // TODO: Debug assert `ndims == carray.ndims` to catch bugs.

        // Allocate the resulting ndarray.
-        let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, carray.item, ndims)
-            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, carray.name);
+        let ndarray = NDArrayType::new(ctx, carray.item, ndims).construct_uninitialized(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            carray.name,
+        );

        // Copy shape and update strides
        let shape = carray.load_shape(ctx);
        ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, shape);
-        ndarray.set_strides_contiguous(generator, ctx);
+        ndarray.set_strides_contiguous(ctx);

        // Share data
        let data = carray.load_data(ctx);
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/fold.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/fold.rs
@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum};
+
+use super::{NDArrayValue, NDIterValue, ScalarOrNDArray};
+use crate::codegen::{
+    stmt::{gen_for_callback, BreakContinueHooks},
+    types::ndarray::NDIterType,
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+
+impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
+    /// Folds the elements of this ndarray into an accumulator value by applying `f`, returning the
+    /// final value.
+    ///
+    /// `f` has access to [`BreakContinueHooks`] to short-circuit the `fold` operation, an instance
+    /// of `V` representing the current accumulated value, and an [`NDIterValue`] to get the
+    /// properties of the current iterated element.
+    pub fn fold<'a, G, V, F>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        init: V,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> Result<V, String>
+    where
+        G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+        V: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>,
+        <V as TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>>::Error: std::fmt::Debug,
+        F: FnOnce(
+            &mut G,
+            &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+            BreakContinueHooks<'ctx>,
+            V,
+            NDIterValue<'ctx>,
+        ) -> Result<V, String>,
+    {
+        let acc_ptr =
+            generator.gen_var_alloc(ctx, init.as_basic_value_enum().get_type(), None).unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(acc_ptr, init).unwrap();
+
+        gen_for_callback(
+            generator,
+            ctx,
+            Some("ndarray_fold"),
+            |generator, ctx| Ok(NDIterType::new(ctx).construct(generator, ctx, *self)),
+            |_, ctx, nditer| Ok(nditer.has_element(ctx)),
+            |generator, ctx, hooks, nditer| {
+                let acc = V::try_from(ctx.builder.build_load(acc_ptr, "").unwrap()).unwrap();
+                let acc = f(generator, ctx, hooks, acc, nditer)?;
+                ctx.builder.build_store(acc_ptr, acc).unwrap();
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |_, ctx, nditer| {
+                nditer.next(ctx);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )?;
+
+        let acc = ctx.builder.build_load(acc_ptr, "").unwrap();
+        Ok(V::try_from(acc).unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx> {
+    /// See [`NDArrayValue::fold`].
+    ///
+    /// The primary differences between this function and `NDArrayValue::fold` are:
+    ///
+    /// - The 3rd parameter of `f` is an `Option` of hooks, since `break`/`continue` hooks are not
+    ///   available if this instance represents a scalar value.
+    /// - The 5th parameter of `f` is a [`BasicValueEnum`], since no [iterator][`NDIterValue`] will
+    ///   be created if this instance represents a scalar value.
+    pub fn fold<'a, G, V, F>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+        init: V,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> Result<V, String>
+    where
+        G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+        V: BasicValue<'ctx> + TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>,
+        <V as TryFrom<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>>::Error: std::fmt::Debug,
+        F: FnOnce(
+            &mut G,
+            &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
+            Option<&BreakContinueHooks<'ctx>>,
+            V,
+            BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        ) -> Result<V, String>,
+    {
+        match self {
+            ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(v) => f(generator, ctx, None, init, *v),
+            ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(v) => {
+                v.fold(generator, ctx, init, |generator, ctx, hooks, acc, nditer| {
+                    let elem = nditer.get_scalar(ctx);
+                    f(generator, ctx, Some(&hooks), acc, elem)
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/indexing.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/indexing.rs
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use inkwell::{
    types::IntType,
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
@ -12,10 +12,12 @@ use crate::{
        irrt,
        types::{
            ndarray::{NDArrayType, NDIndexType},
-            structure::StructField,
+            structure::{StructField, StructProxyType},
            utils::SliceType,
        },
-        values::{ndarray::NDArrayValue, utils::RustSlice, ProxyValue},
+        values::{
+            ndarray::NDArrayValue, structure::StructProxyValue, utils::RustSlice, ProxyValue,
+        },
        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
    },
    typecheck::typedef::Type,
@ -30,13 +32,24 @@ pub struct NDIndexValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> NDIndexValue<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `ndindex`, returning [Err] if `value` is not an
-    /// instance.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    /// Creates an [`NDIndexValue`] from a [`StructValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        val: StructValue<'ctx>,
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        <Self as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Type::is_representable(value.get_type(), llvm_usize)
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let pval = generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                val.get_type().into(),
+                name.map(|name| format!("{name}.addr")).as_deref(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pval, val).unwrap();
+        Self::from_pointer_value(pval, llvm_usize, name)
    }

    /// Creates an [`NDIndexValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
@ -46,7 +59,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIndexValue<'ctx> {
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_instance(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        Self { value: ptr, llvm_usize, name }
    }
@ -56,11 +69,11 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIndexValue<'ctx> {
    }

    pub fn load_type(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        self.type_field().get(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.type_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

    pub fn store_type(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: IntValue<'ctx>) {
-        self.type_field().set(ctx, self.value, value, self.name);
+        self.type_field().store(ctx, self.value, value, self.name);
    }

    fn data_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
@ -68,26 +81,33 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIndexValue<'ctx> {
    }

    pub fn load_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        self.data_field().get(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.data_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

    pub fn store_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
-        self.data_field().set(ctx, self.value, value, self.name);
+        self.data_field().store(ctx, self.value, value, self.name);
    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for NDIndexValue<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Type = NDIndexType<'ctx>;

    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
-        Self::Type::from_type(self.value.get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
+        Self::Type::from_pointer_type(self.value.get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
    }

    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.value
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_value(&self, _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_value()
    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyValue<'ctx> for NDIndexValue<'ctx> {}

 impl<'ctx> From<NDIndexValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
    fn from(value: NDIndexValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
@ -128,11 +148,10 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        indices: &[RustNDIndex<'ctx>],
    ) -> Self {
        let dst_ndims = self.deduce_ndims_after_indexing_with(indices);
-        let dst_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, self.dtype, dst_ndims)
+        let dst_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(ctx, self.dtype, dst_ndims)
            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);

-        let indices =
-            NDIndexType::new(generator, ctx.ctx).construct_ndindices(generator, ctx, indices);
+        let indices = NDIndexType::new(ctx).construct_ndindices(generator, ctx, indices);
        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_index(generator, ctx, indices, *self, dst_ndarray);

        dst_ndarray
@ -245,8 +264,7 @@ impl<'ctx> RustNDIndex<'ctx> {
            }
            RustNDIndex::Slice(in_rust_slice) => {
                let user_slice_ptr =
-                    SliceType::new(ctx.ctx, ctx.ctx.i32_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx))
-                        .alloca_var(generator, ctx, None);
+                    SliceType::new(ctx, ctx.ctx.i32_type()).alloca_var(generator, ctx, None);
                in_rust_slice.write_to_slice(ctx, user_slice_ptr);

                dst_ndindex.store_data(
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/matmul.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/matmul.rs
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn matmul_at_least_2d<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
    let lhs_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, in_a_ty);
    let rhs_dtype = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, in_b_ty);

-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
    let llvm_dst_dtype = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dst_dtype);

    // Deduce ndims of the result of matmul.
@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn matmul_at_least_2d<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator>(
        let lhs = in_a.broadcast_to(generator, ctx, ndims_int, &lhs_shape);
        let rhs = in_b.broadcast_to(generator, ctx, ndims_int, &rhs_shape);

-        let dst = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, llvm_dst_dtype, ndims_int)
+        let dst = NDArrayType::new(ctx, llvm_dst_dtype, ndims_int)
            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);
        dst.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, dst_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator));
        unsafe {
@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
                let result_shape = result.shape();
                out_ndarray.assert_can_be_written_by_out(generator, ctx, result_shape);

-                out_ndarray.copy_data_from(generator, ctx, result);
+                out_ndarray.copy_data_from(ctx, result);
                out_ndarray
            }
        }
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/mod.rs
@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ use std::iter::repeat_n;

 use inkwell::{
    types::{AnyType, AnyTypeEnum, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
-    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;

 use super::{
-    ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ProxyValue, TupleValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor,
-    TypedArrayLikeAdapter, TypedArrayLikeMutator, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+    structure::StructProxyValue, ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ProxyValue, TupleValue,
+    TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeAdapter, TypedArrayLikeMutator, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
    UntypedArrayLikeMutator,
 };
 use crate::{
@ -18,7 +18,11 @@ use crate::{
        llvm_intrinsics::{call_int_umin, call_memcpy_generic_array},
        stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
        type_aligned_alloca,
-        types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, structure::StructField, TupleType},
+        types::{
+            ndarray::NDArrayType,
+            structure::{StructField, StructProxyType},
+            TupleType,
+        },
        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
    },
    typecheck::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
@ -30,6 +34,7 @@ pub use nditer::*;

 mod broadcast;
 mod contiguous;
+mod fold;
 mod indexing;
 mod map;
 mod matmul;
@ -48,13 +53,26 @@ pub struct NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `NDArray`, returning [Err] if `value` is not an
-    /// instance.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    /// Creates an [`NDArrayValue`] from a [`StructValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        val: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+        ndims: u64,
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        NDArrayType::is_representable(value.get_type(), llvm_usize)
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let pval = generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                val.get_type().into(),
+                name.map(|name| format!("{name}.addr")).as_deref(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pval, val).unwrap();
+        Self::from_pointer_value(pval, dtype, ndims, llvm_usize, name)
    }

    /// Creates an [`NDArrayValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
@ -66,67 +84,50 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_instance(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        NDArrayValue { value: ptr, dtype, ndims, llvm_usize, name }
    }

-    fn ndims_field(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-        self.get_type().get_fields(ctx.ctx).ndims
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the pointer to the field storing the number of dimensions of this `NDArray`.
-    fn ptr_to_ndims(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        self.ndims_field(ctx).ptr_by_gep(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+    fn ndims_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+        self.get_type().get_fields().ndims
    }

    /// Stores the number of dimensions `ndims` into this instance.
-    pub fn store_ndims<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        generator: &G,
-        ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) {
-        debug_assert_eq!(ndims.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+    pub fn store_ndims(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, ndims: IntValue<'ctx>) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(ndims.get_type(), ctx.get_size_type());

-        let pndims = self.ptr_to_ndims(ctx);
-        ctx.builder.build_store(pndims, ndims).unwrap();
+        self.ndims_field().store(ctx, self.value, ndims, self.name);
    }

    /// Returns the number of dimensions of this `NDArray` as a value.
    pub fn load_ndims(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        let pndims = self.ptr_to_ndims(ctx);
-        ctx.builder.build_load(pndims, "").map(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value).unwrap()
+        self.ndims_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

-    fn itemsize_field(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-        self.get_type().get_fields(ctx.ctx).itemsize
+    fn itemsize_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+        self.get_type().get_fields().itemsize
    }

    /// Stores the size of each element `itemsize` into this instance.
-    pub fn store_itemsize<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        generator: &G,
-        itemsize: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ) {
-        debug_assert_eq!(itemsize.get_type(), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx));
+    pub fn store_itemsize(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, itemsize: IntValue<'ctx>) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(itemsize.get_type(), ctx.get_size_type());

-        self.itemsize_field(ctx).set(ctx, self.value, itemsize, self.name);
+        self.itemsize_field().store(ctx, self.value, itemsize, self.name);
    }

    /// Returns the size of each element of this `NDArray` as a value.
    pub fn load_itemsize(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        self.itemsize_field(ctx).get(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.itemsize_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

-    fn shape_field(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
-        self.get_type().get_fields(ctx.ctx).shape
+    fn shape_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
+        self.get_type().get_fields().shape
    }

    /// Stores the array of dimension sizes `dims` into this instance.
    fn store_shape(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, dims: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
-        self.shape_field(ctx).set(ctx, self.as_base_value(), dims, self.name);
+        self.shape_field().store(ctx, self.value, dims, self.name);
    }

    /// Convenience method for creating a new array storing dimension sizes with the given `size`.
@ -145,16 +146,13 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        NDArrayShapeProxy(self)
    }

-    fn strides_field(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
-        self.get_type().get_fields(ctx.ctx).strides
+    fn strides_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
+        self.get_type().get_fields().strides
    }

    /// Stores the array of stride sizes `strides` into this instance.
    fn store_strides(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, strides: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
-        self.strides_field(ctx).set(ctx, self.as_base_value(), strides, self.name);
+        self.strides_field().store(ctx, self.value, strides, self.name);
    }

    /// Convenience method for creating a new array storing the stride with the given `size`.
@ -173,14 +171,14 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        NDArrayStridesProxy(self)
    }

-    fn data_field(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
-        self.get_type().get_fields(ctx.ctx).data
+    fn data_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
+        self.get_type().get_fields().data
    }

    /// Returns the double-indirection pointer to the `data` array, as if by calling `getelementptr`
    /// on the field.
    pub fn ptr_to_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        self.data_field(ctx).ptr_by_gep(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.data_field().ptr_by_gep(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

    /// Stores the array of data elements `data` into this instance.
@ -189,7 +187,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
            .builder
            .build_bit_cast(data, ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "")
            .unwrap();
-        self.data_field(ctx).set(ctx, self.as_base_value(), data.into_pointer_value(), self.name);
+        self.data_field().store(ctx, self.value, data.into_pointer_value(), self.name);
    }

    /// Convenience method for creating a new array storing data elements with the given element
@ -205,12 +203,12 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        generator: &mut G,
        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    ) {
-        let nbytes = self.nbytes(generator, ctx);
+        let nbytes = self.nbytes(ctx);

        let data = type_aligned_alloca(generator, ctx, self.dtype, nbytes, None);
        self.store_data(ctx, data);

-        self.set_strides_contiguous(generator, ctx);
+        self.set_strides_contiguous(ctx);
    }

    /// Returns a proxy object to the field storing the data of this `NDArray`.
@ -284,52 +282,32 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
    }

    /// Get the `np.size()` of this ndarray.
-    pub fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_size(generator, ctx, *self)
+    pub fn size(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_size(ctx, *self)
    }

    /// Get the `ndarray.nbytes` of this ndarray.
-    pub fn nbytes<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes(generator, ctx, *self)
+    pub fn nbytes(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes(ctx, *self)
    }

    /// Get the `len()` of this ndarray.
-    pub fn len<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_len(generator, ctx, *self)
+    pub fn len(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_len(ctx, *self)
    }

    /// Check if this ndarray is C-contiguous.
    ///
    /// See NumPy's `flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]`: <https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.flags.html#numpy.ndarray.flags>
-    pub fn is_c_contiguous<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous(generator, ctx, *self)
+    pub fn is_c_contiguous(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous(ctx, *self)
    }

    /// Call [`call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape`] on this ndarray to update `strides`.
    ///
    /// Update the ndarray's strides to make the ndarray contiguous.
-    pub fn set_strides_contiguous<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) {
-        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape(generator, ctx, *self);
+    pub fn set_strides_contiguous(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) {
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape(ctx, *self);
    }

    /// Clone/Copy this ndarray - Allocate a new ndarray with the same shape as this ndarray and
@ -347,7 +325,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        let shape = self.shape();
        clone.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator));
        unsafe { clone.create_data(generator, ctx) };
-        clone.copy_data_from(generator, ctx, *self);
+        clone.copy_data_from(ctx, *self);
        clone
    }

@ -357,14 +335,9 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
    /// do not matter. The copying order is determined by how their flattened views look.
    ///
    /// Panics if the `dtype`s of ndarrays are different.
-    pub fn copy_data_from<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        src: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-    ) {
+    pub fn copy_data_from(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, src: NDArrayValue<'ctx>) {
        assert_eq!(self.dtype, src.dtype, "self and src dtype should match");
-        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_copy_data(generator, ctx, src, *self);
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_copy_data(ctx, src, *self);
    }

    /// Fill the ndarray with a scalar.
@ -412,11 +385,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
            .map(|obj| obj.as_basic_value_enum())
            .collect_vec();

-        TupleType::new(
-            generator,
-            ctx.ctx,
-            &repeat_n(llvm_i32.into(), self.ndims as usize).collect_vec(),
-        )
+        TupleType::new(ctx, &repeat_n(llvm_i32, self.ndims as usize).collect_vec())
            .construct_from_objects(ctx, objects, None)
    }

@ -446,11 +415,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
            .map(|obj| obj.as_basic_value_enum())
            .collect_vec();

-        TupleType::new(
-            generator,
-            ctx.ctx,
-            &repeat_n(llvm_i32.into(), self.ndims as usize).collect_vec(),
-        )
+        TupleType::new(ctx, &repeat_n(llvm_i32, self.ndims as usize).collect_vec())
            .construct_from_objects(ctx, objects, None)
    }

@ -468,7 +433,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
    ) -> Option<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>> {
        if self.is_unsized() {
            // NOTE: `np.size(self) == 0` here is never possible.
-            let zero = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx).const_zero();
+            let zero = ctx.get_size_type().const_zero();
            let value = unsafe { self.data().get_unchecked(ctx, generator, &zero, None) };

            Some(value)
@ -513,11 +478,12 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Type = NDArrayType<'ctx>;

    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
-        NDArrayType::from_type(
+        NDArrayType::from_pointer_type(
            self.as_base_value().get_type(),
            self.dtype,
            self.ndims,
@ -528,7 +494,13 @@ impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.value
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_value(&self, _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_value()
    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyValue<'ctx> for NDArrayValue<'ctx> {}

 impl<'ctx> From<NDArrayValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
    fn from(value: NDArrayValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
@ -554,7 +526,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for NDArrayShapeProxy<'ctx, '_> {
        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        _: &G,
    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        self.0.shape_field(ctx).get(ctx, self.0.as_base_value(), self.0.name)
+        self.0.shape_field().load(ctx, self.0.value, self.0.name)
    }

    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
@ -652,7 +624,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for NDArrayStridesProxy<'ctx, '_> {
        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        _: &G,
    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        self.0.strides_field(ctx).get(ctx, self.0.as_base_value(), self.0.name)
+        self.0.strides_field().load(ctx, self.0.value, self.0.name)
    }

    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
@ -750,15 +722,15 @@ impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        _: &G,
    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        self.0.data_field(ctx).get(ctx, self.0.as_base_value(), self.0.name)
+        self.0.data_field().load(ctx, self.0.value, self.0.name)
    }

    fn size<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        &self,
        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        generator: &G,
+        _: &G,
    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_len(generator, ctx, *self.0)
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_len(ctx, *self.0)
    }
 }

@ -770,7 +742,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx> for NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
        idx: &IntValue<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&str>,
    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        let ptr = irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement(generator, ctx, *self.0, *idx);
+        let ptr = irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement(ctx, *self.0, *idx);

        // Current implementation is transparent - The returned pointer type is
        // already cast into the expected type, allowing for immediately
@ -834,7 +806,7 @@ impl<'ctx, Index: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>
        indices: &Index,
        name: Option<&str>,
    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        assert_eq!(indices.element_type(ctx, generator), generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx).into());
+        assert_eq!(indices.element_type(ctx, generator), ctx.get_size_type().into());

        let indices = TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
            indices.as_slice_value(ctx, generator),
@ -867,7 +839,7 @@ impl<'ctx, Index: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>
        indices: &Index,
        name: Option<&str>,
    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+        let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();

        let indices_size = indices.size(ctx, generator);
        let nidx_leq_ndims = ctx
@ -1004,7 +976,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx> {
                if *obj_id == ctx.primitives.ndarray.obj_id(&ctx.unifier).unwrap() =>
            {
                let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, object_ty)
-                    .map_value(object.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                    .map_pointer_value(object.into_pointer_value(), None);
                ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(ndarray)
            }

@ -1017,7 +989,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx> {
    pub fn to_basic_value_enum(self) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
        match self {
            ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(scalar) => scalar,
-            ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(ndarray) => ndarray.as_base_value().into(),
+            ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(ndarray) => ndarray.value.into(),
        }
    }

@ -1033,10 +1005,8 @@ impl<'ctx> ScalarOrNDArray<'ctx> {
    ) -> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        match self {
            ScalarOrNDArray::NDArray(ndarray) => *ndarray,
-            ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(scalar) => {
-                NDArrayType::new_unsized(generator, ctx.ctx, scalar.get_type())
-                    .construct_unsized(generator, ctx, scalar, None)
-            }
+            ScalarOrNDArray::Scalar(scalar) => NDArrayType::new_unsized(ctx, scalar.get_type())
+                .construct_unsized(generator, ctx, scalar, None),
        }
    }

--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/nditer.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/nditer.rs
@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 use inkwell::{
    types::{BasicType, IntType},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
    AddressSpace,
 };

-use super::{NDArrayValue, ProxyValue};
+use super::NDArrayValue;
 use crate::codegen::{
    irrt,
    stmt::{gen_for_callback, BreakContinueHooks},
-    types::{ndarray::NDIterType, structure::StructField},
-    values::{ArraySliceValue, TypedArrayLikeAdapter},
+    types::{
+        ndarray::NDIterType,
+        structure::{StructField, StructProxyType},
+    },
+    values::{structure::StructProxyValue, ArraySliceValue, ProxyValue, TypedArrayLikeAdapter},
    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
 };

@ -23,13 +26,26 @@ pub struct NDIterValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> NDIterValue<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `NDArray`, returning [Err] if `value` is not an
-    /// instance.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    /// Creates an [`NDArrayValue`] from a [`StructValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        val: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        parent: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+        indices: ArraySliceValue<'ctx>,
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        <Self as ProxyValue>::Type::is_representable(value.get_type(), llvm_usize)
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let pval = generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                val.get_type().into(),
+                name.map(|name| format!("{name}.addr")).as_deref(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pval, val).unwrap();
+        Self::from_pointer_value(pval, parent, indices, llvm_usize, name)
    }

    /// Creates an [`NDArrayValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
@ -41,7 +57,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIterValue<'ctx> {
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_instance(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        Self { value: ptr, parent, indices, llvm_usize, name }
    }
@ -53,27 +69,20 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIterValue<'ctx> {
    /// If `ndarray` is unsized, this returns true only for the first iteration.
    /// If `ndarray` is 0-sized, this always returns false.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn has_element<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-        &self,
-        generator: &G,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_nditer_has_element(generator, ctx, *self)
+    pub fn has_element(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_nditer_has_element(ctx, *self)
    }

    /// Go to the next element. If `has_element()` is false, then this has undefined behavior.
    ///
    /// If `ndarray` is unsized, this can only be called once.
    /// If `ndarray` is 0-sized, this can never be called.
-    pub fn next<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(&self, generator: &G, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) {
-        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_nditer_next(generator, ctx, *self);
+    pub fn next(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) {
+        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_nditer_next(ctx, *self);
    }

-    fn element_field(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
-        self.get_type().get_fields(ctx.ctx).element
+    fn element_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, PointerValue<'ctx>> {
+        self.get_type().get_fields().element
    }

    /// Get pointer to the current element.
@ -81,7 +90,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIterValue<'ctx> {
    pub fn get_pointer(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
        let elem_ty = self.parent.dtype;

-        let p = self.element_field(ctx).get(ctx, self.as_base_value(), self.name);
+        let p = self.element_field().load(ctx, self.as_abi_value(ctx), self.name);
        ctx.builder
            .build_pointer_cast(p, elem_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "element")
            .unwrap()
@ -94,14 +103,14 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIterValue<'ctx> {
        ctx.builder.build_load(p, "value").unwrap()
    }

-    fn nth_field(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-        self.get_type().get_fields(ctx.ctx).nth
+    fn nth_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+        self.get_type().get_fields().nth
    }

    /// Get the index of the current element if this ndarray were a flat ndarray.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn get_index(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        self.nth_field(ctx).get(ctx, self.as_base_value(), self.name)
+        self.nth_field().load(ctx, self.as_abi_value(ctx), self.name)
    }

    /// Get the indices of the current element.
@ -118,17 +127,24 @@ impl<'ctx> NDIterValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for NDIterValue<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Type = NDIterType<'ctx>;

    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
-        NDIterType::from_type(self.as_base_value().get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
+        NDIterType::from_pointer_type(self.as_base_value().get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
    }

    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.value
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_value(&self, _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_value()
    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyValue<'ctx> for NDIterValue<'ctx> {}

 impl<'ctx> From<NDIterValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
    fn from(value: NDIterValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
@ -141,10 +157,6 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
    ///
    /// `body` has access to [`BreakContinueHooks`] to short-circuit and [`NDIterValue`] to
    /// get properties of the current iteration (e.g., the current element, indices, etc.)
-    ///
-    /// Note: The caller is recommended to call `llvm.stacksave` and `llvm.stackrestore` before and
-    /// after invoking this function respectively. See [`NDIterType::construct`] for an explanation
-    /// on why this is suggested.
    pub fn foreach<'a, G, F>(
        &self,
        generator: &mut G,
@ -164,13 +176,11 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
            generator,
            ctx,
            Some("ndarray_foreach"),
-            |generator, ctx| {
-                Ok(NDIterType::new(generator, ctx.ctx).construct(generator, ctx, *self))
-            },
-            |generator, ctx, nditer| Ok(nditer.has_element(generator, ctx)),
+            |generator, ctx| Ok(NDIterType::new(ctx).construct(generator, ctx, *self)),
+            |_, ctx, nditer| Ok(nditer.has_element(ctx)),
            |generator, ctx, hooks, nditer| body(generator, ctx, hooks, nditer),
-            |generator, ctx, nditer| {
-                nditer.next(generator, ctx);
+            |_, ctx, nditer| {
+                nditer.next(ctx);
                Ok(())
            },
        )
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/shape.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/shape.rs
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub fn parse_numpy_int_sequence<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    (input_seq_ty, input_seq): (Type, BasicValueEnum<'ctx>),
 ) -> impl TypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx, G, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+    let llvm_usize = ctx.get_size_type();
    let zero = llvm_usize.const_zero();
    let one = llvm_usize.const_int(1, false);

@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn parse_numpy_int_sequence<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            // 1. A list of `int32`; e.g., `np.empty([600, 800, 3])`

            let input_seq = ListType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, input_seq_ty)
-                .map_value(input_seq.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                .map_pointer_value(input_seq.into_pointer_value(), None);

            let len = input_seq.load_size(ctx, None);
            // TODO: Find a way to remove this mid-BB allocation
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ pub fn parse_numpy_int_sequence<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
            // 2. A tuple of ints; e.g., `np.empty((600, 800, 3))`

            let input_seq = TupleType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, input_seq_ty)
-                .map_value(input_seq.into_struct_value(), None);
+                .map_struct_value(input_seq.into_struct_value(), None);

            let len = input_seq.get_type().num_elements();

--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/view.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/ndarray/view.rs
@ -65,12 +65,12 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        //       not contiguous but could be reshaped without copying data. Look into how numpy does
        //       it.

-        let dst_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx.ctx, self.dtype, new_ndims)
+        let dst_ndarray = NDArrayType::new(ctx, self.dtype, new_ndims)
            .construct_uninitialized(generator, ctx, None);
        dst_ndarray.copy_shape_from_array(generator, ctx, new_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator));

        // Resolve negative indices
-        let size = self.size(generator, ctx);
+        let size = self.size(ctx);
        let dst_ndims = self.llvm_usize.const_int(dst_ndarray.get_type().ndims(), false);
        let dst_shape = dst_ndarray.shape();
        irrt::ndarray::call_nac3_ndarray_reshape_resolve_and_check_new_shape(
@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
        gen_if_callback(
            generator,
            ctx,
-            |generator, ctx| Ok(self.is_c_contiguous(generator, ctx)),
+            |_, ctx| Ok(self.is_c_contiguous(ctx)),
            |generator, ctx| {
                // Reshape is possible without copying
-                dst_ndarray.set_strides_contiguous(generator, ctx);
+                dst_ndarray.set_strides_contiguous(ctx);
                dst_ndarray.store_data(ctx, self.data().base_ptr(ctx, generator));

                Ok(())
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {
                unsafe {
                    dst_ndarray.create_data(generator, ctx);
                }
-                dst_ndarray.copy_data_from(generator, ctx, *self);
+                dst_ndarray.copy_data_from(ctx, *self);

                Ok(())
            },
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/range.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/range.rs
@ -1,27 +1,50 @@
-use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue};
+use inkwell::{
+    types::IntType,
+    values::{ArrayValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+};

 use super::ProxyValue;
-use crate::codegen::{types::RangeType, CodeGenContext};
+use crate::codegen::{types::RangeType, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator};

 /// Proxy type for accessing a `range` value in LLVM.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct RangeValue<'ctx> {
    value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
    name: Option<&'ctx str>,
 }

 impl<'ctx> RangeValue<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `range`, returning [Err] if `value` is not an instance.
-    pub fn is_representable(value: PointerValue<'ctx>) -> Result<(), String> {
-        RangeType::is_representable(value.get_type())
+    /// Creates an [`RangeValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_array_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        val: ArrayValue<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let pval = generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                val.get_type().into(),
+                name.map(|name| format!("{name}.addr")).as_deref(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pval, val).unwrap();
+        Self::from_pointer_value(pval, llvm_usize, name)
    }

    /// Creates an [`RangeValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn from_pointer_value(ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>, name: Option<&'ctx str>) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr).is_ok());
+    pub fn from_pointer_value(
+        ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_instance(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());

-        RangeValue { value: ptr, name }
+        RangeValue { value: ptr, llvm_usize, name }
    }

    fn ptr_to_start(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
@ -31,7 +54,7 @@ impl<'ctx> RangeValue<'ctx> {
        unsafe {
            ctx.builder
                .build_in_bounds_gep(
-                    self.as_base_value(),
+                    self.as_abi_value(ctx),
                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_int(0, false)],
                    var_name.as_str(),
                )
@ -46,7 +69,7 @@ impl<'ctx> RangeValue<'ctx> {
        unsafe {
            ctx.builder
                .build_in_bounds_gep(
-                    self.as_base_value(),
+                    self.as_abi_value(ctx),
                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_int(1, false)],
                    var_name.as_str(),
                )
@ -61,7 +84,7 @@ impl<'ctx> RangeValue<'ctx> {
        unsafe {
            ctx.builder
                .build_in_bounds_gep(
-                    self.as_base_value(),
+                    self.as_abi_value(ctx),
                    &[llvm_i32.const_zero(), llvm_i32.const_int(2, false)],
                    var_name.as_str(),
                )
@ -134,16 +157,21 @@ impl<'ctx> RangeValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for RangeValue<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Type = RangeType<'ctx>;

    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
-        RangeType::from_type(self.value.get_type())
+        RangeType::from_pointer_type(self.value.get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
    }

    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.value
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_value(&self, _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_value()
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> From<RangeValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/structure.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/structure.rs
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, PointerValue, StructValue};
+
+use super::ProxyValue;
+use crate::codegen::{types::structure::StructProxyType, CodeGenContext};
+
+/// An LLVM value that is used to represent a corresponding structure-like value in NAC3.
+pub trait StructProxyValue<'ctx>:
+    ProxyValue<'ctx, Base = PointerValue<'ctx>, Type: StructProxyType<'ctx, Value = Self>>
+{
+    /// Returns this value as a [`StructValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    fn get_struct_value(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> StructValue<'ctx> {
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_load(self.get_pointer_value(ctx), "")
+            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_struct_value)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns this value as a [`PointerValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    fn get_pointer_value(&self, _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        self.as_base_value()
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/tuple.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/tuple.rs
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use inkwell::{
    types::IntType,
-    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, StructValue},
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, PointerValue, StructValue},
 };

 use super::ProxyValue;
@ -14,15 +14,6 @@ pub struct TupleValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> TupleValue<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `tuple`, returning [Err] if `value` is not an
-    /// instance.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        value: StructValue<'ctx>,
-        _llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        TupleType::is_representable(value.get_type())
-    }
-
    /// Creates an [`TupleValue`] from a [`StructValue`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn from_struct_value(
@ -30,11 +21,29 @@ impl<'ctx> TupleValue<'ctx> {
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(value, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_instance(value, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        Self { value, llvm_usize, name }
    }

+    /// Creates an [`TupleValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_pointer_value(
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::from_struct_value(
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_load(ptr, name.unwrap_or_default())
+                .map(BasicValueEnum::into_struct_value)
+                .unwrap(),
+            llvm_usize,
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+
    /// Stores a value into the tuple element at the given `index`.
    pub fn store_element(
        &mut self,
@ -66,16 +75,21 @@ impl<'ctx> TupleValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for TupleValue<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = StructValue<'ctx>;
    type Base = StructValue<'ctx>;
    type Type = TupleType<'ctx>;

    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
-        TupleType::from_type(self.as_base_value().get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
+        TupleType::from_struct_type(self.as_base_value().get_type(), self.llvm_usize)
    }

    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.value
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_value(&self, _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_value()
+    }
 }

 impl<'ctx> From<TupleValue<'ctx>> for StructValue<'ctx> {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/values/utils/slice.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/values/utils/slice.rs
@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 use inkwell::{
    types::IntType,
-    values::{IntValue, PointerValue},
+    values::{IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
 };

 use nac3parser::ast::Expr;

 use crate::{
    codegen::{
-        types::{structure::StructField, utils::SliceType},
-        values::ProxyValue,
+        types::{
+            structure::{StructField, StructProxyType},
+            utils::SliceType,
+        },
+        values::{structure::StructProxyValue, ProxyValue},
        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
    },
    typecheck::typedef::Type,
@ -24,13 +27,25 @@ pub struct SliceValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> SliceValue<'ctx> {
-    /// Checks whether `value` is an instance of `ContiguousNDArray`, returning [Err] if `value` is
-    /// not an instance.
-    pub fn is_representable(
-        value: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    /// Creates an [`SliceValue`] from a [`StructValue`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_struct_value<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        val: StructValue<'ctx>,
+        int_ty: IntType<'ctx>,
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
-        <Self as ProxyValue<'ctx>>::Type::is_representable(value.get_type(), llvm_usize)
+        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let pval = generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                val.get_type().into(),
+                name.map(|name| format!("{name}.addr")).as_deref(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        ctx.builder.build_store(pval, val).unwrap();
+        Self::from_pointer_value(pval, int_ty, llvm_usize, name)
    }

    /// Creates an [`SliceValue`] from a [`PointerValue`].
@ -41,7 +56,7 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceValue<'ctx> {
        llvm_usize: IntType<'ctx>,
        name: Option<&'ctx str>,
    ) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(Self::is_representable(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());
+        debug_assert!(Self::is_instance(ptr, llvm_usize).is_ok());

        Self { value: ptr, int_ty, llvm_usize, name }
    }
@ -51,7 +66,7 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceValue<'ctx> {
    }

    pub fn load_start_defined(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        self.start_defined_field().get(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.start_defined_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

    fn start_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
@ -59,22 +74,22 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceValue<'ctx> {
    }

    pub fn load_start(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        self.start_field().get(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.start_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

    pub fn store_start(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: Option<IntValue<'ctx>>) {
        match value {
            Some(start) => {
-                self.start_defined_field().set(
+                self.start_defined_field().store(
                    ctx,
                    self.value,
                    ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_all_ones(),
                    self.name,
                );
-                self.start_field().set(ctx, self.value, start, self.name);
+                self.start_field().store(ctx, self.value, start, self.name);
            }

-            None => self.start_defined_field().set(
+            None => self.start_defined_field().store(
                ctx,
                self.value,
                ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_zero(),
@ -88,7 +103,7 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceValue<'ctx> {
    }

    pub fn load_stop_defined(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        self.stop_defined_field().get(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.stop_defined_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

    fn stop_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
@ -96,22 +111,22 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceValue<'ctx> {
    }

    pub fn load_stop(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        self.stop_field().get(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.stop_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

    pub fn store_stop(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: Option<IntValue<'ctx>>) {
        match value {
            Some(stop) => {
-                self.stop_defined_field().set(
+                self.stop_defined_field().store(
                    ctx,
                    self.value,
                    ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_all_ones(),
                    self.name,
                );
-                self.stop_field().set(ctx, self.value, stop, self.name);
+                self.stop_field().store(ctx, self.value, stop, self.name);
            }

-            None => self.stop_defined_field().set(
+            None => self.stop_defined_field().store(
                ctx,
                self.value,
                ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_zero(),
@ -125,7 +140,7 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceValue<'ctx> {
    }

    pub fn load_step_defined(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        self.step_defined_field().get(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.step_defined_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

    fn step_field(&self) -> StructField<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
@ -133,22 +148,22 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceValue<'ctx> {
    }

    pub fn load_step(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        self.step_field().get(ctx, self.value, self.name)
+        self.step_field().load(ctx, self.value, self.name)
    }

    pub fn store_step(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: Option<IntValue<'ctx>>) {
        match value {
            Some(step) => {
-                self.step_defined_field().set(
+                self.step_defined_field().store(
                    ctx,
                    self.value,
                    ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_all_ones(),
                    self.name,
                );
-                self.step_field().set(ctx, self.value, step, self.name);
+                self.step_field().store(ctx, self.value, step, self.name);
            }

-            None => self.step_defined_field().set(
+            None => self.step_defined_field().store(
                ctx,
                self.value,
                ctx.ctx.bool_type().const_zero(),
@ -159,17 +174,24 @@ impl<'ctx> SliceValue<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> ProxyValue<'ctx> for SliceValue<'ctx> {
+    type ABI = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Base = PointerValue<'ctx>;
    type Type = SliceType<'ctx>;

    fn get_type(&self) -> Self::Type {
-        Self::Type::from_type(self.value.get_type(), self.int_ty, self.llvm_usize)
+        Self::Type::from_pointer_type(self.value.get_type(), self.int_ty, self.llvm_usize)
    }

    fn as_base_value(&self) -> Self::Base {
        self.value
    }
+
+    fn as_abi_value(&self, _: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> Self::ABI {
+        self.as_base_value()
    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructProxyValue<'ctx> for SliceValue<'ctx> {}

 impl<'ctx> From<SliceValue<'ctx>> for PointerValue<'ctx> {
    fn from(value: SliceValue<'ctx>) -> Self {
--- a/nac3core/src/symbol_resolver.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/symbol_resolver.rs
@ -598,10 +598,12 @@ impl dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync {
        unifier.internal_stringify(
            ty,
            &mut |id| {
-                let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } = &*top_level_defs[id].read() else {
-                    unreachable!("expected class definition")
+                let top_level_def = &*top_level_defs[id].read();
+                let (TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } | TopLevelDef::Module { name, .. }) =
+                    top_level_def
+                else {
+                    unreachable!("expected class/module definition")
                };
-
                name.to_string()
            },
            &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/builtins.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/builtins.rs
@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ use strum::IntoEnumIterator;

 use super::{
    helper::{
-        debug_assert_prim_is_allowed, extract_ndims, make_exception_fields, PrimDef, PrimDefDetails,
+        arraylike_flatten_element_type, debug_assert_prim_is_allowed, extract_ndims,
+        make_exception_fields, PrimDef, PrimDefDetails,
    },
    numpy::{make_ndarray_ty, unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
    *,
@ -15,9 +16,12 @@ use crate::{
    codegen::{
        builtin_fns,
        numpy::*,
-        stmt::exn_constructor,
-        types::ndarray::NDArrayType,
-        values::{ndarray::shape::parse_numpy_int_sequence, ProxyValue, RangeValue},
+        stmt::{exn_constructor, gen_if_callback},
+        types::{ndarray::NDArrayType, RangeType},
+        values::{
+            ndarray::{shape::parse_numpy_int_sequence, ScalarOrNDArray},
+            ProxyValue,
+        },
    },
    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
    typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, TypeVar, VarMap},
@ -405,6 +409,8 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {

            PrimDef::FunNpIsNan | PrimDef::FunNpIsInf => self.build_np_float_to_bool_function(prim),

+            PrimDef::FunNpAny | PrimDef::FunNpAll => self.build_np_any_all_function(prim),
+
            PrimDef::FunNpSin
            | PrimDef::FunNpCos
            | PrimDef::FunNpTan
@ -571,7 +577,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                        let (zelf_ty, zelf) = obj.unwrap();
                        let zelf =
                            zelf.to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, zelf_ty)?.into_pointer_value();
-                        let zelf = RangeValue::from_pointer_value(zelf, Some("range"));
+                        let zelf = RangeType::new(ctx).map_pointer_value(zelf, Some("range"));

                        let mut start = None;
                        let mut stop = None;
@ -658,7 +664,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                        zelf.store_end(ctx, stop);
                        zelf.store_step(ctx, step);

-                        Ok(Some(zelf.as_base_value().into()))
+                        Ok(Some(zelf.as_abi_value(ctx).into()))
                    },
                )))),
                loc: None,
@ -1274,15 +1280,11 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                    let ndarray =
                        args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ndarray_ty)?;
                    let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, ndarray_ty)
-                        .map_value(ndarray.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                        .map_pointer_value(ndarray.into_pointer_value(), None);

                    let size = ctx
                        .builder
-                        .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(
-                            ndarray.size(generator, ctx),
-                            ctx.ctx.i32_type(),
-                            "",
-                        )
+                        .build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(ndarray.size(ctx), ctx.ctx.i32_type(), "")
                        .unwrap();
                    Ok(Some(size.into()))
                }),
@ -1310,7 +1312,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                            args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, ndarray_ty)?;

                        let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, ndarray_ty)
-                            .map_value(ndarray.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                            .map_pointer_value(ndarray.into_pointer_value(), None);

                        let result_tuple = match prim {
                            PrimDef::FunNpShape => ndarray.make_shape_tuple(generator, ctx),
@ -1318,7 +1320,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                            _ => unreachable!(),
                        };

-                        Ok(Some(result_tuple.as_base_value().into()))
+                        Ok(Some(result_tuple.as_abi_value(ctx).into()))
                    }),
                )
            }
@ -1351,10 +1353,10 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                    let arg_val = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, arg_ty)?;

                    let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, arg_ty)
-                        .map_value(arg_val.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                        .map_pointer_value(arg_val.into_pointer_value(), None);

                    let ndarray = ndarray.transpose(generator, ctx, None); // TODO: Add axes argument
-                    Ok(Some(ndarray.as_base_value().into()))
+                    Ok(Some(ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).into()))
                }),
            ),

@ -1389,7 +1391,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                            args[1].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, shape_ty)?;

                        let ndarray = NDArrayType::from_unifier_type(generator, ctx, ndarray_ty)
-                            .map_value(ndarray_val.into_pointer_value(), None);
+                            .map_pointer_value(ndarray_val.into_pointer_value(), None);

                        let shape = parse_numpy_int_sequence(generator, ctx, (shape_ty, shape_val));

@ -1408,7 +1410,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {

                            _ => unreachable!(),
                        };
-                        Ok(Some(new_ndarray.as_base_value().as_basic_value_enum()))
+                        Ok(Some(new_ndarray.as_abi_value(ctx).as_basic_value_enum()))
                    }),
                )
            }
@ -1724,6 +1726,64 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
        )
    }

+    fn build_np_any_all_function(&mut self, prim: PrimDef) -> TopLevelDef {
+        debug_assert_prim_is_allowed(prim, &[PrimDef::FunNpAny, PrimDef::FunNpAll]);
+
+        let param_ty = &[(self.num_or_ndarray_ty.ty, "a")];
+        let ret_ty = self.primitives.bool;
+        let var_map = &self.num_or_ndarray_var_map;
+        let codegen_callback: Box<GenCallCallback> =
+            Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
+                let llvm_i1 = ctx.ctx.bool_type();
+                let llvm_i1_k0 = llvm_i1.const_zero();
+                let llvm_i1_k1 = llvm_i1.const_all_ones();
+
+                let a_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
+                let a_val = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, a_ty)?;
+                let a = ScalarOrNDArray::from_value(generator, ctx, (a_ty, a_val));
+                let a_elem_ty = arraylike_flatten_element_type(&mut ctx.unifier, a_ty);
+
+                let (init, sc_val) = match prim {
+                    PrimDef::FunNpAny => (llvm_i1_k0, llvm_i1_k1),
+                    PrimDef::FunNpAll => (llvm_i1_k1, llvm_i1_k0),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                };
+
+                let acc = a.fold(generator, ctx, init, |generator, ctx, hooks, acc, elem| {
+                    gen_if_callback(
+                        generator,
+                        ctx,
+                        |_, ctx| {
+                            Ok(ctx
+                                .builder
+                                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, acc, sc_val, "")
+                                .unwrap())
+                        },
+                        |_, ctx| {
+                            if let Some(hooks) = hooks {
+                                hooks.build_break_branch(&ctx.builder);
+                            }
+                            Ok(())
+                        },
+                        |_, _| Ok(()),
+                    )?;
+
+                    let is_truthy =
+                        builtin_fns::call_bool(generator, ctx, (a_elem_ty, elem))?.into_int_value();
+
+                    Ok(match prim {
+                        PrimDef::FunNpAny => ctx.builder.build_or(acc, is_truthy, "").unwrap(),
+                        PrimDef::FunNpAll => ctx.builder.build_and(acc, is_truthy, "").unwrap(),
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
+                    })
+                })?;
+
+                Ok(Some(acc.as_basic_value_enum()))
+            });
+
+        create_fn_by_codegen(self.unifier, var_map, prim.name(), ret_ty, param_ty, codegen_callback)
+    }
+
    /// Build 1-ary numpy/scipy functions that take in a float or an ndarray and return a value of the same type as the input.
    fn build_np_sp_float_or_ndarray_1ary_function(&mut self, prim: PrimDef) -> TopLevelDef {
        debug_assert_prim_is_allowed(
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/composer.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/composer.rs
@ -101,7 +101,9 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        let builtin_name_list = definition_ast_list
            .iter()
            .map(|def_ast| match *def_ast.0.read() {
-                TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } => name.to_string(),
+                TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } | TopLevelDef::Module { name, .. } => {
+                    name.to_string()
+                }
                TopLevelDef::Function { simple_name, .. }
                | TopLevelDef::Variable { simple_name, .. } => simple_name.to_string(),
            })
@ -201,6 +203,43 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        self.definition_ast_list.iter().map(|(def, ..)| def.clone()).collect_vec()
    }

+    /// register top level modules
+    pub fn register_top_level_module(
+        &mut self,
+        module_name: &str,
+        name_to_pyid: &Rc<HashMap<StrRef, u64>>,
+        resolver: Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>,
+        location: Option<Location>,
+    ) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
+        let mut methods: HashMap<StrRef, DefinitionId> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut attributes: Vec<(StrRef, DefinitionId)> = Vec::new();
+
+        for (name, _) in name_to_pyid.iter() {
+            if let Ok(def_id) = resolver.get_identifier_def(*name) {
+                // Avoid repeated attribute instances resulting from multiple imports of same module
+                if self.defined_names.contains(&format!("{module_name}.{name}")) {
+                    match &*self.definition_ast_list[def_id.0].0.read() {
+                        TopLevelDef::Class { .. } | TopLevelDef::Function { .. } => {
+                            methods.insert(*name, def_id);
+                        }
+                        _ => attributes.push((*name, def_id)),
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        let module_def = TopLevelDef::Module {
+            name: module_name.to_string().into(),
+            module_id: DefinitionId(self.definition_ast_list.len()),
+            methods,
+            attributes,
+            resolver: Some(resolver),
+            loc: location,
+        };
+
+        self.definition_ast_list.push((Arc::new(RwLock::new(module_def)), None));
+        Ok(DefinitionId(self.definition_ast_list.len() - 1))
+    }
+
    /// register, just remember the names of top level classes/function
    /// and check duplicate class/method/function definition
    pub fn register_top_level(
@ -434,7 +473,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        location: Location,
    ) -> Result<(StrRef, DefinitionId, Option<Type>), String> {
        if self.keyword_list.contains(&name) {
-            return Err(format!("cannot use keyword `{name}` as a variable name (at {location})"));
+            return Err(format!("cannot use keyword `{name}` as a class name (at {location})"));
        }

        let global_var_name =
@ -1948,103 +1987,6 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        let unifier = &mut self.unifier;
        let primitives_store = &self.primitives_ty;

-
-        // let dummy_field_type = unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
-
-        // let annotation = match value {
-        //     None => {
-        //         // handle Kernel[T], KernelInvariant[T]
-        //         let (annotation, mutable) = match &annotation.node {
-        //             ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. }
-        //                 if matches!(
-        //                     &value.node,
-        //                     ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &core_config.kernel_invariant_ann.into()
-        //                 ) =>
-        //             {
-        //                 (slice, false)
-        //             }
-        //             ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. }
-        //                 if matches!(
-        //                     &value.node,
-        //                     ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if core_config.kernel_ann.map_or(false, |c| id == &c.into())
-        //                 ) =>
-        //             {
-        //                 (slice, true)
-        //             }
-        //             _ if core_config.kernel_ann.is_none() => (annotation, true),
-        //             _ => continue, // ignore fields annotated otherwise
-        //         };
-        //         class_fields_def.push((*attr, dummy_field_type, mutable));
-        //         annotation
-        //     }
-        //     // Supporting Class Attributes
-        //     Some(boxed_expr) => {
-        //         // Class attributes are set as immutable regardless
-        //         let (annotation, _) = match &annotation.node {
-        //             ExprKind::Subscript { slice, .. } => (slice, false),
-        //             _ if core_config.kernel_ann.is_none() => (annotation, false),
-        //             _ => continue,
-        //         };
-
-        //         match &**boxed_expr {
-        //             ast::Located {location: _, custom: (), node: ExprKind::Constant { value: v, kind: _ }} => {
-        //                 // Restricting the types allowed to be defined as class attributes
-        //                 match v {
-        //                     ast::Constant::Bool(_) | ast::Constant::Str(_) | ast::Constant::Int(_) | ast::Constant::Float(_) => {}
-        //                     _ => {
-        //                         return Err(HashSet::from([
-        //                         format!(
-        //                             "unsupported statement in class definition body (at {})",
-        //                             b.location
-        //                         ),
-        //                     ]))
-        //                     }
-        //                 }
-        //                 class_attributes_def.push((*attr, dummy_field_type, v.clone()));
-        //             }
-        //             _ => {
-        //                 return Err(HashSet::from([
-        //                     format!(
-        //                         "unsupported statement in class definition body (at {})",
-        //                         b.location
-        //                     ),
-        //                 ]))
-        //             }
-        //         }
-        //         annotation
-        //     }
-        // };
-        // let parsed_annotation = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
-        //     class_resolver,
-        //     temp_def_list,
-        //     unifier,
-        //     primitives,
-        //     annotation.as_ref(),
-        //     vec![(class_id, class_type_vars_def.clone())]
-        //         .into_iter()
-        //         .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
-        // )?;
-        // // find type vars within this return type annotation
-        // let type_vars_within =
-        //     get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(&parsed_annotation);
-        // // handle the class type var and the method type var
-        // for type_var_within in type_vars_within {
-        //     let TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(t) = type_var_within else {
-        //         unreachable!("must be type var annotation")
-        //     };
-
-        //     if !class_type_vars_def.contains(&t){
-        //         return Err(HashSet::from([
-        //             format!(
-        //                 "class fields can only use type \
-        //                     vars over which the class is generic (at {})",
-        //                 annotation.location
-        //             ),
-        //         ]))
-        //     }
-        // }
-        // type_var_to_concrete_def.insert(dummy_field_type, parsed_annotation);
-
        let mut analyze = |variable_def: &Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>| -> Result<_, HashSet<String>> {
            let TopLevelDef::Variable { ty: dummy_ty, ty_decl, resolver, loc, .. } =
                &*variable_def.read()
@ -2066,7 +2008,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                        slice
                    }
                    _ if self.core_config.kernel_ann.is_none() => ty_decl,
-                    _ => unreachable!("Global variables should be annotated with Kernel[]") // ignore fields annotated otherwise
+                    _ => unreachable!("Global variables should be annotated with Kernel[]"), // ignore fields annotated otherwise
                };

                let ty_annotation = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/helper.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/helper.rs
@ -111,6 +111,8 @@ pub enum PrimDef {
    FunNpLdExp,
    FunNpHypot,
    FunNpNextAfter,
+    FunNpAny,
+    FunNpAll,

    // Linalg functions
    FunNpDot,
@ -305,6 +307,8 @@ impl PrimDef {
            PrimDef::FunNpLdExp => fun("np_ldexp", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpHypot => fun("np_hypot", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpNextAfter => fun("np_nextafter", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpAny => fun("np_any", None),
+            PrimDef::FunNpAll => fun("np_all", None),

            // Linalg functions
            PrimDef::FunNpDot => fun("np_dot", None),
@ -375,21 +379,37 @@ pub fn make_exception_fields(int32: Type, int64: Type, str: Type) -> Vec<(StrRef
 impl TopLevelDef {
    pub fn to_string(&self, unifier: &mut Unifier) -> String {
        match self {
-            TopLevelDef::Class { name, ancestors, fields, methods, type_vars, .. } => {
+            TopLevelDef::Module { name, attributes, methods, .. } => {
+                format!(
+                    "Module {{\nname: {:?},\nattributes: {:?}\nmethods: {:?}\n}}",
+                    name,
+                    attributes.iter().map(|(n, _)| n.to_string()).collect_vec(),
+                    methods.iter().map(|(n, _)| n.to_string()).collect_vec()
+                )
+            }
+            TopLevelDef::Class {
+                name, ancestors, fields, methods, attributes, type_vars, ..
+            } => {
                let fields_str = fields
                    .iter()
                    .map(|(n, ty, _)| (n.to_string(), unifier.stringify(*ty)))
                    .collect_vec();

+                let attributes_str = attributes
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(n, ty, _)| (n.to_string(), unifier.stringify(*ty)))
+                    .collect_vec();
+
                let methods_str = methods
                    .iter()
                    .map(|(n, ty, id)| (n.to_string(), unifier.stringify(*ty), *id))
                    .collect_vec();
                format!(
-                    "Class {{\nname: {:?},\nancestors: {:?},\nfields: {:?},\nmethods: {:?},\ntype_vars: {:?}\n}}",
+                    "Class {{\nname: {:?},\nancestors: {:?},\nfields: {:?},\nattributes: {:?},\nmethods: {:?},\ntype_vars: {:?}\n}}",
                    name,
                    ancestors.iter().map(|ancestor| ancestor.stringify(unifier)).collect_vec(),
                    fields_str.iter().map(|(a, _)| a).collect_vec(),
+                    attributes_str.iter().map(|(a, _)| a).collect_vec(),
                    methods_str.iter().map(|(a, b, _)| (a, b)).collect_vec(),
                    type_vars.iter().map(|id| unifier.stringify(*id)).collect_vec(),
                )
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/mod.rs
@ -92,6 +92,20 @@ pub struct FunInstance {

 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum TopLevelDef {
+    Module {
+        /// Name of the module
+        name: StrRef,
+        /// Module ID used for [`TypeEnum`]
+        module_id: DefinitionId,
+        /// `DefinitionId` of `TopLevelDef::{Class, Function}` within the module
+        methods: HashMap<StrRef, DefinitionId>,
+        /// `DefinitionId` of `TopLevelDef::{Variable}` within the module
+        attributes: Vec<(StrRef, DefinitionId)>,
+        /// Symbol resolver of the module defined the class.
+        resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
+        /// Definition location.
+        loc: Option<Location>,
+    },
    Class {
        /// Name for error messages and symbols.
        name: StrRef,
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__generic_class.snap
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__generic_class.snap
@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
 expression: res_vec
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\"],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"Generic_A\",\nancestors: [\"Generic_A[V]\", \"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\", \"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"V\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"Generic_A\",\nancestors: [\"Generic_A[V]\", \"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\", \"a\"],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"V\"]\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(261)]\n}\n",
 ]
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__inheritance_override.snap
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__inheritance_override.snap
@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
 expression: res_vec
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[t:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[t:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\"]\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[t:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[c:C], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B[typevar245]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar245\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B[typevar245]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar245\"]\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"B[bool]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\", \"e\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"B[bool]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\", \"e\"],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"C.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__list_tuple_generic.snap
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__list_tuple_generic.snap
@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ expression: res_vec
 ---
 [
    "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:list[int32], b:tuple[T, float]], A[B, bool]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T, V]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[v:V], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:T], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\", \"V\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T, V]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[v:V], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:T], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\", \"V\"]\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[v:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(258)]\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(263)]\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"gfun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[list[float], int32]], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
 ]
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__self1.snap
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__self1.snap
@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
 expression: res_vec
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[typevar244, typevar245]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar244\", \"typevar245\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[typevar244, typevar245]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar244\", \"typevar245\"]\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"A[int64, bool]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:B], B]\"), (\"bar\", \"fn[[a:A[list[B], int32]], tuple[A[virtual[A[B, int32]], bool], B]]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"A[int64, bool]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:B], B]\"), (\"bar\", \"fn[[a:A[list[B], int32]], tuple[A[virtual[A[B, int32]], bool], B]]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], B]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.bar\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[list[B], int32]], tuple[A[virtual[A[B, int32]], bool], B]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__simple_class_compose.snap
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__simple_class_compose.snap
@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
 expression: res_vec
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(264)]\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"C.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"C.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"ff\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(272)]\n}\n",
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__simple_pass_in_class.snap
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__simple_pass_in_class.snap
@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 ---
 source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
-assertion_line: 549
 expression: res_vec
-
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A\"],\nfields: [],\nattributes: [],\nmethods: [],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
 ]
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/mod.rs
@ -2008,7 +2008,8 @@ impl Inferencer<'_> {
        ctx: ExprContext,
    ) -> InferenceResult {
        let ty = value.custom.unwrap();
-        if let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, .. } = &*self.unifier.get_ty(ty) {
+        match &*self.unifier.get_ty(ty) {
+            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, .. } => {
                // just a fast path
                match (fields.get(&attr), ctx == ExprContext::Store) {
                    (Some((ty, true)), _) | (Some((ty, false)), false) => Ok(*ty),
@ -2046,7 +2047,8 @@ impl Inferencer<'_> {
                        }
                    }
                }
-        } else if let TypeEnum::TFunc(sign) = &*self.unifier.get_ty(ty) {
+            }
+            TypeEnum::TFunc(sign) => {
                // Access Class Attributes of classes with __init__ function using Class names e.g. Foo.ATTR1
                let result = {
                    self.top_level.definitions.read().iter().find_map(|def| {
@ -2067,13 +2069,29 @@ impl Inferencer<'_> {
                };
                match result {
                    Some(f) if ctx != ExprContext::Store => Ok(f),
-                Some(_) => {
-                    report_error(&format!("Class Attribute `{attr}` is immutable"), value.location)
-                }
+                    Some(_) => report_error(
+                        &format!("Class Attribute `{attr}` is immutable"),
+                        value.location,
+                    ),
                    None => self.infer_general_attribute(value, attr, ctx),
                }
-        } else {
-            self.infer_general_attribute(value, attr, ctx)
+            }
+            TypeEnum::TModule { attributes, .. } => {
+                match (attributes.get(&attr), ctx == ExprContext::Load) {
+                    (Some((ty, _)), true) | (Some((ty, false)), false) => Ok(*ty),
+                    (Some((ty, true)), false) => report_type_error(
+                        TypeErrorKind::MutationError(RecordKey::Str(attr), *ty),
+                        Some(value.location),
+                        self.unifier,
+                    ),
+                    (None, _) => report_type_error(
+                        TypeErrorKind::NoSuchField(RecordKey::Str(attr), ty),
+                        Some(value.location),
+                        self.unifier,
+                    ),
+                }
+            }
+            _ => self.infer_general_attribute(value, attr, ctx),
        }
    }

@ -2734,7 +2752,7 @@ impl Inferencer<'_> {
            .read()
            .iter()
            .map(|def| match *def.read() {
-                TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } => (name, false),
+                TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } | TopLevelDef::Module { name, .. } => (name, false),
                TopLevelDef::Function { simple_name, .. } => (simple_name, false),
                TopLevelDef::Variable { simple_name, .. } => (simple_name, true),
            })
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/mod.rs
@ -270,6 +270,19 @@ pub enum TypeEnum {

    /// A function type.
    TFunc(FunSignature),
+
+    /// Module Type
+    TModule {
+        /// The [`DefinitionId`] of this object type.
+        module_id: DefinitionId,
+
+        /// The attributes present in this object type.
+        ///
+        /// The key of the [Mapping] is the identifier of the field, while the value is a tuple
+        /// containing the [Type] of the field, and a `bool` indicating whether the field is a
+        /// variable (as opposed to a function).
+        attributes: Mapping<StrRef, (Type, bool)>,
+    },
 }

 impl TypeEnum {
@ -284,6 +297,7 @@ impl TypeEnum {
            TypeEnum::TVirtual { .. } => "TVirtual",
            TypeEnum::TCall { .. } => "TCall",
            TypeEnum::TFunc { .. } => "TFunc",
+            TypeEnum::TModule { .. } => "TModule",
        }
    }
 }
@ -593,7 +607,8 @@ impl Unifier {
            | TLiteral { .. }
            // functions are instantiated for each call sites, so the function type can contain
            // type variables.
-            | TFunc { .. } => true,
+            | TFunc { .. }
+            | TModule { .. } => true,

            TVar { .. } => allowed_typevars.iter().any(|b| self.unification_table.unioned(a, *b)),
            TCall { .. } => false,
@ -1315,10 +1330,12 @@ impl Unifier {
                    || format!("{id}"),
                    |top_level| {
                        let top_level_def = &top_level.definitions.read()[id];
-                        let TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } = &*top_level_def.read() else {
-                            unreachable!("expected class definition")
+                        let top_level_def = top_level_def.read();
+                        let (TopLevelDef::Class { name, .. } | TopLevelDef::Module { name, .. }) =
+                            &*top_level_def
+                        else {
+                            unreachable!("expected module/class definition")
                        };
-
                        name.to_string()
                    },
                )
@ -1446,6 +1463,10 @@ impl Unifier {
                let ret = self.internal_stringify(signature.ret, obj_to_name, var_to_name, notes);
                format!("fn[[{params}], {ret}]")
            }
+            TypeEnum::TModule { module_id, .. } => {
+                let name = obj_to_name(module_id.0);
+                name.to_string()
+            }
        }
    }

@ -1521,7 +1542,9 @@ impl Unifier {
        // variables, i.e. things like TRecord, TCall should not occur, and we
        // should be safe to not implement the substitution for those variants.
        match &*ty {
-            TypeEnum::TRigidVar { .. } | TypeEnum::TLiteral { .. } => None,
+            TypeEnum::TRigidVar { .. } | TypeEnum::TLiteral { .. } | TypeEnum::TModule { .. } => {
+                None
+            }
            TypeEnum::TVar { id, .. } => mapping.get(id).copied(),
            TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => {
                let mut new_ty = Cow::from(ty);
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/interpret_demo.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/interpret_demo.py
@ -232,6 +232,8 @@ def patch(module):
    module.np_ldexp = np.ldexp
    module.np_hypot = np.hypot
    module.np_nextafter = np.nextafter
+    module.np_any = np.any
+    module.np_all = np.all

    # SciPy Math functions
    module.sp_spec_erf = special.erf
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/run_demo.sh
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/run_demo.sh
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ rm -f ./*.o ./*.bc demo
 if [ -z "$i686" ]; then
  $nac3standalone "${nac3args[@]}"
  clang -c -std=gnu11 -Wall -Wextra -O3 -o demo.o demo.c
-  clang -o demo module.o demo.o $DEMO_LINALG_STUB -lm -Wl,--no-warn-search-mismatch
+  clang -o demo module.o demo.o $DEMO_LINALG_STUB -fuse-ld=lld -lm
 else
  $nac3standalone --triple i686-unknown-linux-gnu --target-features +sse2 "${nac3args[@]}"
  clang -m32 -c -std=gnu11 -Wall -Wextra -O3 -msse2 -o demo.o demo.c
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/class_attributes.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/class_attributes.py
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+@extern
+def output_int32(x: int32):
+    ...
+
+@extern
+def output_strln(x: str):
+    ...
+
+
+class A:
+    a: int32 = 1
+    b: int32
+    c: str = "test"
+    d: str
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.b = 2
+        self.d = "test"
+
+        output_int32(self.a)  # Attributes can be accessed within class        
+
+
+def run() -> int32:
+    output_int32(A.a)  # Attributes can be directly accessed with class name
+    # A.b # Only attributes can be accessed in this way
+    # A.a = 2  # Attributes are immutable
+
+    obj = A()
+    output_int32(obj.a)  # Attributes can be accessed by class objects
+
+    output_strln(obj.c)
+    output_strln(obj.d)
+
+    return 0
+
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/ndarray.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/ndarray.py
@ -1551,6 +1551,59 @@ def test_ndarray_nextafter_broadcast_rhs_scalar():
    output_ndarray_float_2(nextafter_x_zeros)
    output_ndarray_float_2(nextafter_x_ones)

+
+def test_ndarray_any():
+    s0 = 0
+    output_bool(np_any(s0))
+    s1 = 1
+    output_bool(np_any(s1))
+
+    x1 = np_identity(5)
+    y1 = np_any(x1)
+    output_ndarray_float_2(x1)
+    output_bool(y1)
+
+    x2 = np_identity(1)
+    y2 = np_any(x2)
+    output_ndarray_float_2(x2)
+    output_bool(y2)
+
+    x3 = np_array([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]])
+    y3 = np_any(x3)
+    output_ndarray_float_2(x3)
+    output_bool(y3)
+
+    x4 = np_zeros([3, 5])
+    y4 = np_any(x4)
+    output_ndarray_float_2(x4)
+    output_bool(y4)
+
+def test_ndarray_all():
+    s0 = 0
+    output_bool(np_all(s0))
+    s1 = 1
+    output_bool(np_all(s1))
+
+    x1 = np_identity(5)
+    y1 = np_all(x1)
+    output_ndarray_float_2(x1)
+    output_bool(y1)
+
+    x2 = np_identity(1)
+    y2 = np_all(x2)
+    output_ndarray_float_2(x2)
+    output_bool(y2)
+
+    x3 = np_array([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]])
+    y3 = np_all(x3)
+    output_ndarray_float_2(x3)
+    output_bool(y3)
+
+    x4 = np_zeros([3, 5])
+    y4 = np_all(x4)
+    output_ndarray_float_2(x4)
+    output_bool(y4)
+
 def test_ndarray_dot():
    x1: ndarray[float, 1] = np_array([5.0, 1.0, 4.0, 2.0])
    y1: ndarray[float, 1] = np_array([5.0, 1.0, 6.0, 6.0])
@ -1851,6 +1904,9 @@ def run() -> int32:
    test_ndarray_nextafter_broadcast_lhs_scalar()
    test_ndarray_nextafter_broadcast_rhs_scalar()

+    test_ndarray_any()
+    test_ndarray_all()
+
    test_ndarray_dot()
    test_ndarray_cholesky()
    test_ndarray_qr()
--- a/nac3standalone/src/main.rs
+++ b/nac3standalone/src/main.rs
@ -456,7 +456,13 @@ fn main() {
        membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
    })));
    let threads = (0..threads)
-        .map(|i| Box::new(DefaultCodeGenerator::new(format!("module{i}"), size_t)))
+        .map(|i| {
+            Box::new(DefaultCodeGenerator::with_target_machine(
+                format!("module{i}"),
+                &context,
+                &target_machine,
+            ))
+        })
        .collect();
    let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level, &llvm_options, &f);
    registry.add_task(task);
--- a/nix/windows/msys2_packages.nix
+++ b/nix/windows/msys2_packages.nix
@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 { pkgs } : [

 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunwind-19.1.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0frb5k16bbxdf8g379d16vl3qrh7n9pydn83gpfxpvwf3qlvnzyl";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunwind-19.1.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunwind-19.1.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  sha256 = "1gv6hbqvfgjzirpljql1shlchldmf5ww3rfsspg90pq1frnwavjl";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libunwind-19.1.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })

 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libc++-19.1.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0wh5km0v8j50pqz9bxb4f0w7r8zhsvssrjvc94np53iq8wjagk86";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libc++-19.1.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libc++-19.1.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  sha256 = "1wbkvrx14ahc04cgkydvlxwmsl8jfnqwhy9sy4kn4wkdzmlcp1ax";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libc++-19.1.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })

 (pkgs.fetchurl {
@ -19,15 +19,15 @@
 })

 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libiconv-1.17-4-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1g2bkhgf60dywccxw911ydyigf3m25yqfh81m5099swr7mjsmzyf";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libiconv-1.17-4-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libiconv-1.18-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  sha256 = "0vn5xgx9jjg66f8r9ylm9220qdbjdkffykfl6nwj14zv9y7xh4nj";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-libiconv-1.18-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })

 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-gettext-runtime-0.22.5-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "0ll6ci6d3mc7g04q0xixjc209bh8r874dqbczgns69jsad3wg6mi";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-gettext-runtime-0.22.5-2-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-gettext-runtime-0.23.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  sha256 = "0wbp5pmrr0rk4mx7d1frvqlk4a061zw31zscs57srmvl0wv3pi2a";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-gettext-runtime-0.23.1-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })

 (pkgs.fetchurl {
@ -55,69 +55,69 @@
 })

 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-libs-19.1.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1clrbm8dk893byj8s15pgcgqqijm2zkd10zgyakamd8m354kj9q4";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-libs-19.1.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-libs-19.1.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  sha256 = "0fpsnfyf0bg39a4ygzga06sr4wv4jp1jnc8lk6sr3z0nim0nlhjn";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-libs-19.1.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })

 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-19.1.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1iz2c9475h8p20ydpp0znbhyb62rlrk7wr7xl7cmwbam7wkwr8rn";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-19.1.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-19.1.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  sha256 = "0whqs9nvfmgxj3c83px6dipcdw9zi858kgd8130201fy1mbnafp1";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-llvm-19.1.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })

 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang-libs-19.1.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
-  sha256 = "1hidciwlakxrp4kyb0j2v6g4lv76nn834g6b88w1j94fk3qc765d";
-  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang-libs-19.1.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang-libs-19.1.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
+  sha256 = "0rmzri7h043i73jy3c2jcrg3hy40dr5s9n96kmxgaghfhvlpilps";
+  name = "mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang-libs-19.1.6-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
 })

 (pkgs.fetchurl {
-  url = "https://mirror.msys2.org/mingw/clang64/mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-compiler-rt-19.1.4-1-any.pkg.tar.zst";
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Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Sebastien Bourdeauducq	c32c68b0b0	flake: update dependencies	2025-02-05 15:42:23 +08:00
David Mak	d394b24304	[meta] flake: Add LLVM bintools to artiq-{instrumented,pgo}	2025-02-03 13:10:13 +08:00
David Mak	68da9b0ecf	[core] codegen: Implement StructProxy on existing proxies	2025-02-03 11:51:57 +08:00
David Mak	eec62c3bbb	[core] codegen: Refactor StructField getters and setters	2025-02-03 11:51:57 +08:00
David Mak	b521bc0c82	[core] codegen: Add Proxy{Type,Value}::as_abi_{type,value} Needed for PtrToOrBasic{Type,Value}.	2025-02-03 11:51:57 +08:00
David Mak	96e98947cc	[core] codegen: Add StructProxy{Type,Value}	2025-02-03 11:51:57 +08:00
David Mak	87a637b448	[core] codegen: Refactor Proxy{Type,Value} for StructProxy{Type,Value}	2025-02-03 11:51:57 +08:00
David Mak	bdeeced122	[core] codegen: Normalize RangeType factory functions Better matches factory functions of other ProxyTypes.	2025-02-03 11:51:57 +08:00
David Mak	37df08b803	[meta] Update dependencies	2025-02-03 11:51:57 +08:00
David Mak	05fd1a5199	[meta] Use lld as linker	2025-02-03 10:56:35 +08:00
abdul124	f817d3347b	[artiq] cleanup module functionality tests	2025-01-20 10:24:08 +08:00
abdul124	2d275949b8	move tests from artiq to standalone	2025-01-17 13:10:35 +08:00
Sébastien Bourdeauducq	2783834cb1	nac3artiq/demo: merge EmbeddingMap into min_artiq	2025-01-17 12:45:51 +08:00
abdul124	879b063968	[artiq] add tests for module support	2025-01-16 12:42:13 +08:00
abdul124	14e80dfab7	update snapshots	2025-01-16 12:41:30 +08:00
abdul124	5fdbc34b43	[core] implement codegen for modules	2025-01-16 12:40:56 +08:00
abdul124	32f24261f2	[artiq] add global variables to modules	2025-01-16 12:40:14 +08:00
abdul124	ce40a46f8a	[core] add module type	2025-01-16 12:40:06 +08:00
abdul124	f15a64cc1b	[artiq] register modules	2025-01-16 11:13:04 +08:00
abdul124	7fac801936	[artiq] add module primitive type	2025-01-16 11:13:04 +08:00
abdul124	febfd1241d	[core] add module type	2025-01-16 11:13:04 +08:00
abdul124	4bd5349381	[core] add attributes to class string	2025-01-16 11:13:04 +08:00
Sebastien Bourdeauducq	c15062ab4c	msys2: update	2025-01-15 21:33:58 +08:00
Sebastien Bourdeauducq	933804e270	update dependencies	2025-01-15 21:18:45 +08:00
David Mak	1cfaa1a779	[core] toplevel: Implement np_{any,all}	2025-01-15 16:09:32 +08:00
David Mak	18e8e5269f	[core] codegen/values/ndarray: Add fold utilities Needed for np_{any,all}.	2025-01-15 16:09:32 +08:00
David Mak	357970a793	[core] codegen/stmt: Add build_{break,continue}_branch functions	2025-01-15 16:09:32 +08:00
David Mak	762a2447c3	[core] codegen: Remove obsolete comments Comments regarding the need for `llvm.stack{save,restore}` is obsolete now that `NDIter::indices` is allocated at the beginning of the function.	2025-01-15 16:09:32 +08:00
David Mak	8e614d83de	[core] codegen: Add ProxyType::new overloads and refactor to use them	2025-01-15 13:23:19 +08:00
David Mak	bd66fe48d8	[core] codegen: Refactor to use CodeGenContext::get_size_type Simplifies a lot of API usage.	2025-01-15 13:23:19 +08:00
David Mak	c59fd286ff	[artiq] Move `get_llvm_*` to Isa, use `TargetMachine` to infer size_t	2025-01-15 13:23:19 +08:00
David Mak	f8530e0ef6	[core] codegen: Add CodeGenContext::get_size_type Convenience method for getting the `size_t` LLVM type without the use of `CodeGenerator`.	2025-01-15 13:22:50 +08:00
David Mak	3ebd4ba5d1	[core] codegen: Add assertion verifying size_t is compatible	2025-01-14 18:25:00 +08:00
David Mak	d1dcfa19ff	CodeGenerator: Add with_target_machine factory function Allows creating CodeGenerator with the LLVM target machine to infer the expected type for size_t.	2025-01-13 14:55:33 +08:00