nac3/nac3artiq/src/lib.rs

use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
use std::fs;
use std::process::Command;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::Arc;

use inkwell::{
    memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
    passes::{PassManager, PassManagerBuilder},
    targets::*,
    OptimizationLevel,
};
use nac3core::typecheck::typedef::{Unifier, TypeEnum};
use nac3parser::{
    ast::{self, ExprKind, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
    parser::{self, parse_program},
};
use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::{exceptions, types::PyBytes, types::PyDict, types::PySet};

use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};

use nac3core::{
    codegen::{concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, CodeGenTask, WithCall, WorkerRegistry},
    codegen::irrt::load_irrt,
    symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver,
    toplevel::{
        composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
        DefinitionId, GenCall, TopLevelDef,
    },
    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg},
    typecheck::{type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore, typedef::Type},
};

use tempfile::{self, TempDir};

use crate::{
    codegen::{rpc_codegen_callback, ArtiqCodeGenerator},
    symbol_resolver::{InnerResolver, PythonHelper, Resolver},
};

mod codegen;
mod symbol_resolver;
mod timeline;

use timeline::TimeFns;

#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
enum Isa {
    Host,
    RiscV32G,
    RiscV32IMA,
    CortexA9,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct PrimitivePythonId {
    int: u64,
    int32: u64,
    int64: u64,
    float: u64,
    bool: u64,
    list: u64,
    tuple: u64,
    typevar: u64,
    none: u64,
    exception: u64,
    generic_alias: (u64, u64),
    virtual_id: u64,
}

type TopLevelComponent = (Stmt, String, PyObject);

// TopLevelComposer is unsendable as it holds the unification table, which is
// unsendable due to Rc. Arc would cause a performance hit.
#[pyclass(unsendable, name = "NAC3")]
struct Nac3 {
    isa: Isa,
    time_fns: &'static (dyn TimeFns + Sync),
    primitive: PrimitiveStore,
    builtins: Vec<(StrRef, FunSignature, Arc<GenCall>)>,
    builtins_ty: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
    builtins_def: HashMap<StrRef, DefinitionId>,
    pyid_to_def: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<u64, DefinitionId>>>,
    primitive_ids: PrimitivePythonId,
    working_directory: TempDir,
    top_levels: Vec<TopLevelComponent>,
    string_store: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<String, i32>>>,
}

impl Nac3 {
    fn register_module(
        &mut self,
        module: PyObject,
        registered_class_ids: &HashSet<u64>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let (module_name, source_file) = Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<(String, String)> {
            let module: &PyAny = module.extract(py)?;
            Ok((
                module.getattr("__name__")?.extract()?,
                module.getattr("__file__")?.extract()?,
            ))
        })?;

        let source = fs::read_to_string(&source_file).map_err(|e| {
            exceptions::PyIOError::new_err(format!("failed to read input file: {}", e))
        })?;
        let parser_result = parser::parse_program(&source, source_file.into())
            .map_err(|e| exceptions::PySyntaxError::new_err(format!("parse error: {}", e)))?;

        for mut stmt in parser_result.into_iter() {
            let include = match stmt.node {
                ast::StmtKind::ClassDef {
                    ref decorator_list,
                    ref mut body,
                    ref mut bases,
                    ..
                } => {
                    let nac3_class = decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
                        if let ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
                            id.to_string() == "nac3"
                        } else {
                            false
                        }
                    });
                    if !nac3_class {
                        continue;
                    }
                    // Drop unregistered (i.e. host-only) base classes.
                    bases.retain(|base| {
                        Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<bool> {
                            let id_fn = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?.getattr("id")?;
                            match &base.node {
                                ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
                                    if *id == "Exception".into() {
                                        Ok(true)
                                    } else {
                                        let base_obj = module.getattr(py, id.to_string())?;
                                        let base_id = id_fn.call1((base_obj,))?.extract()?;
                                        Ok(registered_class_ids.contains(&base_id))
                                    }
                                }
                                _ => Ok(true),
                            }
                        })
                        .unwrap()
                    });
                    body.retain(|stmt| {
                        if let ast::StmtKind::FunctionDef {
                            ref decorator_list, ..
                        } = stmt.node
                        {
                            decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
                                if let ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
                                    id.to_string() == "kernel"
                                        || id.to_string() == "portable"
                                        || id.to_string() == "rpc"
                                } else {
                                    false
                                }
                            })
                        } else {
                            true
                        }
                    });
                    true
                }
                ast::StmtKind::FunctionDef {
                    ref decorator_list, ..
                } => decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
                    if let ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
                        let id = id.to_string();
                        id == "extern" || id == "portable" || id == "kernel" || id == "rpc"
                    } else {
                        false
                    }
                }),
                _ => false,
            };

            if include {
                self.top_levels
                    .push((stmt, module_name.clone(), module.clone()));
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn report_modinit(
        arg_names: &[String],
        method_name: &str,
        resolver: Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>,
        top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
        unifier: &mut Unifier,
        primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
    ) -> Option<String> {
        let base_ty =
            match resolver.get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, "base".into()) {
                Ok(ty) => ty,
                Err(e) => return Some(format!("type error inside object launching kernel: {}", e))
            };

        let fun_ty = if method_name.is_empty() {
            base_ty
        } else if let TypeEnum::TObj { fields, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(base_ty) {
            match fields.borrow().get(&(*method_name).into()) {
                Some(t) => t.0,
                None => return Some(
                    format!("object launching kernel does not have method `{}`", method_name)
                )
            }
        } else {
            return Some("cannot launch kernel by calling a non-callable".into())
        };

        if let TypeEnum::TFunc(sig) = &*unifier.get_ty(fun_ty) {
            let FunSignature { args, .. } = &*sig.borrow();
            if arg_names.len() > args.len() {
                return Some(format!(
                    "launching kernel function with too many arguments (expect {}, found {})",
                    args.len(),
                    arg_names.len(),
                ))
            }
            for (i, FuncArg { ty, default_value, name }) in args.iter().enumerate() {
                let in_name = match arg_names.get(i) {
                    Some(n) => n,
                    None if default_value.is_none() => return Some(format!(
                        "argument `{}` not provided when launching kernel function", name
                    )),
                    _ => break,
                };
                let in_ty = match resolver.get_symbol_type(
                    unifier,
                    top_level_defs,
                    primitives,
                    in_name.clone().into()
                ) {
                    Ok(t) => t,
                    Err(e) => return Some(format!(
                        "type error ({}) at parameter #{} when calling kernel function", e, i
                    ))
                };
                if let Err(e) = unifier.unify(in_ty, *ty) {
                    return Some(format!(
                        "type error ({}) at parameter #{} when calling kernel function", e, i
                    ));
                }
            }
        } else {
            return Some("cannot launch kernel by calling a non-callable".into())
        }
        None
    }
}

#[pymethods]
impl Nac3 {
    #[new]
    fn new(isa: &str, py: Python) -> PyResult<Self> {
        let isa = match isa {
            "host" => Isa::Host,
            "rv32g" => Isa::RiscV32G,
            "rv32ima" => Isa::RiscV32IMA,
            "cortexa9" => Isa::CortexA9,
            _ => return Err(exceptions::PyValueError::new_err("invalid ISA")),
        };
        let time_fns: &(dyn TimeFns + Sync) = match isa {
            Isa::Host => &timeline::EXTERN_TIME_FNS,
            Isa::RiscV32G => &timeline::NOW_PINNING_TIME_FNS_64,
            Isa::RiscV32IMA => &timeline::NOW_PINNING_TIME_FNS,
            Isa::CortexA9 => &timeline::EXTERN_TIME_FNS,
        };
        let primitive: PrimitiveStore = TopLevelComposer::make_primitives().0;
        let builtins = vec![
            (
                "now_mu".into(),
                FunSignature {
                    args: vec![],
                    ret: primitive.int64,
                    vars: HashMap::new(),
                },
                Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(move |ctx, _, _, _, _| {
                    Some(time_fns.emit_now_mu(ctx))
                }))),
            ),
            (
                "at_mu".into(),
                FunSignature {
                    args: vec![FuncArg {
                        name: "t".into(),
                        ty: primitive.int64,
                        default_value: None,
                    }],
                    ret: primitive.none,
                    vars: HashMap::new(),
                },
                Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(move |ctx, _, _, args, generator| {
                    let arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator);
                    time_fns.emit_at_mu(ctx, arg);
                    None
                }))),
            ),
            (
                "delay_mu".into(),
                FunSignature {
                    args: vec![FuncArg {
                        name: "dt".into(),
                        ty: primitive.int64,
                        default_value: None,
                    }],
                    ret: primitive.none,
                    vars: HashMap::new(),
                },
                Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(move |ctx, _, _, args, generator| {
                    let arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator);
                    time_fns.emit_delay_mu(ctx, arg);
                    None
                }))),
            ),
        ];
        let (_, builtins_def, builtins_ty) = TopLevelComposer::new(
            builtins.clone(),
            ComposerConfig {
                kernel_ann: Some("Kernel"),
                kernel_invariant_ann: "KernelInvariant",
            },
        );

        let builtins_mod = PyModule::import(py, "builtins").unwrap();
        let id_fn = builtins_mod.getattr("id").unwrap();
        let numpy_mod = PyModule::import(py, "numpy").unwrap();
        let typing_mod = PyModule::import(py, "typing").unwrap();
        let types_mod = PyModule::import(py, "types").unwrap();
        let primitive_ids = PrimitivePythonId {
            virtual_id: id_fn
                .call1((builtins_mod
                    .getattr("globals")
                    .unwrap()
                    .call0()
                    .unwrap()
                    .get_item("virtual")
                    .unwrap(),))
                .unwrap()
                .extract()
                .unwrap(),
            generic_alias: (
                id_fn
                    .call1((typing_mod.getattr("_GenericAlias").unwrap(),))
                    .unwrap()
                    .extract()
                    .unwrap(),
                id_fn
                    .call1((types_mod.getattr("GenericAlias").unwrap(),))
                    .unwrap()
                    .extract()
                    .unwrap(),
            ),
            none: id_fn
                .call1((builtins_mod.getattr("None").unwrap(),))
                .unwrap()
                .extract()
                .unwrap(),
            typevar: id_fn
                .call1((typing_mod.getattr("TypeVar").unwrap(),))
                .unwrap()
                .extract()
                .unwrap(),
            int: id_fn
                .call1((builtins_mod.getattr("int").unwrap(),))
                .unwrap()
                .extract()
                .unwrap(),
            int32: id_fn
                .call1((numpy_mod.getattr("int32").unwrap(),))
                .unwrap()
                .extract()
                .unwrap(),
            int64: id_fn
                .call1((numpy_mod.getattr("int64").unwrap(),))
                .unwrap()
                .extract()
                .unwrap(),
            bool: id_fn
                .call1((builtins_mod.getattr("bool").unwrap(),))
                .unwrap()
                .extract()
                .unwrap(),
            float: id_fn
                .call1((builtins_mod.getattr("float").unwrap(),))
                .unwrap()
                .extract()
                .unwrap(),
            list: id_fn
                .call1((builtins_mod.getattr("list").unwrap(),))
                .unwrap()
                .extract()
                .unwrap(),
            tuple: id_fn
                .call1((builtins_mod.getattr("tuple").unwrap(),))
                .unwrap()
                .extract()
                .unwrap(),
            exception: id_fn
                .call1((builtins_mod.getattr("tuple").unwrap(),))
                .unwrap()
                .extract()
                .unwrap(),
        };

        let working_directory = tempfile::Builder::new().prefix("nac3-").tempdir().unwrap();
        fs::write(
            working_directory.path().join("kernel.ld"),
            include_bytes!("kernel.ld"),
        )
        .unwrap();

        Ok(Nac3 {
            isa,
            time_fns,
            primitive,
            builtins,
            builtins_ty,
            builtins_def,
            primitive_ids,
            top_levels: Default::default(),
            pyid_to_def: Default::default(),
            working_directory,
            string_store: Default::default()
        })
    }

    fn analyze(&mut self, functions: &PySet, classes: &PySet) -> PyResult<()> {
        let (modules, class_ids) =
            Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<(HashMap<u64, PyObject>, HashSet<u64>)> {
                let mut modules: HashMap<u64, PyObject> = HashMap::new();
                let mut class_ids: HashSet<u64> = HashSet::new();

                let id_fn = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?.getattr("id")?;
                let getmodule_fn = PyModule::import(py, "inspect")?.getattr("getmodule")?;

                for function in functions.iter() {
                    let module = getmodule_fn.call1((function,))?.extract()?;
                    modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module);
                }
                for class in classes.iter() {
                    let module = getmodule_fn.call1((class,))?.extract()?;
                    modules.insert(id_fn.call1((&module,))?.extract()?, module);
                    class_ids.insert(id_fn.call1((class,))?.extract()?);
                }
                Ok((modules, class_ids))
            })?;

        for module in modules.into_values() {
            self.register_module(module, &class_ids)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn compile_method_to_file(
        &mut self,
        obj: &PyAny,
        method_name: &str,
        args: Vec<&PyAny>,
        filename: &str,
        embedding_map: &PyAny,
        py: Python,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let (mut composer, _, _) = TopLevelComposer::new(self.builtins.clone(), ComposerConfig {
            kernel_ann: Some("Kernel"),
            kernel_invariant_ann: "KernelInvariant"
        });

        let builtins = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?;
        let typings = PyModule::import(py, "typing")?;
        let id_fn = builtins.getattr("id")?;
        let store_obj = embedding_map.getattr("store_object").unwrap().to_object(py);
        let store_str = embedding_map.getattr("store_str").unwrap().to_object(py);
        let store_fun = embedding_map
            .getattr("store_function")
            .unwrap()
            .to_object(py);
        let helper = PythonHelper {
            id_fn: builtins.getattr("id").unwrap().to_object(py),
            len_fn: builtins.getattr("len").unwrap().to_object(py),
            type_fn: builtins.getattr("type").unwrap().to_object(py),
            origin_ty_fn: typings.getattr("get_origin").unwrap().to_object(py),
            args_ty_fn: typings.getattr("get_args").unwrap().to_object(py),
            store_obj,
            store_str
        };
        let mut module_to_resolver_cache: HashMap<u64, _> = HashMap::new();

        let pyid_to_type = Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::<u64, Type>::new()));
        let global_value_ids = Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashSet::<u64>::new()));
        let mut rpc_ids = vec![];
        for (stmt, path, module) in self.top_levels.iter() {
            let py_module: &PyAny = module.extract(py)?;
            let module_id: u64 = id_fn.call1((py_module,))?.extract()?;
            let helper = helper.clone();
            let (name_to_pyid, resolver) = module_to_resolver_cache
                .get(&module_id)
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                    let mut name_to_pyid: HashMap<StrRef, u64> = HashMap::new();
                    let members: &PyDict =
                        py_module.getattr("__dict__").unwrap().cast_as().unwrap();
                    for (key, val) in members.iter() {
                        let key: &str = key.extract().unwrap();
                        let val = id_fn.call1((val,)).unwrap().extract().unwrap();
                        name_to_pyid.insert(key.into(), val);
                    }
                    let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver(Arc::new(InnerResolver {
                        id_to_type: self.builtins_ty.clone().into(),
                        id_to_def: self.builtins_def.clone().into(),
                        pyid_to_def: self.pyid_to_def.clone(),
                        pyid_to_type: pyid_to_type.clone(),
                        primitive_ids: self.primitive_ids.clone(),
                        global_value_ids: global_value_ids.clone(),
                        class_names: Default::default(),
                        name_to_pyid: name_to_pyid.clone(),
                        module: module.clone(),
                        id_to_pyval: Default::default(),
                        id_to_primitive: Default::default(),
                        field_to_val: Default::default(),
                        helper,
                        string_store: self.string_store.clone(),
                    })))
                        as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
                    let name_to_pyid = Rc::new(name_to_pyid);
                    module_to_resolver_cache
                        .insert(module_id, (name_to_pyid.clone(), resolver.clone()));
                    (name_to_pyid, resolver)
                });

            let (name, def_id, ty) = composer
                .register_top_level(stmt.clone(), Some(resolver.clone()), path.clone())
                .map_err(|e| {
                    exceptions::PyRuntimeError::new_err(format!("nac3 compilation failure: {}", e))
                })?;

            match &stmt.node {
                StmtKind::FunctionDef { decorator_list, .. } => {
                    if decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| matches!(decorator.node, ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == "rpc".into())) {
                        store_fun.call1(py, (def_id.0.into_py(py), module.getattr(py, name.to_string()).unwrap())).unwrap();
                        rpc_ids.push((None, def_id));
                    }
                }
                StmtKind::ClassDef { name, body, .. } => {
                    let class_obj = module.getattr(py, name.to_string()).unwrap();
                    for stmt in body.iter() {
                        if let StmtKind::FunctionDef { name, decorator_list, .. } = &stmt.node {
                            if decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| matches!(decorator.node, ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == "rpc".into())) {
                                rpc_ids.push((Some((class_obj.clone(), *name)), def_id));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                _ => ()
            }

            let id = *name_to_pyid.get(&name).unwrap();
            self.pyid_to_def.write().insert(id, def_id);
            {
                let mut pyid_to_ty = pyid_to_type.write();
                if let Some(ty) = ty {
                    pyid_to_ty.insert(id, ty);
                }
            }
        }

        let id_fun = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?.getattr("id")?;
        let mut name_to_pyid: HashMap<StrRef, u64> = HashMap::new();
        let module = PyModule::new(py, "tmp")?;
        module.add("base", obj)?;
        name_to_pyid.insert("base".into(), id_fun.call1((obj,))?.extract()?);
        let mut arg_names = vec![];
        for (i, arg) in args.into_iter().enumerate() {
            let name = format!("tmp{}", i);
            module.add(&name, arg)?;
            name_to_pyid.insert(name.clone().into(), id_fun.call1((arg,))?.extract()?);
            arg_names.push(name);
        }
        let synthesized = if method_name.is_empty() {
            format!("def __modinit__():\n    base({})", arg_names.join(", "))
        } else {
            format!(
                "def __modinit__():\n    base.{}({})",
                method_name,
                arg_names.join(", ")
            )
        };
        let mut synthesized = parse_program(
            &synthesized,
            "__nac3_synthesized_modinit__".to_string().into(),
        ).unwrap();
        let resolver = Arc::new(Resolver(Arc::new(InnerResolver {
            id_to_type: self.builtins_ty.clone().into(),
            id_to_def: self.builtins_def.clone().into(),
            pyid_to_def: self.pyid_to_def.clone(),
            pyid_to_type: pyid_to_type.clone(),
            primitive_ids: self.primitive_ids.clone(),
            global_value_ids: global_value_ids.clone(),
            class_names: Default::default(),
            id_to_pyval: Default::default(),
            id_to_primitive: Default::default(),
            field_to_val: Default::default(),
            name_to_pyid,
            module: module.to_object(py),
            helper,
            string_store: self.string_store.clone(),
        }))) as Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>;
        let (_, def_id, _) = composer
            .register_top_level(
                synthesized.pop().unwrap(),
                Some(resolver.clone()),
                "".into(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        let signature = FunSignature {
            args: vec![],
            ret: self.primitive.none,
            vars: HashMap::new(),
        };
        let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
        let mut cache = HashMap::new();
        let signature = store.from_signature(
            &mut composer.unifier,
            &self.primitive,
            &signature,
            &mut cache,
        );
        let signature = store.add_cty(signature);

        if let Err(e) = composer.start_analysis(true) {
            // report error of __modinit__ separately
            if !e.contains("__nac3_synthesized_modinit__") {
                return Err(exceptions::PyRuntimeError::new_err(
                    format!("nac3 compilation failure: {}", e)
                ));
            } else {
                let msg = Self::report_modinit(
                    &arg_names,
                    method_name,
                    resolver.clone(),
                    &composer.extract_def_list(),
                    &mut composer.unifier,
                    &self.primitive
                );
                return Err(exceptions::PyRuntimeError::new_err(msg.unwrap()));
            }
        }
        let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());

        {
            let rpc_codegen = rpc_codegen_callback();
            let defs = top_level.definitions.read();
            for (class_data, id) in rpc_ids.iter() {
                let mut def = defs[id.0].write();
                match &mut *def {
                    TopLevelDef::Function {
                        codegen_callback, ..
                    } => {
                        *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen.clone());
                    }
                    TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } => {
                        let (class_def, method_name) = class_data.as_ref().unwrap();
                        for (name, _, id) in methods.iter() {
                            if name != method_name {
                                continue;
                            }
                            if let TopLevelDef::Function {
                                codegen_callback, ..
                            } = &mut *defs[id.0].write()
                            {
                                *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen.clone());
                                store_fun
                                    .call1(
                                        py,
                                        (
                                            id.0.into_py(py),
                                            class_def.getattr(py, name.to_string()).unwrap(),
                                        ),
                                    )
                                    .unwrap();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let instance = {
            let defs = top_level.definitions.read();
            let mut definition = defs[def_id.0].write();
            if let TopLevelDef::Function {
                instance_to_stmt,
                instance_to_symbol,
                ..
            } = &mut *definition
            {
                instance_to_symbol.insert("".to_string(), "__modinit__".into());
                instance_to_stmt[""].clone()
            } else {
                unreachable!()
            }
        };

        let task = CodeGenTask {
            subst: Default::default(),
            symbol_name: "__modinit__".to_string(),
            body: instance.body,
            signature,
            resolver,
            store,
            unifier_index: instance.unifier_id,
            calls: instance.calls,
            id: 0,
        };
        let isa = self.isa;
        let working_directory = self.working_directory.path().to_owned();

        let membuffers: Arc<Mutex<Vec<Vec<u8>>>> = Default::default();

        let membuffer = membuffers.clone();

        let f = Arc::new(WithCall::new(Box::new(move |module| {
            let buffer = module.write_bitcode_to_memory();
            let buffer = buffer.as_slice().into();
            membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
        })));
        let size_t = if self.isa == Isa::Host { 64 } else { 32 };
        let thread_names: Vec<String> = (0..4).map(|_| "main".to_string()).collect();
        let threads: Vec<_> = thread_names
            .iter()
            .map(|s| {
                Box::new(ArtiqCodeGenerator::new(
                    s.to_string(),
                    size_t,
                    self.time_fns,
                ))
            })
            .collect();

        py.allow_threads(|| {
            let (registry, handles) = WorkerRegistry::create_workers(threads, top_level.clone(), f);
            registry.add_task(task);
            registry.wait_tasks_complete(handles);
        });

        let buffers = membuffers.lock();
        let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
        let main = context
            .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(&buffers[0], "main"))
            .unwrap();
        for buffer in buffers.iter().skip(1) {
            let other = context
                .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(buffer, "main"))
                .unwrap();

            main.link_in_module(other)
                .map_err(|err| exceptions::PyRuntimeError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
        }
        main.link_in_module(load_irrt(&context))
            .map_err(|err| exceptions::PyRuntimeError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;

        let mut function_iter = main.get_first_function();
        while let Some(func) = function_iter {
            if func.count_basic_blocks() > 0 && func.get_name().to_str().unwrap() != "__modinit__" {
                func.set_linkage(inkwell::module::Linkage::Private);
            }
            function_iter = func.get_next_function();
        }

        let builder = PassManagerBuilder::create();
        builder.set_optimization_level(OptimizationLevel::Aggressive);
        let passes = PassManager::create(());
        builder.set_inliner_with_threshold(255);
        builder.populate_module_pass_manager(&passes);
        passes.run_on(&main);

        let (triple, features) = match isa {
            Isa::Host => (
                TargetMachine::get_default_triple(),
                TargetMachine::get_host_cpu_features().to_string(),
            ),
            Isa::RiscV32G => (
                TargetTriple::create("riscv32-unknown-linux"),
                "+a,+m,+f,+d".to_string(),
            ),
            Isa::RiscV32IMA => (
                TargetTriple::create("riscv32-unknown-linux"),
                "+a,+m".to_string(),
            ),
            Isa::CortexA9 => (
                TargetTriple::create("armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf"),
                "+dsp,+fp16,+neon,+vfp3".to_string(),
            ),
        };
        let target =
            Target::from_triple(&triple).expect("couldn't create target from target triple");
        let target_machine = target
            .create_target_machine(
                &triple,
                "",
                &features,
                OptimizationLevel::Default,
                RelocMode::PIC,
                CodeModel::Default,
            )
            .expect("couldn't create target machine");
        target_machine
            .write_to_file(&main, FileType::Object, &working_directory.join("module.o"))
            .expect("couldn't write module to file");

        let mut linker_args = vec![
            "-shared".to_string(),
            "--eh-frame-hdr".to_string(),
            "-x".to_string(),
            "-o".to_string(),
            filename.to_string(),
            working_directory
                .join("module.o")
                .to_string_lossy()
                .to_string(),
        ];
        if isa != Isa::Host {
            linker_args.push(
                "-T".to_string()
                    + self
                        .working_directory
                        .path()
                        .join("kernel.ld")
                        .to_str()
                        .unwrap(),
            );
        }

        if let Ok(linker_status) = Command::new("ld.lld").args(linker_args).status() {
            if !linker_status.success() {
                return Err(exceptions::PyRuntimeError::new_err(
                    "failed to start linker",
                ));
            }
        } else {
            return Err(exceptions::PyRuntimeError::new_err(
                "linker returned non-zero status code",
            ));
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn compile_method_to_mem(
        &mut self,
        obj: &PyAny,
        method_name: &str,
        args: Vec<&PyAny>,
        embedding_map: &PyAny,
        py: Python,
    ) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
        let filename_path = self.working_directory.path().join("module.elf");
        let filename = filename_path.to_str().unwrap();
        self.compile_method_to_file(obj, method_name, args, filename, embedding_map, py)?;
        Ok(PyBytes::new(py, &fs::read(filename).unwrap()).into())
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "init-llvm-profile")]
extern "C" {
    fn __llvm_profile_initialize();
}

#[pymodule]
fn nac3artiq(_py: Python, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
    #[cfg(feature = "init-llvm-profile")]
    unsafe {
        __llvm_profile_initialize();
    }

    Target::initialize_all(&InitializationConfig::default());
    m.add_class::<Nac3>()?;
    Ok(())
}