asd

core: irrt general numpy broadcasting
core: irrt general numpy slicing
2024-07-11 00:34:06 +08:00 · 2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00 · 2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00 · 2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00 · 2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00 · 2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00
105 changed files with 8667 additions and 12216 deletions
--- a/.clang-format
+++ b/.clang-format
@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-BasedOnStyle: LLVM
-
-Language: Cpp
-Standard: Cpp11
-
-AccessModifierOffset: -1
-AlignEscapedNewlines: Left
-AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
-AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: Yes
-AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: false
-AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Inline
-BinPackParameters: false
-BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: NonAssignment
-BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true
-BreakConstructorInitializers: AfterColon
-BreakInheritanceList: AfterColon
-ColumnLimit: 120
-ConstructorInitializerAllOnOneLineOrOnePerLine: true
-ContinuationIndentWidth: 4
-DerivePointerAlignment: false
-IndentCaseLabels: true
-IndentPPDirectives: None
-IndentWidth: 4
-MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: 1
-PointerAlignment: Left
-ReflowComments: true
-SortIncludes: false
-SortUsingDeclarations: true
-SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: false
-SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 2
-TabWidth: 4
-UseTab: Never
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 __pycache__
 /target
-/nac3standalone/demo/linalg/target
 nix/windows/msys2
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ repos:
    hooks:
      - id: nac3-cargo-fmt
        name: nac3 cargo format
-        entry: nix
+        entry: cargo
        language: system
        types: [file, rust]
        pass_filenames: false
        description: Runs cargo fmt on the codebase.
-        args: [develop, -c, cargo, fmt, --all]
+        args: [fmt]
      - id: nac3-cargo-clippy
        name: nac3 cargo clippy
-        entry: nix
+        entry: cargo
        language: system
        types: [file, rust]
        pass_filenames: false
        description: Runs cargo clippy on the codebase.
-        args: [develop, -c, cargo, clippy, --tests]
+        args: [clippy, --tests]
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "anstream"
-version = "0.6.17"
+version = "0.6.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "23a1e53f0f5d86382dafe1cf314783b2044280f406e7e1506368220ad11b1338"
+checksum = "418c75fa768af9c03be99d17643f93f79bbba589895012a80e3452a19ddda15b"
 dependencies = [
 "anstyle",
 "anstyle-parse",
@ -41,67 +41,67 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle"
-version = "1.0.9"
+version = "1.0.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8365de52b16c035ff4fcafe0092ba9390540e3e352870ac09933bebcaa2c8c56"
+checksum = "038dfcf04a5feb68e9c60b21c9625a54c2c0616e79b72b0fd87075a056ae1d1b"

 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-parse"
-version = "0.2.6"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3b2d16507662817a6a20a9ea92df6652ee4f94f914589377d69f3b21bc5798a9"
+checksum = "c03a11a9034d92058ceb6ee011ce58af4a9bf61491aa7e1e59ecd24bd40d22d4"
 dependencies = [
 "utf8parse",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-query"
-version = "1.1.2"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "79947af37f4177cfead1110013d678905c37501914fba0efea834c3fe9a8d60c"
+checksum = "ad186efb764318d35165f1758e7dcef3b10628e26d41a44bc5550652e6804391"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-wincon"
-version = "3.0.6"
+version = "3.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2109dbce0e72be3ec00bed26e6a7479ca384ad226efdd66db8fa2e3a38c83125"
+checksum = "61a38449feb7068f52bb06c12759005cf459ee52bb4adc1d5a7c4322d716fb19"
 dependencies = [
 "anstyle",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "ascii-canvas"
-version = "4.0.0"
+version = "3.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ef1e3e699d84ab1b0911a1010c5c106aa34ae89aeac103be5ce0c3859db1e891"
+checksum = "8824ecca2e851cec16968d54a01dd372ef8f95b244fb84b84e70128be347c3c6"
 dependencies = [
 "term",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
-version = "1.4.0"
+version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ace50bade8e6234aa140d9a2f552bbee1db4d353f69b8217bc503490fc1a9f26"
+checksum = "0c4b4d0bd25bd0b74681c0ad21497610ce1b7c91b1022cd21c80c6fbdd9476b0"

 [[package]]
 name = "bit-set"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08807e080ed7f9d5433fa9b275196cfc35414f66a0c79d864dc51a0d825231a3"
+checksum = "0700ddab506f33b20a03b13996eccd309a48e5ff77d0d95926aa0210fb4e95f1"
 dependencies = [
 "bit-vec",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "bit-vec"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.6.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e764a1d40d510daf35e07be9eb06e75770908c27d411ee6c92109c9840eaaf7"
+checksum = "349f9b6a179ed607305526ca489b34ad0a41aed5f7980fa90eb03160b69598fb"

 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
@ -109,15 +109,6 @@ version = "2.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b048fb63fd8b5923fc5aa7b340d8e156aec7ec02f0c78fa8a6ddc2613f6f71de"

-[[package]]
-name = "block-buffer"
-version = "0.10.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3078c7629b62d3f0439517fa394996acacc5cbc91c5a20d8c658e77abd503a71"
-dependencies = [
- "generic-array",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "byteorder"
 version = "1.5.0"
@ -126,12 +117,9 @@ checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"

 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.1.31"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c2e7962b54006dcfcc61cb72735f4d89bb97061dd6a7ed882ec6b8ee53714c6f"
-dependencies = [
- "shlex",
-]
+checksum = "eaff6f8ce506b9773fa786672d63fc7a191ffea1be33f72bbd4aeacefca9ffc8"

 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
@ -141,9 +129,9 @@ checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"

 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.20"
+version = "4.5.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b97f376d85a664d5837dbae44bf546e6477a679ff6610010f17276f686d867e8"
+checksum = "64acc1846d54c1fe936a78dc189c34e28d3f5afc348403f28ecf53660b9b8462"
 dependencies = [
 "clap_builder",
 "clap_derive",
@ -151,9 +139,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.20"
+version = "4.5.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "19bc80abd44e4bed93ca373a0704ccbd1b710dc5749406201bb018272808dc54"
+checksum = "6fb8393d67ba2e7bfaf28a23458e4e2b543cc73a99595511eb207fdb8aede942"
 dependencies = [
 "anstream",
 "anstyle",
@ -163,27 +151,27 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.5.18"
+version = "4.5.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4ac6a0c7b1a9e9a5186361f67dfa1b88213572f427fb9ab038efb2bd8c582dab"
+checksum = "2bac35c6dafb060fd4d275d9a4ffae97917c13a6327903a8be2153cd964f7085"
 dependencies = [
 "heck 0.5.0",
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.70",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.7.2"
+version = "0.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1462739cb27611015575c0c11df5df7601141071f07518d56fcc1be504cbec97"
+checksum = "4b82cf0babdbd58558212896d1a4272303a57bdb245c2bf1147185fb45640e70"

 [[package]]
 name = "colorchoice"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b63caa9aa9397e2d9480a9b13673856c78d8ac123288526c37d7839f2a86990"
+checksum = "0b6a852b24ab71dffc585bcb46eaf7959d175cb865a7152e35b348d1b2960422"

 [[package]]
 name = "console"
@ -194,16 +182,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "encode_unicode",
 "lazy_static",
 "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cpufeatures"
-version = "0.2.14"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "608697df725056feaccfa42cffdaeeec3fccc4ffc38358ecd19b243e716a78e0"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -263,23 +242,30 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "22ec99545bb0ed0ea7bb9b8e1e9122ea386ff8a48c0922e43f36d45ab09e0e80"

 [[package]]
-name = "crypto-common"
-version = "0.1.6"
+name = "crunchy"
+version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1bfb12502f3fc46cca1bb51ac28df9d618d813cdc3d2f25b9fe775a34af26bb3"
+checksum = "7a81dae078cea95a014a339291cec439d2f232ebe854a9d672b796c6afafa9b7"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "dirs-next"
+version = "2.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b98cf8ebf19c3d1b223e151f99a4f9f0690dca41414773390fc824184ac833e1"
 dependencies = [
- "generic-array",
- "typenum",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "dirs-sys-next",
 ]

 [[package]]
-name = "digest"
-version = "0.10.7"
+name = "dirs-sys-next"
+version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ed9a281f7bc9b7576e61468ba615a66a5c8cfdff42420a70aa82701a3b1e292"
+checksum = "4ebda144c4fe02d1f7ea1a7d9641b6fc6b580adcfa024ae48797ecdeb6825b4d"
 dependencies = [
- "block-buffer",
- "crypto-common",
+ "libc",
+ "redox_users",
+ "winapi",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -316,14 +302,14 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "534c5cf6194dfab3db3242765c03bbe257cf92f22b38f6bc0c58d59108a820ba"
 dependencies = [
 "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e8c02a5121d4ea3eb16a80748c74f5549a5665e4c21333c6098f283870fbdea6"
+checksum = "9fc0510504f03c51ada170672ac806f1f105a88aa97a5281117e1ddc3368e51a"

 [[package]]
 name = "fixedbitset"
@ -340,16 +326,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "byteorder",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "generic-array"
-version = "0.14.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "85649ca51fd72272d7821adaf274ad91c288277713d9c18820d8499a7ff69e9a"
-dependencies = [
- "typenum",
- "version_check",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "getopts"
 version = "0.2.21"
@ -385,12 +361,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "ahash",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.15.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e087f84d4f86bf4b218b927129862374b72199ae7d8657835f1e89000eea4fb"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
 version = "0.4.1"
@ -403,15 +373,6 @@ version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"

-[[package]]
-name = "home"
-version = "0.5.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
 version = "1.9.3"
@ -424,12 +385,12 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.6.0"
+version = "2.2.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "707907fe3c25f5424cce2cb7e1cbcafee6bdbe735ca90ef77c29e84591e5b9da"
+checksum = "168fb715dda47215e360912c096649d23d58bf392ac62f73919e831745e40f26"
 dependencies = [
 "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.15.0",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.5",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -440,9 +401,9 @@ checksum = "b248f5224d1d606005e02c97f5aa4e88eeb230488bcc03bc9ca4d7991399f2b5"

 [[package]]
 name = "inkwell"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40fb405537710d51f6bdbc8471365ddd4cd6d3a3c3ad6e0c8291691031ba94b2"
+checksum = "b597a7b2cdf279aeef6d7149071e35e4bc87c2cf05a5b7f2d731300bffe587ea"
 dependencies = [
 "either",
 "inkwell_internals",
@ -454,13 +415,13 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "inkwell_internals"
-version = "0.10.0"
+version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9dd28cfd4cfba665d47d31c08a6ba637eed16770abca2eccbbc3ca831fef1e44"
+checksum = "4fa4d8d74483041a882adaa9a29f633253a66dde85055f0495c121620ac484b2"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.70",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -479,9 +440,18 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
-version = "1.70.1"
+version = "1.70.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7943c866cc5cd64cbc25b2e01621d07fa8eb2a1a23160ee81ce38704e97b8ecf"
+checksum = "f8478577c03552c21db0e2724ffb8986a5ce7af88107e6be5d2ee6e158c12800"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b1c173a5686ce8bfa551b3563d0c2170bf24ca44da99c7ca4bfdab5418c3fe57"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]

 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
@ -498,45 +468,35 @@ version = "1.0.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "49f1f14873335454500d59611f1cf4a4b0f786f9ac11f4312a78e4cf2566695b"

-[[package]]
-name = "keccak"
-version = "0.1.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ecc2af9a1119c51f12a14607e783cb977bde58bc069ff0c3da1095e635d70654"
-dependencies = [
- "cpufeatures",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lalrpop"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.20.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06093b57658c723a21da679530e061a8c25340fa5a6f98e313b542268c7e2a1f"
+checksum = "55cb077ad656299f160924eb2912aa147d7339ea7d69e1b5517326fdcec3c1ca"
 dependencies = [
 "ascii-canvas",
 "bit-set",
 "ena",
- "itertools",
+ "itertools 0.11.0",
 "lalrpop-util",
 "petgraph",
 "pico-args",
 "regex",
 "regex-syntax",
- "sha3",
 "string_cache",
 "term",
+ "tiny-keccak",
 "unicode-xid",
 "walkdir",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "lalrpop-util"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.20.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "feee752d43abd0f4807a921958ab4131f692a44d4d599733d4419c5d586176ce"
+checksum = "507460a910eb7b32ee961886ff48539633b788a36b65692b95f225b844c82553"
 dependencies = [
 "regex-automata",
- "rustversion",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -547,20 +507,30 @@ checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"

 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.161"
+version = "0.2.155"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e9489c2807c139ffd9c1794f4af0ebe86a828db53ecdc7fea2111d0fed085d1"
+checksum = "97b3888a4aecf77e811145cadf6eef5901f4782c53886191b2f693f24761847c"

 [[package]]
 name = "libloading"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "0.8.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4979f22fdb869068da03c9f7528f8297c6fd2606bc3a4affe42e6a823fdb8da4"
+checksum = "e310b3a6b5907f99202fcdb4960ff45b93735d7c7d96b760fcff8db2dc0e103d"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
 "windows-targets",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "libredox"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c0ff37bd590ca25063e35af745c343cb7a0271906fb7b37e4813e8f79f00268d"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "linked-hash-map"
 version = "0.5.6"
@ -621,9 +591,11 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "nac3artiq"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools",
+ "inkwell",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
 "nac3core",
 "nac3ld",
+ "nac3parser",
 "parking_lot",
 "pyo3",
 "tempfile",
@ -634,6 +606,7 @@ name = "nac3ast"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
 "fxhash",
+ "lazy_static",
 "parking_lot",
 "string-interner",
 ]
@ -643,11 +616,11 @@ name = "nac3core"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
 "crossbeam",
- "indexmap 2.6.0",
+ "indexmap 2.2.6",
 "indoc",
 "inkwell",
 "insta",
- "itertools",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
 "nac3parser",
 "parking_lot",
 "rayon",
@ -685,7 +658,9 @@ name = "nac3standalone"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
 "clap",
+ "inkwell",
 "nac3core",
+ "nac3parser",
 "parking_lot",
 ]

@ -697,9 +672,9 @@ checksum = "650eef8c711430f1a879fdd01d4745a7deea475becfb90269c06775983bbf086"

 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.20.2"
+version = "1.19.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1261fe7e33c73b354eab43b1273a57c8f967d0391e80353e51f764ac02cf6775"
+checksum = "3fdb12b2476b595f9358c5161aa467c2438859caa136dec86c26fdd2efe17b92"

 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot"
@ -731,7 +706,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b4c5cc86750666a3ed20bdaf5ca2a0344f9c67674cae0515bec2da16fbaa47db"
 dependencies = [
 "fixedbitset",
- "indexmap 2.6.0",
+ "indexmap 2.2.6",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -774,7 +749,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "phf_shared 0.11.2",
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.70",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -803,18 +778,15 @@ checksum = "5be167a7af36ee22fe3115051bc51f6e6c7054c9348e28deb4f49bd6f705a315"

 [[package]]
 name = "portable-atomic"
-version = "1.9.0"
+version = "1.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cc9c68a3f6da06753e9335d63e27f6b9754dd1920d941135b7ea8224f141adb2"
+checksum = "7170ef9988bc169ba16dd36a7fa041e5c4cbeb6a35b76d4c03daded371eae7c0"

 [[package]]
 name = "ppv-lite86"
-version = "0.2.20"
+version = "0.2.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "77957b295656769bb8ad2b6a6b09d897d94f05c41b069aede1fcdaa675eaea04"
-dependencies = [
- "zerocopy",
-]
+checksum = "5b40af805b3121feab8a3c29f04d8ad262fa8e0561883e7653e024ae4479e6de"

 [[package]]
 name = "precomputed-hash"
@ -824,9 +796,9 @@ checksum = "925383efa346730478fb4838dbe9137d2a47675ad789c546d150a6e1dd4ab31c"

 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.89"
+version = "1.0.86"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f139b0662de085916d1fb67d2b4169d1addddda1919e696f3252b740b629986e"
+checksum = "5e719e8df665df0d1c8fbfd238015744736151d4445ec0836b8e628aae103b77"
 dependencies = [
 "unicode-ident",
 ]
@ -878,7 +850,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "pyo3-macros-backend",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.70",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -891,14 +863,14 @@ dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "pyo3-build-config",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.70",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.37"
+version = "1.0.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b5b9d34b8991d19d98081b46eacdd8eb58c6f2b201139f7c5f643cc155a633af"
+checksum = "0fa76aaf39101c457836aec0ce2316dbdc3ab723cdda1c6bd4e6ad4208acaca7"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 ]
@ -955,18 +927,29 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.5.7"
+version = "0.5.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9b6dfecf2c74bce2466cabf93f6664d6998a69eb21e39f4207930065b27b771f"
+checksum = "c82cf8cff14456045f55ec4241383baeff27af886adb72ffb2162f99911de0fd"
 dependencies = [
 "bitflags",
 ]

 [[package]]
-name = "regex"
-version = "1.11.1"
+name = "redox_users"
+version = "0.4.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b544ef1b4eac5dc2db33ea63606ae9ffcfac26c1416a2806ae0bf5f56b201191"
+checksum = "bd283d9651eeda4b2a83a43c1c91b266c40fd76ecd39a50a8c630ae69dc72891"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom",
+ "libredox",
+ "thiserror",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex"
+version = "1.10.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b91213439dad192326a0d7c6ee3955910425f441d7038e0d6933b0aec5c4517f"
 dependencies = [
 "aho-corasick",
 "memchr",
@ -976,9 +959,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.4.8"
+version = "0.4.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "368758f23274712b504848e9d5a6f010445cc8b87a7cdb4d7cbee666c1288da3"
+checksum = "38caf58cc5ef2fed281f89292ef23f6365465ed9a41b7a7754eb4e26496c92df"
 dependencies = [
 "aho-corasick",
 "memchr",
@ -987,9 +970,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "regex-syntax"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "0.8.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2b15c43186be67a4fd63bee50d0303afffcef381492ebe2c5d87f324e1b8815c"
+checksum = "7a66a03ae7c801facd77a29370b4faec201768915ac14a721ba36f20bc9c209b"

 [[package]]
 name = "runkernel"
@ -1000,22 +983,22 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.38"
+version = "0.38.34"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "aa260229e6538e52293eeb577aabd09945a09d6d9cc0fc550ed7529056c2e32a"
+checksum = "70dc5ec042f7a43c4a73241207cecc9873a06d45debb38b329f8541d85c2730f"
 dependencies = [
 "bitflags",
 "errno",
 "libc",
 "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
-version = "1.0.18"
+version = "1.0.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0e819f2bc632f285be6d7cd36e25940d45b2391dd6d9b939e79de557f7014248"
+checksum = "955d28af4278de8121b7ebeb796b6a45735dc01436d898801014aced2773a3d6"

 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
@ -1046,32 +1029,31 @@ checksum = "61697e0a1c7e512e84a621326239844a24d8207b4669b41bc18b32ea5cbf988b"

 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.214"
+version = "1.0.204"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f55c3193aca71c12ad7890f1785d2b73e1b9f63a0bbc353c08ef26fe03fc56b5"
+checksum = "bc76f558e0cbb2a839d37354c575f1dc3fdc6546b5be373ba43d95f231bf7c12"
 dependencies = [
 "serde_derive",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.214"
+version = "1.0.204"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "de523f781f095e28fa605cdce0f8307e451cc0fd14e2eb4cd2e98a355b147766"
+checksum = "e0cd7e117be63d3c3678776753929474f3b04a43a080c744d6b0ae2a8c28e222"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.70",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.132"
+version = "1.0.120"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d726bfaff4b320266d395898905d0eba0345aae23b54aee3a737e260fd46db03"
+checksum = "4e0d21c9a8cae1235ad58a00c11cb40d4b1e5c784f1ef2c537876ed6ffd8b7c5"
 dependencies = [
 "itoa",
- "memchr",
 "ryu",
 "serde",
 ]
@ -1088,27 +1070,11 @@ dependencies = [
 "yaml-rust",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "sha3"
-version = "0.10.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "75872d278a8f37ef87fa0ddbda7802605cb18344497949862c0d4dcb291eba60"
-dependencies = [
- "digest",
- "keccak",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "shlex"
-version = "1.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "similar"
-version = "2.6.0"
+version = "2.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1de1d4f81173b03af4c0cbed3c898f6bff5b870e4a7f5d6f4057d62a7a4b686e"
+checksum = "fa42c91313f1d05da9b26f267f931cf178d4aba455b4c4622dd7355eb80c6640"

 [[package]]
 name = "siphasher"
@ -1168,7 +1134,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
 "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.70",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -1184,9 +1150,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.85"
+version = "2.0.70"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5023162dfcd14ef8f32034d8bcd4cc5ddc61ef7a247c024a33e24e1f24d21b56"
+checksum = "2f0209b68b3613b093e0ec905354eccaedcfe83b8cb37cbdeae64026c3064c16"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@ -1195,31 +1161,31 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "target-lexicon"
-version = "0.12.16"
+version = "0.12.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "61c41af27dd6d1e27b1b16b489db798443478cef1f06a660c96db617ba5de3b1"
+checksum = "4873307b7c257eddcb50c9bedf158eb669578359fb28428bef438fec8e6ba7c2"

 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.13.0"
+version = "3.10.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f0f2c9fc62d0beef6951ccffd757e241266a2c833136efbe35af6cd2567dca5b"
+checksum = "85b77fafb263dd9d05cbeac119526425676db3784113aa9295c88498cbf8bff1"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
 "fastrand",
- "once_cell",
 "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "term"
-version = "1.0.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4df4175de05129f31b80458c6df371a15e7fc3fd367272e6bf938e5c351c7ea0"
+checksum = "c59df8ac95d96ff9bede18eb7300b0fda5e5d8d90960e76f8e14ae765eedbf1f"
 dependencies = [
- "home",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "dirs-next",
+ "rustversion",
+ "winapi",
 ]

 [[package]]
@ -1237,29 +1203,32 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.65"
+version = "1.0.61"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5d11abd9594d9b38965ef50805c5e469ca9cc6f197f883f717e0269a3057b3d5"
+checksum = "c546c80d6be4bc6a00c0f01730c08df82eaa7a7a61f11d656526506112cc1709"
 dependencies = [
 "thiserror-impl",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.65"
+version = "1.0.61"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ae71770322cbd277e69d762a16c444af02aa0575ac0d174f0b9562d3b37f8602"
+checksum = "46c3384250002a6d5af4d114f2845d37b57521033f30d5c3f46c4d70e1197533"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.70",
 ]

 [[package]]
-name = "typenum"
-version = "1.17.0"
+name = "tiny-keccak"
+version = "2.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "42ff0bf0c66b8238c6f3b578df37d0b7848e55df8577b3f74f92a69acceeb825"
+checksum = "2c9d3793400a45f954c52e73d068316d76b6f4e36977e3fcebb13a2721e80237"
+dependencies = [
+ "crunchy",
+]

 [[package]]
 name = "unic-char-property"
@ -1315,27 +1284,27 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.13"
+version = "1.0.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e91b56cd4cadaeb79bbf1a5645f6b4f8dc5bde8834ad5894a8db35fda9efa1fe"
+checksum = "3354b9ac3fae1ff6755cb6db53683adb661634f67557942dea4facebec0fee4b"

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-width"
-version = "0.1.14"
+version = "0.1.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7dd6e30e90baa6f72411720665d41d89b9a3d039dc45b8faea1ddd07f617f6af"
+checksum = "0336d538f7abc86d282a4189614dfaa90810dfc2c6f6427eaf88e16311dd225d"

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-xid"
-version = "0.2.6"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ebc1c04c71510c7f702b52b7c350734c9ff1295c464a03335b00bb84fc54f853"
+checksum = "f962df74c8c05a667b5ee8bcf162993134c104e96440b663c8daa176dc772d8c"

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode_names2"
-version = "1.3.0"
+version = "1.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d1673eca9782c84de5f81b82e4109dcfb3611c8ba0d52930ec4a9478f547b2dd"
+checksum = "addeebf294df7922a1164f729fb27ebbbcea99cc32b3bf08afab62757f707677"
 dependencies = [
 "phf",
 "unicode_names2_generator",
@ -1343,9 +1312,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode_names2_generator"
-version = "1.3.0"
+version = "1.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b91e5b84611016120197efd7dc93ef76774f4e084cd73c9fb3ea4a86c570c56e"
+checksum = "f444b8bba042fe3c1251ffaca35c603f2dc2ccc08d595c65a8c4f76f3e8426c0"
 dependencies = [
 "getopts",
 "log",
@ -1367,9 +1336,9 @@ checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"

 [[package]]
 name = "version_check"
-version = "0.9.5"
+version = "0.9.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0b928f33d975fc6ad9f86c8f283853ad26bdd5b10b7f1542aa2fa15e2289105a"
+checksum = "49874b5167b65d7193b8aba1567f5c7d93d001cafc34600cee003eda787e483f"

 [[package]]
 name = "walkdir"
@ -1388,14 +1357,36 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"

 [[package]]
-name = "winapi-util"
-version = "0.1.9"
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.3.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cf221c93e13a30d793f7645a0e7762c55d169dbb0a49671918a2319d289b10bb"
+checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-util"
+version = "0.1.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4d4cc384e1e73b93bafa6fb4f1df8c41695c8a91cf9c4c64358067d15a7b6c6b"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.52.0"
@ -1405,15 +1396,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows-targets",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.59.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e38bc4d79ed67fd075bcc251a1c39b32a1776bbe92e5bef1f0bf1f8c531853b"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-targets"
 version = "0.52.6"
@ -1493,7 +1475,6 @@ version = "0.7.35"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1b9b4fd18abc82b8136838da5d50bae7bdea537c574d8dc1a34ed098d6c166f0"
 dependencies = [
- "byteorder",
 "zerocopy-derive",
 ]

@ -1505,5 +1486,5 @@ checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
- "syn 2.0.85",
+ "syn 2.0.70",
 ]
--- a/flake.lock
+++ b/flake.lock
@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
  "nodes": {
    "nixpkgs": {
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1727348695,
-        "narHash": "sha256-J+PeFKSDV+pHL7ukkfpVzCOO7mBSrrpJ3svwBFABbhI=",
+        "lastModified": 1720418205,
+        "narHash": "sha256-cPJoFPXU44GlhWg4pUk9oUPqurPlCFZ11ZQPk21GTPU=",
        "owner": "NixOS",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "1925c603f17fc89f4c8f6bf6f631a802ad85d784",
+        "rev": "655a58a72a6601292512670343087c2d75d859c1",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
  outputs = { self, nixpkgs }:
    let
      pkgs = import nixpkgs { system = "x86_64-linux"; };
-      pkgs32 = import nixpkgs { system = "i686-linux"; };
    in rec {
      packages.x86_64-linux = rec {
        llvm-nac3 = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/llvm {};
@ -14,24 +13,9 @@
          ''
          mkdir -p $out/bin
          ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang-unwrapped}/bin/clang $out/bin/clang-irrt
+          ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang}/bin/clang $out/bin/clang-irrt-test
          ln -s ${pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out}/bin/llvm-as $out/bin/llvm-as-irrt
          '';
-        demo-linalg-stub = pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
-          name = "demo-linalg-stub";
-          src = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg;
-          cargoLock = {
-            lockFile = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock;
-          };
-          doCheck = false;
-        };
-        demo-linalg-stub32 = pkgs32.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
-          name = "demo-linalg-stub32";
-          src = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg;
-          cargoLock = {
-            lockFile = ./nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock;
-          };
-          doCheck = false;
-        };
        nac3artiq = pkgs.python3Packages.toPythonModule (
          pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage rec {
            name = "nac3artiq";
@ -40,8 +24,9 @@
            cargoLock = {
              lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
            };
+            cargoTestFlags = [ "--features" "test" ];
            passthru.cargoLock = cargoLock;
-            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 (pkgs.wrapClangMulti pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang) llvm-tools-irrt pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out llvm-nac3 ];
+            nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 pkgs.llvmPackages_14.clang llvm-tools-irrt pkgs.llvmPackages_14.llvm.out llvm-nac3 ];
            buildInputs = [ pkgs.python3 llvm-nac3 ];
            checkInputs = [ (pkgs.python3.withPackages(ps: [ ps.numpy ps.scipy ])) ];
            checkPhase =
@ -49,9 +34,7 @@
              echo "Checking nac3standalone demos..."
              pushd nac3standalone/demo
              patchShebangs .
-              export DEMO_LINALG_STUB=${demo-linalg-stub}/lib/liblinalg.a
-              export DEMO_LINALG_STUB32=${demo-linalg-stub32}/lib/liblinalg.a
-              ./check_demos.sh -i686
+              ./check_demos.sh
              popd
              echo "Running Cargo tests..."
              cargoCheckHook
@ -168,7 +151,7 @@
        buildInputs = with pkgs; [
          # build dependencies
          packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-nac3
-          (pkgs.wrapClangMulti llvmPackages_14.clang) llvmPackages_14.llvm.out  # for running nac3standalone demos
+          llvmPackages_14.clang llvmPackages_14.llvm.out  # for running nac3standalone demos
          packages.x86_64-linux.llvm-tools-irrt
          cargo
          rustc
@ -180,12 +163,10 @@
          clippy
          pre-commit
          rustfmt
+          rust-analyzer
        ];
-        shellHook =
-          ''
-          export DEMO_LINALG_STUB=${packages.x86_64-linux.demo-linalg-stub}/lib/liblinalg.a
-          export DEMO_LINALG_STUB32=${packages.x86_64-linux.demo-linalg-stub32}/lib/liblinalg.a
-          '';
+        # https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Rust#Shell.nix_example
+        RUST_SRC_PATH = "${pkgs.rust.packages.stable.rustPlatform.rustLibSrc}";
      };
      devShells.x86_64-linux.msys2 = pkgs.mkShell {
        name = "nac3-dev-shell-msys2";
--- a/nac3artiq/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3artiq/Cargo.toml
@ -12,10 +12,15 @@ crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 itertools = "0.13"
 pyo3 = { version = "0.21", features = ["extension-module", "gil-refs"] }
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-tempfile = "3.13"
+tempfile = "3.10"
+nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }
 nac3ld = { path = "../nac3ld" }

+[dependencies.inkwell]
+version = "0.4"
+default-features = false
+features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+
 [features]
 init-llvm-profile = []
-no-escape-analysis = ["nac3core/no-escape-analysis"]
--- a/nac3artiq/demo/list_cmp.py
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/list_cmp.py
@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-from min_artiq import *
-from numpy import int32
-
-
-@nac3
-class EmptyList:
-    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.core = Core()
-
-    @rpc
-    def get_empty(self) -> list[int32]:
-        return []
-
-    @kernel
-    def run(self):
-        a: list[int32] = self.get_empty()
-        if a != []:
-            raise ValueError
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    EmptyList().run()
--- a/nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/min_artiq.py
@ -112,15 +112,10 @@ def extern(function):
    register_function(function)
    return function

-
-def rpc(arg=None, flags={}):
-    """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the host interpreter."""
-    if arg is None:
-        def inner_decorator(function):
-            return rpc(function, flags)
-        return inner_decorator
-    register_function(arg)
-    return arg
+def rpc(function):
+    """Decorates a function declaration defined by the core device runtime."""
+    register_function(function)
+    return function

 def kernel(function_or_method):
    """Decorates a function or method to be executed on the core device."""
--- a/nac3artiq/demo/str_abi.py
+++ b/nac3artiq/demo/str_abi.py
@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-from min_artiq import *
-from numpy import ndarray, zeros as np_zeros
-
-
-@nac3
-class StrFail:
-    core: KernelInvariant[Core]
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.core = Core()
-
-    @kernel
-    def hello(self, arg: str):
-        pass
-
-    @kernel
-    def consume_ndarray(self, arg: ndarray[str, 1]):
-        pass
-
-    def run(self):
-        self.hello("world")
-        self.consume_ndarray(np_zeros([10], dtype=str))
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    StrFail().run()
--- a/nac3artiq/src/codegen.rs
+++ b/nac3artiq/src/codegen.rs
--- a/nac3artiq/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nac3artiq/src/lib.rs
@ -16,65 +16,63 @@
    clippy::wildcard_imports
 )]

-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    fs,
-    io::Write,
-    process::Command,
-    rc::Rc,
-    sync::Arc,
-};
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::fs;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::process::Command;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;

-use itertools::Itertools;
-use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
-use pyo3::{
-    create_exception, exceptions,
-    prelude::*,
-    types::{PyBytes, PyDict, PySet},
+use inkwell::{
+    memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
+    module::{Linkage, Module},
+    passes::PassBuilderOptions,
+    support::is_multithreaded,
+    targets::*,
+    OptimizationLevel,
 };
-use tempfile::{self, TempDir};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use nac3core::codegen::{gen_func_impl, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions};
+use nac3core::toplevel::builtins::get_exn_constructor;
+use nac3core::typecheck::typedef::{TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap};
+use nac3parser::{
+    ast::{ExprKind, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
+    parser::parse_program,
+};
+use pyo3::create_exception;
+use pyo3::prelude::*;
+use pyo3::{exceptions, types::PyBytes, types::PyDict, types::PySet};
+
+use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};

 use nac3core::{
-    codegen::{
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, gen_func_impl, irrt::load_irrt, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
-        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
-    },
-    inkwell::{
-        context::Context,
-        memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
-        module::{Linkage, Module},
-        passes::PassBuilderOptions,
-        support::is_multithreaded,
-        targets::*,
-        OptimizationLevel,
-    },
-    nac3parser::{
-        ast::{Constant, ExprKind, Located, Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef},
-        parser::parse_program,
-    },
+    codegen::irrt::load_irrt,
+    codegen::{concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, CodeGenTask, WithCall, WorkerRegistry},
    symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver,
    toplevel::{
-        builtins::get_exn_constructor,
-        composer::{BuiltinFuncCreator, BuiltinFuncSpec, ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
+        composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
        DefinitionId, GenCall, TopLevelDef,
    },
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{into_var_map, FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
-    },
+    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg},
+    typecheck::{type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore, typedef::Type},
 };
+
 use nac3ld::Linker;

-use codegen::{
-    attributes_writeback, gen_core_log, gen_rtio_log, rpc_codegen_callback, ArtiqCodeGenerator,
+use tempfile::{self, TempDir};
+
+use crate::codegen::attributes_writeback;
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{rpc_codegen_callback, ArtiqCodeGenerator},
+    symbol_resolver::{DeferredEvaluationStore, InnerResolver, PythonHelper, Resolver},
 };
-use symbol_resolver::{DeferredEvaluationStore, InnerResolver, PythonHelper, Resolver};
-use timeline::TimeFns;

 mod codegen;
 mod symbol_resolver;
 mod timeline;

+use timeline::TimeFns;
+
 #[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
 enum Isa {
    Host,
@ -128,7 +126,7 @@ struct Nac3 {
    isa: Isa,
    time_fns: &'static (dyn TimeFns + Sync),
    primitive: PrimitiveStore,
-    builtins: Vec<BuiltinFuncSpec>,
+    builtins: Vec<(StrRef, FunSignature, Arc<GenCall>)>,
    pyid_to_def: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<u64, DefinitionId>>>,
    primitive_ids: PrimitivePythonId,
    working_directory: TempDir,
@ -195,8 +193,10 @@ impl Nac3 {
                    body.retain(|stmt| {
                        if let StmtKind::FunctionDef { ref decorator_list, .. } = stmt.node {
                            decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                                if let Some(id) = decorator_id_string(decorator) {
-                                    id == "kernel" || id == "portable" || id == "rpc"
+                                if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
+                                    id.to_string() == "kernel"
+                                        || id.to_string() == "portable"
+                                        || id.to_string() == "rpc"
                                } else {
                                    false
                                }
@ -209,8 +209,9 @@ impl Nac3 {
                }
                StmtKind::FunctionDef { ref decorator_list, .. } => {
                    decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                        if let Some(id) = decorator_id_string(decorator) {
-                            id == "extern" || id == "kernel" || id == "portable" || id == "rpc"
+                        if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
+                            let id = id.to_string();
+                            id == "extern" || id == "portable" || id == "kernel" || id == "rpc"
                        } else {
                            false
                        }
@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
                    arg_names.len(),
                ));
            }
-            for (i, FuncArg { ty, default_value, name, .. }) in args.iter().enumerate() {
+            for (i, FuncArg { ty, default_value, name }) in args.iter().enumerate() {
                let in_name = match arg_names.get(i) {
                    Some(n) => n,
                    None if default_value.is_none() => {
@ -299,64 +300,6 @@ impl Nac3 {
        None
    }

-    /// Returns a [`Vec`] of builtins that needs to be initialized during method compilation time.
-    fn get_lateinit_builtins() -> Vec<Box<BuiltinFuncCreator>> {
-        vec![
-            Box::new(|primitives, unifier| {
-                let arg_ty = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("T".into()), None);
-
-                (
-                    "core_log".into(),
-                    FunSignature {
-                        args: vec![FuncArg {
-                            name: "arg".into(),
-                            ty: arg_ty.ty,
-                            default_value: None,
-                            is_vararg: false,
-                        }],
-                        ret: primitives.none,
-                        vars: into_var_map([arg_ty]),
-                    },
-                    Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(move |ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
-                        gen_core_log(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)?;
-
-                        Ok(None)
-                    }))),
-                )
-            }),
-            Box::new(|primitives, unifier| {
-                let arg_ty = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("T".into()), None);
-
-                (
-                    "rtio_log".into(),
-                    FunSignature {
-                        args: vec![
-                            FuncArg {
-                                name: "channel".into(),
-                                ty: primitives.str,
-                                default_value: None,
-                                is_vararg: false,
-                            },
-                            FuncArg {
-                                name: "arg".into(),
-                                ty: arg_ty.ty,
-                                default_value: None,
-                                is_vararg: false,
-                            },
-                        ],
-                        ret: primitives.none,
-                        vars: into_var_map([arg_ty]),
-                    },
-                    Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(move |ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
-                        gen_rtio_log(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)?;
-
-                        Ok(None)
-                    }))),
-                )
-            }),
-        ]
-    }
-
    fn compile_method<T>(
        &self,
        obj: &PyAny,
@ -369,7 +312,6 @@ impl Nac3 {
        let size_t = self.isa.get_size_type();
        let (mut composer, mut builtins_def, mut builtins_ty) = TopLevelComposer::new(
            self.builtins.clone(),
-            Self::get_lateinit_builtins(),
            ComposerConfig { kernel_ann: Some("Kernel"), kernel_invariant_ann: "KernelInvariant" },
            size_t,
        );
@ -446,6 +388,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
                        pyid_to_type: pyid_to_type.clone(),
                        primitive_ids: self.primitive_ids.clone(),
                        global_value_ids: global_value_ids.clone(),
+                        class_names: Mutex::default(),
                        name_to_pyid: name_to_pyid.clone(),
                        module: module.clone(),
                        id_to_pyval: RwLock::default(),
@ -476,25 +419,9 @@ impl Nac3 {

            match &stmt.node {
                StmtKind::FunctionDef { decorator_list, .. } => {
-                    if decorator_list
-                        .iter()
-                        .any(|decorator| decorator_id_string(decorator) == Some("rpc".to_string()))
-                    {
-                        store_fun
-                            .call1(
-                                py,
-                                (
-                                    def_id.0.into_py(py),
-                                    module.getattr(py, name.to_string().as_str()).unwrap(),
-                                ),
-                            )
-                            .unwrap();
-                        let is_async = decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                            decorator_get_flags(decorator)
-                                .iter()
-                                .any(|constant| *constant == Constant::Str("async".into()))
-                        });
-                        rpc_ids.push((None, def_id, is_async));
+                    if decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| matches!(decorator.node, ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == "rpc".into())) {
+                        store_fun.call1(py, (def_id.0.into_py(py), module.getattr(py, name.to_string().as_str()).unwrap())).unwrap();
+                        rpc_ids.push((None, def_id));
                    }
                }
                StmtKind::ClassDef { name, body, .. } => {
@ -502,26 +429,19 @@ impl Nac3 {
                    let class_obj = module.getattr(py, class_name.as_str()).unwrap();
                    for stmt in body {
                        if let StmtKind::FunctionDef { name, decorator_list, .. } = &stmt.node {
-                            if decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                                decorator_id_string(decorator) == Some("rpc".to_string())
-                            }) {
-                                let is_async = decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| {
-                                    decorator_get_flags(decorator)
-                                        .iter()
-                                        .any(|constant| *constant == Constant::Str("async".into()))
-                                });
+                            if decorator_list.iter().any(|decorator| matches!(decorator.node, ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == "rpc".into())) {
                                if name == &"__init__".into() {
                                    return Err(CompileError::new_err(format!(
                                        "compilation failed\n----------\nThe constructor of class {} should not be decorated with rpc decorator (at {})",
                                        class_name, stmt.location
                                    )));
                                }
-                                rpc_ids.push((Some((class_obj.clone(), *name)), def_id, is_async));
+                                rpc_ids.push((Some((class_obj.clone(), *name)), def_id));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
-                _ => (),
+                _ => ()
            }

            let id = *name_to_pyid.get(&name).unwrap();
@ -560,6 +480,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
            pyid_to_type: pyid_to_type.clone(),
            primitive_ids: self.primitive_ids.clone(),
            global_value_ids: global_value_ids.clone(),
+            class_names: Mutex::default(),
            id_to_pyval: RwLock::default(),
            id_to_primitive: RwLock::default(),
            field_to_val: RwLock::default(),
@ -576,10 +497,6 @@ impl Nac3 {
            .register_top_level(synthesized.pop().unwrap(), Some(resolver.clone()), "", false)
            .unwrap();

-        // Process IRRT
-        let context = Context::create();
-        let irrt = load_irrt(&context, resolver.as_ref());
-
        let fun_signature =
            FunSignature { args: vec![], ret: self.primitive.none, vars: VarMap::new() };
        let mut store = ConcreteTypeStore::new();
@ -617,12 +534,13 @@ impl Nac3 {
        let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());

        {
+            let rpc_codegen = rpc_codegen_callback();
            let defs = top_level.definitions.read();
-            for (class_data, id, is_async) in &rpc_ids {
+            for (class_data, id) in &rpc_ids {
                let mut def = defs[id.0].write();
                match &mut *def {
                    TopLevelDef::Function { codegen_callback, .. } => {
-                        *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen_callback(*is_async));
+                        *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen.clone());
                    }
                    TopLevelDef::Class { methods, .. } => {
                        let (class_def, method_name) = class_data.as_ref().unwrap();
@ -633,7 +551,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
                            if let TopLevelDef::Function { codegen_callback, .. } =
                                &mut *defs[id.0].write()
                            {
-                                *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen_callback(*is_async));
+                                *codegen_callback = Some(rpc_codegen.clone());
                                store_fun
                                    .call1(
                                        py,
@ -648,11 +566,6 @@ impl Nac3 {
                            }
                        }
                    }
-                    TopLevelDef::Variable { .. } => {
-                        return Err(CompileError::new_err(String::from(
-                            "Unsupported @rpc annotation on global variable",
-                        )))
-                    }
                }
            }
        }
@ -712,9 +625,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
            let buffer = buffer.as_slice().into();
            membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
        })));
-        let size_t = context
-            .ptr_sized_int_type(&self.get_llvm_target_machine().get_target_data(), None)
-            .get_bit_width();
+        let size_t = if self.isa == Isa::Host { 64 } else { 32 };
        let num_threads = if is_multithreaded() { 4 } else { 1 };
        let thread_names: Vec<String> = (0..num_threads).map(|_| "main".to_string()).collect();
        let threads: Vec<_> = thread_names
@ -731,11 +642,8 @@ impl Nac3 {

            let mut generator =
                ArtiqCodeGenerator::new("attributes_writeback".to_string(), size_t, self.time_fns);
-            let context = Context::create();
+            let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
            let module = context.create_module("attributes_writeback");
-            let target_machine = self.llvm_options.create_target_machine().unwrap();
-            module.set_data_layout(&target_machine.get_target_data().get_data_layout());
-            module.set_triple(&target_machine.get_triple());
            let builder = context.create_builder();
            let (_, module, _) = gen_func_impl(
                &context,
@ -754,7 +662,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
            membuffer.lock().push(buffer);
        });

-        // Link all modules into `main`.
+        let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
        let buffers = membuffers.lock();
        let main = context
            .create_module_from_ir(MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(&buffers[0], "main"))
@ -783,7 +691,8 @@ impl Nac3 {
            )
            .unwrap();

-        main.link_in_module(irrt).map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;
+        main.link_in_module(load_irrt(&context))
+            .map_err(|err| CompileError::new_err(err.to_string()))?;

        let mut function_iter = main.get_first_function();
        while let Some(func) = function_iter {
@ -869,41 +778,6 @@ impl Nac3 {
    }
 }

-/// Retrieves the Name.id from a decorator, supports decorators with arguments.
-fn decorator_id_string(decorator: &Located<ExprKind>) -> Option<String> {
-    if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = decorator.node {
-        // Bare decorator
-        return Some(id.to_string());
-    } else if let ExprKind::Call { func, .. } = &decorator.node {
-        // Decorators that are calls (e.g. "@rpc()") have Call for the node,
-        // need to extract the id from within.
-        if let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = func.node {
-            return Some(id.to_string());
-        }
-    }
-    None
-}
-
-/// Retrieves flags from a decorator, if any.
-fn decorator_get_flags(decorator: &Located<ExprKind>) -> Vec<Constant> {
-    let mut flags = vec![];
-    if let ExprKind::Call { keywords, .. } = &decorator.node {
-        for keyword in keywords {
-            if keyword.node.arg != Some("flags".into()) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if let ExprKind::Set { elts } = &keyword.node.value.node {
-                for elt in elts {
-                    if let ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } = &elt.node {
-                        flags.push(value.clone());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    flags
-}
-
 fn link_with_lld(elf_filename: String, obj_filename: String) -> PyResult<()> {
    let linker_args = vec![
        "-shared".to_string(),
@ -973,7 +847,7 @@ impl Nac3 {
            Isa::RiscV32IMA => &timeline::NOW_PINNING_TIME_FNS,
            Isa::CortexA9 | Isa::Host => &timeline::EXTERN_TIME_FNS,
        };
-        let (primitive, _) = TopLevelComposer::make_primitives(isa.get_size_type());
+        let primitive: PrimitiveStore = TopLevelComposer::make_primitives(isa.get_size_type()).0;
        let builtins = vec![
            (
                "now_mu".into(),
@ -989,7 +863,6 @@ impl Nac3 {
                        name: "t".into(),
                        ty: primitive.int64,
                        default_value: None,
-                        is_vararg: false,
                    }],
                    ret: primitive.none,
                    vars: VarMap::new(),
@ -1009,7 +882,6 @@ impl Nac3 {
                        name: "dt".into(),
                        ty: primitive.int64,
                        default_value: None,
-                        is_vararg: false,
                    }],
                    ret: primitive.none,
                    vars: VarMap::new(),
--- a/nac3artiq/src/symbol_resolver.rs
+++ b/nac3artiq/src/symbol_resolver.rs
@ -1,30 +1,14 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering::Relaxed},
-        Arc,
-    },
+use inkwell::{
+    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
+    values::BasicValueEnum,
+    AddressSpace,
 };
-
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-use pyo3::{
-    types::{PyDict, PyTuple},
-    PyAny, PyObject, PyResult, Python,
-};
-
 use nac3core::{
    codegen::{
        classes::{NDArrayType, ProxyType},
        CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
    },
-    inkwell::{
-        module::Linkage,
-        types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum},
-        values::BasicValueEnum,
-        AddressSpace,
-    },
-    nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef},
    symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver, SymbolValue, ValueEnum},
    toplevel::{
        helper::PrimDef,
@ -36,8 +20,21 @@ use nac3core::{
        typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVar, Unifier, VarMap},
    },
 };
+use nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef};
+use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
+use pyo3::{
+    types::{PyDict, PyTuple},
+    PyAny, PyObject, PyResult, Python,
+};
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering::Relaxed},
+        Arc,
+    },
+};

-use super::PrimitivePythonId;
+use crate::PrimitivePythonId;

 pub enum PrimitiveValue {
    I32(i32),
@ -82,6 +79,7 @@ pub struct InnerResolver {
    pub id_to_primitive: RwLock<HashMap<u64, PrimitiveValue>>,
    pub field_to_val: RwLock<HashMap<ResolverField, Option<PyFieldHandle>>>,
    pub global_value_ids: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<u64, PyObject>>>,
+    pub class_names: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
    pub pyid_to_def: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<u64, DefinitionId>>>,
    pub pyid_to_type: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<u64, Type>>>,
    pub primitive_ids: PrimitivePythonId,
@ -135,8 +133,6 @@ impl StaticValue for PythonValue {
                        format!("{}_const", self.id).as_str(),
                    );
                    global.set_constant(true);
-                    // Set linkage of global to private to avoid name collisions
-                    global.set_linkage(Linkage::Private);
                    global.set_initializer(&ctx.ctx.const_struct(
                        &[ctx.ctx.i32_type().const_int(u64::from(id), false).into()],
                        false,
@ -167,7 +163,7 @@ impl StaticValue for PythonValue {
                PrimitiveValue::Bool(val) => {
                    ctx.ctx.i8_type().const_int(u64::from(*val), false).into()
                }
-                PrimitiveValue::Str(val) => ctx.gen_string(generator, val).into(),
+                PrimitiveValue::Str(val) => ctx.ctx.const_string(val.as_bytes(), true).into(),
            });
        }
        if let Some(global) = ctx.module.get_global(&self.id.to_string()) {
@ -355,7 +351,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
            Ok(Ok((ndarray, false)))
        } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.tuple {
            // do not handle type var param and concrete check here
-            Ok(Ok((unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![], is_vararg_ctx: false }), false)))
+            Ok(Ok((unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![] }), false)))
        } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.option {
            Ok(Ok((primitives.option, false)))
        } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.none {
@ -559,10 +555,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                            Err(err) => return Ok(Err(err)),
                            _ => return Ok(Err("tuple type needs at least 1 type parameters".to_string()))
                        };
-                    Ok(Ok((
-                        unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: args, is_vararg_ctx: false }),
-                        true,
-                    )))
+                    Ok(Ok((unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: args }), true)))
                }
                TypeEnum::TObj { params, obj_id, .. } => {
                    let subst = {
@ -804,9 +797,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                    .map(|elem| self.get_obj_type(py, elem, unifier, defs, primitives))
                    .collect();
                let types = types?;
-                Ok(types.map(|types| {
-                    unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: types, is_vararg_ctx: false })
-                }))
+                Ok(types.map(|types| unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: types })))
            }
            // special handling for option type since its class member layout in python side
            // is special and cannot be mapped directly to a nac3 type as below
@ -981,7 +972,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
        } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.string || ty_id == self.primitive_ids.np_str_ {
            let val: String = obj.extract().unwrap();
            self.id_to_primitive.write().insert(id, PrimitiveValue::Str(val.clone()));
-            Ok(Some(ctx.gen_string(generator, val).into()))
+            Ok(Some(ctx.ctx.const_string(val.as_bytes(), true).into()))
        } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.float || ty_id == self.primitive_ids.float64 {
            let val: f64 = obj.extract().unwrap();
            self.id_to_primitive.write().insert(id, PrimitiveValue::F64(val));
@ -1000,15 +991,8 @@ impl InnerResolver {
                }
                _ => unreachable!("must be list"),
            };
+            let ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty);
            let size_t = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-            let ty = if len == 0
-                && matches!(&*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(elem_ty), TypeEnum::TVar { .. })
-            {
-                // The default type for zero-length lists of unknown element type is size_t
-                size_t.into()
-            } else {
-                ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, elem_ty)
-            };
            let arr_ty = ctx
                .ctx
                .struct_type(&[ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(), size_t.into()], false);
@ -1212,9 +1196,7 @@ impl InnerResolver {
            Ok(Some(ndarray.as_pointer_value().into()))
        } else if ty_id == self.primitive_ids.tuple {
            let expected_ty_enum = ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(expected_ty);
-            let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx: false } = expected_ty_enum.as_ref() else {
-                unreachable!()
-            };
+            let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } = expected_ty_enum.as_ref() else { unreachable!() };

            let tup_tys = ty.iter();
            let elements: &PyTuple = obj.downcast()?;
@ -1470,7 +1452,6 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
        &self,
        id: StrRef,
        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
        let sym_value = {
            let id_to_val = self.0.id_to_pyval.read();
--- a/nac3artiq/src/timeline.rs
+++ b/nac3artiq/src/timeline.rs
@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-use itertools::Either;
-
-use nac3core::{
-    codegen::CodeGenContext,
-    inkwell::{
-        values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue},
-        AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering,
-    },
+use inkwell::{
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue},
+    AddressSpace, AtomicOrdering,
 };
+use itertools::Either;
+use nac3core::codegen::CodeGenContext;

 /// Functions for manipulating the timeline.
 pub trait TimeFns {
@ -34,7 +31,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
            .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
        let now_hiptr = ctx
            .builder
-            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap();

@ -83,7 +80,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
            .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
        let now_hiptr = ctx
            .builder
-            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap();

@ -112,7 +109,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns64 {
            .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
        let now_hiptr = ctx
            .builder
-            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap();

@ -210,7 +207,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
            .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.module.add_global(i64_type, None, "now"));
        let now_hiptr = ctx
            .builder
-            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap();

@ -261,7 +258,7 @@ impl TimeFns for NowPinningTimeFns {
        let time_lo = ctx.builder.build_int_truncate(time, i32_type, "time.lo").unwrap();
        let now_hiptr = ctx
            .builder
-            .build_bit_cast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
+            .build_bitcast(now, i32_type.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), "now.hi.addr")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap();

--- a/nac3ast/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3ast/Cargo.toml
@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ constant-optimization = ["fold"]
 fold = []

 [dependencies]
+lazy_static = "1.5"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
 string-interner = "0.17"
 fxhash = "0.2"
--- a/nac3ast/src/ast_gen.rs
+++ b/nac3ast/src/ast_gen.rs
@ -5,12 +5,14 @@ pub use crate::location::Location;

 use fxhash::FxBuildHasher;
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, MutexGuard};
-use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, fmt, sync::LazyLock};
+use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, fmt};
 use string_interner::{symbol::SymbolU32, DefaultBackend, StringInterner};

 pub type Interner = StringInterner<DefaultBackend, FxBuildHasher>;
-static INTERNER: LazyLock<Mutex<Interner>> =
-    LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(StringInterner::with_hasher(FxBuildHasher::default())));
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref INTERNER: Mutex<Interner> =
+        Mutex::new(StringInterner::with_hasher(FxBuildHasher::default()));
+}

 thread_local! {
    static LOCAL_INTERNER: RefCell<HashMap<String, StrRef>> = RefCell::default();
--- a/nac3ast/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nac3ast/src/lib.rs
@ -14,6 +14,9 @@
    clippy::wildcard_imports
 )]

+#[macro_use]
+extern crate lazy_static;
+
 mod ast_gen;
 mod constant;
 #[cfg(feature = "fold")]
--- a/nac3core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3core/Cargo.toml
@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
+[features]
+test = []
+
 [package]
 name = "nac3core"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["M-Labs"]
 edition = "2021"

-[features]
-no-escape-analysis = []
-
 [dependencies]
 itertools = "0.13"
 crossbeam = "0.8"
-indexmap = "2.6"
+indexmap = "2.2"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
-rayon = "1.10"
+rayon = "1.8"
 nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
-strum = "0.26"
-strum_macros = "0.26"
+strum = "0.26.2"
+strum_macros = "0.26.4"

 [dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.5"
+version = "0.4"
 default-features = false
-features = ["llvm14-0-prefer-dynamic", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
+features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]

 [dev-dependencies]
 test-case = "1.2.0"
--- a/nac3core/build.rs
+++ b/nac3core/build.rs
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use regex::Regex;
 use std::{
    env,
    fs::File,
@ -6,53 +7,39 @@ use std::{
    process::{Command, Stdio},
 };

-use regex::Regex;
-
-fn main() {
-    let out_dir = env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap();
-    let out_dir = Path::new(&out_dir);
-    let irrt_dir = Path::new("irrt");
-
+fn compile_irrt(irrt_dir: &Path, out_dir: &Path) {
    let irrt_cpp_path = irrt_dir.join("irrt.cpp");

    /*
     * HACK: Sadly, clang doesn't let us emit generic LLVM bitcode.
     * Compiling for WASM32 and filtering the output with regex is the closest we can get.
     */
-    let mut flags: Vec<&str> = vec![
+    let flags: &[&str] = &[
        "--target=wasm32",
+        irrt_cpp_path.to_str().unwrap(),
        "-x",
        "c++",
-        "-std=c++20",
        "-fno-discard-value-names",
        "-fno-exceptions",
        "-fno-rtti",
+        match env::var("PROFILE").as_deref() {
+            Ok("debug") => "-O0",
+            Ok("release") => "-O3",
+            flavor => panic!("Unknown or missing build flavor {flavor:?}"),
+        },
        "-emit-llvm",
        "-S",
        "-Wall",
        "-Wextra",
-        "-o",
-        "-",
+        "-Werror=return-type",
        "-I",
        irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap(),
-        irrt_cpp_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+        "-o",
+        "-",
    ];

-    match env::var("PROFILE").as_deref() {
-        Ok("debug") => {
-            flags.push("-O0");
-            flags.push("-DIRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT");
-        }
-        Ok("release") => {
-            flags.push("-O3");
-        }
-        flavor => panic!("Unknown or missing build flavor {flavor:?}"),
-    }
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", out_dir.to_str().unwrap());

-    // Tell Cargo to rerun if any file under `irrt_dir` (recursive) changes
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap());
-
-    // Compile IRRT and capture the LLVM IR output
    let output = Command::new("clang-irrt")
        .args(flags)
        .output()
@ -66,17 +53,11 @@ fn main() {
    let output = std::str::from_utf8(&output.stdout).unwrap().replace("\r\n", "\n");
    let mut filtered_output = String::with_capacity(output.len());

-    // Filter out irrelevant IR
-    //
-    // Regex:
-    // - `(?ms:^define.*?\}$)` captures LLVM `define` blocks
-    // - `(?m:^declare.*?$)` captures LLVM `declare` lines
-    // - `(?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$)` captures LLVM `type` declarations
-    // - `(?m:^@.+?=.+$)` captures global constants
-    let regex_filter = Regex::new(
-        r"(?ms:^define.*?\}$)|(?m:^declare.*?$)|(?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$)|(?m:^@.+?=.+$)",
-    )
-    .unwrap();
+    // (?ms:^define.*?\}$) to capture `define` blocks
+    // (?m:^declare.*?$) to capture `declare` blocks
+    // (?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$) to capture `type` declarations
+    let regex_filter =
+        Regex::new(r"(?ms:^define.*?\}$)|(?m:^declare.*?$)|(?m:^%.+?=\s*type\s*\{.+?\}$)").unwrap();
    for f in regex_filter.captures_iter(&output) {
        assert_eq!(f.len(), 1);
        filtered_output.push_str(&f[0]);
@ -87,14 +68,10 @@ fn main() {
        .unwrap()
        .replace_all(&filtered_output, "");

-    // For debugging
-    // Doing `DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT=1 cargo build -p nac3core` dumps the LLVM IR generated
-    const DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT: &str = "DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT";
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed={DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT}");
-    if env::var(DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT).is_ok() {
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT");
+    if env::var("DEBUG_DUMP_IRRT").is_ok() {
        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt.ll")).unwrap();
        file.write_all(output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-
        let mut file = File::create(out_dir.join("irrt-filtered.ll")).unwrap();
        file.write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
    }
@ -108,3 +85,50 @@ fn main() {
    llvm_as.stdin.as_mut().unwrap().write_all(filtered_output.as_bytes()).unwrap();
    assert!(llvm_as.wait().unwrap().success());
 }
+
+fn compile_irrt_test(irrt_dir: &Path, out_dir: &Path) {
+    let irrt_test_cpp_path = irrt_dir.join("irrt_test.cpp");
+    let exe_path = out_dir.join("irrt_test.out");
+
+    let flags: &[&str] = &[
+        irrt_test_cpp_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+        "-x",
+        "c++",
+        "-I",
+        irrt_dir.to_str().unwrap(),
+        "-g",
+        "-fno-discard-value-names",
+        "-O0",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Wextra",
+        "-Werror=return-type",
+        "-lm", // for `tgamma()`, `lgamma()`
+        "-o",
+        exe_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+    ];
+
+    Command::new("clang-irrt-test")
+        .args(flags)
+        .output()
+        .map(|o| {
+            assert!(o.status.success(), "{}", std::str::from_utf8(&o.stderr).unwrap());
+            o
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", out_dir.to_str().unwrap());
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let out_dir = env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap();
+    let out_dir = Path::new(&out_dir);
+
+    let irrt_dir = Path::new("./irrt");
+
+    compile_irrt(irrt_dir, out_dir);
+
+    // https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/2549
+    // `cargo test -F test` to also build `irrt_test.cpp
+    if cfg!(feature = "test") {
+        compile_irrt_test(irrt_dir, out_dir);
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt.cpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt.cpp
@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-#include "irrt/exception.hpp"
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-#include "irrt/list.hpp"
-#include "irrt/math.hpp"
-#include "irrt/ndarray.hpp"
-#include "irrt/slice.hpp"
+#include "irrt_everything.hpp"
+
+/*
+    This file will be read by `clang-irrt` to conveniently produce LLVM IR for `nac3core/codegen`.
+*/
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+#ifndef IRRT_DONT_TYPEDEF_INTS
+typedef _BitInt(8) int8_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(8) uint8_t;
+typedef _BitInt(32) int32_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(32) uint32_t;
+typedef _BitInt(64) int64_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(64) uint64_t;
+#endif
+
+// NDArray indices are always `uint32_t`.
+typedef uint32_t NDIndex;
+// The type of an index or a value describing the length of a range/slice is
+// always `int32_t`.
+typedef int32_t SliceIndex;
+
+template <typename T>
+static T max(T a, T b) {
+    return a > b ? a : b;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+static T min(T a, T b) {
+    return a > b ? b : a;
+}
+
+// adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
+// need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
+template <typename T>
+static T __nac3_int_exp_impl(T base, T exp) {
+    T res = 1;
+    /* repeated squaring method */
+    do {
+        if (exp & 1) {
+            res *= base; /* for n odd */
+        }
+        exp >>= 1;
+        base *= base;
+    } while (exp);
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename SizeT>
+static SizeT __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(
+    const SizeT *list_data,
+    SizeT list_len,
+    SizeT begin_idx,
+    SizeT end_idx
+) {
+    __builtin_assume(end_idx <= list_len);
+
+    SizeT num_elems = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = begin_idx; i < end_idx; ++i) {
+        SizeT val = list_data[i];
+        __builtin_assume(val > 0);
+        num_elems *= val;
+    }
+    return num_elems;
+}
+
+template <typename SizeT>
+static void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(
+    SizeT index,
+    const SizeT *dims,
+    SizeT num_dims,
+    NDIndex *idxs
+) {
+    SizeT stride = 1;
+    for (SizeT dim = 0; dim < num_dims; dim++) {
+        SizeT i = num_dims - dim - 1;
+        __builtin_assume(dims[i] > 0);
+        idxs[i] = (index / stride) % dims[i];
+        stride *= dims[i];
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename SizeT>
+static SizeT __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(
+    const SizeT *dims,
+    SizeT num_dims,
+    const NDIndex *indices,
+    SizeT num_indices
+) {
+    SizeT idx = 0;
+    SizeT stride = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_dims; ++i) {
+        SizeT ri = num_dims - i - 1;
+        if (ri < num_indices) {
+            idx += stride * indices[ri];
+        }
+
+        __builtin_assume(dims[i] > 0);
+        stride *= dims[ri];
+    }
+    return idx;
+}
+
+template <typename SizeT>
+static void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(
+    const SizeT *lhs_dims,
+    SizeT lhs_ndims,
+    const SizeT *rhs_dims,
+    SizeT rhs_ndims,
+    SizeT *out_dims
+) {
+    SizeT max_ndims = lhs_ndims > rhs_ndims ? lhs_ndims : rhs_ndims;
+
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < max_ndims; ++i) {
+        const SizeT *lhs_dim_sz = i < lhs_ndims ? &lhs_dims[lhs_ndims - i - 1] : nullptr;
+        const SizeT *rhs_dim_sz = i < rhs_ndims ? &rhs_dims[rhs_ndims - i - 1] : nullptr;
+        SizeT *out_dim = &out_dims[max_ndims - i - 1];
+
+        if (lhs_dim_sz == nullptr) {
+            *out_dim = *rhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (rhs_dim_sz == nullptr) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*lhs_dim_sz == 1) {
+            *out_dim = *rhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*rhs_dim_sz == 1) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else if (*lhs_dim_sz == *rhs_dim_sz) {
+            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
+        } else {
+            __builtin_unreachable();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename SizeT>
+static void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(
+    const SizeT *src_dims,
+    SizeT src_ndims,
+    const NDIndex *in_idx,
+    NDIndex *out_idx
+) {
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < src_ndims; ++i) {
+        SizeT src_i = src_ndims - i - 1;
+        out_idx[src_i] = src_dims[src_i] == 1 ? 0 : in_idx[src_i];
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT>
+static void __nac3_ndarray_strides_from_shape_impl(
+    SizeT ndims,
+    SizeT *shape,
+    SizeT *dst_strides
+) {
+    SizeT stride_product = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+        int dim_i = ndims - i - 1;
+        dst_strides[dim_i] = stride_product;
+        stride_product *= shape[dim_i];
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    #define DEF_nac3_int_exp_(T) \
+        T __nac3_int_exp_##T(T base, T exp) {\
+            return __nac3_int_exp_impl(base, exp);\
+        }
+
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int32_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int64_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint32_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint64_t)
+
+    SliceIndex __nac3_slice_index_bound(SliceIndex i, const SliceIndex len) {
+        if (i < 0) {
+            i = len + i;
+        }
+        if (i < 0) {
+            return 0;
+        } else if (i > len) {
+            return len;
+        }
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    SliceIndex __nac3_range_slice_len(
+        const SliceIndex start,
+        const SliceIndex end,
+        const SliceIndex step
+    ) {
+        SliceIndex diff = end - start;
+        if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
+            return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
+        } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
+            return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
+        } else {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
+    // both dest_step and src_step are +1.
+    // - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
+    // - The end index is *inclusive*,
+    // - The length of src and dest slice size should already
+    // be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
+    SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(
+        SliceIndex dest_start,
+        SliceIndex dest_end,
+        SliceIndex dest_step,
+        uint8_t *dest_arr,
+        SliceIndex dest_arr_len,
+        SliceIndex src_start,
+        SliceIndex src_end,
+        SliceIndex src_step,
+        uint8_t *src_arr,
+        SliceIndex src_arr_len,
+        const SliceIndex size
+    ) {
+        /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
+        if (dest_arr_len == 0) return dest_arr_len;
+        /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
+        if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
+            const SliceIndex src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
+            const SliceIndex dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
+            if (src_len > 0) {
+                __builtin_memmove(
+                    dest_arr + dest_start * size,
+                    src_arr + src_start * size,
+                    src_len * size
+                );
+            }
+            if (dest_len > 0) {
+                /* dropping */
+                __builtin_memmove(
+                    dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size,
+                    dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                    (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
+                );
+            }
+            /* shrink size */
+            return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
+        }
+        /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
+        uint8_t need_alloca =
+            (dest_arr == src_arr)
+            && !(
+                max(dest_start, dest_end) < min(src_start, src_end)
+                || max(src_start, src_end) < min(dest_start, dest_end)
+            );
+        if (need_alloca) {
+            uint8_t *tmp = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(__builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size));
+            __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
+            src_arr = tmp;
+        }
+        SliceIndex src_ind = src_start;
+        SliceIndex dest_ind = dest_start;
+        for (;
+            (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end);
+            src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step
+        ) {
+            /* for constant optimization */
+            if (size == 1) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
+            } else if (size == 4) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
+            } else if (size == 8) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
+            } else {
+                /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
+            }
+        }
+        /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
+        /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
+        if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
+            __builtin_memmove(
+                dest_arr + dest_ind * size,
+                dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
+            );
+            return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
+        }
+        return dest_arr_len;
+    }
+
+    int32_t __nac3_isinf(double x) {
+        return __builtin_isinf(x);
+    }
+
+    int32_t __nac3_isnan(double x) {
+        return __builtin_isnan(x);
+    }
+
+    double tgamma(double arg);
+
+    double __nac3_gamma(double z) {
+        // Handling for denormals
+        //     | x                 | Python gamma(x) | C tgamma(x) |
+        // --- | ----------------- | --------------- | ----------- |
+        // (1) | nan               | nan             | nan         |
+        // (2) | -inf              | -inf            | inf         |
+        // (3) | inf               | inf             | inf         |
+        // (4) | 0.0               | inf             | inf         |
+        // (5) | {-1.0, -2.0, ...} | inf             | nan         |
+
+        // (1)-(3)
+        if (__builtin_isinf(z) || __builtin_isnan(z)) {
+            return z;
+        }
+
+        double v = tgamma(z);
+
+        // (4)-(5)
+        return __builtin_isinf(v) || __builtin_isnan(v) ? __builtin_inf() : v;
+    }
+
+    double lgamma(double arg);
+
+    double __nac3_gammaln(double x) {
+        // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+        // - scipy: gammaln(-inf) -> -inf
+        // - libm : lgamma(-inf) -> inf
+
+        if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+            return x;
+        }
+
+        return lgamma(x);
+    }
+
+    double j0(double x);
+
+    double __nac3_j0(double x) {
+        // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+        // - scipy: j0(inf) -> nan
+        // - libm : j0(inf) -> 0.0
+
+        if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+            return __builtin_nan("");
+        }
+
+        return j0(x);
+    }
+
+    uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_calc_size(
+        const uint32_t *list_data,
+        uint32_t list_len,
+        uint32_t begin_idx,
+        uint32_t end_idx
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(list_data, list_len, begin_idx, end_idx);
+    }
+
+    uint64_t __nac3_ndarray_calc_size64(
+        const uint64_t *list_data,
+        uint64_t list_len,
+        uint64_t begin_idx,
+        uint64_t end_idx
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(list_data, list_len, begin_idx, end_idx);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices(
+        uint32_t index,
+        const uint32_t* dims,
+        uint32_t num_dims,
+        NDIndex* idxs
+    ) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(index, dims, num_dims, idxs);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64(
+        uint64_t index,
+        const uint64_t* dims,
+        uint64_t num_dims,
+        NDIndex* idxs
+    ) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(index, dims, num_dims, idxs);
+    }
+
+    uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index(
+        const uint32_t* dims,
+        uint32_t num_dims,
+        const NDIndex* indices,
+        uint32_t num_indices
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(dims, num_dims, indices, num_indices);
+    }
+
+    uint64_t __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64(
+        const uint64_t* dims,
+        uint64_t num_dims,
+        const NDIndex* indices,
+        uint64_t num_indices
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(dims, num_dims, indices, num_indices);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast(
+        const uint32_t *lhs_dims,
+        uint32_t lhs_ndims,
+        const uint32_t *rhs_dims,
+        uint32_t rhs_ndims,
+        uint32_t *out_dims
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(lhs_dims, lhs_ndims, rhs_dims, rhs_ndims, out_dims);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64(
+        const uint64_t *lhs_dims,
+        uint64_t lhs_ndims,
+        const uint64_t *rhs_dims,
+        uint64_t rhs_ndims,
+        uint64_t *out_dims
+    ) {
+        return __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(lhs_dims, lhs_ndims, rhs_dims, rhs_ndims, out_dims);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx(
+        const uint32_t *src_dims,
+        uint32_t src_ndims,
+        const NDIndex *in_idx,
+        NDIndex *out_idx
+    ) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64(
+        const uint64_t *src_dims,
+        uint64_t src_ndims,
+        const NDIndex *in_idx,
+        NDIndex *out_idx
+    ) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_strides_from_shape(uint32_t ndims, uint32_t* shape, uint32_t* dst_strides) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_strides_from_shape_impl(ndims, shape, dst_strides);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_strides_from_shape64(uint64_t ndims, uint64_t* shape, uint64_t* dst_strides) {
+        __nac3_ndarray_strides_from_shape_impl(ndims, shape, dst_strides);
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/cslice.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/cslice.hpp
@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-
-template<typename SizeT>
-struct CSlice {
-    uint8_t* base;
-    SizeT len;
-};
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/debug.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/debug.hpp
@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-// Set in nac3core/build.rs
-#ifdef IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT
-#define IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL true
-#else
-#define IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL false
-#endif
-
-#define raise_debug_assert(SizeT, msg, param1, param2, param3) \
-    raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR, "IRRT debug assert failed: " msg, param1, param2, param3)
-
-#define debug_assert_eq(SizeT, lhs, rhs)                                           \
-    if constexpr (IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL) {                                        \
-        if ((lhs) != (rhs)) {                                                      \
-            raise_debug_assert(SizeT, "LHS = {0}. RHS = {1}", lhs, rhs, NO_PARAM); \
-        }                                                                          \
-    }
-
-#define debug_assert(SizeT, expr)                                                  \
-    if constexpr (IRRT_DEBUG_ASSERT_BOOL) {                                        \
-        if (!(expr)) {                                                             \
-            raise_debug_assert(SizeT, "Got false.", NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM); \
-        }                                                                          \
-    }
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/exception.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/exception.hpp
@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "irrt/cslice.hpp"
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-
-/**
- * @brief The int type of ARTIQ exception IDs.
- */
-typedef int32_t ExceptionId;
-
-/*
- * Set of exceptions C++ IRRT can use.
- * Must be synchronized with `setup_irrt_exceptions` in `nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs`.
- */
-extern "C" {
-ExceptionId EXN_INDEX_ERROR;
-ExceptionId EXN_VALUE_ERROR;
-ExceptionId EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR;
-ExceptionId EXN_TYPE_ERROR;
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Extern function to `__nac3_raise`
- *
- * The parameter `err` could be `Exception<int32_t>` or `Exception<int64_t>`. The caller
- * must make sure to pass `Exception`s with the correct `SizeT` depending on the `size_t` of the runtime.
- */
-extern "C" void __nac3_raise(void* err);
-
-namespace {
-/**
- * @brief NAC3's Exception struct
- */
-template<typename SizeT>
-struct Exception {
-    ExceptionId id;
-    CSlice<SizeT> filename;
-    int32_t line;
-    int32_t column;
-    CSlice<SizeT> function;
-    CSlice<SizeT> msg;
-    int64_t params[3];
-};
-
-constexpr int64_t NO_PARAM = 0;
-
-template<typename SizeT>
-void _raise_exception_helper(ExceptionId id,
-                             const char* filename,
-                             int32_t line,
-                             const char* function,
-                             const char* msg,
-                             int64_t param0,
-                             int64_t param1,
-                             int64_t param2) {
-    Exception<SizeT> e = {
-        .id = id,
-        .filename = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(filename), .len = __builtin_strlen(filename)},
-        .line = line,
-        .column = 0,
-        .function = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(function), .len = __builtin_strlen(function)},
-        .msg = {.base = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(msg), .len = __builtin_strlen(msg)},
-    };
-    e.params[0] = param0;
-    e.params[1] = param1;
-    e.params[2] = param2;
-    __nac3_raise(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&e));
-    __builtin_unreachable();
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Raise an exception with location details (location in the IRRT source files).
- * @param SizeT The runtime `size_t` type.
- * @param id The ID of the exception to raise.
- * @param msg A global constant C-string of the error message.
- *
- * `param0` to `param2` are optional format arguments of `msg`. They should be set to
- * `NO_PARAM` to indicate they are unused.
- */
-#define raise_exception(SizeT, id, msg, param0, param1, param2) \
-    _raise_exception_helper<SizeT>(id, __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__, msg, param0, param1, param2)
-}  // namespace
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/int_types.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/int_types.hpp
@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 202000
-using int8_t = _BitInt(8);
-using uint8_t = unsigned _BitInt(8);
-using int32_t = _BitInt(32);
-using uint32_t = unsigned _BitInt(32);
-using int64_t = _BitInt(64);
-using uint64_t = unsigned _BitInt(64);
-#else
-using int8_t = _ExtInt(8);
-using uint8_t = unsigned _ExtInt(8);
-using int32_t = _ExtInt(32);
-using uint32_t = unsigned _ExtInt(32);
-using int64_t = _ExtInt(64);
-using uint64_t = unsigned _ExtInt(64);
-#endif
-
-// NDArray indices are always `uint32_t`.
-using NDIndex = uint32_t;
-// The type of an index or a value describing the length of a range/slice is always `int32_t`.
-using SliceIndex = int32_t;
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/list.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/list.hpp
@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-#include "irrt/math_util.hpp"
-
-extern "C" {
-// Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
-// both dest_step and src_step are +1.
-// - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
-// - The end index is *inclusive*,
-// - The length of src and dest slice size should already
-// be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
-SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(SliceIndex dest_start,
-                                             SliceIndex dest_end,
-                                             SliceIndex dest_step,
-                                             uint8_t* dest_arr,
-                                             SliceIndex dest_arr_len,
-                                             SliceIndex src_start,
-                                             SliceIndex src_end,
-                                             SliceIndex src_step,
-                                             uint8_t* src_arr,
-                                             SliceIndex src_arr_len,
-                                             const SliceIndex size) {
-    /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
-    if (dest_arr_len == 0)
-        return dest_arr_len;
-    /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
-    if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
-        const SliceIndex src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
-        const SliceIndex dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
-        if (src_len > 0) {
-            __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + dest_start * size, src_arr + src_start * size, src_len * size);
-        }
-        if (dest_len > 0) {
-            /* dropping */
-            __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size, dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
-                              (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
-        }
-        /* shrink size */
-        return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
-    }
-    /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
-    uint8_t need_alloca = (dest_arr == src_arr)
-                          && !(max(dest_start, dest_end) < min(src_start, src_end)
-                               || max(src_start, src_end) < min(dest_start, dest_end));
-    if (need_alloca) {
-        uint8_t* tmp = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(__builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size));
-        __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
-        src_arr = tmp;
-    }
-    SliceIndex src_ind = src_start;
-    SliceIndex dest_ind = dest_start;
-    for (; (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end); src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step) {
-        /* for constant optimization */
-        if (size == 1) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
-        } else if (size == 4) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
-        } else if (size == 8) {
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
-        } else {
-            /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
-            __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
-        }
-    }
-    /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
-    /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
-    if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
-        __builtin_memmove(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
-                          (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size);
-        return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
-    }
-    return dest_arr_len;
-}
-}  // extern "C"
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/math.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/math.hpp
@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-namespace {
-// adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
-// need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
-template<typename T>
-T __nac3_int_exp_impl(T base, T exp) {
-    T res = 1;
-    /* repeated squaring method */
-    do {
-        if (exp & 1) {
-            res *= base; /* for n odd */
-        }
-        exp >>= 1;
-        base *= base;
-    } while (exp);
-    return res;
-}
-}  // namespace
-
-#define DEF_nac3_int_exp_(T)                   \
-    T __nac3_int_exp_##T(T base, T exp) {      \
-        return __nac3_int_exp_impl(base, exp); \
-    }
-
-extern "C" {
-
-// Putting semicolons here to make clang-format not reformat this into
-// a stair shape.
-DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int32_t);
-DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int64_t);
-DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint32_t);
-DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint64_t);
-
-int32_t __nac3_isinf(double x) {
-    return __builtin_isinf(x);
-}
-
-int32_t __nac3_isnan(double x) {
-    return __builtin_isnan(x);
-}
-
-double tgamma(double arg);
-
-double __nac3_gamma(double z) {
-    // Handling for denormals
-    //     | x                 | Python gamma(x) | C tgamma(x) |
-    // --- | ----------------- | --------------- | ----------- |
-    // (1) | nan               | nan             | nan         |
-    // (2) | -inf              | -inf            | inf         |
-    // (3) | inf               | inf             | inf         |
-    // (4) | 0.0               | inf             | inf         |
-    // (5) | {-1.0, -2.0, ...} | inf             | nan         |
-
-    // (1)-(3)
-    if (__builtin_isinf(z) || __builtin_isnan(z)) {
-        return z;
-    }
-
-    double v = tgamma(z);
-
-    // (4)-(5)
-    return __builtin_isinf(v) || __builtin_isnan(v) ? __builtin_inf() : v;
-}
-
-double lgamma(double arg);
-
-double __nac3_gammaln(double x) {
-    // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
-    // - scipy: gammaln(-inf) -> -inf
-    // - libm : lgamma(-inf) -> inf
-
-    if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
-        return x;
-    }
-
-    return lgamma(x);
-}
-
-double j0(double x);
-
-double __nac3_j0(double x) {
-    // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
-    // - scipy: j0(inf) -> nan
-    // - libm : j0(inf) -> 0.0
-
-    if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
-        return __builtin_nan("");
-    }
-
-    return j0(x);
-}
-}
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/math_util.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/math_util.hpp
@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-namespace {
-template<typename T>
-const T& max(const T& a, const T& b) {
-    return a > b ? a : b;
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-const T& min(const T& a, const T& b) {
-    return a > b ? b : a;
-}
-}  // namespace
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray.hpp
@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-
-namespace {
-template<typename SizeT>
-SizeT __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(const SizeT* list_data, SizeT list_len, SizeT begin_idx, SizeT end_idx) {
-    __builtin_assume(end_idx <= list_len);
-
-    SizeT num_elems = 1;
-    for (SizeT i = begin_idx; i < end_idx; ++i) {
-        SizeT val = list_data[i];
-        __builtin_assume(val > 0);
-        num_elems *= val;
-    }
-    return num_elems;
-}
-
-template<typename SizeT>
-void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(SizeT index, const SizeT* dims, SizeT num_dims, NDIndex* idxs) {
-    SizeT stride = 1;
-    for (SizeT dim = 0; dim < num_dims; dim++) {
-        SizeT i = num_dims - dim - 1;
-        __builtin_assume(dims[i] > 0);
-        idxs[i] = (index / stride) % dims[i];
-        stride *= dims[i];
-    }
-}
-
-template<typename SizeT>
-SizeT __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(const SizeT* dims, SizeT num_dims, const NDIndex* indices, SizeT num_indices) {
-    SizeT idx = 0;
-    SizeT stride = 1;
-    for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_dims; ++i) {
-        SizeT ri = num_dims - i - 1;
-        if (ri < num_indices) {
-            idx += stride * indices[ri];
-        }
-
-        __builtin_assume(dims[i] > 0);
-        stride *= dims[ri];
-    }
-    return idx;
-}
-
-template<typename SizeT>
-void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(const SizeT* lhs_dims,
-                                        SizeT lhs_ndims,
-                                        const SizeT* rhs_dims,
-                                        SizeT rhs_ndims,
-                                        SizeT* out_dims) {
-    SizeT max_ndims = lhs_ndims > rhs_ndims ? lhs_ndims : rhs_ndims;
-
-    for (SizeT i = 0; i < max_ndims; ++i) {
-        const SizeT* lhs_dim_sz = i < lhs_ndims ? &lhs_dims[lhs_ndims - i - 1] : nullptr;
-        const SizeT* rhs_dim_sz = i < rhs_ndims ? &rhs_dims[rhs_ndims - i - 1] : nullptr;
-        SizeT* out_dim = &out_dims[max_ndims - i - 1];
-
-        if (lhs_dim_sz == nullptr) {
-            *out_dim = *rhs_dim_sz;
-        } else if (rhs_dim_sz == nullptr) {
-            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
-        } else if (*lhs_dim_sz == 1) {
-            *out_dim = *rhs_dim_sz;
-        } else if (*rhs_dim_sz == 1) {
-            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
-        } else if (*lhs_dim_sz == *rhs_dim_sz) {
-            *out_dim = *lhs_dim_sz;
-        } else {
-            __builtin_unreachable();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-template<typename SizeT>
-void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(const SizeT* src_dims,
-                                            SizeT src_ndims,
-                                            const NDIndex* in_idx,
-                                            NDIndex* out_idx) {
-    for (SizeT i = 0; i < src_ndims; ++i) {
-        SizeT src_i = src_ndims - i - 1;
-        out_idx[src_i] = src_dims[src_i] == 1 ? 0 : in_idx[src_i];
-    }
-}
-}  // namespace
-
-extern "C" {
-uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_calc_size(const uint32_t* list_data, uint32_t list_len, uint32_t begin_idx, uint32_t end_idx) {
-    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(list_data, list_len, begin_idx, end_idx);
-}
-
-uint64_t
-__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64(const uint64_t* list_data, uint64_t list_len, uint64_t begin_idx, uint64_t end_idx) {
-    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_size_impl(list_data, list_len, begin_idx, end_idx);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices(uint32_t index, const uint32_t* dims, uint32_t num_dims, NDIndex* idxs) {
-    __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(index, dims, num_dims, idxs);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64(uint64_t index, const uint64_t* dims, uint64_t num_dims, NDIndex* idxs) {
-    __nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices_impl(index, dims, num_dims, idxs);
-}
-
-uint32_t
-__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index(const uint32_t* dims, uint32_t num_dims, const NDIndex* indices, uint32_t num_indices) {
-    return __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(dims, num_dims, indices, num_indices);
-}
-
-uint64_t
-__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64(const uint64_t* dims, uint64_t num_dims, const NDIndex* indices, uint64_t num_indices) {
-    return __nac3_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(dims, num_dims, indices, num_indices);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast(const uint32_t* lhs_dims,
-                                   uint32_t lhs_ndims,
-                                   const uint32_t* rhs_dims,
-                                   uint32_t rhs_ndims,
-                                   uint32_t* out_dims) {
-    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(lhs_dims, lhs_ndims, rhs_dims, rhs_ndims, out_dims);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64(const uint64_t* lhs_dims,
-                                     uint64_t lhs_ndims,
-                                     const uint64_t* rhs_dims,
-                                     uint64_t rhs_ndims,
-                                     uint64_t* out_dims) {
-    return __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_impl(lhs_dims, lhs_ndims, rhs_dims, rhs_ndims, out_dims);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx(const uint32_t* src_dims,
-                                       uint32_t src_ndims,
-                                       const NDIndex* in_idx,
-                                       NDIndex* out_idx) {
-    __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
-}
-
-void __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64(const uint64_t* src_dims,
-                                         uint64_t src_ndims,
-                                         const NDIndex* in_idx,
-                                         NDIndex* out_idx) {
-    __nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx_impl(src_dims, src_ndims, in_idx, out_idx);
-}
-}
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt/slice.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt/slice.hpp
@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "irrt/int_types.hpp"
-
-extern "C" {
-SliceIndex __nac3_slice_index_bound(SliceIndex i, const SliceIndex len) {
-    if (i < 0) {
-        i = len + i;
-    }
-    if (i < 0) {
-        return 0;
-    } else if (i > len) {
-        return len;
-    }
-    return i;
-}
-
-SliceIndex __nac3_range_slice_len(const SliceIndex start, const SliceIndex end, const SliceIndex step) {
-    SliceIndex diff = end - start;
-    if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
-        return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
-    } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
-        return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
-    } else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-}
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt_basic.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt_basic.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt_utils.hpp"
+#include "irrt_typedefs.hpp"
+
+/*
+    This header contains IRRT implementations
+    that do not deserved to be categorized (e.g., into numpy, etc.)
+
+    Check out other *.hpp files before including them here!!
+*/
+
+// The type of an index or a value describing the length of a range/slice is
+// always `int32_t`.
+
+namespace {
+    // adapted from GNU Scientific Library: https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gsl.git/tree/sys/pow_int.c
+    // need to make sure `exp >= 0` before calling this function
+    template <typename T>
+    T __nac3_int_exp_impl(T base, T exp) {
+        T res = 1;
+        /* repeated squaring method */
+        do {
+            if (exp & 1) {
+                res *= base; /* for n odd */
+            }
+            exp >>= 1;
+            base *= base;
+        } while (exp);
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    #define DEF_nac3_int_exp_(T) \
+        T __nac3_int_exp_##T(T base, T exp) {\
+            return __nac3_int_exp_impl(base, exp);\
+        }
+
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int32_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(int64_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint32_t)
+    DEF_nac3_int_exp_(uint64_t)
+
+    SliceIndex __nac3_slice_index_bound(SliceIndex i, const SliceIndex len) {
+        if (i < 0) {
+            i = len + i;
+        }
+        if (i < 0) {
+            return 0;
+        } else if (i > len) {
+            return len;
+        }
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    SliceIndex __nac3_range_slice_len(
+        const SliceIndex start,
+        const SliceIndex end,
+        const SliceIndex step
+    ) {
+        SliceIndex diff = end - start;
+        if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
+            return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
+        } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
+            return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
+        } else {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Handle list assignment and dropping part of the list when
+    // both dest_step and src_step are +1.
+    // - All the index must *not* be out-of-bound or negative,
+    // - The end index is *inclusive*,
+    // - The length of src and dest slice size should already
+    // be checked: if dest.step == 1 then len(src) <= len(dest) else len(src) == len(dest)
+    SliceIndex __nac3_list_slice_assign_var_size(
+        SliceIndex dest_start,
+        SliceIndex dest_end,
+        SliceIndex dest_step,
+        uint8_t *dest_arr,
+        SliceIndex dest_arr_len,
+        SliceIndex src_start,
+        SliceIndex src_end,
+        SliceIndex src_step,
+        uint8_t *src_arr,
+        SliceIndex src_arr_len,
+        const SliceIndex size
+    ) {
+        /* if dest_arr_len == 0, do nothing since we do not support extending list */
+        if (dest_arr_len == 0) return dest_arr_len;
+        /* if both step is 1, memmove directly, handle the dropping of the list, and shrink size */
+        if (src_step == dest_step && dest_step == 1) {
+            const SliceIndex src_len = (src_end >= src_start) ? (src_end - src_start + 1) : 0;
+            const SliceIndex dest_len = (dest_end >= dest_start) ? (dest_end - dest_start + 1) : 0;
+            if (src_len > 0) {
+                __builtin_memmove(
+                    dest_arr + dest_start * size,
+                    src_arr + src_start * size,
+                    src_len * size
+                );
+            }
+            if (dest_len > 0) {
+                /* dropping */
+                __builtin_memmove(
+                    dest_arr + (dest_start + src_len) * size,
+                    dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                    (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
+                );
+            }
+            /* shrink size */
+            return dest_arr_len - (dest_len - src_len);
+        }
+        /* if two range overlaps, need alloca */
+        uint8_t need_alloca =
+            (dest_arr == src_arr)
+            && !(
+                max(dest_start, dest_end) < min(src_start, src_end)
+                || max(src_start, src_end) < min(dest_start, dest_end)
+            );
+        if (need_alloca) {
+            uint8_t *tmp = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(__builtin_alloca(src_arr_len * size));
+            __builtin_memcpy(tmp, src_arr, src_arr_len * size);
+            src_arr = tmp;
+        }
+        SliceIndex src_ind = src_start;
+        SliceIndex dest_ind = dest_start;
+        for (;
+            (src_step > 0) ? (src_ind <= src_end) : (src_ind >= src_end);
+            src_ind += src_step, dest_ind += dest_step
+        ) {
+            /* for constant optimization */
+            if (size == 1) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind, src_arr + src_ind, 1);
+            } else if (size == 4) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 4, src_arr + src_ind * 4, 4);
+            } else if (size == 8) {
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * 8, src_arr + src_ind * 8, 8);
+            } else {
+                /* memcpy for var size, cannot overlap after previous alloca */
+                __builtin_memcpy(dest_arr + dest_ind * size, src_arr + src_ind * size, size);
+            }
+        }
+        /* only dest_step == 1 can we shrink the dest list. */
+        /* size should be ensured prior to calling this function */
+        if (dest_step == 1 && dest_end >= dest_start) {
+            __builtin_memmove(
+                dest_arr + dest_ind * size,
+                dest_arr + (dest_end + 1) * size,
+                (dest_arr_len - dest_end - 1) * size
+            );
+            return dest_arr_len - (dest_end - dest_ind) - 1;
+        }
+        return dest_arr_len;
+    }
+
+    int32_t __nac3_isinf(double x) {
+        return __builtin_isinf(x);
+    }
+
+    int32_t __nac3_isnan(double x) {
+        return __builtin_isnan(x);
+    }
+
+    double tgamma(double arg);
+
+    double __nac3_gamma(double z) {
+        // Handling for denormals
+        //     | x                 | Python gamma(x) | C tgamma(x) |
+        // --- | ----------------- | --------------- | ----------- |
+        // (1) | nan               | nan             | nan         |
+        // (2) | -inf              | -inf            | inf         |
+        // (3) | inf               | inf             | inf         |
+        // (4) | 0.0               | inf             | inf         |
+        // (5) | {-1.0, -2.0, ...} | inf             | nan         |
+
+        // (1)-(3)
+        if (__builtin_isinf(z) || __builtin_isnan(z)) {
+            return z;
+        }
+
+        double v = tgamma(z);
+
+        // (4)-(5)
+        return __builtin_isinf(v) || __builtin_isnan(v) ? __builtin_inf() : v;
+    }
+
+    double lgamma(double arg);
+
+    double __nac3_gammaln(double x) {
+        // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+        // - scipy: gammaln(-inf) -> -inf
+        // - libm : lgamma(-inf) -> inf
+
+        if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+            return x;
+        }
+
+        return lgamma(x);
+    }
+
+    double j0(double x);
+
+    double __nac3_j0(double x) {
+        // libm's handling of value overflows differs from scipy:
+        // - scipy: j0(inf) -> nan
+        // - libm : j0(inf) -> 0.0
+
+        if (__builtin_isinf(x)) {
+            return __builtin_nan("");
+        }
+
+        return j0(x);
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt_everything.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt_everything.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt_utils.hpp"
+#include "irrt_typedefs.hpp"
+#include "irrt_basic.hpp"
+#include "irrt_slice.hpp"
+#include "irrt_numpy_ndarray.hpp"
+
+/*
+    All IRRT implementations.
+
+    We don't have any pre-compiled objects, so we are writing all implementations in headers and
+    concatenate them with `#include` into one massive source file that contains all the IRRT stuff.
+*/
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt_numpy_ndarray.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt_numpy_ndarray.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt_utils.hpp"
+#include "irrt_typedefs.hpp"
+#include "irrt_slice.hpp"
+
+/*
+    NDArray-related implementations.
+`*/
+
+// NDArray indices are always `uint32_t`.
+using NDIndex = uint32_t;
+
+namespace {
+    namespace ndarray_util {
+        template <typename SizeT>
+        static void set_indices_by_nth(SizeT ndims, const SizeT* shape, SizeT* indices, SizeT nth) {
+            for (int32_t i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+                int32_t dim_i = ndims - i - 1;
+                int32_t dim = shape[dim_i];
+
+                indices[dim_i] = nth % dim;
+                nth /= dim;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Compute the strides of an ndarray given an ndarray `shape`
+        // and assuming that the ndarray is *fully C-contagious*.
+        //
+        // You might want to read up on https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-1/.
+        template <typename SizeT>
+        static void set_strides_by_shape(SizeT itemsize, SizeT ndims, SizeT* dst_strides, const SizeT* shape) {
+            SizeT stride_product = 1;
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+                int dim_i = ndims - i - 1;
+                dst_strides[dim_i] = stride_product * itemsize;
+                stride_product *= shape[dim_i];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Compute the size/# of elements of an ndarray given its shape
+        template <typename SizeT>
+        static SizeT calc_size_from_shape(SizeT ndims, const SizeT* shape) {
+            SizeT size = 1;
+            for (SizeT dim_i = 0; dim_i < ndims; dim_i++) size *= shape[dim_i];
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        template <typename SizeT>
+        static bool can_broadcast_shape_to(
+            const SizeT target_ndims,
+            const SizeT *target_shape,
+            const SizeT src_ndims,
+            const SizeT *src_shape
+        ) {
+            /*
+                // See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/basics.broadcasting.html
+
+                This function handles this example:
+                ```
+                Image  (3d array): 256 x 256 x 3
+                Scale  (1d array):             3
+                Result (3d array): 256 x 256 x 3
+                ```
+
+                Other interesting examples to consider:
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([3], [1, 1, 1, 1, 3]) == true`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([3], [3, 1]) == false`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([256, 256, 3], [256, 1, 3]) == true`
+
+                In cases when the shapes contain zero(es):
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([0], [1]) == true`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([0], [2]) == false`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1]) == true`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1, 1]) == true`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1, 4, 1, 1]) == true`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([4, 3], [0, 3]) == false`
+                - `can_broadcast_shape_to([4, 3], [0, 0]) == false`
+            */
+
+            // This is essentially doing the following in Python:
+            // `for target_dim, src_dim in itertools.zip_longest(target_shape[::-1], src_shape[::-1], fillvalue=1)`
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < max(target_ndims, src_ndims); i++) {
+                SizeT target_dim_i = target_ndims - i - 1;
+                SizeT src_dim_i = src_ndims - i - 1;
+
+                bool target_dim_exists = target_dim_i >= 0;
+                bool src_dim_exists = src_dim_i >= 0;
+
+                SizeT target_dim = target_dim_exists ? target_shape[target_dim_i] : 1;
+                SizeT src_dim = src_dim_exists ? src_shape[src_dim_i] : 1;
+
+                bool ok = src_dim == 1 || target_dim == src_dim;
+                if (!ok) return false;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    typedef uint8_t NDSliceType;
+    extern "C" {
+        const NDSliceType INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_INDEX = 0;
+        const NDSliceType INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE = 1;
+    }
+
+    struct NDSlice {
+        // A poor-man's `std::variant<int, UserRange>`
+        NDSliceType type;
+
+        /*
+            if type == INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_INDEX => `slice` points to a single `SizeT`
+            if type == INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE => `slice` points to a single `UserRange`
+        */
+        uint8_t *slice;
+    };
+
+    namespace ndarray_util {
+        template<typename SizeT>
+        SizeT deduce_ndims_after_slicing(SizeT ndims, SizeT num_slices, const NDSlice *slices) {
+            irrt_assert(num_slices <= ndims);
+
+            SizeT final_ndims = ndims;
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_slices; i++) {
+                if (slices[i].type == INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_INDEX) {
+                    final_ndims--; // An integer slice demotes the rank by 1
+                }
+            }
+            return final_ndims;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename SizeT>
+    struct NDArrayIndicesIter {
+        SizeT ndims;
+        const SizeT *shape;
+        SizeT *indices;
+
+        void set_indices_zero() {
+            __builtin_memset(indices, 0, sizeof(SizeT) * ndims);
+        }
+
+        void next() {
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+                SizeT dim_i = ndims - i - 1;
+
+                indices[dim_i]++;
+                if (indices[dim_i] < shape[dim_i]) {
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    indices[dim_i] = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // The NDArray object. `SizeT` is the *signed* size type of this ndarray.
+    //
+    // NOTE: The order of fields is IMPORTANT. DON'T TOUCH IT
+    //
+    // Some resources you might find helpful:
+    // - The official numpy implementations:
+    //   - https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/735a477f0bc2b5b84d0e72d92f224bde78d4e069/doc/source/reference/c-api/types-and-structures.rst
+    // - On strides (about reshaping, slicing, C-contagiousness, etc)
+    //   - https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-1/.
+    //   - https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-2/.
+    //   - https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-3/.
+    template <typename SizeT>
+    struct NDArray {
+        // The underlying data this `ndarray` is pointing to.
+        //
+        // NOTE: Formally this should be of type `void *`, but clang
+        // translates `void *` to `i8 *` when run with `-S -emit-llvm`,
+        // so we will put `uint8_t *` here for clarity.
+        uint8_t *data;
+
+        // The number of bytes of a single element in `data`.
+        //
+        // The `SizeT` is treated as `unsigned`.
+        SizeT itemsize;
+
+        // The number of dimensions of this shape.
+        //
+        // The `SizeT` is treated as `unsigned`.
+        SizeT ndims;
+
+        // Array shape, with length equal to `ndims`.
+        //
+        // The `SizeT` is treated as `unsigned`.
+        //
+        // NOTE: `shape` can contain 0.
+        //   (those appear when the user makes an out of bounds slice into an ndarray, e.g., `np.zeros((3, 3))[400:].shape == (0, 3)`)
+        SizeT *shape;
+
+        // Array strides (stride value is in number of bytes, NOT number of elements), with length equal to `ndims`.
+        //
+        // The `SizeT` is treated as `signed`.
+        //
+        // NOTE: `strides` can have negative numbers.
+        //   (those appear when there is a slice with a negative step, e.g., `my_array[::-1]`)
+        SizeT *strides;
+
+        // Calculate the size/# of elements of an `ndarray`.
+        // This function corresponds to `np.size(<ndarray>)` or `ndarray.size`
+        SizeT size() {
+            return ndarray_util::calc_size_from_shape(ndims, shape);
+        }
+
+        // Calculate the number of bytes of its content of an `ndarray` *in its view*.
+        // This function corresponds to `ndarray.nbytes`
+        SizeT nbytes() {
+            return this->size() * itemsize;
+        }
+
+        void set_pelement_value(uint8_t* pelement, const uint8_t* pvalue) {
+            __builtin_memcpy(pelement, pvalue, itemsize);
+        }
+
+        uint8_t* get_pelement_by_indices(const SizeT *indices) {
+            uint8_t* element = data;
+            for (SizeT dim_i = 0; dim_i < ndims; dim_i++)
+                element += indices[dim_i] * strides[dim_i];
+            return element;
+        }
+
+        uint8_t* get_nth_pelement(SizeT nth) {
+            irrt_assert(0 <= nth);
+            irrt_assert(nth < this->size());
+
+            SizeT* indices = (SizeT*) __builtin_alloca(sizeof(SizeT) * this->ndims);
+            ndarray_util::set_indices_by_nth(this->ndims, this->shape, indices, nth);
+            return get_pelement_by_indices(indices);
+        }
+
+        // Get pointer to the first element of this ndarray, assuming
+        // `this->size() > 0`, i.e., not "degenerate" due to zeroes in `this->shape`)
+        //
+        // This is particularly useful for when the ndarray is just containing a single scalar.
+        uint8_t* get_first_pelement() {
+            irrt_assert(this->size() > 0);
+            return this->data; // ...It is simply `this->data`
+        }
+
+        // Is the given `indices` valid/in-bounds?
+        bool in_bounds(const SizeT *indices) {
+            for (SizeT dim_i = 0; dim_i < ndims; dim_i++) {
+                bool dim_ok = indices[dim_i] < shape[dim_i];
+                if (!dim_ok) return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Fill the ndarray with a value
+        void fill_generic(const uint8_t* pvalue) {
+            NDArrayIndicesIter<SizeT> iter;
+            iter.ndims = this->ndims;
+            iter.shape = this->shape;
+            iter.indices = (SizeT*) __builtin_alloca(sizeof(SizeT) * ndims);
+            iter.set_indices_zero();
+
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < this->size(); i++, iter.next()) {
+                uint8_t* pelement = get_pelement_by_indices(iter.indices);
+                set_pelement_value(pelement, pvalue);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Set the strides of the ndarray with `ndarray_util::set_strides_by_shape`
+        void set_strides_by_shape() {
+            ndarray_util::set_strides_by_shape(itemsize, ndims, strides, shape);
+        }
+
+        // https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.eye.html
+        void set_to_eye(SizeT k, const uint8_t* zero_pvalue, const uint8_t* one_pvalue) {
+            __builtin_assume(ndims == 2);
+
+            // TODO: Better implementation
+
+            fill_generic(zero_pvalue);
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < min(shape[0], shape[1]); i++) {
+                SizeT row = i;
+                SizeT col = i + k;
+                SizeT indices[2] = { row, col };
+
+                if (!in_bounds(indices)) continue;
+
+                uint8_t* pelement = get_pelement_by_indices(indices);
+                set_pelement_value(pelement, one_pvalue);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // To support numpy complex slices (e.g., `my_array[:50:2,4,:2:-1]`)
+        //
+        // Things assumed by this function:
+        // - `dst_ndarray` is allocated by the caller
+        // - `dst_ndarray.ndims` has the correct value (according to `ndarray_util::deduce_ndims_after_slicing`).
+        //   - ... and `dst_ndarray.shape` and `dst_ndarray.strides` have been allocated by the caller as well
+        //
+        // Other notes:
+        // - `dst_ndarray->data` does not have to be set, it will be derived.
+        // - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` does not have to be set, it will be set to `this->itemsize`
+        // - `dst_ndarray->shape` and `dst_ndarray.strides` can contain empty values
+        void slice(SizeT num_ndslices, NDSlice* ndslices, NDArray<SizeT>* dst_ndarray) {
+            // REFERENCE CODE (check out `_index_helper` in `__getitem__`):
+            //   https://github.com/wadetb/tinynumpy/blob/0d23d22e07062ffab2afa287374c7b366eebdda1/tinynumpy/tinynumpy.py#L652
+
+            irrt_assert(dst_ndarray->ndims == ndarray_util::deduce_ndims_after_slicing(this->ndims, num_ndslices, ndslices));
+
+            dst_ndarray->data = this->data;
+
+            SizeT this_axis = 0;
+            SizeT dst_axis = 0;
+
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < num_ndslices; i++) {
+                NDSlice *ndslice = &ndslices[i];
+                if (ndslice->type == INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_INDEX) {
+                    // Handle when the ndslice is just a single (possibly negative) integer
+                    // e.g., `my_array[::2, -5, ::-1]`
+                    //                      ^^------ like this
+                    SizeT index_user = *((SizeT*) ndslice->slice);
+                    SizeT index = resolve_index_in_length(this->shape[this_axis], index_user);
+                    dst_ndarray->data += index * this->strides[this_axis]; // Add offset
+
+                    // Next
+                    this_axis++;
+                } else if (ndslice->type == INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE) {
+                    // Handle when the ndslice is a slice (represented by UserSlice in IRRT)
+                    // e.g., `my_array[::2, -5, ::-1]`
+                    //                 ^^^------^^^^----- like these
+                    UserSlice<SizeT>* user_slice = (UserSlice<SizeT>*) ndslice->slice;
+                    Slice<SizeT> slice = user_slice->indices(this->shape[this_axis]); // To resolve negative indices and other funny stuff written by the user
+
+                    // NOTE: There is no need to write special code to handle negative steps/strides.
+                    // This simple implementation meticulously handles both positive and negative steps/strides.
+                    // Check out the tinynumpy and IRRT's test cases if you are not convinced.
+                    dst_ndarray->data += slice.start * this->strides[this_axis]; // Add offset (NOTE: no need to `* itemsize`, strides count in # of bytes)
+                    dst_ndarray->strides[dst_axis] = slice.step * this->strides[this_axis]; // Determine stride
+                    dst_ndarray->shape[dst_axis] = slice.len(); // Determine shape dimension
+
+                    // Next
+                    dst_axis++;
+                    this_axis++;
+                } else {
+                    __builtin_unreachable();
+                }
+            }
+
+            irrt_assert(dst_axis == dst_ndarray->ndims); // Sanity check on the implementation
+        }
+
+        // Similar to `np.broadcast_to(<ndarray>, <target_shape>)`
+        // Assumptions:
+        //   - `this` has to be fully initialized.
+        //   - `dst_ndarray->ndims` has to be set.
+        //   - `dst_ndarray->shape` has to be set, this determines the shape `this` broadcasts to.
+        //
+        // Other notes:
+        //   - `dst_ndarray->data` does not have to be set, it will be set to `this->data`.
+        //   - `dst_ndarray->itemsize` does not have to be set, it will be set to `this->data`.
+        //   - `dst_ndarray->strides` does not have to be set, it will be overwritten.
+        //
+        // Cautions:
+        //   ```
+        //   xs = np.zeros((4,))
+        //   ys = np.zero((4, 1))
+        //   ys[:] = xs # ok
+        // 
+        //   xs = np.zeros((1, 4))
+        //   ys = np.zero((4,))
+        //   ys[:] = xs # allowed
+        //   # However `np.broadcast_to(xs, (4,))` would fails, as per numpy's broadcasting rule.
+        //   # and apparently numpy will "deprecate" this? SEE https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/21744
+        //   # This implementation will NOT support this assignment.
+        //   ```
+        void broadcast_to(NDArray<SizeT>* dst_ndarray) {
+            dst_ndarray->data = this->data;
+            dst_ndarray->itemsize = this->itemsize;
+
+            irrt_assert(
+                ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(
+                    dst_ndarray->ndims,
+                    dst_ndarray->shape,
+                    this->ndims,
+                    this->shape
+                )
+            );
+
+            SizeT stride_product = 1;
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < max(this->ndims, dst_ndarray->ndims); i++) {
+                SizeT this_dim_i = this->ndims - i - 1;
+                SizeT dst_dim_i = dst_ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
+
+                bool this_dim_exists = this_dim_i >= 0;
+                bool dst_dim_exists = dst_dim_i >= 0;
+
+                // TODO: Explain how this works
+                bool c1 = this_dim_exists && this->shape[this_dim_i] == 1;
+                bool c2 = dst_dim_exists && dst_ndarray->shape[dst_dim_i] != 1;
+                if (!this_dim_exists || (c1 && c2)) {
+                    dst_ndarray->strides[dst_dim_i] = 0; // Freeze it in-place
+                } else {
+                    dst_ndarray->strides[dst_dim_i] = stride_product * this->itemsize;
+                    stride_product *= this->shape[this_dim_i]; // NOTE: this_dim_exist must be true here.
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Simulates `this_ndarray[:] = src_ndarray`, with automatic broadcasting.
+        // Caution on https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/21744
+        // Also see `NDArray::broadcast_to`
+        void assign_with(NDArray<SizeT>* src_ndarray) {
+            irrt_assert(
+                ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(
+                    this->ndims,
+                    this->shape,
+                    src_ndarray->ndims,
+                    src_ndarray->shape
+                )
+            );
+
+            // Broadcast the `src_ndarray` to make the reading process *much* easier
+            SizeT* broadcasted_src_ndarray_strides = __builtin_alloca(sizeof(SizeT) * this->ndims); // Remember to allocate strides beforehand
+            NDArray<SizeT> broadcasted_src_ndarray = {
+                .ndims = this->ndims,
+                .shape = this->shape,
+                .strides = broadcasted_src_ndarray_strides
+            };
+            src_ndarray->broadcast_to(&broadcasted_src_ndarray);
+
+            // Using iter instead of `get_nth_pelement` because it is slightly faster
+            SizeT* indices = __builtin_alloca(sizeof(SizeT) * this->ndims);
+            auto iter = NDArrayIndicesIter<SizeT> {
+                .ndims = this->ndims,
+                .shape = this->shape,
+                .indices = indices
+            };
+            const SizeT this_size = this->size();
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < this_size; i++, iter.next()) {
+                uint8_t* src_pelement = broadcasted_src_ndarray_strides->get_pelement_by_indices(indices);
+                uint8_t* this_pelement = this->get_pelement_by_indices(indices);
+                this->set_pelement_value(src_pelement, src_pelement);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_size(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+        return ndarray->size();
+    }
+
+    uint64_t __nac3_ndarray_size64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+        return ndarray->size();
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_fill_generic(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, uint8_t* pvalue) {
+        ndarray->fill_generic(pvalue);
+    }
+
+    void __nac3_ndarray_fill_generic64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray, uint8_t* pvalue) {
+        ndarray->fill_generic(pvalue);
+    }
+
+    // void __nac3_ndarray_slice(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, int32_t num_slices, NDSlice<int32_t> *slices, NDArray<int32_t> *dst_ndarray) {
+    //     // ndarray->slice(num_slices, slices, dst_ndarray);
+    // }
+}
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt_slice.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt_slice.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt_utils.hpp"
+#include "irrt_typedefs.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+    // A proper slice in IRRT, all negative indices have be resolved to absolute values.
+    // Even though nac3core's slices are always `int32_t`, we will template slice anyway
+    // since this struct is used as a general utility.
+    template <typename T>
+    struct Slice {
+        T start;
+        T stop;
+        T step;
+
+        // The length/The number of elements of the slice if it were a range,
+        // i.e., the value of `len(range(this->start, this->stop, this->end))`
+        T len() {
+            T diff = stop - start;
+            if (diff > 0 && step > 0) {
+                return ((diff - 1) / step) + 1;
+            } else if (diff < 0 && step < 0) {
+                return ((diff + 1) / step) + 1;
+            } else {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    T resolve_index_in_length(T length, T index) {
+        irrt_assert(length >= 0);
+        if (index < 0) {
+            // Remember that index is negative, so do a plus here
+            return max(length + index, 0);
+        } else {
+            return min(length, index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: using a bitfield for the `*_defined` is better, at the
+    // cost of a more annoying implementation in nac3core inkwell
+    template <typename T>
+    struct UserSlice {
+        uint8_t start_defined;
+        T start;
+
+        uint8_t stop_defined;
+        T stop;
+
+        uint8_t step_defined;
+        T step;
+
+        // Like Python's `slice(start, stop, step).indices(length)`
+        Slice<T> indices(T length) {
+            // NOTE: This function implements Python's `slice.indices` *FAITHFULLY*.
+            // SEE: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/f62161837e68c1c77961435f1b954412dd5c2b65/Objects/sliceobject.c#L546
+            irrt_assert(length >= 0);
+            irrt_assert(!step_defined || step != 0); // step_defined -> step != 0; step cannot be zero if specified by user
+
+            Slice<T> result;
+            result.step = step_defined ? step : 1;
+            bool step_is_negative = result.step < 0;
+
+            if (start_defined) {
+                result.start = resolve_index_in_length(length, start);
+            } else {
+                result.start = step_is_negative ? length - 1 : 0;
+            }
+            
+            if (stop_defined) {
+                result.stop = resolve_index_in_length(length, stop);
+            } else {
+                result.stop = step_is_negative ? -1 : length;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    };
+}
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt_test.cpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt_test.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+// This file will be compiled like a real C++ program,
+// and we do have the luxury to use the standard libraries.
+// That is if the nix flakes do not have issues... especially on msys2...
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+// Set `IRRT_DONT_TYPEDEF_INTS` because `cstdint` defines them
+#define IRRT_DONT_TYPEDEF_INTS
+#include "irrt_everything.hpp"
+
+void test_fail() {
+    printf("[!] Test failed\n");
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+void __begin_test(const char* function_name, const char* file, int line) {
+    printf("######### Running %s @ %s:%d\n", function_name, file, line);
+}
+
+#define BEGIN_TEST() __begin_test(__FUNCTION__, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+template <typename T>
+void debug_print_array(const char* format, int len, T* as) {
+    printf("[");
+    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        if (i != 0) printf(", ");
+        printf(format, as[i]);
+    }
+    printf("]");
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void assert_arrays_match(const char* label, const char* format, int len, T* expected, T* got) {
+    if (!arrays_match(len, expected, got)) {
+        printf(">>>>>>> %s\n", label);
+        printf("    Expecting = ");
+        debug_print_array(format, len, expected);
+        printf("\n");
+        printf("          Got = ");
+        debug_print_array(format, len, got);
+        printf("\n");
+        test_fail();
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void assert_values_match(const char* label, const char* format, T expected, T got) {
+    if (expected != got) {
+        printf(">>>>>>> %s\n", label);
+        printf("    Expecting = ");
+        printf(format, expected);
+        printf("\n");
+        printf("          Got = ");
+        printf(format, got);
+        printf("\n");
+        test_fail();
+    }
+}
+
+void print_repeated(const char *str, int count) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        printf("%s", str);
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT, typename ElementT>
+void __print_ndarray_aux(const char *format, bool first, bool last, SizeT* cursor, SizeT depth, NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    // A really lazy recursive implementation
+    
+    // Add left padding unless its the first entry (since there would be "[[[" before it)
+    if (!first) {
+        print_repeated(" ", depth);
+    }
+
+    const SizeT dim = ndarray->shape[depth];
+    if (depth + 1 == ndarray->ndims) {
+        // Recursed down to last dimension, print the values in a nice list
+        printf("[");
+
+        SizeT* indices = (SizeT*) __builtin_alloca(sizeof(SizeT) * ndarray->ndims);
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
+            ndarray_util::set_indices_by_nth(ndarray->ndims, ndarray->shape, indices, *cursor);
+            ElementT* pelement = (ElementT*) ndarray->get_pelement_by_indices(indices);
+            ElementT element = *pelement;
+
+            if (i != 0) printf(", "); // List delimiter
+            printf(format, element);
+            printf("(@");
+            debug_print_array("%d", ndarray->ndims, indices);
+            printf(")");
+
+            (*cursor)++;
+        }
+        printf("]");
+    } else {
+        printf("[");
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndarray->shape[depth]; i++) {
+            __print_ndarray_aux<SizeT, ElementT>(
+                format,
+                i == 0, // first?
+                i + 1 == dim, // last?
+                cursor,
+                depth + 1,
+                ndarray
+            );
+        }
+        printf("]");
+    }
+
+    // Add newline unless its the last entry (since there will be "]]]" after it)
+    if (!last) {
+        print_repeated("\n", depth);
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename SizeT, typename ElementT>
+void print_ndarray(const char *format, NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    if (ndarray->ndims == 0) {
+        printf("<empty ndarray>");
+    } else {
+        SizeT cursor = 0;
+        __print_ndarray_aux<SizeT, ElementT>(format, true, true, &cursor, 0, ndarray);
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+}
+
+void test_calc_size_from_shape_normal() {
+    // Test shapes with normal values
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    int32_t shape[4] = { 2, 3, 5, 7 };
+    assert_values_match("size", "%d", 210, ndarray_util::calc_size_from_shape<int32_t>(4, shape));
+}
+
+void test_calc_size_from_shape_has_zero() {
+    // Test shapes with 0 in them
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    int32_t shape[4] = { 2, 0, 5, 7 };
+    assert_values_match("size", "%d", 0, ndarray_util::calc_size_from_shape<int32_t>(4, shape));
+}
+
+void test_set_strides_by_shape() {
+    // Test `set_strides_by_shape()`
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    int32_t shape[4] = { 99, 3, 5, 7 };
+    int32_t strides[4] = { 0 };
+    ndarray_util::set_strides_by_shape((int32_t) sizeof(int32_t), 4, strides, shape);
+
+    int32_t expected_strides[4] = {
+        105 * sizeof(int32_t),
+        35 * sizeof(int32_t),
+        7 * sizeof(int32_t),
+        1 * sizeof(int32_t)
+    };
+    assert_arrays_match("strides", "%u", 4u, expected_strides, strides);
+}
+
+void test_ndarray_indices_iter_normal() {
+    // Test NDArrayIndicesIter normal behavior
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    int32_t shape[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };
+    int32_t indices[3] = { 0, 0, 0 };
+    auto iter = NDArrayIndicesIter<int32_t> {
+        .ndims = 3,
+        .shape = shape,
+        .indices = indices
+    };
+
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #0", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 0, 0 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #1", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 0, 1 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #2", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 0, 2 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #3", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 1, 0 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #4", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 1, 1 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #5", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 1, 2 });
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #6", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 0, 0 }); // Loops back
+    iter.next();
+    assert_arrays_match("indices #7", "%u", 3u, iter.indices, (int32_t[3]) { 0, 0, 1 });
+}
+
+void test_ndarray_fill_generic() {
+    // Test ndarray fill_generic
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    // Choose a type that's neither int32_t nor uint64_t (candidates of SizeT) to spice it up
+    // Also make all the octets non-zero, to see if `memcpy` in `fill_generic` is working perfectly.
+    uint16_t fill_value = 0xFACE;
+
+    uint16_t in_data[6] = { 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 }; // Fill `data` with values that != `999`
+    int32_t in_itemsize = sizeof(uint16_t);
+    const int32_t in_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t in_shape[in_ndims] = { 2, 3 };
+    int32_t in_strides[in_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> ndarray = {
+        .data = (uint8_t*) in_data,
+        .itemsize = in_itemsize,
+        .ndims = in_ndims,
+        .shape = in_shape,
+        .strides = in_strides,
+    };
+    ndarray.set_strides_by_shape();
+    ndarray.fill_generic((uint8_t*) &fill_value); // `fill_generic` here
+
+    uint16_t expected_data[6] = { fill_value, fill_value, fill_value, fill_value, fill_value, fill_value };
+    assert_arrays_match("data", "0x%hX", 6, expected_data, in_data);
+}
+
+void test_ndarray_set_to_eye() {
+    // Test `set_to_eye` behavior (helper function to implement `np.eye()`)
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    double in_data[9] = { 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0, 99.0 };
+    int32_t in_itemsize = sizeof(double);
+    const int32_t in_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t in_shape[in_ndims] = { 3, 3 };
+    int32_t in_strides[in_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> ndarray = {
+        .data = (uint8_t*) in_data,
+        .itemsize = in_itemsize,
+        .ndims = in_ndims,
+        .shape = in_shape,
+        .strides = in_strides,
+    };
+    ndarray.set_strides_by_shape();
+
+    double zero = 0.0;
+    double one = 1.0;
+    ndarray.set_to_eye(1, (uint8_t*) &zero, (uint8_t*) &one);
+
+    assert_values_match("in_data[0]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[0]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[1]", "%f", 1.0, in_data[1]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[2]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[2]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[3]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[3]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[4]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[4]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[5]", "%f", 1.0, in_data[5]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[6]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[6]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[7]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[7]);
+    assert_values_match("in_data[8]", "%f", 0.0, in_data[8]);
+}
+
+void test_slice_1() {
+    // Test `slice(5, None, None).indices(100) == slice(5, 100, 1)`
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    UserSlice<int> user_slice = {
+        .start_defined = 1,
+        .start = 5,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 0,
+    };
+
+    auto slice = user_slice.indices(100);
+    assert_values_match("start", "%d", 5, slice.start);
+    assert_values_match("stop", "%d", 100, slice.stop);
+    assert_values_match("step", "%d", 1, slice.step);
+}
+
+void test_slice_2() {
+    // Test `slice(400, 999, None).indices(100) == slice(100, 100, 1)`
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    UserSlice<int> user_slice = {
+        .start_defined = 1,
+        .start = 400,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 0,
+    };
+
+    auto slice = user_slice.indices(100);
+    assert_values_match("start", "%d", 100, slice.start);
+    assert_values_match("stop", "%d", 100, slice.stop);
+    assert_values_match("step", "%d", 1, slice.step);
+}
+
+void test_slice_3() {
+    // Test `slice(-10, -5, None).indices(100) == slice(90, 95, 1)`
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    UserSlice<int> user_slice = {
+        .start_defined = 1,
+        .start = -10,
+        .stop_defined = 1,
+        .stop = -5,
+        .step_defined = 0,
+    };
+
+    auto slice = user_slice.indices(100);
+    assert_values_match("start", "%d", 90, slice.start);
+    assert_values_match("stop", "%d", 95, slice.stop);
+    assert_values_match("step", "%d", 1, slice.step);
+}
+
+void test_slice_4() {
+    // Test `slice(None, None, -5).indices(100) == (99, -1, -5)`
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    UserSlice<int> user_slice = {
+        .start_defined = 0,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 1,
+        .step = -5
+    };
+
+    auto slice = user_slice.indices(100);
+    assert_values_match("start", "%d", 99, slice.start);
+    assert_values_match("stop", "%d", -1, slice.stop);
+    assert_values_match("step", "%d", -5, slice.step);
+}
+
+void test_ndslice_1() {
+    /*
+        Reference Python code:
+        ```python
+        ndarray = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float64).reshape((3, 4));
+        # array([[ 0.,  1.,  2.,  3.],
+        #        [ 4.,  5.,  6.,  7.],
+        #        [ 8.,  9., 10., 11.]])
+
+        dst_ndarray = ndarray[-2:, 1::2]
+        # array([[ 5.,  7.],
+        #        [ 9., 11.]])
+
+        assert dst_ndarray.shape == (2, 2)
+        assert dst_ndarray.strides == (32, 16)
+        assert dst_ndarray[0, 0] == 5.0
+        assert dst_ndarray[0, 1] == 7.0
+        assert dst_ndarray[1, 0] == 9.0
+        assert dst_ndarray[1, 1] == 11.0
+        ```
+    */
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    double in_data[12] = { 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0 };
+    int32_t in_itemsize = sizeof(double);
+    const int32_t in_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t in_shape[in_ndims] = { 3, 4 };
+    int32_t in_strides[in_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> ndarray = {
+        .data = (uint8_t*) in_data,
+        .itemsize = in_itemsize,
+        .ndims = in_ndims,
+        .shape = in_shape,
+        .strides = in_strides
+    };
+    ndarray.set_strides_by_shape();
+
+    // Destination ndarray
+    // As documented, ndims and shape & strides must be allocated and determined by the caller.
+    const int32_t dst_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t dst_shape[dst_ndims] = {999, 999}; // Empty values
+    int32_t dst_strides[dst_ndims] = {999, 999}; // Empty values
+    NDArray<int32_t> dst_ndarray = {
+        .data = nullptr,
+        .ndims = dst_ndims,
+        .shape = dst_shape,
+        .strides = dst_strides
+    };
+
+    // Create the slice in `ndarray[-2::, 1::2]`
+    UserSlice<int32_t> user_slice_1 = {
+        .start_defined = 1,
+        .start = -2,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 0
+    };
+
+    UserSlice<int32_t> user_slice_2 = {
+        .start_defined = 1,
+        .start = 1,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 1,
+        .step = 2
+    };
+
+    const int32_t num_ndslices = 2;
+    NDSlice ndslices[num_ndslices] = {
+        { .type = INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE, .slice = (uint8_t*) &user_slice_1 },
+        { .type = INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE, .slice = (uint8_t*) &user_slice_2 }
+    };
+
+    ndarray.slice(num_ndslices, ndslices, &dst_ndarray);
+
+    int32_t expected_shape[dst_ndims] = { 2, 2 };
+    int32_t expected_strides[dst_ndims] = { 32, 16 };
+    assert_arrays_match("shape", "%d", dst_ndims, expected_shape, dst_ndarray.shape);
+    assert_arrays_match("strides", "%d", dst_ndims, expected_strides, dst_ndarray.strides);
+
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 0]", "%f", 5.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 0, 0 })));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 1]", "%f", 7.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 0, 1 })));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[1, 0]", "%f", 9.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 1, 0 })));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[1, 1]", "%f", 11.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 1, 1 })));
+}
+
+void test_ndslice_2() {
+    /*
+        ```python
+        ndarray = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float64).reshape((3, 4))
+        # array([[ 0.,  1.,  2.,  3.],
+        #        [ 4.,  5.,  6.,  7.],
+        #        [ 8.,  9., 10., 11.]])
+
+        dst_ndarray = ndarray[2, ::-2]
+        # array([11.,  9.])
+
+        assert dst_ndarray.shape == (2,)
+        assert dst_ndarray.strides == (-16,)
+        assert dst_ndarray[0] == 11.0
+        assert dst_ndarray[1] == 9.0
+
+        dst_ndarray[1, 0] == 99 # If you write to `dst_ndarray`
+        assert ndarray[1, 3] == 99 # `ndarray` also updates!!
+        ```
+    */
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    double in_data[12] = { 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0 };
+    int32_t in_itemsize = sizeof(double);
+    const int32_t in_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t in_shape[in_ndims] = { 3, 4 };
+    int32_t in_strides[in_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> ndarray = {
+        .data = (uint8_t*) in_data,
+        .itemsize = in_itemsize,
+        .ndims = in_ndims,
+        .shape = in_shape,
+        .strides = in_strides
+    };
+    ndarray.set_strides_by_shape();
+
+    // Destination ndarray
+    // As documented, ndims and shape & strides must be allocated and determined by the caller.
+    const int32_t dst_ndims = 1;
+    int32_t dst_shape[dst_ndims] = {999}; // Empty values
+    int32_t dst_strides[dst_ndims] = {999}; // Empty values
+    NDArray<int32_t> dst_ndarray = {
+        .data = nullptr,
+        .ndims = dst_ndims,
+        .shape = dst_shape,
+        .strides = dst_strides
+    };
+
+    // Create the slice in `ndarray[2, ::-2]`
+    int32_t user_slice_1 = 2;
+    UserSlice<int32_t> user_slice_2 = {
+        .start_defined = 0,
+        .stop_defined = 0,
+        .step_defined = 1,
+        .step = -2
+    };
+
+    const int32_t num_ndslices = 2;
+    NDSlice ndslices[num_ndslices] = {
+        { .type = INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_INDEX, .slice = (uint8_t*) &user_slice_1 },
+        { .type = INPUT_SLICE_TYPE_SLICE, .slice = (uint8_t*) &user_slice_2 }
+    };
+
+    ndarray.slice(num_ndslices, ndslices, &dst_ndarray);
+
+    int32_t expected_shape[dst_ndims] = { 2 };
+    int32_t expected_strides[dst_ndims] = { -16 };
+    assert_arrays_match("shape", "%d", dst_ndims, expected_shape, dst_ndarray.shape);
+    assert_arrays_match("strides", "%d", dst_ndims, expected_strides, dst_ndarray.strides);
+
+    // [5.0, 3.0]
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0]", "%f", 11.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 0 })));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[1]", "%f", 9.0, *((double *) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[dst_ndims]) { 1 })));
+}
+
+void test_can_broadcast_shape() {
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([3], [1, 1, 1, 1, 3]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 3 }, 5, (int32_t[]) { 1, 1, 1, 1, 3 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([3], [3, 1]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 3 }, 2, (int32_t[]) { 3, 1 }));
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([3], [3]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 3 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 3 }));
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([1], [3]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 1 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 3 }));
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([1], [1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 1 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 1 }));
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([256, 256, 3], [256, 1, 3]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(3, (int32_t[]) { 256, 256, 3 }, 3, (int32_t[]) { 256, 1, 3 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([256, 256, 3], [3]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(3, (int32_t[]) { 256, 256, 3 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 3 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([256, 256, 3], [2]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(3, (int32_t[]) { 256, 256, 3 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 2 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([256, 256, 3], [1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(3, (int32_t[]) { 256, 256, 3 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 1 })
+    );
+
+    // In cases when the shapes contain zero(es)
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([0], [1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 0 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 1 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([0], [2]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(1, (int32_t[]) { 0 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 2 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(4, (int32_t[]) { 0, 4, 0, 0 }, 1, (int32_t[]) { 1 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1, 1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(4, (int32_t[]) { 0, 4, 0, 0 }, 4, (int32_t[]) { 1, 1, 1, 1 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([0, 4, 0, 0], [1, 4, 1, 1]) == true",
+        "%d",
+        true,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(4, (int32_t[]) { 0, 4, 0, 0 }, 4, (int32_t[]) { 1, 4, 1, 1 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([4, 3], [0, 3]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(2, (int32_t[]) { 4, 3 }, 2, (int32_t[]) { 0, 3 })
+    );
+    assert_values_match(
+        "can_broadcast_shape_to([4, 3], [0, 0]) == false",
+        "%d",
+        false,
+        ndarray_util::can_broadcast_shape_to(2, (int32_t[]) { 4, 3 }, 2, (int32_t[]) { 0, 0 })
+    );
+}
+
+void test_ndarray_broadcast_1() {
+    /*
+    # array = np.array([[19.9, 29.9, 39.9, 49.9]], dtype=np.float64)
+    # >>> [[19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]]
+    #
+    # array = np.broadcast_to(array, (2, 3, 4))
+    # >>> [[[19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]
+    # >>>   [19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]
+    # >>>   [19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]]
+    # >>>  [[19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]
+    # >>>   [19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]
+    # >>>   [19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9]]]
+    #
+    # assery array.strides == (0, 0, 8)
+
+    */
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    double in_data[4] = { 19.9, 29.9, 39.9, 49.9 };
+    const int32_t in_ndims = 2;
+    int32_t in_shape[in_ndims] = {1, 4};
+    int32_t in_strides[in_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> ndarray = {
+        .data = (uint8_t*) in_data,
+        .itemsize = sizeof(double),
+        .ndims = in_ndims,
+        .shape = in_shape,
+        .strides = in_strides
+    };
+    ndarray.set_strides_by_shape();
+
+    const int32_t dst_ndims = 3;
+    int32_t dst_shape[dst_ndims] = {2, 3, 4};
+    int32_t dst_strides[dst_ndims] = {};
+    NDArray<int32_t> dst_ndarray = {
+        .ndims = dst_ndims,
+        .shape = dst_shape,
+        .strides = dst_strides
+    };
+
+    ndarray.broadcast_to(&dst_ndarray);
+
+    assert_arrays_match("dst_ndarray->strides", "%d", dst_ndims, (int32_t[]) { 0, 0, 8 }, dst_ndarray.strides);
+
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 0, 0]", "%f", 19.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[]) {0, 0, 0})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 0, 1]", "%f", 29.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[]) {0, 0, 1})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 0, 2]", "%f", 39.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[]) {0, 0, 2})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 0, 3]", "%f", 49.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[]) {0, 0, 3})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 1, 0]", "%f", 19.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[]) {0, 1, 0})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 1, 1]", "%f", 29.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[]) {0, 1, 1})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 1, 2]", "%f", 39.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[]) {0, 1, 2})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[0, 1, 3]", "%f", 49.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[]) {0, 1, 3})));
+    assert_values_match("dst_ndarray[1, 2, 3]", "%f", 49.9, *((double*) dst_ndarray.get_pelement_by_indices((int32_t[]) {1, 2, 3})));
+}
+
+int main() {
+    test_calc_size_from_shape_normal();
+    test_calc_size_from_shape_has_zero();
+    test_set_strides_by_shape();
+    test_ndarray_indices_iter_normal();
+    test_ndarray_fill_generic();
+    test_ndarray_set_to_eye();
+    test_slice_1();
+    test_slice_2();
+    test_slice_3();
+    test_slice_4();
+    test_ndslice_1();
+    test_ndslice_2();
+    test_can_broadcast_shape();
+    test_ndarray_broadcast_1();
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt_typedefs.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt_typedefs.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// This is made toggleable since `irrt_test.cpp` itself would include
+// headers that define the `int_t` family.
+#ifndef IRRT_DONT_TYPEDEF_INTS
+typedef _BitInt(8) int8_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(8) uint8_t;
+typedef _BitInt(32) int32_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(32) uint32_t;
+typedef _BitInt(64) int64_t;
+typedef unsigned _BitInt(64) uint64_t;
+#endif
+
+typedef int32_t SliceIndex;
--- a/nac3core/irrt/irrt_utils.hpp
+++ b/nac3core/irrt/irrt_utils.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "irrt_typedefs.hpp"
+
+namespace {
+    template <typename T>
+    T max(T a, T b) {
+        return a > b ? a : b;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    T min(T a, T b) {
+        return a > b ? b : a;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    bool arrays_match(int len, T *as, T *bs) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            if (as[i] != bs[i]) return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void irrt_panic() {
+        // Crash the program for now.
+        // TODO: Don't crash the program
+        //       ... or at least produce a good message when doing testing IRRT
+            
+        uint8_t* death = nullptr;
+        *death = 0; // TODO: address 0 on hardware might be writable?
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Make this a macro and allow it to be toggled on/off (e.g., debug vs release)
+    void irrt_assert(bool condition) {
+        if (!condition) irrt_panic();
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/builtin_fns.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/builtin_fns.rs
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/classes.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/classes.rs
@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum, ArrayType, BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType, StructType},
-    values::{ArrayValue, BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue},
-    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
-};
-
-use super::{
-    irrt::{call_ndarray_calc_size, call_ndarray_flatten_index},
+use crate::codegen::{
+    // irrt::{call_ndarray_calc_size, call_ndarray_flatten_index},
    llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umin,
    stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
-    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+    CodeGenContext,
+    CodeGenerator,
 };
+use inkwell::context::Context;
+use inkwell::types::{ArrayType, BasicType, StructType};
+use inkwell::values::{ArrayValue, BasicValue, StructValue};
+use inkwell::{
+    types::{AnyTypeEnum, BasicTypeEnum, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
+    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;

 /// A LLVM type that is used to represent a non-primitive type in NAC3.
 pub trait ProxyType<'ctx>: Into<Self::Base> {
@ -1207,25 +1210,27 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {
        ctx: &'ctx Context,
        dtype: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
    ) -> Self {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);
+        todo!()

-        // struct NDArray { num_dims: size_t, dims: size_t*, data: T* }
-        //
-        // * num_dims: Number of dimensions in the array
-        // * dims: Pointer to an array containing the size of each dimension
-        // * data: Pointer to an array containing the array data
-        let llvm_ndarray = ctx
-            .struct_type(
-                &[
-                    llvm_usize.into(),
-                    llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
-                    dtype.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
-                ],
-                false,
-            )
-            .ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        // let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx);

-        NDArrayType::from_type(llvm_ndarray, llvm_usize)
+        // // struct NDArray { num_dims: size_t, dims: size_t*, data: T* }
+        // //
+        // // * num_dims: Number of dimensions in the array
+        // // * dims: Pointer to an array containing the size of each dimension
+        // // * data: Pointer to an array containing the array data
+        // let llvm_ndarray = ctx
+        //     .struct_type(
+        //         &[
+        //             llvm_usize.into(),
+        //             llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
+        //             dtype.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into(),
+        //         ],
+        //         false,
+        //     )
+        //     .ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+
+        // NDArrayType::from_type(llvm_ndarray, llvm_usize)
    }

    /// Creates an [`NDArrayType`] from a [`PointerType`].
@ -1249,13 +1254,11 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayType<'ctx> {

    /// Returns the element type of this `ndarray` type.
    #[must_use]
-    pub fn element_type(&self) -> AnyTypeEnum<'ctx> {
+    pub fn element_type(&self) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
        self.as_base_type()
            .get_element_type()
            .into_struct_type()
            .get_field_type_at_index(2)
-            .map(BasicTypeEnum::into_pointer_type)
-            .map(PointerType::get_element_type)
            .unwrap()
    }
 }
@ -1405,7 +1408,7 @@ impl<'ctx> NDArrayValue<'ctx> {

    /// Returns the double-indirection pointer to the `data` array, as if by calling `getelementptr`
    /// on the field.
-    pub fn ptr_to_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+    fn ptr_to_data(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
        let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
        let var_name = self.name.map(|v| format!("{v}.data.addr")).unwrap_or_default();

@ -1602,7 +1605,8 @@ impl<'ctx> ArrayLikeValue<'ctx> for NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_> {
        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        generator: &G,
    ) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
-        call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &self.as_slice_value(ctx, generator), (None, None))
+        todo!()
+        // call_ndarray_calc_size(generator, ctx, &self.as_slice_value(ctx, generator), (None, None))
    }
 }

@ -1660,33 +1664,34 @@ impl<'ctx, Index: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>
        indices: &Index,
        name: Option<&str>,
    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
-        let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+        todo!()
+        // let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);

-        let indices_elem_ty = indices
-            .ptr_offset(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
-            .get_type()
-            .get_element_type();
-        let Ok(indices_elem_ty) = IntType::try_from(indices_elem_ty) else {
-            panic!("Expected list[int32] but got {indices_elem_ty}")
-        };
-        assert_eq!(
-            indices_elem_ty.get_bit_width(),
-            32,
-            "Expected list[int32] but got list[int{}]",
-            indices_elem_ty.get_bit_width()
-        );
+        // let indices_elem_ty = indices
+        //     .ptr_offset(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+        //     .get_type()
+        //     .get_element_type();
+        // let Ok(indices_elem_ty) = IntType::try_from(indices_elem_ty) else {
+        //     panic!("Expected list[int32] but got {indices_elem_ty}")
+        // };
+        // assert_eq!(
+        //     indices_elem_ty.get_bit_width(),
+        //     32,
+        //     "Expected list[int32] but got list[int{}]",
+        //     indices_elem_ty.get_bit_width()
+        // );

-        let index = call_ndarray_flatten_index(generator, ctx, *self.0, indices);
+        // let index = call_ndarray_flatten_index(generator, ctx, *self.0, indices);

-        unsafe {
-            ctx.builder
-                .build_in_bounds_gep(
-                    self.base_ptr(ctx, generator),
-                    &[index],
-                    name.unwrap_or_default(),
-                )
-                .unwrap()
-        }
+        // unsafe {
+        //     ctx.builder
+        //         .build_in_bounds_gep(
+        //             self.base_ptr(ctx, generator),
+        //             &[index],
+        //             name.unwrap_or_default(),
+        //         )
+        //         .unwrap()
+        // }
    }

    fn ptr_offset<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
@ -1718,7 +1723,6 @@ impl<'ctx, Index: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>> ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx, Index>
        gen_for_callback_incrementing(
            generator,
            ctx,
-            None,
            llvm_usize.const_zero(),
            (len, false),
            |generator, ctx, _, i| {
@ -1763,3 +1767,341 @@ impl<'ctx, Index: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>> UntypedArrayLikeMutator<'ctx,
    for NDArrayDataProxy<'ctx, '_>
 {
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct StructField<'ctx> {
+    /// The GEP index of this struct field.
+    pub gep_index: u32,
+    /// Name of this struct field.
+    ///
+    /// Used for generating names.
+    pub name: &'static str,
+    /// The type of this struct field.
+    pub ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+}
+
+pub struct StructFields<'ctx> {
+    /// Name of the struct.
+    ///
+    /// Used for generating names.
+    pub name: &'static str,
+
+    /// All the [`StructField`]s of this struct.
+    ///
+    /// **NOTE:** The index position of a [`StructField`]
+    /// matches the element's [`StructField::index`].
+    pub fields: Vec<StructField<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+struct StructFieldsBuilder<'ctx> {
+    gep_index_counter: u32,
+    /// Name of the struct to be built.
+    name: &'static str,
+    fields: Vec<StructField<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructField<'ctx> {
+    /// TODO: DOCUMENT ME
+    pub fn gep(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        struct_ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let index_type = ctx.ctx.i32_type(); // TODO: I think I'm not supposed to use i32 for GEP like that
+        unsafe {
+            ctx.builder
+                .build_in_bounds_gep(
+                    struct_ptr,
+                    &[index_type.const_zero(), index_type.const_int(self.gep_index as u64, false)],
+                    self.name,
+                )
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// TODO: DOCUMENT ME
+    pub fn load(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        struct_ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        ctx.builder.build_load(self.gep(ctx, struct_ptr), self.name).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// TODO: DOCUMENT ME
+    pub fn store<V>(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, struct_ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>, value: V)
+    where
+        V: BasicValue<'ctx>,
+    {
+        ctx.builder.build_store(self.gep(ctx, struct_ptr), value).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+type IsInstanceError = String;
+type IsInstanceResult = Result<(), IsInstanceError>;
+
+pub fn check_basic_types_match<'ctx, A, B>(expected: A, got: B) -> IsInstanceResult
+where
+    A: BasicType<'ctx>,
+    B: BasicType<'ctx>,
+{
+    let expected = expected.as_basic_type_enum();
+    let got = got.as_basic_type_enum();
+
+    // Put those logic into here,
+    // otherwise there is always a fallback reporting on any kind of mismatch
+    match (expected, got) {
+        (BasicTypeEnum::IntType(expected), BasicTypeEnum::IntType(got)) => {
+            if expected.get_bit_width() != got.get_bit_width() {
+                return Err(format!(
+                    "Expected IntType ({expected}-bit(s)), got IntType ({got}-bit(s))"
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        (expected, got) => {
+            if expected != got {
+                return Err(format!("Expected {expected}, got {got}"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructFields<'ctx> {
+    pub fn num_fields(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.fields.len() as u32
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_struct_type(&self, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> StructType<'ctx> {
+        let llvm_fields = self.fields.iter().map(|field| field.ty).collect_vec();
+        ctx.struct_type(llvm_fields.as_slice(), false)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_type(&self, scrutinee: StructType<'ctx>) -> IsInstanceResult {
+        // Check scrutinee's number of struct fields
+        if scrutinee.count_fields() != self.num_fields() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Expected {expected_count} field(s) in `{struct_name}` type, got {got_count}",
+                struct_name = self.name,
+                expected_count = self.num_fields(),
+                got_count = scrutinee.count_fields(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // Check the scrutinee's field types
+        for field in self.fields.iter() {
+            let expected_field_ty = field.ty;
+            let got_field_ty = scrutinee.get_field_type_at_index(field.gep_index).unwrap();
+
+            if let Err(field_err) = check_basic_types_match(expected_field_ty, got_field_ty) {
+                return Err(format!(
+                    "Field GEP index {gep_index} does not match the expected type of ({struct_name}::{field_name}): {field_err}",
+                    gep_index = field.gep_index,
+                    struct_name = self.name,
+                    field_name = field.name,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Done
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> StructFieldsBuilder<'ctx> {
+    fn start(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+        StructFieldsBuilder { gep_index_counter: 0, name, fields: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    fn add_field(&mut self, name: &'static str, ty: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>) -> StructField<'ctx> {
+        let index = self.gep_index_counter;
+        self.gep_index_counter += 1;
+
+        let field = StructField { gep_index: index, name, ty };
+        self.fields.push(field); // Register into self.fields
+
+        field // Return to the caller to conveniently let them do whatever they want
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> StructFields<'ctx> {
+        StructFields { name: self.name, fields: self.fields }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct NpArrayType<'ctx> {
+    pub size_type: IntType<'ctx>,
+    pub elem_type: BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+}
+
+pub struct NpArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+    pub whole_struct: StructFields<'ctx>,
+    pub data: StructField<'ctx>,
+    pub itemsize: StructField<'ctx>,
+    pub ndims: StructField<'ctx>,
+    pub shape: StructField<'ctx>,
+    pub strides: StructField<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NpArrayType<'ctx> {
+    pub fn new_opaque_elem(
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        size_type: IntType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> NpArrayType<'ctx> {
+        NpArrayType { size_type, elem_type: ctx.ctx.i8_type().as_basic_type_enum() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_struct_type(&self, ctx: &'ctx Context) -> StructType<'ctx> {
+        self.fields().whole_struct.get_struct_type(ctx)
+    }
+
+    pub fn fields(&self) -> NpArrayStructFields<'ctx> {
+        let mut builder = StructFieldsBuilder::start("NpArray");
+
+        let addrspace = AddressSpace::default();
+
+        let byte_type = self.size_type.get_context().i8_type();
+
+        // Make sure the struct matches PERFECTLY with that defined in `nac3core/irrt`.
+        let data = builder.add_field("data", byte_type.ptr_type(addrspace).into());
+        let itemsize = builder.add_field("itemsize", self.size_type.into());
+        let ndims = builder.add_field("ndims", self.size_type.into());
+        let shape = builder.add_field("shape", self.size_type.ptr_type(addrspace).into());
+        let strides = builder.add_field("strides", self.size_type.ptr_type(addrspace).into());
+
+        NpArrayStructFields { whole_struct: builder.end(), data, itemsize, ndims, shape, strides }
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate an `ndarray` on stack, with the following notes:
+    ///
+    /// - `ndarray.ndims` will be initialized to `in_ndims`.
+    /// - `ndarray.itemsize` will be initialized to the size of `self.elem_type.size_of()`.
+    /// - `ndarray.shape` and `ndarray.strides` will be allocated on the stack with number of elements being `in_ndims`,
+    /// all with empty/uninitialized values.
+    pub fn var_alloc<G>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        in_ndims: IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> NpArrayValue<'ctx>
+    where
+        G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+    {
+        let ptr = generator
+            .gen_var_alloc(ctx, self.get_struct_type(ctx.ctx).as_basic_type_enum(), name)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Allocate `in_dims` number of `size_type` on the stack for `shape` and `strides`
+        let allocated_shape = generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.size_type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+                in_ndims,
+                Some("allocated_shape"),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let allocated_strides = generator
+            .gen_array_var_alloc(
+                ctx,
+                self.size_type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+                in_ndims,
+                Some("allocated_strides"),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let value = NpArrayValue { ty: *self, ptr };
+        value.store_ndims(ctx, in_ndims);
+        value.store_itemsize(ctx, self.elem_type.size_of().unwrap());
+        value.store_shape(ctx, allocated_shape.base_ptr(ctx, generator));
+        value.store_strides(ctx, allocated_strides.base_ptr(ctx, generator));
+
+        return value;
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct NpArrayValue<'ctx> {
+    pub ty: NpArrayType<'ctx>,
+    pub ptr: PointerValue<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> NpArrayValue<'ctx> {
+    pub fn load_ndims(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        let field = self.ty.fields().ndims;
+        field.load(ctx, self.ptr).into_int_value()
+    }
+
+    pub fn store_ndims(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: IntValue<'ctx>) {
+        let field = self.ty.fields().ndims;
+        field.store(ctx, self.ptr, value);
+    }
+
+    pub fn load_itemsize(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+        let field = self.ty.fields().itemsize;
+        field.load(ctx, self.ptr).into_int_value()
+    }
+
+    pub fn store_itemsize(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: IntValue<'ctx>) {
+        let field = self.ty.fields().itemsize;
+        field.store(ctx, self.ptr, value);
+    }
+
+    pub fn load_shape(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let field = self.ty.fields().shape;
+        field.load(ctx, self.ptr).into_pointer_value()
+    }
+
+    pub fn store_shape(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+        let field = self.ty.fields().shape;
+        field.store(ctx, self.ptr, value);
+    }
+
+    pub fn load_strides(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let field = self.ty.fields().strides;
+        field.load(ctx, self.ptr).into_pointer_value()
+    }
+
+    pub fn store_strides(&self, ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, value: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
+        let field = self.ty.fields().strides;
+        field.store(ctx, self.ptr, value);
+    }
+
+    /// TODO: DOCUMENT ME -- NDIMS WOULD NEVER CHANGE!!!!!
+    pub fn shape_slice(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+        // Get the pointer to `shape`
+        let field = self.ty.fields().shape;
+        let shape = field.load(ctx, self.ptr).into_pointer_value();
+
+        // Load `ndims`
+        let ndims = self.load_ndims(ctx);
+
+        TypedArrayLikeAdapter {
+            adapted: ArraySliceValue(shape, ndims, Some(field.name)),
+            downcast_fn: Box::new(|_ctx, x| x.into_int_value()),
+            upcast_fn: Box::new(|_ctx, x| x.as_basic_value_enum()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// TODO: DOCUMENT ME -- NDIMS WOULD NEVER CHANGE!!!!!
+    pub fn strides_slice(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+        // Get the pointer to `strides`
+        let field = self.ty.fields().strides;
+        let strides = field.load(ctx, self.ptr).into_pointer_value();
+
+        // Load `ndims`
+        let ndims = self.load_ndims(ctx);
+
+        TypedArrayLikeAdapter {
+            adapted: ArraySliceValue(strides, ndims, Some(field.name)),
+            downcast_fn: Box::new(|_ctx, x| x.into_int_value()),
+            upcast_fn: Box::new(|_ctx, x| x.as_basic_value_enum()),
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/concrete_type.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/concrete_type.rs
@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
-use indexmap::IndexMap;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
-
 use crate::{
    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
    toplevel::DefinitionId,
@ -15,6 +9,10 @@ use crate::{
    },
 };

+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
 pub struct ConcreteTypeStore {
    store: Vec<ConcreteTypeEnum>,
 }
@ -27,7 +25,6 @@ pub struct ConcreteFuncArg {
    pub name: StrRef,
    pub ty: ConcreteType,
    pub default_value: Option<SymbolValue>,
-    pub is_vararg: bool,
 }

 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@ -49,7 +46,6 @@ pub enum ConcreteTypeEnum {
    TPrimitive(Primitive),
    TTuple {
        ty: Vec<ConcreteType>,
-        is_vararg_ctx: bool,
    },
    TObj {
        obj_id: DefinitionId,
@ -106,16 +102,8 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                .iter()
                .map(|arg| ConcreteFuncArg {
                    name: arg.name,
-                    ty: if arg.is_vararg {
-                        let tuple_ty = unifier
-                            .add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![arg.ty], is_vararg_ctx: true });
-
-                        self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, tuple_ty, cache)
-                    } else {
-                        self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache)
-                    },
+                    ty: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache),
                    default_value: arg.default_value.clone(),
-                    is_vararg: arg.is_vararg,
                })
                .collect(),
            ret: self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, signature.ret, cache),
@ -170,12 +158,11 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
            cache.insert(ty, None);
            let ty_enum = unifier.get_ty(ty);
            let result = match &*ty_enum {
-                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple {
+                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple {
                    ty: ty
                        .iter()
                        .map(|t| self.from_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *t, cache))
                        .collect(),
-                    is_vararg_ctx: *is_vararg_ctx,
                },
                TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params } => ConcreteTypeEnum::TObj {
                    obj_id: *obj_id,
@ -261,12 +248,11 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                *cache.get_mut(&cty).unwrap() = Some(ty);
                return ty;
            }
-            ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => TypeEnum::TTuple {
+            ConcreteTypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => TypeEnum::TTuple {
                ty: ty
                    .iter()
                    .map(|cty| self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *cty, cache))
                    .collect(),
-                is_vararg_ctx: *is_vararg_ctx,
            },
            ConcreteTypeEnum::TVirtual { ty } => {
                TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ty, cache) }
@ -291,7 +277,6 @@ impl ConcreteTypeStore {
                        name: arg.name,
                        ty: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, arg.ty, cache),
                        default_value: arg.default_value.clone(),
-                        is_vararg: false,
                    })
                    .collect(),
                ret: self.to_unifier_type(unifier, primitives, *ret, cache),
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/expr.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/expr.rs
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/extern_fns.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/extern_fns.rs
@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
-};
+use inkwell::attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc};
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue};
 use itertools::Either;

-use super::CodeGenContext;
+use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;

 /// Macro to generate extern function
 /// Both function return type and function parameter type are `FloatValue`
@ -15,11 +13,11 @@ use super::CodeGenContext;
 /// * `$extern_fn:literal`: Name of underlying extern function
 ///
 /// Optional Arguments:
-/// * `$(,$attributes:literal)*)`: Attributes linked with the extern function.
-///   The default attributes are "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", and "writeonly".
-///   These will be used unless other attributes are specified
+/// * `$(,$attributes:literal)*)`: Attributes linked with the extern function
+/// The default attributes are "mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", and "writeonly"
+/// These will be used unless other attributes are specified
 /// * `$(,$args:ident)*`: Operands of the extern function
-///   The data type of these operands will be set to `FloatValue`
+/// The data type of these operands will be set to `FloatValue`
 ///  
 macro_rules! generate_extern_fn {
    ("unary", $fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal) => {
@ -132,62 +130,3 @@ pub fn call_ldexp<'ctx>(
        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
        .unwrap()
 }
-
-/// Macro to generate `np_linalg` and `sp_linalg` functions
-/// The function takes as input `NDArray` and returns ()
-///
-/// Arguments:
-/// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
-/// * `$extern_fn:literal`: Name of underlying extern function
-/// * (2/3/4): Number of `NDArray` that function takes as input
-///
-/// Note:
-/// The operands and resulting `NDArray` are both passed as input to the funcion
-/// It is the responsibility of caller to ensure that output `NDArray` is properly allocated on stack
-/// The function changes the content of the output `NDArray` in-place
-macro_rules! generate_linalg_extern_fn {
-    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 2) => {
-        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2);
-    };
-    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 3) => {
-        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2, mat3);
-    };
-    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal, 4) => {
-        generate_linalg_extern_fn!($fn_name, $extern_fn, mat1, mat2, mat3, mat4);
-    };
-    ($fn_name:ident, $extern_fn:literal $(,$input_matrix:ident)*) => {
-        #[doc = concat!("Invokes the linalg `", stringify!($extern_fn), " function." )]
-        pub fn $fn_name<'ctx>(
-            ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>
-            $(,$input_matrix: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>)*,
-            name: Option<&str>,
-        ){
-            const FN_NAME: &str = $extern_fn;
-            let extern_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                let fn_type = ctx.ctx.void_type().fn_type(&[$($input_matrix.get_type().into()),*], false);
-
-                let func = ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None);
-                for attr in ["mustprogress", "nofree", "nounwind", "willreturn", "writeonly"] {
-                    func.add_attribute(
-                        AttributeLoc::Function,
-                        ctx.ctx.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::get_named_enum_kind_id(attr), 0),
-                    );
-                }
-                func
-            });
-
-            ctx.builder.build_call(extern_fn, &[$($input_matrix.into(),)*], name.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap();
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_cholesky, "np_linalg_cholesky", 2);
-generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_qr, "np_linalg_qr", 3);
-generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_svd, "np_linalg_svd", 4);
-generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_inv, "np_linalg_inv", 2);
-generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_pinv, "np_linalg_pinv", 2);
-generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_matrix_power, "np_linalg_matrix_power", 3);
-generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_np_linalg_det, "np_linalg_det", 2);
-generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_lu, "sp_linalg_lu", 3);
-generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_schur, "sp_linalg_schur", 3);
-generate_linalg_extern_fn!(call_sp_linalg_hessenberg, "sp_linalg_hessenberg", 3);
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/generator.rs
@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
+use crate::{
+    codegen::{bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, classes::ArraySliceValue, expr::*, stmt::*, CodeGenContext},
+    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
+    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
+    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},
+};
 use inkwell::{
    context::Context,
    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
    values::{BasicValueEnum, IntValue, PointerValue},
 };
-
 use nac3parser::ast::{Expr, Stmt, StrRef};

-use super::{bool_to_i1, bool_to_i8, classes::ArraySliceValue, expr::*, stmt::*, CodeGenContext};
-use crate::{
-    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
-    typecheck::typedef::{FunSignature, Type},
-};
-
 pub trait CodeGenerator {
    /// Return the module name for the code generator.
    fn get_name(&self) -> &str;
@ -59,7 +57,6 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
    /// - fun: Function signature, definition ID and the substitution key.
    /// - params: Function parameters. Note that this does not include the object even if the
    ///   function is a class method.
-    ///
    /// Note that this function should check if the function is generated in another thread (due to
    /// possible race condition), see the default implementation for an example.
    fn gen_func_instance<'ctx>(
@ -126,45 +123,11 @@ pub trait CodeGenerator {
        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
        target: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
        value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
-        value_ty: Type,
    ) -> Result<(), String>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
-        gen_assign(self, ctx, target, value, value_ty)
-    }
-
-    /// Generate code for an assignment expression where LHS is a `"target_list"`.
-    ///
-    /// See <https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements>.
-    fn gen_assign_target_list<'ctx>(
-        &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        targets: &Vec<Expr<Option<Type>>>,
-        value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
-        value_ty: Type,
-    ) -> Result<(), String>
-    where
-        Self: Sized,
-    {
-        gen_assign_target_list(self, ctx, targets, value, value_ty)
-    }
-
-    /// Generate code for an item assignment.
-    ///
-    /// i.e., `target[key] = value`
-    fn gen_setitem<'ctx>(
-        &mut self,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        target: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-        key: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-        value: ValueEnum<'ctx>,
-        value_ty: Type,
-    ) -> Result<(), String>
-    where
-        Self: Sized,
-    {
-        gen_setitem(self, ctx, target, key, value, value_ty)
+        gen_assign(self, ctx, target, value)
    }

    /// Generate code for a while expression.
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs
@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
+use crate::{typecheck::typedef::Type, util::SizeVariant};
+
+mod test;
+
+use super::{
+    classes::{
+        check_basic_types_match, ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue,
+        NDArrayValue, NpArrayType, NpArrayValue, TypedArrayLikeAdapter, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
+    },
+    llvm_intrinsics, CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
+};
+use crate::codegen::classes::TypedArrayLikeAccessor;
+use crate::codegen::stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing;
 use inkwell::{
    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
    context::Context,
    memory_buffer::MemoryBuffer,
    module::Module,
-    types::{BasicTypeEnum, IntType},
-    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue},
+    types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, FunctionType, IntType, PointerType},
+    values::{BasicValue, BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, FunctionValue, IntValue},
    AddressSpace, IntPredicate,
 };
 use itertools::Either;
-
 use nac3parser::ast::Expr;

-use super::{
-    classes::{
-        ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayValue,
-        TypedArrayLikeAccessor, TypedArrayLikeAdapter, UntypedArrayLikeAccessor,
-    },
-    llvm_intrinsics,
-    macros::codegen_unreachable,
-    stmt::gen_for_callback_incrementing,
-    CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator,
-};
-use crate::{symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver, typecheck::typedef::Type};
-
 #[must_use]
-pub fn load_irrt<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, symbol_resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver) -> Module<'ctx> {
+pub fn load_irrt(ctx: &Context) -> Module {
    let bitcode_buf = MemoryBuffer::create_from_memory_range(
        include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/irrt.bc")),
        "irrt_bitcode_buffer",
@ -40,25 +40,6 @@ pub fn load_irrt<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, symbol_resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver)
        let function = irrt_mod.get_function(symbol).unwrap();
        function.add_attribute(AttributeLoc::Function, ctx.create_enum_attribute(inline_attr, 0));
    }
-
-    // Initialize all global `EXN_*` exception IDs in IRRT with the [`SymbolResolver`].
-    let exn_id_type = ctx.i32_type();
-    let errors = &[
-        ("EXN_INDEX_ERROR", "0:IndexError"),
-        ("EXN_VALUE_ERROR", "0:ValueError"),
-        ("EXN_ASSERTION_ERROR", "0:AssertionError"),
-        ("EXN_TYPE_ERROR", "0:TypeError"),
-    ];
-    for (irrt_name, symbol_name) in errors {
-        let exn_id = symbol_resolver.get_string_id(symbol_name);
-        let exn_id = exn_id_type.const_int(exn_id as u64, false).as_basic_value_enum();
-
-        let global = irrt_mod.get_global(irrt_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            panic!("Exception symbol name '{irrt_name}' should exist in the IRRT LLVM module")
-        });
-        global.set_initializer(&exn_id);
-    }
-
    irrt_mod
 }

@ -76,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn integer_power<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
        (64, 64, true) => "__nac3_int_exp_int64_t",
        (32, 32, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint32_t",
        (64, 64, false) => "__nac3_int_exp_uint64_t",
-        _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    let base_type = base.get_type();
    let pow_fun = ctx.module.get_function(symbol).unwrap_or_else(|| {
@ -462,7 +443,7 @@ pub fn list_slice_assignment<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                    BasicTypeEnum::IntType(t) => t.size_of(),
                    BasicTypeEnum::PointerType(t) => t.size_of(),
                    BasicTypeEnum::StructType(t) => t.size_of().unwrap(),
-                    _ => codegen_unreachable!(ctx),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };
                ctx.builder.build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(s, int32, "size").unwrap()
            }
@ -584,369 +565,475 @@ pub fn call_j0<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, v: FloatValue<'ctx>) -> Flo
        .unwrap()
 }

-/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_size`. Returns an [`IntValue`] representing the
-/// calculated total size.
-///
-/// * `dims` - An [`ArrayLikeIndexer`] containing the size of each dimension.
-/// * `range` - The dimension index to begin and end (exclusively) calculating the dimensions for,
-///   or [`None`] if starting from the first dimension and ending at the last dimension
-///   respectively.
-pub fn call_ndarray_calc_size<'ctx, G, Dims>(
-    generator: &G,
+// /// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_size`. Returns an [`IntValue`] representing the
+// /// calculated total size.
+// ///
+// /// * `dims` - An [`ArrayLikeIndexer`] containing the size of each dimension.
+// /// * `range` - The dimension index to begin and end (exclusively) calculating the dimensions for,
+// /// or [`None`] if starting from the first dimension and ending at the last dimension respectively.
+// pub fn call_ndarray_calc_size<'ctx, G, Dims>(
+//     generator: &G,
+//     ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+//     dims: &Dims,
+//     (begin, end): (Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, Option<IntValue<'ctx>>),
+// ) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+// where
+//     G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+//     Dims: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+// {
+//     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+//     let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+//
+//     let ndarray_calc_size_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+//         32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size",
+//         64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64",
+//         bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+//     };
+//     let ndarray_calc_size_fn_t = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+//         &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+//         false,
+//     );
+//     let ndarray_calc_size_fn =
+//         ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+//             ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name, ndarray_calc_size_fn_t, None)
+//         });
+//
+//     let begin = begin.unwrap_or_else(|| llvm_usize.const_zero());
+//     let end = end.unwrap_or_else(|| dims.size(ctx, generator));
+//     ctx.builder
+//         .build_call(
+//             ndarray_calc_size_fn,
+//             &[
+//                 dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+//                 dims.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+//                 begin.into(),
+//                 end.into(),
+//             ],
+//             "",
+//         )
+//         .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+//         .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+//         .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+//         .unwrap()
+// }
+//
+// /// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices`. Returns a [`TypeArrayLikeAdpater`]
+// /// containing `i32` indices of the flattened index.
+// ///
+// /// * `index` - The index to compute the multidimensional index for.
+// /// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+// /// `NDArray`.
+// pub fn call_ndarray_calc_nd_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+//     generator: &G,
+//     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+//     index: IntValue<'ctx>,
+//     ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+// ) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+//     let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
+//     let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+//     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+//     let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+//     let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+//
+//     let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+//         32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices",
+//         64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64",
+//         bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+//     };
+//     let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn =
+//         ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+//             let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(
+//                 &[llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+//                 false,
+//             );
+//
+//             ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+//         });
+//
+//     let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+//     let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
+//
+//     let indices = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, ndarray_num_dims, "").unwrap();
+//
+//     ctx.builder
+//         .build_call(
+//             ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn,
+//             &[
+//                 index.into(),
+//                 ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+//                 ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+//                 indices.into(),
+//             ],
+//             "",
+//         )
+//         .unwrap();
+//
+//     TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+//         ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(indices, ndarray_num_dims, None),
+//         Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+//         Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+//     )
+// }
+//
+// fn call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl<'ctx, G, Indices>(
+//     generator: &G,
+//     ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+//     ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+//     indices: &Indices,
+// ) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+// where
+//     G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+//     Indices: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+// {
+//     let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+//     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+//
+//     let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+//     let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+//
+//     debug_assert_eq!(
+//         IntType::try_from(indices.element_type(ctx, generator))
+//             .map(IntType::get_bit_width)
+//             .unwrap_or_default(),
+//         llvm_i32.get_bit_width(),
+//         "Expected i32 value for argument `indices` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+//     );
+//     debug_assert_eq!(
+//         indices.size(ctx, generator).get_type().get_bit_width(),
+//         llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
+//         "Expected usize integer value for argument `indices_size` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
+//     );
+//
+//     let ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+//         32 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index",
+//         64 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64",
+//         bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+//     };
+//     let ndarray_flatten_index_fn =
+//         ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+//             let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+//                 &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
+//                 false,
+//             );
+//
+//             ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+//         });
+//
+//     let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
+//     let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
+//
+//     let index = ctx
+//         .builder
+//         .build_call(
+//             ndarray_flatten_index_fn,
+//             &[
+//                 ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+//                 ndarray_num_dims.into(),
+//                 indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+//                 indices.size(ctx, generator).into(),
+//             ],
+//             "",
+//         )
+//         .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
+//         .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
+//         .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+//         .unwrap();
+//
+//     index
+// }
+//
+// /// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index`. Returns the flattened index for the
+// /// multidimensional index.
+// ///
+// /// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
+// /// `NDArray`.
+// /// * `indices` - The multidimensional index to compute the flattened index for.
+// pub fn call_ndarray_flatten_index<'ctx, G, Index>(
+//     generator: &mut G,
+//     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+//     ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+//     indices: &Index,
+// ) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+// where
+//     G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+//     Index: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+// {
+//     call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(generator, ctx, ndarray, indices)
+// }
+//
+// /// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast`. Returns a tuple containing the number of
+// /// dimension and size of each dimension of the resultant `ndarray`.
+// pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+//     generator: &mut G,
+//     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+//     lhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+//     rhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+// ) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+//     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+//     let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+//
+//     let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+//         32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast",
+//         64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64",
+//         bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+//     };
+//     let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+//         ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+//             let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+//                 &[
+//                     llvm_pusize.into(),
+//                     llvm_usize.into(),
+//                     llvm_pusize.into(),
+//                     llvm_usize.into(),
+//                     llvm_pusize.into(),
+//                 ],
+//                 false,
+//             );
+//
+//             ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+//         });
+//
+//     let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+//     let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+//     let min_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umin(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+//
+//     gen_for_callback_incrementing(
+//         generator,
+//         ctx,
+//         llvm_usize.const_zero(),
+//         (min_ndims, false),
+//         |generator, ctx, _, idx| {
+//             let idx = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(min_ndims, idx, "").unwrap();
+//             let (lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz) = unsafe {
+//                 (
+//                     lhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+//                     rhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
+//                 )
+//             };
+//
+//             let llvm_usize_const_one = llvm_usize.const_int(1, false);
+//             let lhs_eqz = ctx
+//                 .builder
+//                 .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+//                 .unwrap();
+//             let rhs_eqz = ctx
+//                 .builder
+//                 .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, rhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
+//                 .unwrap();
+//             let lhs_or_rhs_eqz = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_eqz, rhs_eqz, "").unwrap();
+//
+//             let lhs_eq_rhs = ctx
+//                 .builder
+//                 .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz, "")
+//                 .unwrap();
+//
+//             let is_compatible = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_or_rhs_eqz, lhs_eq_rhs, "").unwrap();
+//
+//             ctx.make_assert(
+//                 generator,
+//                 is_compatible,
+//                 "0:ValueError",
+//                 "operands could not be broadcast together",
+//                 [None, None, None],
+//                 ctx.current_loc,
+//             );
+//
+//             Ok(())
+//         },
+//         llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
+//     )
+//     .unwrap();
+//
+//     let max_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umax(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+//     let lhs_dims = lhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+//     let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+//     let rhs_dims = rhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+//     let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
+//     let out_dims = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_usize, max_ndims, "").unwrap();
+//     let out_dims = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_dims, max_ndims, None);
+//
+//     ctx.builder
+//         .build_call(
+//             ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+//             &[
+//                 lhs_dims.into(),
+//                 lhs_ndims.into(),
+//                 rhs_dims.into(),
+//                 rhs_ndims.into(),
+//                 out_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+//             ],
+//             "",
+//         )
+//         .unwrap();
+//
+//     TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+//         out_dims,
+//         Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+//         Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+//     )
+// }
+//
+// /// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx`. Returns an [`ArrayAllocaValue`]
+// /// containing the indices used for accessing `array` corresponding to the index of the broadcasted
+// /// array `broadcast_idx`.
+// pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index<
+//     'ctx,
+//     G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
+//     BroadcastIdx: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>,
+// >(
+//     generator: &mut G,
+//     ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+//     array: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
+//     broadcast_idx: &BroadcastIdx,
+// ) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
+//     let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+//     let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
+//     let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+//     let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+//
+//     let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
+//         32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx",
+//         64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64",
+//         bw => unreachable!("Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
+//     };
+//     let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
+//         ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+//             let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+//                 &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
+//                 false,
+//             );
+//
+//             ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+//         });
+//
+//     let broadcast_size = broadcast_idx.size(ctx, generator);
+//     let out_idx = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, broadcast_size, "").unwrap();
+//
+//     let array_dims = array.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
+//     let array_ndims = array.load_ndims(ctx);
+//     let broadcast_idx_ptr = unsafe {
+//         broadcast_idx.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
+//     };
+//
+//     ctx.builder
+//         .build_call(
+//             ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+//             &[array_dims.into(), array_ndims.into(), broadcast_idx_ptr.into(), out_idx.into()],
+//             "",
+//         )
+//         .unwrap();
+//
+//     TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
+//         ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_idx, broadcast_size, None),
+//         Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
+//         Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
+//     )
+// }
+
+fn get_size_variant<'ctx>(ty: IntType<'ctx>) -> SizeVariant {
+    match ty.get_bit_width() {
+        32 => SizeVariant::Bits32,
+        64 => SizeVariant::Bits64,
+        _ => unreachable!("Unsupported int type bit width {}", ty.get_bit_width()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_size_type_dependent_function<'ctx, BuildFuncTypeFn>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    dims: &Dims,
-    (begin, end): (Option<IntValue<'ctx>>, Option<IntValue<'ctx>>),
-) -> IntValue<'ctx>
+    size_type: IntType<'ctx>,
+    base_name: &str,
+    build_func_type: BuildFuncTypeFn,
+) -> FunctionValue<'ctx>
 where
-    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-    Dims: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
+    BuildFuncTypeFn: Fn() -> FunctionType<'ctx>,
 {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+    let mut fn_name = base_name.to_owned();
+    match get_size_variant(size_type) {
+        SizeVariant::Bits32 => {
+            // The original fn_name is the correct function name
+        }
+        SizeVariant::Bits64 => {
+            // Append "64" at the end, this is the naming convention for 64-bit
+            fn_name.push_str("64");
+        }
+    }

-    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
-        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size",
-        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_size64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
-    };
-    let ndarray_calc_size_fn_t = llvm_usize.fn_type(
-        &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
-        false,
-    );
-    let ndarray_calc_size_fn =
-        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_size_fn_name, ndarray_calc_size_fn_t, None)
-        });
+    // Get (or declare then get if does not exist) the corresponding function
+    ctx.module.get_function(&fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let fn_type = build_func_type();
+        ctx.module.add_function(&fn_name, fn_type, None)
+    })
+}
+
+fn get_irrt_ndarray_ptr_type<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    size_type: IntType<'ctx>,
+) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+    let i8_type = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
+
+    let ndarray_ty = NpArrayType { size_type, elem_type: i8_type.as_basic_type_enum() };
+    let struct_ty = ndarray_ty.get_struct_type(ctx.ctx);
+    struct_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+}
+
+fn get_irrt_opaque_uint8_ptr_type<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>) -> PointerType<'ctx> {
+    ctx.ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default())
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_size<'ctx>(
+    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray: NpArrayValue<'ctx>,
+) -> IntValue<'ctx> {
+    let size_type = ndarray.ty.size_type;
+    let function = get_size_type_dependent_function(ctx, size_type, "__nac3_ndarray_size", || {
+        size_type.fn_type(&[get_irrt_ndarray_ptr_type(ctx, size_type).into()], false)
+    });

-    let begin = begin.unwrap_or_else(|| llvm_usize.const_zero());
-    let end = end.unwrap_or_else(|| dims.size(ctx, generator));
    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(
-            ndarray_calc_size_fn,
-            &[
-                dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
-                dims.size(ctx, generator).into(),
-                begin.into(),
-                end.into(),
-            ],
-            "",
-        )
-        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+        .build_call(function, &[ndarray.ptr.into()], "size")
        .unwrap()
+        .try_as_basic_value()
+        .unwrap_left()
+        .into_int_value()
 }

-/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices`. Returns a [`TypeArrayLikeAdpater`]
-/// containing `i32` indices of the flattened index.
-///
-/// * `index` - The index to compute the multidimensional index for.
-/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
-///   `NDArray`.
-pub fn call_ndarray_calc_nd_indices<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    index: IntValue<'ctx>,
-    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-    let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
-    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-
-    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
-        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices",
-        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_nd_indices64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
-    };
-    let ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn =
-        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(
-                &[llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
-                false,
-            );
-
-            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn_name, fn_type, None)
-        });
-
-    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
-
-    let indices = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, ndarray_num_dims, "").unwrap();
-
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(
-            ndarray_calc_nd_indices_fn,
-            &[
-                index.into(),
-                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
-                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
-                indices.into(),
-            ],
-            "",
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
-        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(indices, ndarray_num_dims, None),
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
-    )
-}
-
-fn call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl<'ctx, G, Indices>(
-    generator: &G,
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_fill_generic<'ctx>(
    ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-    indices: &Indices,
-) -> IntValue<'ctx>
-where
-    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-    Indices: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
-{
-    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-
-    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-
-    debug_assert_eq!(
-        IntType::try_from(indices.element_type(ctx, generator))
-            .map(IntType::get_bit_width)
-            .unwrap_or_default(),
-        llvm_i32.get_bit_width(),
-        "Expected i32 value for argument `indices` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
-    );
-    debug_assert_eq!(
-        indices.size(ctx, generator).get_type().get_bit_width(),
-        llvm_usize.get_bit_width(),
-        "Expected usize integer value for argument `indices_size` to `call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl`"
-    );
-
-    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
-        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index",
-        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
-    };
-    let ndarray_flatten_index_fn =
-        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
-                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_usize.into()],
-                false,
-            );
-
-            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_flatten_index_fn_name, fn_type, None)
-        });
-
-    let ndarray_num_dims = ndarray.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let ndarray_dims = ndarray.dim_sizes();
-
-    let index = ctx
-        .builder
-        .build_call(
-            ndarray_flatten_index_fn,
-            &[
-                ndarray_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
-                ndarray_num_dims.into(),
-                indices.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
-                indices.size(ctx, generator).into(),
-            ],
-            "",
-        )
-        .map(CallSiteValue::try_as_basic_value)
-        .map(|v| v.map_left(BasicValueEnum::into_int_value))
-        .map(Either::unwrap_left)
+    ndarray: NpArrayValue<'ctx>,
+    fill_value: BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+) {
+    // Sanity check on type of `fill_value`
+    check_basic_types_match(ndarray.ty.elem_type, fill_value.get_type().as_basic_type_enum())
        .unwrap();

-    index
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_flatten_index`. Returns the flattened index for the
-/// multidimensional index.
-///
-/// * `ndarray` - LLVM pointer to the `NDArray`. This value must be the LLVM representation of an
-///   `NDArray`.
-/// * `indices` - The multidimensional index to compute the flattened index for.
-pub fn call_ndarray_flatten_index<'ctx, G, Index>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    ndarray: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-    indices: &Index,
-) -> IntValue<'ctx>
-where
-    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-    Index: ArrayLikeIndexer<'ctx>,
-{
-    call_ndarray_flatten_index_impl(generator, ctx, ndarray, indices)
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast`. Returns a tuple containing the number of
-/// dimension and size of each dimension of the resultant `ndarray`.
-pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    lhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-    rhs: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-
-    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
-        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast",
-        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
-    };
-    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
-        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
+    let size_type = ndarray.ty.size_type;
+    let function =
+        get_size_type_dependent_function(ctx, size_type, "__nac3_ndarray_fill_generic", || {
+            ctx.ctx.void_type().fn_type(
                &[
-                    llvm_pusize.into(),
-                    llvm_usize.into(),
-                    llvm_pusize.into(),
-                    llvm_usize.into(),
-                    llvm_pusize.into(),
+                    get_irrt_ndarray_ptr_type(ctx, size_type).into(), // NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray
+                    get_irrt_opaque_uint8_ptr_type(ctx).into(), // uint8_t* pvalue
                ],
                false,
-            );
-
-            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
+            )
        });

-    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let min_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umin(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
+    // Put `fill_value` onto the stack and get a pointer to it, and that pointer will be `pvalue`
+    let pvalue = ctx.builder.build_alloca(ndarray.ty.elem_type, "fill_value").unwrap();
+    ctx.builder.build_store(pvalue, fill_value).unwrap();

-    gen_for_callback_incrementing(
-        generator,
-        ctx,
-        None,
-        llvm_usize.const_zero(),
-        (min_ndims, false),
-        |generator, ctx, _, idx| {
-            let idx = ctx.builder.build_int_sub(min_ndims, idx, "").unwrap();
-            let (lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz) = unsafe {
-                (
-                    lhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
-                    rhs.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(ctx, generator, &idx, None),
-                )
-            };
-
-            let llvm_usize_const_one = llvm_usize.const_int(1, false);
-            let lhs_eqz = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
-                .unwrap();
-            let rhs_eqz = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, rhs_dim_sz, llvm_usize_const_one, "")
-                .unwrap();
-            let lhs_or_rhs_eqz = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_eqz, rhs_eqz, "").unwrap();
-
-            let lhs_eq_rhs = ctx
-                .builder
-                .build_int_compare(IntPredicate::EQ, lhs_dim_sz, rhs_dim_sz, "")
-                .unwrap();
-
-            let is_compatible = ctx.builder.build_or(lhs_or_rhs_eqz, lhs_eq_rhs, "").unwrap();
-
-            ctx.make_assert(
-                generator,
-                is_compatible,
-                "0:ValueError",
-                "operands could not be broadcast together",
-                [None, None, None],
-                ctx.current_loc,
-            );
-
-            Ok(())
-        },
-        llvm_usize.const_int(1, false),
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    let max_ndims = llvm_intrinsics::call_int_umax(ctx, lhs_ndims, rhs_ndims, None);
-    let lhs_dims = lhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-    let lhs_ndims = lhs.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let rhs_dims = rhs.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-    let rhs_ndims = rhs.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let out_dims = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_usize, max_ndims, "").unwrap();
-    let out_dims = ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_dims, max_ndims, None);
+    // Cast pvalue to `uint8_t*`
+    let pvalue = ctx.builder.build_pointer_cast(pvalue, get_irrt_opaque_uint8_ptr_type(ctx), "").unwrap();

+    // Call the IRRT function
    ctx.builder
        .build_call(
-            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
+            function,
            &[
-                lhs_dims.into(),
-                lhs_ndims.into(),
-                rhs_dims.into(),
-                rhs_ndims.into(),
-                out_dims.base_ptr(ctx, generator).into(),
+                ndarray.ptr.into(), // ndarray
+                pvalue.into(),      // pvalue
            ],
            "",
        )
        .unwrap();
-
-    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
-        out_dims,
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
-    )
-}
-
-/// Generates a call to `__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx`. Returns an [`ArrayAllocaValue`]
-/// containing the indices used for accessing `array` corresponding to the index of the broadcasted
-/// array `broadcast_idx`.
-pub fn call_ndarray_calc_broadcast_index<
-    'ctx,
-    G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized,
-    BroadcastIdx: UntypedArrayLikeAccessor<'ctx>,
->(
-    generator: &mut G,
-    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-    array: NDArrayValue<'ctx>,
-    broadcast_idx: &BroadcastIdx,
-) -> TypedArrayLikeAdapter<'ctx, IntValue<'ctx>> {
-    let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
-    let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);
-    let llvm_pi32 = llvm_i32.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-    let llvm_pusize = llvm_usize.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-
-    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name = match llvm_usize.get_bit_width() {
-        32 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx",
-        64 => "__nac3_ndarray_calc_broadcast_idx64",
-        bw => codegen_unreachable!(ctx, "Unsupported size type bit width: {}", bw),
-    };
-    let ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn =
-        ctx.module.get_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let fn_type = llvm_usize.fn_type(
-                &[llvm_pusize.into(), llvm_usize.into(), llvm_pi32.into(), llvm_pi32.into()],
-                false,
-            );
-
-            ctx.module.add_function(ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn_name, fn_type, None)
-        });
-
-    let broadcast_size = broadcast_idx.size(ctx, generator);
-    let out_idx = ctx.builder.build_array_alloca(llvm_i32, broadcast_size, "").unwrap();
-
-    let array_dims = array.dim_sizes().base_ptr(ctx, generator);
-    let array_ndims = array.load_ndims(ctx);
-    let broadcast_idx_ptr = unsafe {
-        broadcast_idx.ptr_offset_unchecked(ctx, generator, &llvm_usize.const_zero(), None)
-    };
-
-    ctx.builder
-        .build_call(
-            ndarray_calc_broadcast_fn,
-            &[array_dims.into(), array_ndims.into(), broadcast_idx_ptr.into(), out_idx.into()],
-            "",
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-    TypedArrayLikeAdapter::from(
-        ArraySliceValue::from_ptr_val(out_idx, broadcast_size, None),
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into_int_value()),
-        Box::new(|_, v| v.into()),
-    )
 }
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/test.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/test.rs
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::{path::Path, process::Command};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn run_irrt_test() {
+        assert!(
+            cfg!(feature = "test"),
+            "Please do `cargo test -F test` to compile `irrt_test.out` and run test"
+        );
+
+        let irrt_test_out_path = Path::new(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/irrt_test.out"));
+        let output = Command::new(irrt_test_out_path.to_str().unwrap()).output().unwrap();
+
+        if !output.status.success() {
+            eprintln!("irrt_test failed with status {}:", output.status);
+            eprintln!("====== stdout ======");
+            eprintln!("{}", String::from_utf8(output.stdout).unwrap());
+            eprintln!("====== stderr ======");
+            eprintln!("{}", String::from_utf8(output.stderr).unwrap());
+            eprintln!("====================");
+
+            panic!("irrt_test failed");
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/llvm_intrinsics.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/llvm_intrinsics.rs
@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-use inkwell::{
-    context::Context,
-    intrinsics::Intrinsic,
-    types::{AnyTypeEnum::IntType, FloatType},
-    values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue},
-    AddressSpace,
-};
+use crate::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+use inkwell::context::Context;
+use inkwell::intrinsics::Intrinsic;
+use inkwell::types::AnyTypeEnum::IntType;
+use inkwell::types::FloatType;
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, CallSiteValue, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue};
+use inkwell::AddressSpace;
 use itertools::Either;

-use super::CodeGenContext;
-
 /// Returns the string representation for the floating-point type `ft` when used in intrinsic
 /// functions.
 fn get_float_intrinsic_repr(ctx: &Context, ft: FloatType) -> &'static str {
@ -37,40 +35,6 @@ fn get_float_intrinsic_repr(ctx: &Context, ft: FloatType) -> &'static str {
    unreachable!()
 }

-/// Invokes the [`llvm.va_start`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-va-start-intrinsic)
-/// intrinsic.
-pub fn call_va_start<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, arglist: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
-    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.va_start";
-
-    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
-        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
-        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
-
-        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
-    });
-
-    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[arglist.into()], "").unwrap();
-}
-
-/// Invokes the [`llvm.va_start`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-va-start-intrinsic)
-/// intrinsic.
-pub fn call_va_end<'ctx>(ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>, arglist: PointerValue<'ctx>) {
-    const FN_NAME: &str = "llvm.va_end";
-
-    let intrinsic_fn = ctx.module.get_function(FN_NAME).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let llvm_void = ctx.ctx.void_type();
-        let llvm_i8 = ctx.ctx.i8_type();
-        let llvm_p0i8 = llvm_i8.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-        let fn_type = llvm_void.fn_type(&[llvm_p0i8.into()], false);
-
-        ctx.module.add_function(FN_NAME, fn_type, None)
-    });
-
-    ctx.builder.build_call(intrinsic_fn, &[arglist.into()], "").unwrap();
-}
-
 /// Invokes the [`llvm.stacksave`](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#llvm-stacksave-intrinsic)
 /// intrinsic.
 pub fn call_stacksave<'ctx>(
@ -185,7 +149,7 @@ pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
        dest
    } else {
        ctx.builder
-            .build_bit_cast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .build_bitcast(dest, llvm_p0i8, "")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap()
    };
@ -193,7 +157,7 @@ pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
        src
    } else {
        ctx.builder
-            .build_bit_cast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
+            .build_bitcast(src, llvm_p0i8, "")
            .map(BasicValueEnum::into_pointer_value)
            .unwrap()
    };
@ -207,9 +171,8 @@ pub fn call_memcpy_generic<'ctx>(
 /// * `$ctx:ident`: Reference to the current Code Generation Context
 /// * `$name:ident`: Optional name to be assigned to the llvm build call (Option<&str>)
 /// * `$llvm_name:literal`: Name of underlying llvm intrinsic function
-/// * `$map_fn:ident`: Mapping function to be applied on `BasicValue` (`BasicValue` -> Function Return Type).
-///   Use `BasicValueEnum::into_int_value` for Integer return type and
-///   `BasicValueEnum::into_float_value` for Float return type
+/// * `$map_fn:ident`: Mapping function to be applied on `BasicValue` (`BasicValue` -> Function Return Type)
+/// Use `BasicValueEnum::into_int_value` for Integer return type and `BasicValueEnum::into_float_value` for Float return type
 /// * `$llvm_ty:ident`: Type of first operand
 /// * `,($val:ident)*`: Comma separated list of operands
 macro_rules! generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body {
@ -225,8 +188,8 @@ macro_rules! generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn_body {
 /// Arguments:
 /// * `float/int`: Indicates the return and argument type of the function
 /// * `$fn_name:ident`: The identifier of the rust function to be generated
-/// * `$llvm_name:literal`: Name of underlying llvm intrinsic function.
-///   Omit "llvm." prefix from the function name i.e. use "ceil" instead of "llvm.ceil"
+/// * `$llvm_name:literal`: Name of underlying llvm intrinsic function
+/// Omit "llvm." prefix from the function name i.e. use "ceil" instead of "llvm.ceil"
 /// * `$val:ident`: The operand for unary operations
 /// * `$val1:ident`, `$val2:ident`: The operands for binary operations
 macro_rules! generate_llvm_intrinsic_fn {
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/mod.rs
@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
-        Arc,
+use crate::{
+    codegen::classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
+    symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver},
+    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef},
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::{CodeLocation, PrimitiveStore},
+        typedef::{CallId, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
    },
-    thread,
 };
-
+use classes::NpArrayType;
 use crossbeam::channel::{unbounded, Receiver, Sender};
 use inkwell::{
    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
@ -24,21 +25,14 @@ use inkwell::{
    AddressSpace, IntPredicate, OptimizationLevel,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use parking_lot::{Condvar, Mutex};
-
 use nac3parser::ast::{Location, Stmt, StrRef};
-
-use crate::{
-    symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver},
-    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef},
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{CodeLocation, PrimitiveStore},
-        typedef::{CallId, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
-    },
+use parking_lot::{Condvar, Mutex};
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::sync::{
+    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+    Arc,
 };
-use classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType};
-use concrete_type::{ConcreteType, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore};
-pub use generator::{CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator};
+use std::thread;

 pub mod builtin_fns;
 pub mod classes;
@ -54,21 +48,8 @@ pub mod stmt;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;

-mod macros {
-    /// Codegen-variant of [`std::unreachable`] which accepts an instance of [`CodeGenContext`] as
-    /// its first argument to provide Python source information to indicate the codegen location
-    /// causing the assertion.
-    macro_rules! codegen_unreachable {
-        ($ctx:expr $(,)?) => {
-            std::unreachable!("unreachable code while processing {}", &$ctx.current_loc)
-        };
-        ($ctx:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {
-            std::unreachable!("unreachable code while processing {}: {}", &$ctx.current_loc, std::format!("{}", std::format_args!($($arg)+)))
-        };
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) use codegen_unreachable;
-}
+use concrete_type::{ConcreteType, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore};
+pub use generator::{CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator};

 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct StaticValueStore {
@ -88,16 +69,6 @@ pub struct CodeGenLLVMOptions {
    pub target: CodeGenTargetMachineOptions,
 }

-impl CodeGenLLVMOptions {
-    /// Creates a [`TargetMachine`] using the target options specified by this struct.
-    ///
-    /// See [`Target::create_target_machine`].
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn create_target_machine(&self) -> Option<TargetMachine> {
-        self.target.create_target_machine(self.opt_level)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Additional options for code generation for the target machine.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct CodeGenTargetMachineOptions {
@ -368,10 +339,6 @@ impl WorkerRegistry {
        let mut builder = context.create_builder();
        let mut module = context.create_module(generator.get_name());

-        let target_machine = self.llvm_options.create_target_machine().unwrap();
-        module.set_data_layout(&target_machine.get_target_data().get_data_layout());
-        module.set_triple(&target_machine.get_triple());
-
        module.add_basic_value_flag(
            "Debug Info Version",
            inkwell::module::FlagBehavior::Warning,
@ -395,10 +362,6 @@ impl WorkerRegistry {
                    errors.insert(e);
                    // create a new empty module just to continue codegen and collect errors
                    module = context.create_module(&format!("{}_recover", generator.get_name()));
-
-                    let target_machine = self.llvm_options.create_target_machine().unwrap();
-                    module.set_data_layout(&target_machine.get_target_data().get_data_layout());
-                    module.set_triple(&target_machine.get_triple());
                }
            }
            *self.task_count.lock() -= 1;
@ -464,7 +427,7 @@ pub struct CodeGenTask {
 fn get_llvm_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    ctx: &'ctx Context,
    module: &Module<'ctx>,
-    generator: &G,
+    generator: &mut G,
    unifier: &mut Unifier,
    top_level: &TopLevelContext,
    type_cache: &mut HashMap<Type, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
@ -514,7 +477,11 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                                ctx, module, generator, unifier, top_level, type_cache, dtype,
                            );

-                            NDArrayType::new(generator, ctx, element_type).as_base_type().into()
+                            let ndarray_ty = NpArrayType {
+                                size_type: generator.get_size_type(ctx),
+                                elem_type: element_type,
+                            };
+                            ndarray_ty.get_struct_type(ctx).as_basic_type_enum()
                        }

                        _ => unreachable!(
@ -558,10 +525,8 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
                };
                return ty;
            }
-            TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => {
+            TTuple { ty } => {
                // a struct with fields in the order present in the tuple
-                assert!(!is_vararg_ctx, "Tuples in vararg context must be instantiated with the correct number of arguments before calling get_llvm_type");
-
                let fields = ty
                    .iter()
                    .map(|ty| {
@ -591,7 +556,7 @@ fn get_llvm_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 fn get_llvm_abi_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
    ctx: &'ctx Context,
    module: &Module<'ctx>,
-    generator: &G,
+    generator: &mut G,
    unifier: &mut Unifier,
    top_level: &TopLevelContext,
    type_cache: &mut HashMap<Type, BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>>,
@ -600,11 +565,11 @@ fn get_llvm_abi_type<'ctx, G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
 ) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
    // If the type is used in the definition of a function, return `i1` instead of `i8` for ABI
    // consistency.
-    if unifier.unioned(ty, primitives.bool) {
+    return if unifier.unioned(ty, primitives.bool) {
        ctx.bool_type().into()
    } else {
        get_llvm_type(ctx, module, generator, unifier, top_level, type_cache, ty)
-    }
+    };
 }

 /// Whether `sret` is needed for a return value with type `ty`.
@ -629,40 +594,6 @@ fn need_sret(ty: BasicTypeEnum) -> bool {
    need_sret_impl(ty, true)
 }

-/// Returns the [`BasicTypeEnum`] representing a `va_list` struct for variadic arguments.
-fn get_llvm_valist_type<'ctx>(ctx: &'ctx Context, triple: &TargetTriple) -> BasicTypeEnum<'ctx> {
-    let triple = TargetMachine::normalize_triple(triple);
-    let triple = triple.as_str().to_str().unwrap();
-    let arch = triple.split('-').next().unwrap();
-
-    let llvm_pi8 = ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-
-    // Referenced from parseArch() in llvm/lib/Support/Triple.cpp
-    match arch {
-        "i386" | "i486" | "i586" | "i686" | "riscv32" => {
-            ctx.i8_type().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into()
-        }
-        "amd64" | "x86_64" | "x86_64h" => {
-            let llvm_i32 = ctx.i32_type();
-
-            let va_list_tag = ctx.opaque_struct_type("struct.__va_list_tag");
-            va_list_tag.set_body(
-                &[llvm_i32.into(), llvm_i32.into(), llvm_pi8.into(), llvm_pi8.into()],
-                false,
-            );
-            va_list_tag.into()
-        }
-        "armv7" => {
-            let va_list = ctx.opaque_struct_type("struct.__va_list");
-            va_list.set_body(&[llvm_pi8.into()], false);
-            va_list.into()
-        }
-        triple => {
-            todo!("Unsupported platform for varargs: {triple}")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Implementation for generating LLVM IR for a function.
 pub fn gen_func_impl<
    'ctx,
@ -774,7 +705,6 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<
                name: arg.name,
                ty: task.store.to_unifier_type(&mut unifier, &primitives, arg.ty, &mut cache),
                default_value: arg.default_value.clone(),
-                is_vararg: arg.is_vararg,
            })
            .collect_vec(),
        task.store.to_unifier_type(&mut unifier, &primitives, *ret, &mut cache),
@ -797,10 +727,7 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<
    let has_sret = ret_type.map_or(false, |ty| need_sret(ty));
    let mut params = args
        .iter()
-        .filter(|arg| !arg.is_vararg)
        .map(|arg| {
-            debug_assert!(!arg.is_vararg);
-
            get_llvm_abi_type(
                context,
                &module,
@ -819,12 +746,9 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<
        params.insert(0, ret_type.unwrap().ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()).into());
    }

-    debug_assert!(matches!(args.iter().filter(|arg| arg.is_vararg).count(), 0..=1));
-    let vararg_arg = args.iter().find(|arg| arg.is_vararg);
-
    let fn_type = match ret_type {
-        Some(ret_type) if !has_sret => ret_type.fn_type(&params, vararg_arg.is_some()),
-        _ => context.void_type().fn_type(&params, vararg_arg.is_some()),
+        Some(ret_type) if !has_sret => ret_type.fn_type(&params, false),
+        _ => context.void_type().fn_type(&params, false),
    };

    let symbol = &task.symbol_name;
@ -852,10 +776,9 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<
    builder.position_at_end(init_bb);
    let body_bb = context.append_basic_block(fn_val, "body");

-    // Store non-vararg argument values into local variables
    let mut var_assignment = HashMap::new();
    let offset = u32::from(has_sret);
-    for (n, arg) in args.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, arg)| !arg.is_vararg) {
+    for (n, arg) in args.iter().enumerate() {
        let param = fn_val.get_nth_param((n as u32) + offset).unwrap();
        let local_type = get_llvm_type(
            context,
@ -888,8 +811,6 @@ pub fn gen_func_impl<
        var_assignment.insert(arg.name, (alloca, None, 0));
    }

-    // TODO: Save vararg parameters as list
-
    let return_buffer = if has_sret {
        Some(fn_val.get_nth_param(0).unwrap().into_pointer_value())
    } else {
@ -1112,9 +1033,3 @@ fn gen_in_range_check<'ctx>(

    ctx.builder.build_int_compare(IntPredicate::SLT, lo, hi, "cmp").unwrap()
 }
-
-/// Returns the internal name for the `va_count` argument, used to indicate the number of arguments
-/// passed to the variadic function.
-fn get_va_count_arg_name(arg_name: StrRef) -> StrRef {
-    format!("__{}_va_count", &arg_name).into()
-}
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/numpy.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/numpy.rs
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/stmt.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/stmt.rs
--- a/nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs
@ -1,37 +1,34 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-
-use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use indoc::indoc;
-use inkwell::{
-    targets::{InitializationConfig, Target},
-    OptimizationLevel,
-};
-use nac3parser::{
-    ast::{fold::Fold, FileName, StrRef},
-    parser::parse_program,
-};
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-
-use super::{
-    classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
-    concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
-    CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, CodeGenerator,
-    DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
-};
 use crate::{
+    codegen::{
+        classes::{ListType, NDArrayType, ProxyType, RangeType},
+        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore,
+        CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask,
+        CodeGenerator, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+    },
    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
    toplevel::{
        composer::{ComposerConfig, TopLevelComposer},
        DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
    },
    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, IdentifierInfo, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
+        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
    },
 };
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use indoc::indoc;
+use inkwell::{
+    targets::{InitializationConfig, Target},
+    OptimizationLevel,
+};
+use nac3parser::ast::FileName;
+use nac3parser::{
+    ast::{fold::Fold, StrRef},
+    parser::parse_program,
+};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::sync::Arc;

 struct Resolver {
    id_to_type: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
@ -67,7 +64,6 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
        &self,
        _: StrRef,
        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
        unimplemented!()
    }
@ -98,7 +94,7 @@ fn test_primitives() {
        "};
    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();

-    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
    let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
    let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
    let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
@ -113,18 +109,8 @@ fn test_primitives() {
    let threads = vec![DefaultCodeGenerator::new("test".into(), 32).into()];
    let signature = FunSignature {
        args: vec![
-            FuncArg {
-                name: "a".into(),
-                ty: primitives.int32,
-                default_value: None,
-                is_vararg: false,
-            },
-            FuncArg {
-                name: "b".into(),
-                ty: primitives.int32,
-                default_value: None,
-                is_vararg: false,
-            },
+            FuncArg { name: "a".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None },
+            FuncArg { name: "b".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None },
        ],
        ret: primitives.int32,
        vars: VarMap::new(),
@ -142,8 +128,7 @@ fn test_primitives() {
    };
    let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
    let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
-        ["a".into(), "b".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
+    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "b".into()].into();
    let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
        top_level: &top_level,
        function_data: &mut function_data,
@ -204,8 +189,6 @@ fn test_primitives() {
        let expected = indoc! {"
            ; ModuleID = 'test'
            source_filename = \"test\"
-            target datalayout = \"e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128\"
-            target triple = \"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\"

            ; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn
            define i32 @testing(i32 %0, i32 %1) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !4 {
@ -263,19 +246,14 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
        "};
    let statements_2 = parse_program(source_2, FileName::default()).unwrap();

-    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
+    let composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 32).0;
    let mut unifier = composer.unifier.clone();
    let primitives = composer.primitives_ty;
    let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());
    unifier.top_level = Some(top_level.clone());

    let signature = FunSignature {
-        args: vec![FuncArg {
-            name: "a".into(),
-            ty: primitives.int32,
-            default_value: None,
-            is_vararg: false,
-        }],
+        args: vec![FuncArg { name: "a".into(), ty: primitives.int32, default_value: None }],
        ret: primitives.int32,
        vars: VarMap::new(),
    };
@ -322,8 +300,7 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
    };
    let mut virtual_checks = Vec::new();
    let mut calls = HashMap::new();
-    let mut identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
-        ["a".into(), "foo".into()].map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).into();
+    let mut identifiers: HashSet<_> = ["a".into(), "foo".into()].into();
    let mut inferencer = Inferencer {
        top_level: &top_level,
        function_data: &mut function_data,
@ -391,8 +368,6 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
        let expected = indoc! {"
            ; ModuleID = 'test'
            source_filename = \"test\"
-            target datalayout = \"e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128\"
-            target triple = \"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\"

            ; Function Attrs: mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind readnone willreturn
            define i32 @testing(i32 %0) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !5 {
--- a/nac3core/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/lib.rs
@ -19,11 +19,8 @@
    clippy::wildcard_imports
 )]

-// users of nac3core need to use the same version of these dependencies, so expose them as nac3core::*
-pub use inkwell;
-pub use nac3parser;
-
 pub mod codegen;
 pub mod symbol_resolver;
 pub mod toplevel;
 pub mod typecheck;
+pub mod util;
--- a/nac3core/src/symbol_resolver.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/symbol_resolver.rs
@ -1,15 +1,7 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    fmt::{Debug, Display},
-    rc::Rc,
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-
-use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue};
-use itertools::{chain, izip, Itertools};
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Expr, Location, StrRef};
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, collections::HashSet, fmt::Display};

 use crate::{
    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
@ -19,6 +11,10 @@ use crate::{
        typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
    },
 };
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FloatValue, IntValue, PointerValue, StructValue};
+use itertools::{chain, izip, Itertools};
+use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Expr, Location, StrRef};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;

 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub enum SymbolValue {
@ -82,14 +78,14 @@ impl SymbolValue {
            }
            Constant::Tuple(t) => {
                let expected_ty = unifier.get_ty(expected_ty);
-                let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } = expected_ty.as_ref() else {
+                let TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } = expected_ty.as_ref() else {
                    return Err(format!(
                        "Expected {:?}, but got Tuple",
                        expected_ty.get_type_name()
                    ));
                };

-                assert!(*is_vararg_ctx || ty.len() == t.len());
+                assert_eq!(ty.len(), t.len());

                let elems = t
                    .iter()
@ -159,7 +155,7 @@ impl SymbolValue {
            SymbolValue::Bool(_) => primitives.bool,
            SymbolValue::Tuple(vs) => {
                let vs_tys = vs.iter().map(|v| v.get_type(primitives, unifier)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vs_tys, is_vararg_ctx: false })
+                unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vs_tys })
            }
            SymbolValue::OptionSome(_) | SymbolValue::OptionNone => primitives.option,
        }
@ -369,7 +365,6 @@ pub trait SymbolResolver {
        &self,
        str: StrRef,
        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>>;

    fn get_default_param_value(&self, expr: &Expr) -> Option<SymbolValue>;
@ -487,7 +482,7 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
                        parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, elt)
                    })
                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-                Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx: false }))
+                Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty }))
            } else {
                Err(HashSet::from(["Expected multiple elements for tuple".into()]))
            }
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/builtins.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/builtins.rs
@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use std::iter::once;

+use crate::util::SizeVariant;
+use helper::{debug_assert_prim_is_allowed, make_exception_fields, PrimDefDetails};
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use inkwell::{
    attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
@ -10,22 +12,22 @@ use inkwell::{
 use itertools::Either;
 use strum::IntoEnumIterator;

-use super::{
-    helper::{debug_assert_prim_is_allowed, make_exception_fields, PrimDef, PrimDefDetails},
-    numpy::make_ndarray_ty,
-    *,
-};
 use crate::{
    codegen::{
        builtin_fns,
-        classes::{ProxyValue, RangeValue},
+        classes::{ArrayLikeValue, NDArrayValue, ProxyValue, RangeValue, TypedArrayLikeAccessor},
+        expr::destructure_range,
+        irrt::*,
        numpy::*,
        stmt::exn_constructor,
    },
    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
+    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, numpy::make_ndarray_ty},
    typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, TypeVar, VarMap},
 };

+use super::*;
+
 type BuiltinInfo = Vec<(Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>, Option<Stmt>)>;

 pub fn get_exn_constructor(
@ -44,26 +46,10 @@ pub fn get_exn_constructor(
            name: "msg".into(),
            ty: string,
            default_value: Some(SymbolValue::Str(String::new())),
-            is_vararg: false,
-        },
-        FuncArg {
-            name: "param0".into(),
-            ty: int64,
-            default_value: Some(SymbolValue::I64(0)),
-            is_vararg: false,
-        },
-        FuncArg {
-            name: "param1".into(),
-            ty: int64,
-            default_value: Some(SymbolValue::I64(0)),
-            is_vararg: false,
-        },
-        FuncArg {
-            name: "param2".into(),
-            ty: int64,
-            default_value: Some(SymbolValue::I64(0)),
-            is_vararg: false,
        },
+        FuncArg { name: "param0".into(), ty: int64, default_value: Some(SymbolValue::I64(0)) },
+        FuncArg { name: "param1".into(), ty: int64, default_value: Some(SymbolValue::I64(0)) },
+        FuncArg { name: "param2".into(), ty: int64, default_value: Some(SymbolValue::I64(0)) },
    ];
    let exn_type = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
        obj_id: DefinitionId(class_id),
@ -113,7 +99,7 @@ pub fn get_exn_constructor(
 /// * `name`: The name of the implemented NumPy function.
 /// * `ret_ty`: The return type of this function.
 /// * `param_ty`: The parameters accepted by this function, represented by a tuple of the
-///   [parameter type][Type] and the parameter symbol name.
+/// [parameter type][Type] and the parameter symbol name.
 /// * `codegen_callback`: A lambda generating LLVM IR for the implementation of this function.
 fn create_fn_by_codegen(
    unifier: &mut Unifier,
@ -129,12 +115,7 @@ fn create_fn_by_codegen(
        signature: unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
            args: param_ty
                .iter()
-                .map(|p| FuncArg {
-                    name: p.1.into(),
-                    ty: p.0,
-                    default_value: None,
-                    is_vararg: false,
-                })
+                .map(|p| FuncArg { name: p.1.into(), ty: p.0, default_value: None })
                .collect(),
            ret: ret_ty,
            vars: var_map.clone(),
@ -153,7 +134,7 @@ fn create_fn_by_codegen(
 /// * `name`: The name of the implemented NumPy function.
 /// * `ret_ty`: The return type of this function.
 /// * `param_ty`: The parameters accepted by this function, represented by a tuple of the
-///   [parameter type][Type] and the parameter symbol name.
+/// [parameter type][Type] and the parameter symbol name.
 /// * `intrinsic_fn`: The fully-qualified name of the LLVM intrinsic function.
 fn create_fn_by_intrinsic(
    unifier: &mut Unifier,
@ -215,10 +196,10 @@ fn create_fn_by_intrinsic(
 /// * `name`: The name of the implemented NumPy function.
 /// * `ret_ty`: The return type of this function.
 /// * `param_ty`: The parameters accepted by this function, represented by a tuple of the
-///   [parameter type][Type] and the parameter symbol name.
+/// [parameter type][Type] and the parameter symbol name.
 /// * `extern_fn`: The fully-qualified name of the extern function used as the implementation.
 /// * `attrs`: The list of attributes to apply to this function declaration. Note that `nounwind` is
-///   already implied by the C ABI.
+/// already implied by the C ABI.
 fn create_fn_by_extern(
    unifier: &mut Unifier,
    var_map: &VarMap,
@ -298,19 +279,10 @@ pub fn get_builtins(unifier: &mut Unifier, primitives: &PrimitiveStore) -> Built
        .collect()
 }

-/// A helper enum used by [`BuiltinBuilder`]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-enum SizeVariant {
-    Bits32,
-    Bits64,
-}
-
-impl SizeVariant {
-    fn of_int(self, primitives: &PrimitiveStore) -> Type {
-        match self {
-            SizeVariant::Bits32 => primitives.int32,
-            SizeVariant::Bits64 => primitives.int64,
-        }
+fn size_variant_to_int_type(variant: SizeVariant, primitives: &PrimitiveStore) -> Type {
+    match variant {
+        SizeVariant::Bits32 => primitives.int32,
+        SizeVariant::Bits64 => primitives.int64,
    }
 }

@ -366,8 +338,8 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
        let (is_some_ty, unwrap_ty, option_tvar) =
            if let TypeEnum::TObj { fields, params, .. } = unifier.get_ty(option).as_ref() {
                (
-                    *fields.get(&PrimDef::FunOptionIsSome.simple_name().into()).unwrap(),
-                    *fields.get(&PrimDef::FunOptionUnwrap.simple_name().into()).unwrap(),
+                    *fields.get(&PrimDef::OptionIsSome.simple_name().into()).unwrap(),
+                    *fields.get(&PrimDef::OptionUnwrap.simple_name().into()).unwrap(),
                    iter_type_vars(params).next().unwrap(),
                )
            } else {
@ -382,9 +354,9 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
        let ndarray_dtype_tvar = iter_type_vars(ndarray_params).next().unwrap();
        let ndarray_ndims_tvar = iter_type_vars(ndarray_params).nth(1).unwrap();
        let ndarray_copy_ty =
-            *ndarray_fields.get(&PrimDef::FunNDArrayCopy.simple_name().into()).unwrap();
+            *ndarray_fields.get(&PrimDef::NDArrayCopy.simple_name().into()).unwrap();
        let ndarray_fill_ty =
-            *ndarray_fields.get(&PrimDef::FunNDArrayFill.simple_name().into()).unwrap();
+            *ndarray_fields.get(&PrimDef::NDArrayFill.simple_name().into()).unwrap();

        let num_ty = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(
            &[int32, int64, float, boolean, uint32, uint64],
@ -484,14 +456,14 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
            PrimDef::Exception => self.build_exception_class_related(prim),

            PrimDef::Option
-            | PrimDef::FunOptionIsSome
-            | PrimDef::FunOptionIsNone
-            | PrimDef::FunOptionUnwrap
+            | PrimDef::OptionIsSome
+            | PrimDef::OptionIsNone
+            | PrimDef::OptionUnwrap
            | PrimDef::FunSome => self.build_option_class_related(prim),

            PrimDef::List => self.build_list_class_related(prim),

-            PrimDef::NDArray | PrimDef::FunNDArrayCopy | PrimDef::FunNDArrayFill => {
+            PrimDef::NDArray | PrimDef::NDArrayCopy | PrimDef::NDArrayFill => {
                self.build_ndarray_class_related(prim)
            }

@ -530,9 +502,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {

            PrimDef::FunMin | PrimDef::FunMax => self.build_min_max_function(prim),

-            PrimDef::FunNpArgmin | PrimDef::FunNpArgmax | PrimDef::FunNpMin | PrimDef::FunNpMax => {
-                self.build_np_max_min_function(prim)
-            }
+            PrimDef::FunNpMin | PrimDef::FunNpMax => self.build_np_min_max_function(prim),

            PrimDef::FunNpMinimum | PrimDef::FunNpMaximum => {
                self.build_np_minimum_maximum_function(prim)
@ -576,22 +546,6 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
            | PrimDef::FunNpLdExp
            | PrimDef::FunNpHypot
            | PrimDef::FunNpNextAfter => self.build_np_2ary_function(prim),
-
-            PrimDef::FunNpTranspose | PrimDef::FunNpReshape => {
-                self.build_np_sp_ndarray_function(prim)
-            }
-
-            PrimDef::FunNpDot
-            | PrimDef::FunNpLinalgCholesky
-            | PrimDef::FunNpLinalgQr
-            | PrimDef::FunNpLinalgSvd
-            | PrimDef::FunNpLinalgInv
-            | PrimDef::FunNpLinalgPinv
-            | PrimDef::FunNpLinalgMatrixPower
-            | PrimDef::FunNpLinalgDet
-            | PrimDef::FunSpLinalgLu
-            | PrimDef::FunSpLinalgSchur
-            | PrimDef::FunSpLinalgHessenberg => self.build_linalg_methods(prim),
        };

        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
@ -600,7 +554,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
            match (&tld, prim.details()) {
                (
                    TopLevelDef::Class { name, object_id, .. },
-                    PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { name: exp_name, .. },
+                    PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { name: exp_name },
                ) => {
                    let exp_object_id = prim.id();
                    assert_eq!(name, &exp_name.into());
@ -649,24 +603,17 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
        let make_ctor_signature = |unifier: &mut Unifier| {
            unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                args: vec![
-                    FuncArg {
-                        name: "start".into(),
-                        ty: int32,
-                        default_value: None,
-                        is_vararg: false,
-                    },
+                    FuncArg { name: "start".into(), ty: int32, default_value: None },
                    FuncArg {
                        name: "stop".into(),
                        ty: int32,
                        // placeholder
                        default_value: Some(SymbolValue::I32(0)),
-                        is_vararg: false,
                    },
                    FuncArg {
                        name: "step".into(),
                        ty: int32,
                        default_value: Some(SymbolValue::I32(1)),
-                        is_vararg: false,
                    },
                ],
                ret: range,
@ -837,9 +784,9 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
            prim,
            &[
                PrimDef::Option,
-                PrimDef::FunOptionIsSome,
-                PrimDef::FunOptionIsNone,
-                PrimDef::FunOptionUnwrap,
+                PrimDef::OptionIsSome,
+                PrimDef::OptionIsNone,
+                PrimDef::OptionUnwrap,
                PrimDef::FunSome,
            ],
        );
@ -852,9 +799,9 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                fields: Vec::default(),
                attributes: Vec::default(),
                methods: vec![
-                    Self::create_method(PrimDef::FunOptionIsSome, self.is_some_ty.0),
-                    Self::create_method(PrimDef::FunOptionIsNone, self.is_some_ty.0),
-                    Self::create_method(PrimDef::FunOptionUnwrap, self.unwrap_ty.0),
+                    Self::create_method(PrimDef::OptionIsSome, self.is_some_ty.0),
+                    Self::create_method(PrimDef::OptionIsNone, self.is_some_ty.0),
+                    Self::create_method(PrimDef::OptionUnwrap, self.unwrap_ty.0),
                ],
                ancestors: vec![TypeAnnotation::CustomClass {
                    id: prim.id(),
@ -865,7 +812,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                loc: None,
            },

-            PrimDef::FunOptionUnwrap => TopLevelDef::Function {
+            PrimDef::OptionUnwrap => TopLevelDef::Function {
                name: prim.name().into(),
                simple_name: prim.simple_name().into(),
                signature: self.unwrap_ty.0,
@ -879,7 +826,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                loc: None,
            },

-            PrimDef::FunOptionIsNone | PrimDef::FunOptionIsSome => TopLevelDef::Function {
+            PrimDef::OptionIsNone | PrimDef::OptionIsSome => TopLevelDef::Function {
                name: prim.name().to_string(),
                simple_name: prim.simple_name().into(),
                signature: self.is_some_ty.0,
@ -900,10 +847,10 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                        };

                        let returned_int = match prim {
-                            PrimDef::FunOptionIsNone => {
+                            PrimDef::OptionIsNone => {
                                ctx.builder.build_is_null(ptr, prim.simple_name())
                            }
-                            PrimDef::FunOptionIsSome => {
+                            PrimDef::OptionIsSome => {
                                ctx.builder.build_is_not_null(ptr, prim.simple_name())
                            }
                            _ => unreachable!(),
@ -922,7 +869,6 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                        name: "n".into(),
                        ty: self.option_tvar.ty,
                        default_value: None,
-                        is_vararg: false,
                    }],
                    ret: self.primitives.option,
                    vars: into_var_map([self.option_tvar]),
@ -977,7 +923,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
    fn build_ndarray_class_related(&self, prim: PrimDef) -> TopLevelDef {
        debug_assert_prim_is_allowed(
            prim,
-            &[PrimDef::NDArray, PrimDef::FunNDArrayCopy, PrimDef::FunNDArrayFill],
+            &[PrimDef::NDArray, PrimDef::NDArrayCopy, PrimDef::NDArrayFill],
        );

        match prim {
@ -988,8 +934,8 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                fields: Vec::default(),
                attributes: Vec::default(),
                methods: vec![
-                    Self::create_method(PrimDef::FunNDArrayCopy, self.ndarray_copy_ty.0),
-                    Self::create_method(PrimDef::FunNDArrayFill, self.ndarray_fill_ty.0),
+                    Self::create_method(PrimDef::NDArrayCopy, self.ndarray_copy_ty.0),
+                    Self::create_method(PrimDef::NDArrayFill, self.ndarray_fill_ty.0),
                ],
                ancestors: Vec::default(),
                constructor: None,
@ -997,7 +943,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                loc: None,
            },

-            PrimDef::FunNDArrayCopy => TopLevelDef::Function {
+            PrimDef::NDArrayCopy => TopLevelDef::Function {
                name: prim.name().into(),
                simple_name: prim.simple_name().into(),
                signature: self.ndarray_copy_ty.0,
@ -1007,14 +953,15 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                resolver: None,
                codegen_callback: Some(Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(
                    |ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
-                        gen_ndarray_copy(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)
-                            .map(|val| Some(val.as_basic_value_enum()))
+                        todo!()
+                        // gen_ndarray_copy(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)
+                        //     .map(|val| Some(val.as_basic_value_enum()))
                    },
                )))),
                loc: None,
            },

-            PrimDef::FunNDArrayFill => TopLevelDef::Function {
+            PrimDef::NDArrayFill => TopLevelDef::Function {
                name: prim.name().into(),
                simple_name: prim.simple_name().into(),
                signature: self.ndarray_fill_ty.0,
@ -1024,8 +971,9 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                resolver: None,
                codegen_callback: Some(Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(
                    |ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
-                        gen_ndarray_fill(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)?;
-                        Ok(None)
+                        todo!()
+                        // gen_ndarray_fill(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)?;
+                        // Ok(None)
                    },
                )))),
                loc: None,
@ -1057,7 +1005,6 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                    name: "n".into(),
                    ty: self.num_or_ndarray_ty.ty,
                    default_value: None,
-                    is_vararg: false,
                }],
                ret: self.num_or_ndarray_ty.ty,
                vars: self.num_or_ndarray_var_map.clone(),
@ -1106,7 +1053,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
        );

        // The size variant of the function determines the size of the returned int.
-        let int_sized = size_variant.of_int(self.primitives);
+        let int_sized = size_variant_to_int_type(size_variant, self.primitives);

        let ndarray_int_sized =
            make_ndarray_ty(self.unifier, self.primitives, Some(int_sized), Some(common_ndim.ty));
@ -1131,7 +1078,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                let arg_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
                let arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, arg_ty)?;

-                let ret_elem_ty = size_variant.of_int(&ctx.primitives);
+                let ret_elem_ty = size_variant_to_int_type(size_variant, &ctx.primitives);
                Ok(Some(builtin_fns::call_round(generator, ctx, (arg_ty, arg), ret_elem_ty)?))
            }),
        )
@ -1172,7 +1119,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
            make_ndarray_ty(self.unifier, self.primitives, Some(float), Some(common_ndim.ty));

        // The size variant of the function determines the type of int returned
-        let int_sized = size_variant.of_int(self.primitives);
+        let int_sized = size_variant_to_int_type(size_variant, self.primitives);
        let ndarray_int_sized =
            make_ndarray_ty(self.unifier, self.primitives, Some(int_sized), Some(common_ndim.ty));

@ -1195,7 +1142,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                let arg_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
                let arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, arg_ty)?;

-                let ret_elem_ty = size_variant.of_int(&ctx.primitives);
+                let ret_elem_ty = size_variant_to_int_type(size_variant, &ctx.primitives);
                let func = match kind {
                    Kind::Ceil => builtin_fns::call_ceil,
                    Kind::Floor => builtin_fns::call_floor,
@ -1249,7 +1196,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                let func = match prim {
                    PrimDef::FunNpNDArray | PrimDef::FunNpEmpty => gen_ndarray_empty,
                    PrimDef::FunNpZeros => gen_ndarray_zeros,
-                    PrimDef::FunNpOnes => gen_ndarray_ones,
+                    PrimDef::FunNpOnes => todo!(), // gen_ndarray_ones,
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };
                func(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator).map(|val| Some(val.as_basic_value_enum()))
@ -1277,23 +1224,16 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                    simple_name: prim.simple_name().into(),
                    signature: self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                        args: vec![
-                            FuncArg {
-                                name: "object".into(),
-                                ty: tv.ty,
-                                default_value: None,
-                                is_vararg: false,
-                            },
+                            FuncArg { name: "object".into(), ty: tv.ty, default_value: None },
                            FuncArg {
                                name: "copy".into(),
                                ty: bool,
                                default_value: Some(SymbolValue::Bool(true)),
-                                is_vararg: false,
                            },
                            FuncArg {
                                name: "ndmin".into(),
                                ty: int32,
                                default_value: Some(SymbolValue::U32(0)),
-                                is_vararg: false,
                            },
                        ],
                        ret: ndarray,
@ -1305,8 +1245,9 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                    resolver: None,
                    codegen_callback: Some(Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(
                        |ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
-                            gen_ndarray_array(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)
-                                .map(|val| Some(val.as_basic_value_enum()))
+                            todo!()
+                            // gen_ndarray_array(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)
+                            //     .map(|val| Some(val.as_basic_value_enum()))
                        },
                    )))),
                    loc: None,
@ -1324,8 +1265,9 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                    // type variable
                    &[(self.list_int32, "shape"), (tv.ty, "fill_value")],
                    Box::new(move |ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
-                        gen_ndarray_full(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)
-                            .map(|val| Some(val.as_basic_value_enum()))
+                        todo!()
+                        // gen_ndarray_full(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)
+                        //     .map(|val| Some(val.as_basic_value_enum()))
                    }),
                )
            }
@ -1335,24 +1277,17 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                    simple_name: prim.simple_name().into(),
                    signature: self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                        args: vec![
-                            FuncArg {
-                                name: "N".into(),
-                                ty: int32,
-                                default_value: None,
-                                is_vararg: false,
-                            },
+                            FuncArg { name: "N".into(), ty: int32, default_value: None },
                            // TODO(Derppening): Default values current do not work?
                            FuncArg {
                                name: "M".into(),
                                ty: int32,
                                default_value: Some(SymbolValue::OptionNone),
-                                is_vararg: false,
                            },
                            FuncArg {
                                name: "k".into(),
                                ty: int32,
                                default_value: Some(SymbolValue::I32(0)),
-                                is_vararg: false,
                            },
                        ],
                        ret: self.ndarray_float_2d,
@ -1364,8 +1299,9 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                    resolver: None,
                    codegen_callback: Some(Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(
                        |ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
-                            gen_ndarray_eye(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)
-                                .map(|val| Some(val.as_basic_value_enum()))
+                            todo!()
+                            // gen_ndarray_eye(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)
+                            //     .map(|val| Some(val.as_basic_value_enum()))
                        },
                    )))),
                    loc: None,
@ -1378,8 +1314,9 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                self.ndarray_float_2d,
                &[(int32, "n")],
                Box::new(|ctx, obj, fun, args, generator| {
-                    gen_ndarray_identity(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)
-                        .map(|val| Some(val.as_basic_value_enum()))
+                    todo!()
+                    // gen_ndarray_identity(ctx, &obj, fun, &args, generator)
+                    //     .map(|val| Some(val.as_basic_value_enum()))
                }),
            ),
            _ => unreachable!(),
@ -1396,12 +1333,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
            name: prim.name().into(),
            simple_name: prim.simple_name().into(),
            signature: self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                args: vec![FuncArg {
-                    name: "s".into(),
-                    ty: str,
-                    default_value: None,
-                    is_vararg: false,
-                }],
+                args: vec![FuncArg { name: "s".into(), ty: str, default_value: None }],
                ret: str,
                vars: VarMap::default(),
            })),
@ -1465,21 +1397,31 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
    fn build_len_function(&mut self) -> TopLevelDef {
        let prim = PrimDef::FunLen;

-        // Type handled in [`Inferencer::try_fold_special_call`]
-        let arg_tvar = self.unifier.get_dummy_var();
+        let PrimitiveStore { uint64, int32, .. } = *self.primitives;

+        let tvar = self.unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("L".into()), None);
+        let list = self
+            .unifier
+            .subst(
+                self.primitives.list,
+                &into_var_map([TypeVar { id: self.list_tvar.id, ty: tvar.ty }]),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let ndims = self.unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(uint64, Some("N".into()), None);
+        let ndarray = make_ndarray_ty(self.unifier, self.primitives, Some(tvar.ty), Some(ndims.ty));
+
+        let arg_ty = self.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(
+            &[list, ndarray, self.primitives.range],
+            Some("I".into()),
+            None,
+        );
        TopLevelDef::Function {
            name: prim.name().into(),
            simple_name: prim.simple_name().into(),
            signature: self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                args: vec![FuncArg {
-                    name: "obj".into(),
-                    ty: arg_tvar.ty,
-                    default_value: None,
-                    is_vararg: false,
-                }],
-                ret: self.primitives.int32,
-                vars: into_var_map([arg_tvar]),
+                args: vec![FuncArg { name: "ls".into(), ty: arg_ty.ty, default_value: None }],
+                ret: int32,
+                vars: into_var_map([tvar, arg_ty]),
            })),
            var_id: Vec::default(),
            instance_to_symbol: HashMap::default(),
@ -1487,10 +1429,86 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
            resolver: None,
            codegen_callback: Some(Arc::new(GenCall::new(Box::new(
                move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
+                    let range_ty = ctx.primitives.range;
                    let arg_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
                    let arg = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, arg_ty)?;
+                    Ok(if ctx.unifier.unioned(arg_ty, range_ty) {
+                        let arg = RangeValue::from_ptr_val(arg.into_pointer_value(), Some("range"));
+                        let (start, end, step) = destructure_range(ctx, arg);
+                        Some(calculate_len_for_slice_range(generator, ctx, start, end, step).into())
+                    } else {
+                        match &*ctx.unifier.get_ty_immutable(arg_ty) {
+                            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::List.id() => {
+                                let int32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+                                let zero = int32.const_zero();
+                                let len = ctx
+                                    .build_gep_and_load(
+                                        arg.into_pointer_value(),
+                                        &[zero, int32.const_int(1, false)],
+                                        None,
+                                    )
+                                    .into_int_value();
+                                if len.get_type().get_bit_width() == 32 {
+                                    Some(len.into())
+                                } else {
+                                    Some(
+                                        ctx.builder
+                                            .build_int_truncate(len, int32, "len2i32")
+                                            .map(Into::into)
+                                            .unwrap(),
+                                    )
+                                }
+                            }
+                            TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } if *obj_id == PrimDef::NDArray.id() => {
+                                let llvm_i32 = ctx.ctx.i32_type();
+                                let llvm_usize = generator.get_size_type(ctx.ctx);

-                    builtin_fns::call_len(generator, ctx, (arg_ty, arg)).map(|ret| Some(ret.into()))
+                                let arg = NDArrayValue::from_ptr_val(
+                                    arg.into_pointer_value(),
+                                    llvm_usize,
+                                    None,
+                                );
+
+                                let ndims = arg.dim_sizes().size(ctx, generator);
+                                ctx.make_assert(
+                                    generator,
+                                    ctx.builder
+                                        .build_int_compare(
+                                            IntPredicate::NE,
+                                            ndims,
+                                            llvm_usize.const_zero(),
+                                            "",
+                                        )
+                                        .unwrap(),
+                                    "0:TypeError",
+                                    &format!("{name}() of unsized object", name = prim.name()),
+                                    [None, None, None],
+                                    ctx.current_loc,
+                                );
+
+                                let len = unsafe {
+                                    arg.dim_sizes().get_typed_unchecked(
+                                        ctx,
+                                        generator,
+                                        &llvm_usize.const_zero(),
+                                        None,
+                                    )
+                                };
+
+                                if len.get_type().get_bit_width() == 32 {
+                                    Some(len.into())
+                                } else {
+                                    Some(
+                                        ctx.builder
+                                            .build_int_truncate(len, llvm_i32, "len")
+                                            .map(Into::into)
+                                            .unwrap(),
+                                    )
+                                }
+                            }
+                            _ => unreachable!(),
+                        }
+                    })
                },
            )))),
            loc: None,
@ -1506,18 +1524,8 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
            simple_name: prim.simple_name().into(),
            signature: self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                args: vec![
-                    FuncArg {
-                        name: "m".into(),
-                        ty: self.num_ty.ty,
-                        default_value: None,
-                        is_vararg: false,
-                    },
-                    FuncArg {
-                        name: "n".into(),
-                        ty: self.num_ty.ty,
-                        default_value: None,
-                        is_vararg: false,
-                    },
+                    FuncArg { name: "m".into(), ty: self.num_ty.ty, default_value: None },
+                    FuncArg { name: "n".into(), ty: self.num_ty.ty, default_value: None },
                ],
                ret: self.num_ty.ty,
                vars: self.num_var_map.clone(),
@ -1545,45 +1553,39 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
        }
    }

-    /// Build the functions `np_max()`, `np_min()`, `np_argmax()` and `np_argmin()`
-    /// Calls `call_numpy_max_min` with the function name
-    fn build_np_max_min_function(&mut self, prim: PrimDef) -> TopLevelDef {
-        debug_assert_prim_is_allowed(
-            prim,
-            &[PrimDef::FunNpArgmin, PrimDef::FunNpArgmax, PrimDef::FunNpMin, PrimDef::FunNpMax],
-        );
+    /// Build the functions `np_min()` and `np_max()`.
+    fn build_np_min_max_function(&mut self, prim: PrimDef) -> TopLevelDef {
+        debug_assert_prim_is_allowed(prim, &[PrimDef::FunNpMin, PrimDef::FunNpMax]);

-        let (var_map, ret_ty) = match prim {
-            PrimDef::FunNpArgmax | PrimDef::FunNpArgmin => {
-                (self.num_or_ndarray_var_map.clone(), self.primitives.int64)
-            }
-            PrimDef::FunNpMax | PrimDef::FunNpMin => {
-                let ret_ty = self.unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("R".into()), None);
-                let var_map = self
-                    .num_or_ndarray_var_map
-                    .clone()
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .chain(once((ret_ty.id, ret_ty.ty)))
-                    .collect::<IndexMap<_, _>>();
-                (var_map, ret_ty.ty)
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        };
+        let ret_ty = self.unifier.get_fresh_var(Some("R".into()), None);
+        let var_map = self
+            .num_or_ndarray_var_map
+            .clone()
+            .into_iter()
+            .chain(once((ret_ty.id, ret_ty.ty)))
+            .collect::<IndexMap<_, _>>();

        create_fn_by_codegen(
            self.unifier,
            &var_map,
            prim.name(),
-            ret_ty,
-            &[(self.num_or_ndarray_ty.ty, "a")],
+            ret_ty.ty,
+            &[(self.float_or_ndarray_ty.ty, "a")],
            Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
                let a_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
                let a = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, a_ty)?;

-                Ok(Some(builtin_fns::call_numpy_max_min(generator, ctx, (a_ty, a), prim.name())?))
+                let func = match prim {
+                    PrimDef::FunNpMin => builtin_fns::call_numpy_min,
+                    PrimDef::FunNpMax => builtin_fns::call_numpy_max,
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                };
+
+                Ok(Some(func(generator, ctx, (a_ty, a))?))
            }),
        )
    }
+
    /// Build the functions `np_minimum()` and `np_maximum()`.
    fn build_np_minimum_maximum_function(&mut self, prim: PrimDef) -> TopLevelDef {
        debug_assert_prim_is_allowed(prim, &[PrimDef::FunNpMinimum, PrimDef::FunNpMaximum]);
@ -1599,12 +1601,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
            signature: self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                args: param_ty
                    .iter()
-                    .map(|p| FuncArg {
-                        name: p.1.into(),
-                        ty: p.0,
-                        default_value: None,
-                        is_vararg: false,
-                    })
+                    .map(|p| FuncArg { name: p.1.into(), ty: p.0, default_value: None })
                    .collect(),
                ret: ret_ty.ty,
                vars: into_var_map([x1_ty, x2_ty, ret_ty]),
@ -1645,7 +1642,6 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
                    name: "n".into(),
                    ty: self.num_or_ndarray_ty.ty,
                    default_value: None,
-                    is_vararg: false,
                }],
                ret: self.num_or_ndarray_ty.ty,
                vars: self.num_or_ndarray_var_map.clone(),
@ -1834,12 +1830,7 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
            signature: self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
                args: param_ty
                    .iter()
-                    .map(|p| FuncArg {
-                        name: p.1.into(),
-                        ty: p.0,
-                        default_value: None,
-                        is_vararg: false,
-                    })
+                    .map(|p| FuncArg { name: p.1.into(), ty: p.0, default_value: None })
                    .collect(),
                ret: ret_ty.ty,
                vars: into_var_map([x1_ty, x2_ty, ret_ty]),
@ -1873,207 +1864,6 @@ impl<'a> BuiltinBuilder<'a> {
        }
    }

-    /// Build np/sp functions that take as input `NDArray` only
-    fn build_np_sp_ndarray_function(&mut self, prim: PrimDef) -> TopLevelDef {
-        debug_assert_prim_is_allowed(prim, &[PrimDef::FunNpTranspose, PrimDef::FunNpReshape]);
-
-        match prim {
-            PrimDef::FunNpTranspose => {
-                let ndarray_ty = self.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(
-                    &[self.ndarray_num_ty],
-                    Some("T".into()),
-                    None,
-                );
-                create_fn_by_codegen(
-                    self.unifier,
-                    &into_var_map([ndarray_ty]),
-                    prim.name(),
-                    ndarray_ty.ty,
-                    &[(ndarray_ty.ty, "x")],
-                    Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
-                        let arg_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
-                        let arg_val =
-                            args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, arg_ty)?;
-                        Ok(Some(ndarray_transpose(generator, ctx, (arg_ty, arg_val))?))
-                    }),
-                )
-            }
-
-            // NOTE: on `ndarray_factory_fn_shape_arg_tvar` and
-            // the `param_ty` for `create_fn_by_codegen`.
-            //
-            // Similar to `build_ndarray_from_shape_factory_function` we delegate the responsibility of typechecking
-            // to [`typecheck::type_inferencer::Inferencer::fold_numpy_function_call_shape_argument`],
-            // and use a dummy [`TypeVar`] `ndarray_factory_fn_shape_arg_tvar` as a placeholder for `param_ty`.
-            PrimDef::FunNpReshape => create_fn_by_codegen(
-                self.unifier,
-                &VarMap::new(),
-                prim.name(),
-                self.ndarray_num_ty,
-                &[(self.ndarray_num_ty, "x"), (self.ndarray_factory_fn_shape_arg_tvar.ty, "shape")],
-                Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
-                    let x1_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
-                    let x1_val = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, x1_ty)?;
-                    let x2_ty = fun.0.args[1].ty;
-                    let x2_val = args[1].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, x2_ty)?;
-                    Ok(Some(ndarray_reshape(generator, ctx, (x1_ty, x1_val), (x2_ty, x2_val))?))
-                }),
-            ),
-
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Build `np_linalg` and `sp_linalg` functions
-    ///
-    /// The input to these functions must be floating point `NDArray`
-    fn build_linalg_methods(&mut self, prim: PrimDef) -> TopLevelDef {
-        debug_assert_prim_is_allowed(
-            prim,
-            &[
-                PrimDef::FunNpDot,
-                PrimDef::FunNpLinalgCholesky,
-                PrimDef::FunNpLinalgQr,
-                PrimDef::FunNpLinalgSvd,
-                PrimDef::FunNpLinalgInv,
-                PrimDef::FunNpLinalgPinv,
-                PrimDef::FunNpLinalgMatrixPower,
-                PrimDef::FunNpLinalgDet,
-                PrimDef::FunSpLinalgLu,
-                PrimDef::FunSpLinalgSchur,
-                PrimDef::FunSpLinalgHessenberg,
-            ],
-        );
-
-        match prim {
-            PrimDef::FunNpDot => create_fn_by_codegen(
-                self.unifier,
-                &self.num_or_ndarray_var_map,
-                prim.name(),
-                self.num_ty.ty,
-                &[(self.num_or_ndarray_ty.ty, "x1"), (self.num_or_ndarray_ty.ty, "x2")],
-                Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
-                    let x1_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
-                    let x1_val = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, x1_ty)?;
-                    let x2_ty = fun.0.args[1].ty;
-                    let x2_val = args[1].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, x2_ty)?;
-
-                    Ok(Some(ndarray_dot(generator, ctx, (x1_ty, x1_val), (x2_ty, x2_val))?))
-                }),
-            ),
-
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgCholesky | PrimDef::FunNpLinalgInv | PrimDef::FunNpLinalgPinv => {
-                create_fn_by_codegen(
-                    self.unifier,
-                    &VarMap::new(),
-                    prim.name(),
-                    self.ndarray_float_2d,
-                    &[(self.ndarray_float_2d, "x1")],
-                    Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
-                        let x1_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
-                        let x1_val =
-                            args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, x1_ty)?;
-
-                        let func = match prim {
-                            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgCholesky => builtin_fns::call_np_linalg_cholesky,
-                            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgInv => builtin_fns::call_np_linalg_inv,
-                            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgPinv => builtin_fns::call_np_linalg_pinv,
-                            _ => unreachable!(),
-                        };
-                        Ok(Some(func(generator, ctx, (x1_ty, x1_val))?))
-                    }),
-                )
-            }
-
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgQr
-            | PrimDef::FunSpLinalgLu
-            | PrimDef::FunSpLinalgSchur
-            | PrimDef::FunSpLinalgHessenberg => {
-                let ret_ty = self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple {
-                    ty: vec![self.ndarray_float_2d, self.ndarray_float_2d],
-                    is_vararg_ctx: false,
-                });
-                create_fn_by_codegen(
-                    self.unifier,
-                    &VarMap::new(),
-                    prim.name(),
-                    ret_ty,
-                    &[(self.ndarray_float_2d, "x1")],
-                    Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
-                        let x1_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
-                        let x1_val =
-                            args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, x1_ty)?;
-
-                        let func = match prim {
-                            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgQr => builtin_fns::call_np_linalg_qr,
-                            PrimDef::FunSpLinalgLu => builtin_fns::call_sp_linalg_lu,
-                            PrimDef::FunSpLinalgSchur => builtin_fns::call_sp_linalg_schur,
-                            PrimDef::FunSpLinalgHessenberg => {
-                                builtin_fns::call_sp_linalg_hessenberg
-                            }
-                            _ => unreachable!(),
-                        };
-                        Ok(Some(func(generator, ctx, (x1_ty, x1_val))?))
-                    }),
-                )
-            }
-
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgSvd => {
-                let ret_ty = self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple {
-                    ty: vec![self.ndarray_float_2d, self.ndarray_float, self.ndarray_float_2d],
-                    is_vararg_ctx: false,
-                });
-                create_fn_by_codegen(
-                    self.unifier,
-                    &VarMap::new(),
-                    prim.name(),
-                    ret_ty,
-                    &[(self.ndarray_float_2d, "x1")],
-                    Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
-                        let x1_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
-                        let x1_val =
-                            args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, x1_ty)?;
-
-                        Ok(Some(builtin_fns::call_np_linalg_svd(generator, ctx, (x1_ty, x1_val))?))
-                    }),
-                )
-            }
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgMatrixPower => create_fn_by_codegen(
-                self.unifier,
-                &VarMap::new(),
-                prim.name(),
-                self.ndarray_float_2d,
-                &[(self.ndarray_float_2d, "x1"), (self.primitives.int32, "power")],
-                Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
-                    let x1_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
-                    let x1_val = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, x1_ty)?;
-                    let x2_ty = fun.0.args[1].ty;
-                    let x2_val = args[1].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, x2_ty)?;
-
-                    Ok(Some(builtin_fns::call_np_linalg_matrix_power(
-                        generator,
-                        ctx,
-                        (x1_ty, x1_val),
-                        (x2_ty, x2_val),
-                    )?))
-                }),
-            ),
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgDet => create_fn_by_codegen(
-                self.unifier,
-                &VarMap::new(),
-                prim.name(),
-                self.primitives.float,
-                &[(self.ndarray_float_2d, "x1")],
-                Box::new(move |ctx, _, fun, args, generator| {
-                    let x1_ty = fun.0.args[0].ty;
-                    let x1_val = args[0].1.clone().to_basic_value_enum(ctx, generator, x1_ty)?;
-                    Ok(Some(builtin_fns::call_np_linalg_det(generator, ctx, (x1_ty, x1_val))?))
-                }),
-            ),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-
    fn create_method(prim: PrimDef, method_ty: Type) -> (StrRef, Type, DefinitionId) {
        (prim.simple_name().into(), method_ty, prim.id())
    }
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/composer.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/composer.rs
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/helper.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/helper.rs
@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 use std::convert::TryInto;

+use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
+use crate::toplevel::numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys;
+use crate::typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, Mapping, TypeVarId, VarMap};
+use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Location};
 use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
 use strum_macros::EnumIter;

-use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, ExprKind, Location};
-
-use super::{numpy::unpack_ndarray_var_tys, *};
-use crate::{
-    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
-    typecheck::typedef::{into_var_map, iter_type_vars, Mapping, TypeVarId, VarMap},
-};
+use super::*;

 /// All primitive types and functions in nac3core.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, EnumIter, PartialEq, Eq)]
@ -29,22 +27,17 @@ pub enum PrimDef {
    List,
    NDArray,

-    // Option methods
-    FunOptionIsSome,
-    FunOptionIsNone,
-    FunOptionUnwrap,
-
-    // Option-related functions
-    FunSome,
-
-    // NDArray methods
-    FunNDArrayCopy,
-    FunNDArrayFill,
-
-    // Range methods
-    FunRangeInit,
-
-    // NumPy factory functions
+    // Member Functions
+    OptionIsSome,
+    OptionIsNone,
+    OptionUnwrap,
+    NDArrayCopy,
+    NDArrayFill,
+    FunInt32,
+    FunInt64,
+    FunUInt32,
+    FunUInt64,
+    FunFloat,
    FunNpNDArray,
    FunNpEmpty,
    FunNpZeros,
@ -53,17 +46,26 @@ pub enum PrimDef {
    FunNpArray,
    FunNpEye,
    FunNpIdentity,
-
-    // Miscellaneous NumPy & SciPy functions
+    FunRound,
+    FunRound64,
    FunNpRound,
+    FunRangeInit,
+    FunStr,
+    FunBool,
+    FunFloor,
+    FunFloor64,
    FunNpFloor,
+    FunCeil,
+    FunCeil64,
    FunNpCeil,
+    FunLen,
+    FunMin,
    FunNpMin,
    FunNpMinimum,
-    FunNpArgmin,
+    FunMax,
    FunNpMax,
    FunNpMaximum,
-    FunNpArgmax,
+    FunAbs,
    FunNpIsNan,
    FunNpIsInf,
    FunNpSin,
@ -101,46 +103,15 @@ pub enum PrimDef {
    FunNpLdExp,
    FunNpHypot,
    FunNpNextAfter,
-    FunNpTranspose,
-    FunNpReshape,

-    // Linalg functions
-    FunNpDot,
-    FunNpLinalgCholesky,
-    FunNpLinalgQr,
-    FunNpLinalgSvd,
-    FunNpLinalgInv,
-    FunNpLinalgPinv,
-    FunNpLinalgMatrixPower,
-    FunNpLinalgDet,
-    FunSpLinalgLu,
-    FunSpLinalgSchur,
-    FunSpLinalgHessenberg,
-
-    // Miscellaneous Python & NAC3 functions
-    FunInt32,
-    FunInt64,
-    FunUInt32,
-    FunUInt64,
-    FunFloat,
-    FunRound,
-    FunRound64,
-    FunStr,
-    FunBool,
-    FunFloor,
-    FunFloor64,
-    FunCeil,
-    FunCeil64,
-    FunLen,
-    FunMin,
-    FunMax,
-    FunAbs,
+    // Top-Level Functions
+    FunSome,
 }

 /// Associated details of a [`PrimDef`]
 pub enum PrimDefDetails {
    PrimFunction { name: &'static str, simple_name: &'static str },
-    PrimClass { name: &'static str, get_ty_fn: fn(&PrimitiveStore) -> Type },
+    PrimClass { name: &'static str },
 }

 impl PrimDef {
@ -182,17 +153,15 @@ impl PrimDef {
    #[must_use]
    pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
        match self.details() {
-            PrimDefDetails::PrimFunction { name, .. } | PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { name, .. } => {
-                name
-            }
+            PrimDefDetails::PrimFunction { name, .. } | PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { name } => name,
        }
    }

    /// Get the associated details of this [`PrimDef`]
    #[must_use]
    pub fn details(self) -> PrimDefDetails {
-        fn class(name: &'static str, get_ty_fn: fn(&PrimitiveStore) -> Type) -> PrimDefDetails {
-            PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { name, get_ty_fn }
+        fn class(name: &'static str) -> PrimDefDetails {
+            PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { name }
        }

        fn fun(name: &'static str, simple_name: Option<&'static str>) -> PrimDefDetails {
@ -200,37 +169,29 @@ impl PrimDef {
        }

        match self {
-            // Classes
-            PrimDef::Int32 => class("int32", |primitives| primitives.int32),
-            PrimDef::Int64 => class("int64", |primitives| primitives.int64),
-            PrimDef::Float => class("float", |primitives| primitives.float),
-            PrimDef::Bool => class("bool", |primitives| primitives.bool),
-            PrimDef::None => class("none", |primitives| primitives.none),
-            PrimDef::Range => class("range", |primitives| primitives.range),
-            PrimDef::Str => class("str", |primitives| primitives.str),
-            PrimDef::Exception => class("Exception", |primitives| primitives.exception),
-            PrimDef::UInt32 => class("uint32", |primitives| primitives.uint32),
-            PrimDef::UInt64 => class("uint64", |primitives| primitives.uint64),
-            PrimDef::Option => class("Option", |primitives| primitives.option),
-            PrimDef::List => class("list", |primitives| primitives.list),
-            PrimDef::NDArray => class("ndarray", |primitives| primitives.ndarray),
-
-            // Option methods
-            PrimDef::FunOptionIsSome => fun("Option.is_some", Some("is_some")),
-            PrimDef::FunOptionIsNone => fun("Option.is_none", Some("is_none")),
-            PrimDef::FunOptionUnwrap => fun("Option.unwrap", Some("unwrap")),
-
-            // Option-related functions
-            PrimDef::FunSome => fun("Some", None),
-
-            // NDArray methods
-            PrimDef::FunNDArrayCopy => fun("ndarray.copy", Some("copy")),
-            PrimDef::FunNDArrayFill => fun("ndarray.fill", Some("fill")),
-
-            // Range methods
-            PrimDef::FunRangeInit => fun("range.__init__", Some("__init__")),
-
-            // NumPy factory functions
+            PrimDef::Int32 => class("int32"),
+            PrimDef::Int64 => class("int64"),
+            PrimDef::Float => class("float"),
+            PrimDef::Bool => class("bool"),
+            PrimDef::None => class("none"),
+            PrimDef::Range => class("range"),
+            PrimDef::Str => class("str"),
+            PrimDef::Exception => class("Exception"),
+            PrimDef::UInt32 => class("uint32"),
+            PrimDef::UInt64 => class("uint64"),
+            PrimDef::Option => class("Option"),
+            PrimDef::OptionIsSome => fun("Option.is_some", Some("is_some")),
+            PrimDef::OptionIsNone => fun("Option.is_none", Some("is_none")),
+            PrimDef::OptionUnwrap => fun("Option.unwrap", Some("unwrap")),
+            PrimDef::List => class("list"),
+            PrimDef::NDArray => class("ndarray"),
+            PrimDef::NDArrayCopy => fun("ndarray.copy", Some("copy")),
+            PrimDef::NDArrayFill => fun("ndarray.fill", Some("fill")),
+            PrimDef::FunInt32 => fun("int32", None),
+            PrimDef::FunInt64 => fun("int64", None),
+            PrimDef::FunUInt32 => fun("uint32", None),
+            PrimDef::FunUInt64 => fun("uint64", None),
+            PrimDef::FunFloat => fun("float", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpNDArray => fun("np_ndarray", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpEmpty => fun("np_empty", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpZeros => fun("np_zeros", None),
@ -239,17 +200,26 @@ impl PrimDef {
            PrimDef::FunNpArray => fun("np_array", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpEye => fun("np_eye", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpIdentity => fun("np_identity", None),
-
-            // Miscellaneous NumPy & SciPy functions
+            PrimDef::FunRound => fun("round", None),
+            PrimDef::FunRound64 => fun("round64", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpRound => fun("np_round", None),
+            PrimDef::FunRangeInit => fun("range.__init__", Some("__init__")),
+            PrimDef::FunStr => fun("str", None),
+            PrimDef::FunBool => fun("bool", None),
+            PrimDef::FunFloor => fun("floor", None),
+            PrimDef::FunFloor64 => fun("floor64", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpFloor => fun("np_floor", None),
+            PrimDef::FunCeil => fun("ceil", None),
+            PrimDef::FunCeil64 => fun("ceil64", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpCeil => fun("np_ceil", None),
+            PrimDef::FunLen => fun("len", None),
+            PrimDef::FunMin => fun("min", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpMin => fun("np_min", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpMinimum => fun("np_minimum", None),
-            PrimDef::FunNpArgmin => fun("np_argmin", None),
+            PrimDef::FunMax => fun("max", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpMax => fun("np_max", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpMaximum => fun("np_maximum", None),
-            PrimDef::FunNpArgmax => fun("np_argmax", None),
+            PrimDef::FunAbs => fun("abs", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpIsNan => fun("np_isnan", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpIsInf => fun("np_isinf", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpSin => fun("np_sin", None),
@ -287,40 +257,7 @@ impl PrimDef {
            PrimDef::FunNpLdExp => fun("np_ldexp", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpHypot => fun("np_hypot", None),
            PrimDef::FunNpNextAfter => fun("np_nextafter", None),
-            PrimDef::FunNpTranspose => fun("np_transpose", None),
-            PrimDef::FunNpReshape => fun("np_reshape", None),
-
-            // Linalg functions
-            PrimDef::FunNpDot => fun("np_dot", None),
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgCholesky => fun("np_linalg_cholesky", None),
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgQr => fun("np_linalg_qr", None),
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgSvd => fun("np_linalg_svd", None),
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgInv => fun("np_linalg_inv", None),
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgPinv => fun("np_linalg_pinv", None),
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgMatrixPower => fun("np_linalg_matrix_power", None),
-            PrimDef::FunNpLinalgDet => fun("np_linalg_det", None),
-            PrimDef::FunSpLinalgLu => fun("sp_linalg_lu", None),
-            PrimDef::FunSpLinalgSchur => fun("sp_linalg_schur", None),
-            PrimDef::FunSpLinalgHessenberg => fun("sp_linalg_hessenberg", None),
-
-            // Miscellaneous Python & NAC3 functions
-            PrimDef::FunInt32 => fun("int32", None),
-            PrimDef::FunInt64 => fun("int64", None),
-            PrimDef::FunUInt32 => fun("uint32", None),
-            PrimDef::FunUInt64 => fun("uint64", None),
-            PrimDef::FunFloat => fun("float", None),
-            PrimDef::FunRound => fun("round", None),
-            PrimDef::FunRound64 => fun("round64", None),
-            PrimDef::FunStr => fun("str", None),
-            PrimDef::FunBool => fun("bool", None),
-            PrimDef::FunFloor => fun("floor", None),
-            PrimDef::FunFloor64 => fun("floor64", None),
-            PrimDef::FunCeil => fun("ceil", None),
-            PrimDef::FunCeil64 => fun("ceil64", None),
-            PrimDef::FunLen => fun("len", None),
-            PrimDef::FunMin => fun("min", None),
-            PrimDef::FunMax => fun("max", None),
-            PrimDef::FunAbs => fun("abs", None),
+            PrimDef::FunSome => fun("Some", None),
        }
    }
 }
@ -389,9 +326,6 @@ impl TopLevelDef {
                    r
                }
            ),
-            TopLevelDef::Variable { name, ty, .. } => {
-                format!("Variable {{ name: {name:?}, ty: {:?} }}", unifier.stringify(*ty),)
-            }
        }
    }
 }
@ -474,9 +408,9 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        let option = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
            obj_id: PrimDef::Option.id(),
            fields: vec![
-                (PrimDef::FunOptionIsSome.simple_name().into(), (is_some_type_fun_ty, true)),
-                (PrimDef::FunOptionIsNone.simple_name().into(), (is_some_type_fun_ty, true)),
-                (PrimDef::FunOptionUnwrap.simple_name().into(), (unwrap_fun_ty, true)),
+                (PrimDef::OptionIsSome.simple_name().into(), (is_some_type_fun_ty, true)),
+                (PrimDef::OptionIsNone.simple_name().into(), (is_some_type_fun_ty, true)),
+                (PrimDef::OptionUnwrap.simple_name().into(), (unwrap_fun_ty, true)),
            ]
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>(),
@ -510,7 +444,6 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                name: "value".into(),
                ty: ndarray_dtype_tvar.ty,
                default_value: None,
-                is_vararg: false,
            }],
            ret: none,
            vars: into_var_map([ndarray_dtype_tvar, ndarray_ndims_tvar]),
@ -518,8 +451,8 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        let ndarray = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
            obj_id: PrimDef::NDArray.id(),
            fields: Mapping::from([
-                (PrimDef::FunNDArrayCopy.simple_name().into(), (ndarray_copy_fun_ty, true)),
-                (PrimDef::FunNDArrayFill.simple_name().into(), (ndarray_fill_fun_ty, true)),
+                (PrimDef::NDArrayCopy.simple_name().into(), (ndarray_copy_fun_ty, true)),
+                (PrimDef::NDArrayFill.simple_name().into(), (ndarray_fill_fun_ty, true)),
            ]),
            params: into_var_map([ndarray_dtype_tvar, ndarray_ndims_tvar]),
        });
@ -593,18 +526,6 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        }
    }

-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn make_top_level_variable_def(
-        name: String,
-        simple_name: StrRef,
-        ty: Type,
-        ty_decl: Option<Expr>,
-        resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
-        loc: Option<Location>,
-    ) -> TopLevelDef {
-        TopLevelDef::Variable { name, simple_name, ty, ty_decl, resolver, loc }
-    }
-
    #[must_use]
    pub fn make_class_method_name(mut class_name: String, method_name: &str) -> String {
        class_name.push('.');
@ -750,16 +671,7 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
        )
    }

-    /// This function returns the fields that have been initialized in the `__init__` function of a class
-    /// The function takes as input:
-    ///  * `class_id`: The `object_id` of the class whose function is being evaluated (check `TopLevelDef::Class`)
-    ///  * `definition_ast_list`: A list of ast definitions and statements defined in `TopLevelComposer`
-    ///  * `stmts`: The body of function being parsed. Each statment is analyzed to check varaible initialization statements
-    pub fn get_all_assigned_field(
-        class_id: usize,
-        definition_ast_list: &Vec<DefAst>,
-        stmts: &[Stmt<()>],
-    ) -> Result<HashSet<StrRef>, HashSet<String>> {
+    pub fn get_all_assigned_field(stmts: &[Stmt<()>]) -> Result<HashSet<StrRef>, HashSet<String>> {
        let mut result = HashSet::new();
        for s in stmts {
            match &s.node {
@ -795,138 +707,30 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                // TODO: do not check for For and While?
                ast::StmtKind::For { body, orelse, .. }
                | ast::StmtKind::While { body, orelse, .. } => {
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        body.as_slice(),
-                    )?);
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        orelse.as_slice(),
-                    )?);
+                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?);
+                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice())?);
                }
                ast::StmtKind::If { body, orelse, .. } => {
-                    let inited_for_sure = Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        body.as_slice(),
-                    )?
-                    .intersection(&Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        orelse.as_slice(),
-                    )?)
-                    .copied()
-                    .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+                    let inited_for_sure = Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?
+                        .intersection(&Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice())?)
+                        .copied()
+                        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
                    result.extend(inited_for_sure);
                }
                ast::StmtKind::Try { body, orelse, finalbody, .. } => {
-                    let inited_for_sure = Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        body.as_slice(),
-                    )?
-                    .intersection(&Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        orelse.as_slice(),
-                    )?)
-                    .copied()
-                    .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+                    let inited_for_sure = Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?
+                        .intersection(&Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice())?)
+                        .copied()
+                        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
                    result.extend(inited_for_sure);
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        finalbody.as_slice(),
-                    )?);
+                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(finalbody.as_slice())?);
                }
                ast::StmtKind::With { body, .. } => {
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                        class_id,
-                        definition_ast_list,
-                        body.as_slice(),
-                    )?);
-                }
-                // Variables Initialized in function calls
-                ast::StmtKind::Expr { value, .. } => {
-                    let ExprKind::Call { func, .. } = &value.node else {
-                        continue;
-                    };
-                    let ExprKind::Attribute { value, attr, .. } = &func.node else {
-                        continue;
-                    };
-                    let ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = &value.node else {
-                        continue;
-                    };
-                    // Need to consider the two cases:
-                    //  Case 1) Call to class function i.e. id = `self`
-                    //  Case 2) Call to class ancestor function i.e. id = ancestor_name
-                    // We leave checking whether function in case 2 belonged to class ancestor or not to type checker
-                    //
-                    // According to current handling of `self`, function definition are fixed and do not change regardless
-                    // of which object is passed as `self` i.e. virtual polymorphism is not supported
-                    // Therefore, we change class id for case 2 to reflect behavior of our compiler
-
-                    let class_name = if *id == "self".into() {
-                        let ast::StmtKind::ClassDef { name, .. } =
-                            &definition_ast_list[class_id].1.as_ref().unwrap().node
-                        else {
-                            unreachable!()
-                        };
-                        name
-                    } else {
-                        id
-                    };
-
-                    let parent_method = definition_ast_list.iter().find_map(|def| {
-                        let (
-                            class_def,
-                            Some(ast::Located {
-                                node: ast::StmtKind::ClassDef { name, body, .. },
-                                ..
-                            }),
-                        ) = &def
-                        else {
-                            return None;
-                        };
-                        let TopLevelDef::Class { object_id: class_id, .. } = &*class_def.read()
-                        else {
-                            unreachable!()
-                        };
-
-                        if name == class_name {
-                            body.iter().find_map(|m| {
-                                let ast::StmtKind::FunctionDef { name, body, .. } = &m.node else {
-                                    return None;
-                                };
-                                if *name == *attr {
-                                    return Some((body.clone(), class_id.0));
-                                }
-                                None
-                            })
-                        } else {
-                            None
-                        }
-                    });
-
-                    // If method body is none then method does not exist
-                    if let Some((method_body, class_id)) = parent_method {
-                        result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(
-                            class_id,
-                            definition_ast_list,
-                            method_body.as_slice(),
-                        )?);
-                    } else {
-                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                            "{}.{} not found in class {class_name} at {}",
-                            *id, *attr, value.location
-                        )]));
-                    }
+                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?);
                }
                ast::StmtKind::Pass { .. }
                | ast::StmtKind::Assert { .. }
-                | ast::StmtKind::AnnAssign { .. } => {}
+                | ast::StmtKind::Expr { .. } => {}

                _ => {
                    unimplemented!()
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/mod.rs
@ -6,36 +6,36 @@ use std::{
    sync::Arc,
 };

-use inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum;
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, Expr, Location, Stmt, StrRef};
-
+use super::codegen::CodeGenContext;
+use super::typecheck::type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore;
+use super::typecheck::typedef::{
+    FunSignature, FuncArg, SharedUnifier, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap,
+};
 use crate::{
-    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    codegen::CodeGenerator,
    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{CodeLocation, PrimitiveStore},
-        typedef::{
-            CallId, FunSignature, FuncArg, SharedUnifier, Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier,
-            VarMap,
-        },
+        type_inferencer::CodeLocation,
+        typedef::{CallId, TypeVarId},
    },
 };
-use composer::*;
-use type_annotation::*;
+use inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use nac3parser::ast::{self, Location, Stmt, StrRef};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct DefinitionId(pub usize);

 pub mod builtins;
 pub mod composer;
 pub mod helper;
 pub mod numpy;
+pub mod type_annotation;
+use composer::*;
+use type_annotation::*;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
-pub mod type_annotation;
-
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash, Debug)]
-pub struct DefinitionId(pub usize);

 type GenCallCallback = dyn for<'ctx, 'a> Fn(
        &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, 'a>,
@ -130,14 +130,14 @@ pub enum TopLevelDef {
        /// Function instance to symbol mapping
        ///
        /// * Key: String representation of type variable values, sorted by variable ID in ascending
-        ///   order, including type variables associated with the class.
+        /// order, including type variables associated with the class.
        /// * Value: Function symbol name.
        instance_to_symbol: HashMap<String, String>,
        /// Function instances to annotated AST mapping
        ///
        /// * Key: String representation of type variable values, sorted by variable ID in ascending
-        ///   order, including type variables associated with the class. Excluding rigid type
-        ///   variables.
+        /// order, including type variables associated with the class. Excluding rigid type
+        /// variables.
        ///
        /// Rigid type variables that would be substituted when the function is instantiated.
        instance_to_stmt: HashMap<String, FunInstance>,
@ -148,25 +148,6 @@ pub enum TopLevelDef {
        /// Definition location.
        loc: Option<Location>,
    },
-    Variable {
-        /// Qualified name of the global variable, should be unique globally.
-        name: String,
-
-        /// Simple name, the same as in method/function definition.
-        simple_name: StrRef,
-
-        /// Type of the global variable.
-        ty: Type,
-
-        /// The declared type of the global variable, or [`None`] if no type annotation is provided.
-        ty_decl: Option<Expr>,
-
-        /// Symbol resolver of the module defined the class.
-        resolver: Option<Arc<dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync>>,
-
-        /// Definition location.
-        loc: Option<Location>,
-    },
 }

 pub struct TopLevelContext {
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/numpy.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/numpy.rs
@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
-use itertools::Itertools;
-
-use super::helper::PrimDef;
-use crate::typecheck::{
-    type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-    typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier, VarMap},
+use crate::{
+    toplevel::helper::PrimDef,
+    typecheck::{
+        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
+        typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, TypeVarId, Unifier, VarMap},
+    },
 };
+use itertools::Itertools;

 /// Creates a `ndarray` [`Type`] with the given type arguments.
 ///
 /// * `dtype` - The element type of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
-///   specialized.
+/// specialized.
 /// * `ndims` - The number of dimensions of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
-///   specialized.
+/// specialized.
 pub fn make_ndarray_ty(
    unifier: &mut Unifier,
    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
@ -24,9 +25,9 @@ pub fn make_ndarray_ty(
 /// Substitutes type variables in `ndarray`.
 ///
 /// * `dtype` - The element type of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
-///   specialized.
+/// specialized.
 /// * `ndims` - The number of dimensions of the `ndarray`, or [`None`] if the type variable is not
-///   specialized.
+/// specialized.
 pub fn subst_ndarray_tvars(
    unifier: &mut Unifier,
    ndarray: Type,
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__generic_class.snap
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__generic_class.snap
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ expression: res_vec
 [
    "Class {\nname: \"Generic_A\",\nancestors: [\"Generic_A[V]\", \"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\", \"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"V\"]\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(241)]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"Generic_A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(245)]\n}\n",
    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [\"aa\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:T], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__inheritance_override.snap
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__inheritance_override.snap
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ expression: res_vec
    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[t:T], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[c:C], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B[typevar230]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar230\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B[typevar234]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar234\"]\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"B[bool]\", \"A[float]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\", \"e\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:int32, b:T], list[virtual[B[bool]]]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[c:C], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__list_tuple_generic.snap
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__list_tuple_generic.snap
@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ expression: res_vec
 [
    "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:list[int32], b:tuple[T, float]], A[B, bool]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[T, V]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[v:V], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:T], V]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"T\", \"V\"]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[v:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(243)]\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(248)]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[v:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(247)]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(252)]\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"gfun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[list[float], int32]], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\"],\nfields: [],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__self1.snap
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__self1.snap
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ source: nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
 expression: res_vec
 ---
 [
-    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[typevar229, typevar230]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar229\", \"typevar230\"]\n}\n",
+    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A[typevar233, typevar234]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\")],\ntype_vars: [\"typevar233\", \"typevar234\"]\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[float, bool], b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"A[int64, bool]\"],\nfields: [\"a\", \"b\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[a:A[float, bool]], A[bool, int32]]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[b:B], B]\"), (\"bar\", \"fn[[a:A[list[B], int32]], tuple[A[virtual[A[B, int32]], bool], B]]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__simple_class_compose.snap
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/snapshots/nac3coretopleveltest__test_analyze__simple_class_compose.snap
@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ expression: res_vec
    "Class {\nname: \"A\",\nancestors: [\"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"A.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(249)]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"A.foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(253)]\n}\n",
    "Class {\nname: \"B\",\nancestors: [\"B\", \"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"B.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Class {\nname: \"C\",\nancestors: [\"C\", \"A\"],\nfields: [\"a\"],\nmethods: [(\"__init__\", \"fn[[], none]\"), (\"fun\", \"fn[[b:B], none]\"), (\"foo\", \"fn[[a:T, b:V], none]\")],\ntype_vars: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"C.__init__\",\nsig: \"fn[[], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"C.fun\",\nsig: \"fn[[b:B], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
    "Function {\nname: \"foo\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:A], none]\",\nvar_id: []\n}\n",
-    "Function {\nname: \"ff\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(257)]\n}\n",
+    "Function {\nname: \"ff\",\nsig: \"fn[[a:T], V]\",\nvar_id: [TypeVarId(261)]\n}\n",
 ]
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs
@ -1,23 +1,21 @@
-use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
-
-use indoc::indoc;
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
-use test_case::test_case;
-
-use nac3parser::{
-    ast::{fold::Fold, FileName},
-    parser::parse_program,
-};
-
-use super::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId, *};
+use super::*;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::typecheck::typedef::into_var_map;
 use crate::{
    codegen::CodeGenContext,
    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
+    toplevel::DefinitionId,
    typecheck::{
        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{into_var_map, Type, Unifier},
+        typedef::{Type, Unifier},
    },
 };
+use indoc::indoc;
+use nac3parser::ast::FileName;
+use nac3parser::{ast::fold::Fold, parser::parse_program};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
+use test_case::test_case;

 struct ResolverInternal {
    id_to_type: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
@ -64,7 +62,6 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
        &self,
        _: StrRef,
        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
        unimplemented!()
    }
@ -120,8 +117,7 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
    "register"
 )]
 fn test_simple_register(source: Vec<&str>) {
-    let mut composer =
-        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
+    let mut composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;

    for s in source {
        let ast = parse_program(s, FileName::default()).unwrap();
@ -141,8 +137,7 @@ fn test_simple_register(source: Vec<&str>) {
    "register"
 )]
 fn test_simple_register_without_constructor(source: &str) {
-    let mut composer =
-        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
+    let mut composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
    let ast = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
    let ast = ast[0].clone();
    composer.register_top_level(ast, None, "", true).unwrap();
@ -176,8 +171,7 @@ fn test_simple_register_without_constructor(source: &str) {
    "function compose"
 )]
 fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
-    let mut composer =
-        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
+    let mut composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;

    let internal_resolver = Arc::new(ResolverInternal {
        id_to_def: Mutex::default(),
@ -525,8 +519,7 @@ fn test_simple_function_analyze(source: &[&str], tys: &[&str], names: &[&str]) {
 )]
 fn test_analyze(source: &[&str], res: &[&str]) {
    let print = false;
-    let mut composer =
-        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
+    let mut composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;

    let internal_resolver = make_internal_resolver_with_tvar(
        vec![
@ -703,8 +696,7 @@ fn test_analyze(source: &[&str], res: &[&str]) {
 )]
 fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: &[&str]) {
    let print = true;
-    let mut composer =
-        TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;
+    let mut composer = TopLevelComposer::new(Vec::new(), ComposerConfig::default(), 64).0;

    let internal_resolver = make_internal_resolver_with_tvar(
        vec![
--- a/nac3core/src/toplevel/type_annotation.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/toplevel/type_annotation.rs
@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
-use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
-
+use super::*;
+use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::typecheck::typedef::VarMap;
 use nac3parser::ast::Constant;

-use super::{
-    helper::{PrimDef, PrimDefDetails},
-    *,
-};
-use crate::{symbol_resolver::SymbolValue, typecheck::typedef::VarMap};
-
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum TypeAnnotation {
    Primitive(Type),
@ -67,9 +63,9 @@ impl TypeAnnotation {
 /// Parses an AST expression `expr` into a [`TypeAnnotation`].
 ///
 /// * `locked` - A [`HashMap`] containing the IDs of known definitions, mapped to a [`Vec`] of all
-///   generic variables associated with the definition.
+/// generic variables associated with the definition.
 /// * `type_var` - The type variable associated with the type argument currently being parsed. Pass
-///   [`None`] when this function is invoked externally.
+/// [`None`] when this function is invoked externally.
 pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T, S: std::hash::BuildHasher + Clone>(
    resolver: &(dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync),
    top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
@ -361,7 +357,6 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T, S: std::hash::BuildHasher + Clone>(
 pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
    top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
    unifier: &mut Unifier,
-    primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
    ann: &TypeAnnotation,
    subst_list: &mut Option<Vec<Type>>,
 ) -> Result<Type, HashSet<String>> {
@ -384,141 +379,100 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
            let param_ty = params
                .iter()
                .map(|x| {
-                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
-                        top_level_defs,
-                        unifier,
-                        primitives,
-                        x,
-                        subst_list,
-                    )
+                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(top_level_defs, unifier, x, subst_list)
                })
                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;

-            let ty = if let Some(prim_def) = PrimDef::iter().find(|prim| prim.id() == *obj_id) {
-                // Primitive TopLevelDefs do not contain all fields that are present in their Type
-                // counterparts, so directly perform subst on the Type instead.
-
-                let PrimDefDetails::PrimClass { get_ty_fn, .. } = prim_def.details() else {
-                    unreachable!()
-                };
-
-                let base_ty = get_ty_fn(primitives);
-                let params =
-                    if let TypeEnum::TObj { params, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(base_ty) {
-                        params.clone()
-                    } else {
-                        unreachable!()
-                    };
-
-                unifier
-                    .subst(
-                        get_ty_fn(primitives),
-                        &params
-                            .iter()
-                            .zip(param_ty)
-                            .map(|(obj_tv, param)| (*obj_tv.0, param))
-                            .collect(),
-                    )
-                    .unwrap_or(base_ty)
-            } else {
-                let subst = {
-                    // check for compatible range
-                    // TODO: if allow type var to be applied(now this disallowed in the parse_to_type_annotation), need more check
-                    let mut result = VarMap::new();
-                    for (tvar, p) in type_vars.iter().zip(param_ty) {
-                        match unifier.get_ty(*tvar).as_ref() {
-                            TypeEnum::TVar {
-                                id,
-                                range,
-                                fields: None,
-                                name,
-                                loc,
-                                is_const_generic: false,
-                            } => {
-                                let ok: bool = {
-                                    // create a temp type var and unify to check compatibility
-                                    p == *tvar || {
-                                        let temp = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(
-                                            range.as_slice(),
-                                            *name,
-                                            *loc,
-                                        );
-                                        unifier.unify(temp.ty, p).is_ok()
-                                    }
-                                };
-                                if ok {
-                                    result.insert(*id, p);
-                                } else {
-                                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                                        "cannot apply type {} to type variable with id {:?}",
-                                        unifier.internal_stringify(
-                                            p,
-                                            &mut |id| format!("class{id}"),
-                                            &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
-                                            &mut None
-                                        ),
-                                        *id
-                                    )]));
+            let subst = {
+                // check for compatible range
+                // TODO: if allow type var to be applied(now this disallowed in the parse_to_type_annotation), need more check
+                let mut result = VarMap::new();
+                for (tvar, p) in type_vars.iter().zip(param_ty) {
+                    match unifier.get_ty(*tvar).as_ref() {
+                        TypeEnum::TVar {
+                            id,
+                            range,
+                            fields: None,
+                            name,
+                            loc,
+                            is_const_generic: false,
+                        } => {
+                            let ok: bool = {
+                                // create a temp type var and unify to check compatibility
+                                p == *tvar || {
+                                    let temp = unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(
+                                        range.as_slice(),
+                                        *name,
+                                        *loc,
+                                    );
+                                    unifier.unify(temp.ty, p).is_ok()
                                }
+                            };
+                            if ok {
+                                result.insert(*id, p);
+                            } else {
+                                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                                    "cannot apply type {} to type variable with id {:?}",
+                                    unifier.internal_stringify(
+                                        p,
+                                        &mut |id| format!("class{id}"),
+                                        &mut |id| format!("typevar{id}"),
+                                        &mut None
+                                    ),
+                                    *id
+                                )]));
                            }
-
-                            TypeEnum::TVar {
-                                id, range, name, loc, is_const_generic: true, ..
-                            } => {
-                                let ty = range[0];
-                                let ok: bool = {
-                                    // create a temp type var and unify to check compatibility
-                                    p == *tvar || {
-                                        let temp =
-                                            unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(ty, *name, *loc);
-                                        unifier.unify(temp.ty, p).is_ok()
-                                    }
-                                };
-                                if ok {
-                                    result.insert(*id, p);
-                                } else {
-                                    return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                                        "cannot apply type {} to type variable {}",
-                                        unifier.stringify(p),
-                                        name.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("typevar{id}").into()),
-                                    )]));
-                                }
-                            }
-
-                            _ => unreachable!("must be generic type var"),
                        }
-                    }
-                    result
-                };
-                // Class Attributes keep a copy with Class Definition and are not added to objects
-                let mut tobj_fields = methods
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|(name, ty, _)| {
-                        let subst_ty = unifier.subst(*ty, &subst).unwrap_or(*ty);
-                        // methods are immutable
-                        (*name, (subst_ty, false))
-                    })
-                    .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
-                tobj_fields.extend(fields.iter().map(|(name, ty, mutability)| {
-                    let subst_ty = unifier.subst(*ty, &subst).unwrap_or(*ty);
-                    (*name, (subst_ty, *mutability))
-                }));
-                let need_subst = !subst.is_empty();
-                let ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-                    obj_id: *obj_id,
-                    fields: tobj_fields,
-                    params: subst,
-                });

-                if need_subst {
-                    if let Some(wl) = subst_list.as_mut() {
-                        wl.push(ty);
+                        TypeEnum::TVar { id, range, name, loc, is_const_generic: true, .. } => {
+                            let ty = range[0];
+                            let ok: bool = {
+                                // create a temp type var and unify to check compatibility
+                                p == *tvar || {
+                                    let temp = unifier.get_fresh_const_generic_var(ty, *name, *loc);
+                                    unifier.unify(temp.ty, p).is_ok()
+                                }
+                            };
+                            if ok {
+                                result.insert(*id, p);
+                            } else {
+                                return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
+                                    "cannot apply type {} to type variable {}",
+                                    unifier.stringify(p),
+                                    name.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("typevar{id}").into()),
+                                )]));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        _ => unreachable!("must be generic type var"),
                    }
                }
-
-                ty
+                result
            };
-
+            // Class Attributes keep a copy with Class Definition and are not added to objects
+            let mut tobj_fields = methods
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, ty, _)| {
+                    let subst_ty = unifier.subst(*ty, &subst).unwrap_or(*ty);
+                    // methods are immutable
+                    (*name, (subst_ty, false))
+                })
+                .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+            tobj_fields.extend(fields.iter().map(|(name, ty, mutability)| {
+                let subst_ty = unifier.subst(*ty, &subst).unwrap_or(*ty);
+                (*name, (subst_ty, *mutability))
+            }));
+            let need_subst = !subst.is_empty();
+            let ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+                obj_id: *obj_id,
+                fields: tobj_fields,
+                params: subst,
+            });
+            if need_subst {
+                if let Some(wl) = subst_list.as_mut() {
+                    wl.push(ty);
+                }
+            }
            Ok(ty)
        }
        TypeAnnotation::Primitive(ty) | TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(ty) => Ok(*ty),
@ -536,7 +490,6 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
            let ty = get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                top_level_defs,
                unifier,
-                primitives,
                ty.as_ref(),
                subst_list,
            )?;
@ -546,16 +499,10 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
            let tys = tys
                .iter()
                .map(|x| {
-                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
-                        top_level_defs,
-                        unifier,
-                        primitives,
-                        x,
-                        subst_list,
-                    )
+                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(top_level_defs, unifier, x, subst_list)
                })
                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tys, is_vararg_ctx: false }))
+            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tys }))
        }
    }
 }
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/function_check.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/function_check.rs
@ -1,19 +1,13 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    iter::once,
-};
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;

+use super::type_inferencer::Inferencer;
+use super::typedef::{Type, TypeEnum};
 use nac3parser::ast::{
    self, Constant, Expr, ExprKind,
    Operator::{LShift, RShift},
    Stmt, StmtKind, StrRef,
 };
-
-use super::{
-    type_inferencer::{DeclarationSource, IdentifierInfo, Inferencer},
-    typedef::{Type, TypeEnum},
-};
-use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use std::{collections::HashSet, iter::once};

 impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    fn should_have_value(&mut self, expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
@ -27,45 +21,26 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    fn check_pattern(
        &mut self,
        pattern: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
    ) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
        match &pattern.node {
            ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() => {
                Err(HashSet::from([format!("cannot assign to a `none` (at {})", pattern.location)]))
            }
            ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
-                // If `id` refers to a declared symbol, reject this assignment if it is used in the
-                // context of an (implicit) global variable
-                if let Some(id_info) = defined_identifiers.get(id) {
-                    if matches!(
-                        id_info.source,
-                        DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(false) }
-                    ) {
-                        return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                            "cannot access local variable '{id}' before it is declared (at {})",
-                            pattern.location
-                        )]));
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(id) {
-                    defined_identifiers.insert(*id, IdentifierInfo::default());
+                if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
+                    defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
                }
                self.should_have_value(pattern)?;
                Ok(())
            }
-            ExprKind::List { elts, .. } | ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
+            ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
                for elt in elts {
                    self.check_pattern(elt, defined_identifiers)?;
                    self.should_have_value(elt)?;
                }
                Ok(())
            }
-            ExprKind::Starred { value, .. } => {
-                self.check_pattern(value, defined_identifiers)?;
-                self.should_have_value(value)?;
-                Ok(())
-            }
            ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. } => {
                self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
                self.should_have_value(value)?;
@ -89,7 +64,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    fn check_expr(
        &mut self,
        expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
    ) -> Result<(), HashSet<String>> {
        // there are some cases where the custom field is None
        if let Some(ty) = &expr.custom {
@ -110,7 +85,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                    return Ok(());
                }
                self.should_have_value(expr)?;
-                if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(id) {
+                if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
                    match self.function_data.resolver.get_symbol_type(
                        self.unifier,
                        &self.top_level.definitions.read(),
@ -118,22 +93,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                        *id,
                    ) {
                        Ok(_) => {
-                            let is_global = self.is_id_global(*id);
-
-                            defined_identifiers.insert(
-                                *id,
-                                IdentifierInfo {
-                                    source: match is_global {
-                                        Some(true) => {
-                                            DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(false) }
-                                        }
-                                        Some(false) => {
-                                            DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: None }
-                                        }
-                                        None => DeclarationSource::Local,
-                                    },
-                                },
-                            );
+                            self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
@ -206,7 +166,9 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                for arg in &args.args {
                    // TODO: should we check the types here?
-                    defined_identifiers.entry(arg.node.arg).or_default();
+                    if !defined_identifiers.contains(&arg.node.arg) {
+                        defined_identifiers.insert(arg.node.arg);
+                    }
                }
                self.check_expr(body, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
            }
@ -245,23 +207,19 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    /// This is a workaround preventing the caller from using a variable `alloca`-ed in the body, which
    /// is freed when the function returns.
    fn check_return_value_ty(&mut self, ret_ty: Type) -> bool {
-        if cfg!(feature = "no-escape-analysis") {
-            true
-        } else {
-            match &*self.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ret_ty) {
-                TypeEnum::TObj { .. } => [
-                    self.primitives.int32,
-                    self.primitives.int64,
-                    self.primitives.uint32,
-                    self.primitives.uint64,
-                    self.primitives.float,
-                    self.primitives.bool,
-                ]
-                .iter()
-                .any(|allowed_ty| self.unifier.unioned(ret_ty, *allowed_ty)),
-                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, .. } => ty.iter().all(|t| self.check_return_value_ty(*t)),
-                _ => false,
-            }
+        match &*self.unifier.get_ty_immutable(ret_ty) {
+            TypeEnum::TObj { .. } => [
+                self.primitives.int32,
+                self.primitives.int64,
+                self.primitives.uint32,
+                self.primitives.uint64,
+                self.primitives.float,
+                self.primitives.bool,
+            ]
+            .iter()
+            .any(|allowed_ty| self.unifier.unioned(ret_ty, *allowed_ty)),
+            TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => ty.iter().all(|t| self.check_return_value_ty(*t)),
+            _ => false,
        }
    }

@ -269,7 +227,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    fn check_stmt(
        &mut self,
        stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
    ) -> Result<bool, HashSet<String>> {
        match &stmt.node {
            StmtKind::For { target, iter, body, orelse, .. } => {
@ -295,11 +253,9 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                let body_returned = self.check_block(body, &mut body_identifiers)?;
                let orelse_returned = self.check_block(orelse, &mut orelse_identifiers)?;

-                for ident in body_identifiers.keys() {
-                    if !defined_identifiers.contains_key(ident)
-                        && orelse_identifiers.contains_key(ident)
-                    {
-                        defined_identifiers.insert(*ident, IdentifierInfo::default());
+                for ident in &body_identifiers {
+                    if !defined_identifiers.contains(ident) && orelse_identifiers.contains(ident) {
+                        defined_identifiers.insert(*ident);
                    }
                }
                Ok(body_returned && orelse_returned)
@ -330,7 +286,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                    let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                    let ast::ExcepthandlerKind::ExceptHandler { name, body, .. } = &handler.node;
                    if let Some(name) = name {
-                        defined_identifiers.insert(*name, IdentifierInfo::default());
+                        defined_identifiers.insert(*name);
                    }
                    self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
                }
@ -394,44 +350,6 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                }
                Ok(true)
            }
-            StmtKind::Global { names, .. } => {
-                for id in names {
-                    if let Some(id_info) = defined_identifiers.get(id) {
-                        if id_info.source == DeclarationSource::Local {
-                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                                "name '{id}' is referenced prior to global declaration at {}",
-                                stmt.location,
-                            )]));
-                        }
-
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    match self.function_data.resolver.get_symbol_type(
-                        self.unifier,
-                        &self.top_level.definitions.read(),
-                        self.primitives,
-                        *id,
-                    ) {
-                        Ok(_) => {
-                            defined_identifiers.insert(
-                                *id,
-                                IdentifierInfo {
-                                    source: DeclarationSource::Global { is_explicit: Some(true) },
-                                },
-                            );
-                        }
-                        Err(e) => {
-                            return Err(HashSet::from([format!(
-                                "type error at identifier `{}` ({}) at {}",
-                                id, e, stmt.location
-                            )]))
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                Ok(false)
-            }
            // break, raise, etc.
            _ => Ok(false),
        }
@ -440,7 +358,7 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
    pub fn check_block(
        &mut self,
        block: &[Stmt<Option<Type>>],
-        defined_identifiers: &mut HashMap<StrRef, IdentifierInfo>,
+        defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
    ) -> Result<bool, HashSet<String>> {
        let mut ret = false;
        for stmt in block {
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/magic_methods.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/magic_methods.rs
@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
-use std::{cmp::max, collections::HashMap, rc::Rc};
-
-use itertools::{iproduct, Itertools};
-use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Operator, StrRef, Unaryop};
-
-use super::{
+use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::toplevel::numpy::{make_ndarray_ty, unpack_ndarray_var_tys};
+use crate::typecheck::{
    type_inferencer::*,
    typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier, VarMap},
 };
-use crate::{
-    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
-    toplevel::{
-        helper::PrimDef,
-        numpy::{make_ndarray_ty, unpack_ndarray_var_tys},
-    },
-};
+use itertools::{iproduct, Itertools};
+use nac3parser::ast::StrRef;
+use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Operator, Unaryop};
+use std::cmp::max;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use strum::IntoEnumIterator;

 /// The variant of a binary operator.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@ -201,7 +197,6 @@ pub fn impl_binop(
                            ty: other_ty,
                            default_value: None,
                            name: "other".into(),
-                            is_vararg: false,
                        }],
                    })),
                    false,
@ -266,7 +261,6 @@ pub fn impl_cmpop(
                            ty: other_ty,
                            default_value: None,
                            name: "other".into(),
-                            is_vararg: false,
                        }],
                    })),
                    false,
@ -524,23 +518,6 @@ pub fn typeof_binop(
        }

        Operator::MatMult => {
-            // NOTE: NumPy matmul's LHS and RHS must both be ndarrays. Scalars are not allowed.
-            match (&*unifier.get_ty(lhs), &*unifier.get_ty(rhs)) {
-                (
-                    TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: lhs_obj_id, .. },
-                    TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id: rhs_obj_id, .. },
-                ) if *lhs_obj_id == primitives.ndarray.obj_id(unifier).unwrap()
-                    && *rhs_obj_id == primitives.ndarray.obj_id(unifier).unwrap() =>
-                {
-                    // LHS and RHS have valid types
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    let lhs_str = unifier.stringify(lhs);
-                    let rhs_str = unifier.stringify(rhs);
-                    return Err(format!("ndarray.__matmul__ only accepts ndarray operands, but left operand has type {lhs_str}, and right operand has type {rhs_str}"));
-                }
-            }
-
            let (_, lhs_ndims) = unpack_ndarray_var_tys(unifier, lhs);
            let lhs_ndims = match &*unifier.get_ty_immutable(lhs_ndims) {
                TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
@ -701,7 +678,6 @@ pub fn set_primitives_magic_methods(store: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifie
        bool: bool_t,
        uint32: uint32_t,
        uint64: uint64_t,
-        str: str_t,
        list: list_t,
        ndarray: ndarray_t,
        ..
@ -747,9 +723,6 @@ pub fn set_primitives_magic_methods(store: &PrimitiveStore, unifier: &mut Unifie
    impl_sign(unifier, store, bool_t, Some(int32_t));
    impl_eq(unifier, store, bool_t, &[bool_t, ndarray_bool_t], None);

-    /* str ========= */
-    impl_cmpop(unifier, store, str_t, &[str_t], &[Cmpop::Eq, Cmpop::NotEq], Some(bool_t));
-
    /* list ======== */
    impl_binop(unifier, store, list_t, &[list_t], Some(list_t), &[Operator::Add]);
    impl_binop(unifier, store, list_t, &[int32_t, int64_t], Some(list_t), &[Operator::Mult]);
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_error.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_error.rs
@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Display};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt::Display;

-use itertools::Itertools;
-
-use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Location, StrRef};
+use crate::typecheck::{magic_methods::HasOpInfo, typedef::TypeEnum};

 use super::{
-    magic_methods::{Binop, HasOpInfo},
-    typedef::{RecordKey, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
+    magic_methods::Binop,
+    typedef::{RecordKey, Type, Unifier},
 };
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Location, StrRef};

 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum TypeErrorKind {
@ -182,10 +183,9 @@ impl<'a> Display for DisplayTypeError<'a> {
                        }
                        result
                    }
-                    (
-                        TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1, is_vararg_ctx: is_vararg1 },
-                        TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2, is_vararg_ctx: is_vararg2 },
-                    ) if !is_vararg1 && !is_vararg2 && ty1.len() != ty2.len() => {
+                    (TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2 })
+                        if ty1.len() != ty2.len() =>
+                    {
                        let t1 = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t1, &mut notes);
                        let t2 = self.unifier.stringify_with_notes(*t2, &mut notes);
                        write!(f, "Tuple length mismatch: got {t1} and {t2}")
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/mod.rs
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/test.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/test.rs
@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
-use std::iter::zip;
-
-use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use indoc::indoc;
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-use test_case::test_case;
-
-use nac3parser::{ast::FileName, parser::parse_program};
-
+use super::super::{magic_methods::with_fields, typedef::*};
 use super::*;
 use crate::{
-    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    codegen::CodeGenContext,
    symbol_resolver::ValueEnum,
    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
-    typecheck::{magic_methods::with_fields, typedef::*},
 };
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use indoc::indoc;
+use nac3parser::ast::FileName;
+use nac3parser::parser::parse_program;
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use std::iter::zip;
+use test_case::test_case;

 struct Resolver {
    id_to_type: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
@ -43,7 +41,6 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
        &self,
        _: StrRef,
        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        _: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
        unimplemented!()
    }
@ -86,12 +83,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
        });
        with_fields(&mut unifier, int32, |unifier, fields| {
            let add_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                args: vec![FuncArg {
-                    name: "other".into(),
-                    ty: int32,
-                    default_value: None,
-                    is_vararg: false,
-                }],
+                args: vec![FuncArg { name: "other".into(), ty: int32, default_value: None }],
                ret: int32,
                vars: VarMap::new(),
            }));
@ -232,12 +224,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
        });
        with_fields(&mut unifier, int32, |unifier, fields| {
            let add_ty = unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TFunc(FunSignature {
-                args: vec![FuncArg {
-                    name: "other".into(),
-                    ty: int32,
-                    default_value: None,
-                    is_vararg: false,
-                }],
+                args: vec![FuncArg { name: "other".into(), ty: int32, default_value: None }],
                ret: int32,
                vars: VarMap::new(),
            }));
@ -520,7 +507,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
            primitives: &mut self.primitives,
            virtual_checks: &mut self.virtual_checks,
            calls: &mut self.calls,
-            defined_identifiers: HashMap::default(),
+            defined_identifiers: HashSet::default(),
            in_handler: false,
        }
    }
@ -596,9 +583,8 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: &HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &s
    println!("source:\n{source}");
    let mut env = TestEnvironment::new();
    let id_to_name = std::mem::take(&mut env.id_to_name);
-    let mut defined_identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
-        env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).collect();
-    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into(), IdentifierInfo::default());
+    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().collect();
+    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into());
    let mut inferencer = env.get_inferencer();
    inferencer.defined_identifiers.clone_from(&defined_identifiers);
    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
@ -743,9 +729,8 @@ fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: &HashMap<&str, &str>) {
    println!("source:\n{source}");
    let mut env = TestEnvironment::basic_test_env();
    let id_to_name = std::mem::take(&mut env.id_to_name);
-    let mut defined_identifiers: HashMap<_, _> =
-        env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().map(|id| (id, IdentifierInfo::default())).collect();
-    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into(), IdentifierInfo::default());
+    let mut defined_identifiers: HashSet<_> = env.identifier_mapping.keys().copied().collect();
+    defined_identifiers.insert("virtual".into());
    let mut inferencer = env.get_inferencer();
    inferencer.defined_identifiers.clone_from(&defined_identifiers);
    let statements = parse_program(source, FileName::default()).unwrap();
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/mod.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/mod.rs
@ -1,28 +1,23 @@
-use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
-    cell::RefCell,
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    fmt::{self, Display},
-    iter::{repeat, zip},
-    rc::Rc,
-    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
-};
-
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use itertools::{repeat_n, Itertools};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt::{self, Display};
+use std::iter::zip;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, collections::HashSet};

 use nac3parser::ast::{Cmpop, Location, StrRef, Unaryop};

-use super::{
-    magic_methods::{Binop, HasOpInfo, OpInfo},
-    type_error::{TypeError, TypeErrorKind},
-    type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-    unification_table::{UnificationKey, UnificationTable},
-};
-use crate::{
-    symbol_resolver::SymbolValue,
-    toplevel::{helper::PrimDef, DefinitionId, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef},
-};
+use super::magic_methods::Binop;
+use super::type_error::{TypeError, TypeErrorKind};
+use super::unification_table::{UnificationKey, UnificationTable};
+use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
+use crate::toplevel::helper::PrimDef;
+use crate::toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef};
+use crate::typecheck::magic_methods::OpInfo;
+use crate::typecheck::type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore;

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
@ -120,7 +115,6 @@ pub struct FuncArg {
    pub name: StrRef,
    pub ty: Type,
    pub default_value: Option<SymbolValue>,
-    pub is_vararg: bool,
 }

 impl FuncArg {
@ -239,12 +233,6 @@ pub enum TypeEnum {
    TTuple {
        /// The types of elements present in this tuple.
        ty: Vec<Type>,
-
-        /// Whether this tuple is used in a vararg context.
-        ///
-        /// If `true`, `ty` must only contain one type, and the tuple is assumed to contain any
-        /// number of `ty`-typed values.
-        is_vararg_ctx: bool,
    },

    /// An object type.
@ -539,7 +527,7 @@ impl Unifier {
            TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty } => self.get_instantiations(*ty).map(|ty| {
                ty.iter().map(|&ty| self.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty })).collect_vec()
            }),
-            TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => {
+            TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => {
                let tuples = ty
                    .iter()
                    .map(|ty| self.get_instantiations(*ty).unwrap_or_else(|| vec![*ty]))
@ -549,12 +537,7 @@ impl Unifier {
                    None
                } else {
                    Some(
-                        tuples
-                            .into_iter()
-                            .map(|ty| {
-                                self.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx: *is_vararg_ctx })
-                            })
-                            .collect(),
+                        tuples.into_iter().map(|ty| self.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty })).collect(),
                    )
                }
            }
@ -598,7 +581,7 @@ impl Unifier {
            TVar { .. } => allowed_typevars.iter().any(|b| self.unification_table.unioned(a, *b)),
            TCall { .. } => false,
            TVirtual { ty } => self.is_concrete(*ty, allowed_typevars),
-            TTuple { ty, .. } => ty.iter().all(|ty| self.is_concrete(*ty, allowed_typevars)),
+            TTuple { ty } => ty.iter().all(|ty| self.is_concrete(*ty, allowed_typevars)),
            TObj { params: vars, .. } => {
                vars.values().all(|ty| self.is_concrete(*ty, allowed_typevars))
            }
@ -666,7 +649,6 @@ impl Unifier {

        // Get details about the function signature/parameters.
        let num_params = signature.args.len();
-        let is_vararg = signature.args.iter().any(|arg| arg.is_vararg);

        // Force the type vars in `b` and `signature' to be up-to-date.
        let b = self.instantiate_fun(b, signature);
@ -677,8 +659,8 @@ impl Unifier {
        let num_args = posargs.len() + kwargs.len();

        // Now we check the arguments against the parameters,
-        // and depending on what `call_info` is, we might change how `unify_call()` behaves
-        // to improve user error messages when type checking fails.
+        // and depending on what `call_info` is, we might change how the behavior `unify_call()`
+        // in hopes to improve user error messages when type checking fails.
        match operator_info {
            Some(OperatorInfo::IsBinaryOp { self_type, operator }) => {
                // The call is written in the form of (say) `a + b`.
@ -755,7 +737,7 @@ impl Unifier {
                };

                // Check for "too many arguments"
-                if !is_vararg && num_params < posargs.len() {
+                if num_params < posargs.len() {
                    let expected_min_count =
                        signature.args.iter().filter(|param| param.is_required()).count();
                    let expected_max_count = num_params;
@ -788,19 +770,6 @@ impl Unifier {
                    type_check_arg(param.name, param.ty, arg_ty)?;
                }

-                if is_vararg {
-                    debug_assert!(!signature.args.is_empty());
-
-                    let vararg_args = posargs.iter().skip(signature.args.len());
-                    let vararg_param = signature.args.last().unwrap();
-
-                    for (&arg_ty, param) in zip(vararg_args, repeat(vararg_param)) {
-                        // `param_info` for this argument would've already been marked as supplied
-                        // during non-vararg posarg typecheck
-                        type_check_arg(param.name, param.ty, arg_ty)?;
-                    }
-                }
-
                // Now consume all keyword arguments and typecheck them.
                for (&param_name, &arg_ty) in kwargs {
                    // We will also use this opportunity to check if this keyword argument is "legal".
@ -990,10 +959,7 @@ impl Unifier {
                self.unify_impl(x, b, false)?;
                self.set_a_to_b(a, x);
            }
-            (
-                TVar { fields: Some(fields), range, is_const_generic: false, .. },
-                TTuple { ty, .. },
-            ) => {
+            (TVar { fields: Some(fields), range, is_const_generic: false, .. }, TTuple { ty }) => {
                let len = i32::try_from(ty.len()).unwrap();
                for (k, v) in fields {
                    match *k {
@ -1014,18 +980,8 @@ impl Unifier {
                            self.unify_impl(v.ty, ty[ind as usize], false)
                                .map_err(|e| e.at(v.loc))?;
                        }
-                        RecordKey::Str(s) => {
-                            let tuple_fns = [
-                                Cmpop::Eq.op_info().method_name,
-                                Cmpop::NotEq.op_info().method_name,
-                            ];
-
-                            if !tuple_fns.into_iter().any(|op| s.to_string() == op) {
-                                return Err(TypeError::new(
-                                    TypeErrorKind::NoSuchField(*k, b),
-                                    v.loc,
-                                ));
-                            }
+                        RecordKey::Str(_) => {
+                            return Err(TypeError::new(TypeErrorKind::NoSuchField(*k, b), v.loc))
                        }
                    }
                }
@ -1100,47 +1056,15 @@ impl Unifier {
                self.set_a_to_b(a, b);
            }

-            (
-                TTuple { ty: ty1, is_vararg_ctx: is_vararg1 },
-                TTuple { ty: ty2, is_vararg_ctx: is_vararg2 },
-            ) => {
-                // Rules for Tuples:
-                // - ty1: is_vararg && ty2: is_vararg -> ty1[0] == ty2[0]
-                // - ty1: is_vararg && ty2: !is_vararg -> type error (not enough info to infer the correct number of arguments)
-                // - ty1: !is_vararg && ty2: is_vararg -> ty1[..] == ty2[0]
-                // - ty1: !is_vararg && ty2: !is_vararg -> ty1.len() == ty2.len() && ty1[i] == ty2[i]
-
-                debug_assert!(!is_vararg1 || ty1.len() == 1);
-                debug_assert!(!is_vararg2 || ty2.len() == 1);
-
-                match (*is_vararg1, *is_vararg2) {
-                    (true, true) => {
-                        if self.unify_impl(ty1[0], ty2[0], false).is_err() {
-                            return Self::incompatible_types(a, b);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    (true, false) => return Self::incompatible_types(a, b),
-
-                    (false, true) => {
-                        for y in ty2 {
-                            if self.unify_impl(ty1[0], *y, false).is_err() {
-                                return Self::incompatible_types(a, b);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    (false, false) => {
-                        if ty1.len() != ty2.len() {
-                            return Self::incompatible_types(a, b);
-                        }
-
-                        for (x, y) in ty1.iter().zip(ty2.iter()) {
-                            if self.unify_impl(*x, *y, false).is_err() {
-                                return Self::incompatible_types(a, b);
-                            }
-                        }
+            (TTuple { ty: ty1 }, TTuple { ty: ty2 }) => {
+                if ty1.len() != ty2.len() {
+                    return Err(TypeError::new(TypeErrorKind::IncompatibleTypes(a, b), None));
+                }
+                for (x, y) in ty1.iter().zip(ty2.iter()) {
+                    if self.unify_impl(*x, *y, false).is_err() {
+                        return Err(TypeError::new(TypeErrorKind::IncompatibleTypes(a, b), None));
                    }
                }
-
                self.set_a_to_b(a, b);
            }
            (TVar { fields: Some(map), range, .. }, TObj { obj_id, fields, params }) => {
@ -1383,22 +1307,10 @@ impl Unifier {
            TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } => {
                format!("const({})", values.iter().map(|v| format!("{v:?}")).join(", "))
            }
-            TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => {
-                if *is_vararg_ctx {
-                    debug_assert_eq!(ty.len(), 1);
-                    let field = self.internal_stringify(
-                        *ty.iter().next().unwrap(),
-                        obj_to_name,
-                        var_to_name,
-                        notes,
-                    );
-                    format!("tuple[*{field}]")
-                } else {
-                    let mut fields = ty
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|v| self.internal_stringify(*v, obj_to_name, var_to_name, notes));
-                    format!("tuple[{}]", fields.join(", "))
-                }
+            TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => {
+                let mut fields =
+                    ty.iter().map(|v| self.internal_stringify(*v, obj_to_name, var_to_name, notes));
+                format!("tuple[{}]", fields.join(", "))
            }
            TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty } => {
                format!(
@ -1423,21 +1335,17 @@ impl Unifier {
                    .args
                    .iter()
                    .map(|arg| {
-                        let vararg_prefix = if arg.is_vararg { "*" } else { "" };
-
                        if let Some(dv) = &arg.default_value {
                            format!(
-                                "{}:{}{}={}",
+                                "{}:{}={}",
                                arg.name,
-                                vararg_prefix,
                                self.internal_stringify(arg.ty, obj_to_name, var_to_name, notes),
                                dv
                            )
                        } else {
                            format!(
-                                "{}:{}{}",
+                                "{}:{}",
                                arg.name,
-                                vararg_prefix,
                                self.internal_stringify(arg.ty, obj_to_name, var_to_name, notes)
                            )
                        }
@ -1523,7 +1431,7 @@ impl Unifier {
        match &*ty {
            TypeEnum::TRigidVar { .. } | TypeEnum::TLiteral { .. } => None,
            TypeEnum::TVar { id, .. } => mapping.get(id).copied(),
-            TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx } => {
+            TypeEnum::TTuple { ty } => {
                let mut new_ty = Cow::from(ty);
                for (i, t) in ty.iter().enumerate() {
                    if let Some(t1) = self.subst_impl(*t, mapping, cache) {
@ -1531,10 +1439,7 @@ impl Unifier {
                    }
                }
                if matches!(new_ty, Cow::Owned(_)) {
-                    Some(self.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple {
-                        ty: new_ty.into_owned(),
-                        is_vararg_ctx: *is_vararg_ctx,
-                    }))
+                    Some(self.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: new_ty.into_owned() }))
                } else {
                    None
                }
@ -1694,37 +1599,16 @@ impl Unifier {
                }
            }
            (TVar { range, .. }, _) => self.check_var_compatibility(b, range).or(Err(())),
-            (
-                TTuple { ty: ty1, is_vararg_ctx: is_vararg1 },
-                TTuple { ty: ty2, is_vararg_ctx: is_vararg2 },
-            ) => {
-                if *is_vararg1 && *is_vararg2 {
-                    let isect_ty = self.get_intersection(ty1[0], ty2[0])?;
-                    Ok(isect_ty.map(|ty| self.add_ty(TTuple { ty: vec![ty], is_vararg_ctx: true })))
+            (TTuple { ty: ty1 }, TTuple { ty: ty2 }) if ty1.len() == ty2.len() => {
+                let ty: Vec<_> = zip(ty1.iter(), ty2.iter())
+                    .map(|(a, b)| self.get_intersection(*a, *b))
+                    .try_collect()?;
+                if ty.iter().any(Option::is_some) {
+                    Ok(Some(self.add_ty(TTuple {
+                        ty: zip(ty, ty1.iter()).map(|(a, b)| a.unwrap_or(*b)).collect(),
+                    })))
                } else {
-                    let zip_iter: Box<dyn Iterator<Item = (&Type, &Type)>> =
-                        match (*is_vararg1, *is_vararg2) {
-                            (true, _) => Box::new(repeat_n(&ty1[0], ty2.len()).zip(ty2.iter())),
-                            (_, false) => Box::new(ty1.iter().zip(repeat_n(&ty2[0], ty1.len()))),
-                            _ => {
-                                if ty1.len() != ty2.len() {
-                                    return Err(());
-                                }
-
-                                Box::new(ty1.iter().zip(ty2.iter()))
-                            }
-                        };
-
-                    let ty: Vec<_> =
-                        zip_iter.map(|(a, b)| self.get_intersection(*a, *b)).try_collect()?;
-                    Ok(if ty.iter().any(Option::is_some) {
-                        Some(self.add_ty(TTuple {
-                            ty: zip(ty, ty1.iter()).map(|(a, b)| a.unwrap_or(*b)).collect(),
-                            is_vararg_ctx: false,
-                        }))
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    })
+                    Ok(None)
                }
            }
            // TODO(Derppening): #444
--- a/nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/test.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/typecheck/typedef/test.rs
@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
+use super::super::magic_methods::with_fields;
+use super::*;
 use indoc::indoc;
 use itertools::Itertools;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use test_case::test_case;

-use super::*;
-use crate::typecheck::magic_methods::with_fields;
-
 impl Unifier {
    /// Check whether two types are equal.
    fn eq(&mut self, a: Type, b: Type) -> bool {
@ -30,10 +28,7 @@ impl Unifier {
                TypeEnum::TVar { fields: Some(map1), .. },
                TypeEnum::TVar { fields: Some(map2), .. },
            ) => self.map_eq2(map1, map2),
-            (
-                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1, is_vararg_ctx: false },
-                TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2, is_vararg_ctx: false },
-            ) => {
+            (TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty1 }, TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: ty2 }) => {
                ty1.len() == ty2.len()
                    && ty1.iter().zip(ty2.iter()).all(|(t1, t2)| self.eq(*t1, *t2))
            }
@ -183,7 +178,7 @@ impl TestEnvironment {
                    ty.push(result.0);
                    s = result.1;
                }
-                (self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty, is_vararg_ctx: false }), &s[1..])
+                (self.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty }), &s[1..])
            }
            "Record" => {
                let mut s = &typ[end..];
@ -613,7 +608,7 @@ fn test_instantiation() {
    let v1 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_v, int], None, None).ty;
    let v2 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[list_int, float], None, None).ty;
    let t = env.unifier.get_dummy_var().ty;
-    let tuple = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![v, v1, v2], is_vararg_ctx: false });
+    let tuple = env.unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: vec![v, v1, v2] });
    let v3 = env.unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&[tuple, t], None, None).ty;
    // t = TypeVar('t')
    // v = TypeVar('v', int, bool)
--- a/nac3core/src/util.rs
+++ b/nac3core/src/util.rs
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SizeVariant {
+    Bits32,
+    Bits64,
+}
--- a/nac3ld/src/dwarf.rs
+++ b/nac3ld/src/dwarf.rs
@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ impl<'a> EH_Frame<'a> {
 /// From the [specification](https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/ehframechpt.html):
 ///
 /// > Each CFI record contains a Common Information Entry (CIE) record followed by 1 or more Frame
-/// > Description Entry (FDE) records.
+/// Description Entry (FDE) records.
 pub struct CFI_Record<'a> {
    // It refers to the augmentation data that corresponds to 'R' in the augmentation string
    fde_pointer_encoding: u8,
--- a/nac3ld/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nac3ld/src/lib.rs
@ -21,12 +21,13 @@
    clippy::wildcard_imports
 )]

-use std::{collections::HashMap, mem, ptr, slice, str};
-
-use byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian};
-
 use dwarf::*;
 use elf::*;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::{mem, ptr, slice, str};
+
+extern crate byteorder;
+use byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian};

 mod dwarf;
 mod elf;
--- a/nac3parser/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3parser/Cargo.toml
@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ license = "MIT"
 edition = "2021"

 [build-dependencies]
-lalrpop = "0.22"
+lalrpop = "0.20"

 [dependencies]
 nac3ast = { path = "../nac3ast" }
-lalrpop-util = "0.22"
+lalrpop-util = "0.20"
 log = "0.4"
 unic-emoji-char = "0.9"
 unic-ucd-ident  = "0.9"
-unicode_names2 = "1.3"
+unicode_names2 = "1.2"
 phf = { version = "0.11", features = ["macros"] }
 ahash = "0.8"

--- a/nac3parser/src/config_comment_helper.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/config_comment_helper.rs
@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-use crate::{
-    ast::{Ident, Location},
-    error::*,
-    token::Tok,
-};
+use crate::ast::Ident;
+use crate::ast::Location;
+use crate::error::*;
+use crate::token::Tok;
 use lalrpop_util::ParseError;
-
 use nac3ast::*;

 pub fn make_config_comment(
--- a/nac3parser/src/error.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/error.rs
@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 //! Define internal parse error types
 //! The goal is to provide a matching and a safe error API, maksing errors from LALR
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::fmt;
-
 use lalrpop_util::ParseError as LalrpopError;

-use crate::{ast::Location, token::Tok};
+use crate::ast::Location;
+use crate::token::Tok;
+
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt;

 /// Represents an error during lexical scanning.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
--- a/nac3parser/src/fstring.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/fstring.rs
@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-use std::{iter, mem, str};
+use std::iter;
+use std::mem;
+use std::str;
+
+use crate::ast::{Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr, ExprKind, Location};
+use crate::error::{FStringError, FStringErrorType, ParseError};
+use crate::parser::parse_expression;

 use self::FStringErrorType::*;
-use crate::{
-    ast::{Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr, ExprKind, Location},
-    error::{FStringError, FStringErrorType, ParseError},
-    parser::parse_expression,
-};

 struct FStringParser<'a> {
    chars: iter::Peekable<str::Chars<'a>>,
--- a/nac3parser/src/function.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/function.rs
@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+use ahash::RandomState;
 use std::collections::HashSet;

-use ahash::RandomState;
-
-use crate::{
-    ast,
-    error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType},
-};
+use crate::ast;
+use crate::error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};

 pub struct ArgumentList {
    pub args: Vec<ast::Expr>,
--- a/nac3parser/src/lexer.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/lexer.rs
@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 //! This module takes care of lexing python source text.
 //!
 //! This means source code is translated into separate tokens.
-use std::{char, cmp::Ordering, num::IntErrorKind, str::FromStr};
-
-use unic_emoji_char::is_emoji_presentation;
-use unic_ucd_ident::{is_xid_continue, is_xid_start};

 pub use super::token::Tok;
-use crate::{
-    ast::{FileName, Location},
-    error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType},
-};
+use crate::ast::{FileName, Location};
+use crate::error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};
+use std::char;
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::num::IntErrorKind;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use unic_emoji_char::is_emoji_presentation;
+use unic_ucd_ident::{is_xid_continue, is_xid_start};

 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Default)]
 struct IndentationLevel {
--- a/nac3parser/src/parser.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/parser.rs
@ -5,16 +5,14 @@
 //! parse a whole program, a single statement, or a single
 //! expression.

+use nac3ast::Location;
 use std::iter;

-use nac3ast::Location;
-
+use crate::ast::{self, FileName};
+use crate::error::ParseError;
+use crate::lexer;
 pub use crate::mode::Mode;
-use crate::{
-    ast::{self, FileName},
-    error::ParseError,
-    lexer, python,
-};
+use crate::python;

 /*
 * Parse python code.
--- a/nac3parser/src/token.rs
+++ b/nac3parser/src/token.rs
@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 //! Different token definitions.
 //! Loosely based on token.h from CPython source:
-use std::fmt::{self, Write};
-
 use crate::ast;
+use std::fmt::{self, Write};

 /// Python source code can be tokenized in a sequence of these tokens.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
--- a/nac3standalone/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3standalone/Cargo.toml
@ -4,13 +4,16 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["M-Labs"]
 edition = "2021"

-[features]
-no-escape-analysis = ["nac3core/no-escape-analysis"]
-
 [dependencies]
 parking_lot = "0.12"
+nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
 nac3core = { path = "../nac3core" }

 [dependencies.clap]
 version = "4.5"
 features = ["derive"]
+
+[dependencies.inkwell]
+version = "0.4"
+default-features = false
+features = ["llvm14-0", "target-x86", "target-arm", "target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking"]
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/check_demo.sh
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/check_demo.sh
@ -3,66 +3,23 @@
 set -e

 if [ -z "$1" ]; then
-    echo "No argument supplied"
-    exit 1
+  echo "Requires at least one argument"
+  exit 1
 fi

 declare -a nac3args
-while [ $# -gt 1 ]; do
-  case "$1" in
-    --help)
-      echo "Usage: check_demo.sh [--debug] [-i686] -- [NAC3ARGS...] demo"
-      exit
-      ;;
-    --debug)
-      debug=1
-      ;;
-    -i686)
-      i686=1
-      ;;
-    --)
-      shift
-      break
-      ;;
-    *)
-      echo "Unrecognized argument \"$1\""
-      exit 1
-      ;;
-  esac
-  shift
-done
-
 while [ $# -gt 1 ]; do
  nac3args+=("$1")
  shift
 done
 demo="$1"

-
-echo "### Checking $demo..."
-
-echo ">>>>>> Running $demo with the Python interpreter"
+echo -n "Checking $demo... "
 ./interpret_demo.py "$demo" > interpreted.log
+./run_demo.sh --out run.log "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
+./run_demo.sh --lli --out run_lli.log "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
+diff -Nau interpreted.log run.log
+diff -Nau interpreted.log run_lli.log
+echo "ok"

-if [ -n "$i686" ]; then
-  echo "...... Trying NAC3's 32-bit code generator output"
-  if [ -n "$debug" ]; then
-    ./run_demo.sh --debug -i686 --out run_32.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
-  else
-    ./run_demo.sh -i686 --out run_32.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
-  fi
-  diff -Nau interpreted.log run_32.log
-fi
-
-echo "...... Trying NAC3's 64-bit code generator output"
-if [ -n "$debug" ]; then
-  ./run_demo.sh --debug --out run_64.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
-else
-  ./run_demo.sh --out run_64.log -- "${nac3args[@]}" "$demo"
-fi
-diff -Nau interpreted.log run_64.log
-
-echo "...... OK"
-
-rm -f interpreted.log \
-  run_32.log run_64.log
+rm -f interpreted.log run.log run_lli.log
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/check_demos.sh
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/check_demos.sh
@ -2,11 +2,6 @@

 set -e

-if [ "$1" == "--help" ]; then
-    echo "Usage: check_demos.sh [CHECKARGS...] [--] [NAC3ARGS...]"
-    exit
-fi
-
 count=0
 for demo in src/*.py; do
  ./check_demo.sh "$@" "$demo"
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/demo.c
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/demo.c
@ -6,12 +6,14 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>

+#define usize size_t
+
 double dbl_nan(void) {
-    return NAN;
+  return NAN;
 }

 double dbl_inf(void) {
-    return INFINITY;
+  return INFINITY;
 }

 void output_bool(bool x) {
@ -19,19 +21,19 @@ void output_bool(bool x) {
 }

 void output_int32(int32_t x) {
-    printf("%" PRId32 "\n", x);
+    printf("%"PRId32"\n", x);
 }

 void output_int64(int64_t x) {
-    printf("%" PRId64 "\n", x);
+    printf("%"PRId64"\n", x);
 }

 void output_uint32(uint32_t x) {
-    printf("%" PRIu32 "\n", x);
+    printf("%"PRIu32"\n", x);
 }

 void output_uint64(uint64_t x) {
-    printf("%" PRIu64 "\n", x);
+    printf("%"PRIu64"\n", x);
 }

 void output_float64(double x) {
@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ void output_range(int32_t range[3]) {
 }

 void output_asciiart(int32_t x) {
-    static const char* chars = " .,-:;i+hHM$*#@    ";
+    static const char *chars = " .,-:;i+hHM$*#@    ";
    if (x < 0) {
        putchar('\n');
    } else {
@ -61,15 +63,15 @@ void output_asciiart(int32_t x) {
 }

 struct cslice {
-    void* data;
-    size_t len;
+    void *data;
+    usize len;
 };

-void output_int32_list(struct cslice* slice) {
-    const int32_t* data = (int32_t*)slice->data;
+void output_int32_list(struct cslice *slice) {
+    const int32_t *data = (int32_t *) slice->data;

    putchar('[');
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
+    for (usize i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
        if (i == slice->len - 1) {
            printf("%d", data[i]);
        } else {
@ -80,23 +82,23 @@ void output_int32_list(struct cslice* slice) {
    putchar('\n');
 }

-void output_str(struct cslice* slice) {
-    const char* data = (const char*)slice->data;
+void output_str(struct cslice *slice) {
+    const char *data = (const char *) slice->data;

-    for (size_t i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
+    for (usize i = 0; i < slice->len; ++i) {
        putchar(data[i]);
    }
 }

-void output_strln(struct cslice* slice) {
+void output_strln(struct cslice *slice) {
    output_str(slice);
    putchar('\n');
 }

-uint64_t dbg_stack_address(__attribute__((unused)) struct cslice* slice) {
+uint64_t dbg_stack_address(__attribute__((unused)) struct cslice *slice) {
    int i;
-    void* ptr = (void*)&i;
-    return (uintptr_t)ptr;
+    void *ptr = (void *) &i;
+    return (uintptr_t) ptr;
 }

 uint32_t __nac3_personality(uint32_t state, uint32_t exception_object, uint32_t context) {
@ -105,26 +107,8 @@ uint32_t __nac3_personality(uint32_t state, uint32_t exception_object, uint32_t
    __builtin_unreachable();
 }

-// See `struct Exception<'a>` in
-// https://github.com/m-labs/artiq/blob/master/artiq/firmware/libeh/eh_artiq.rs
-struct Exception {
-    uint32_t id;
-    struct cslice file;
-    uint32_t line;
-    uint32_t column;
-    struct cslice function;
-    struct cslice message;
-    int64_t param[3];
-};
-
-uint32_t __nac3_raise(struct Exception* e) {
-    printf("__nac3_raise called. Exception details:\n");
-    printf("          ID: %" PRIu32 "\n", e->id);
-    printf("    Location: %*s:%" PRIu32 ":%" PRIu32 "\n", (int)e->file.len, (const char*)e->file.data, e->line,
-           e->column);
-    printf("    Function: %*s\n", (int)e->function.len, (const char*)e->function.data);
-    printf("     Message: \"%*s\"\n", (int)e->message.len, (const char*)e->message.data);
-    printf("      Params: {0}=%" PRId64 ", {1}=%" PRId64 ", {2}=%" PRId64 "\n", e->param[0], e->param[1], e->param[2]);
+uint32_t __nac3_raise(uint32_t state, uint32_t exception_object, uint32_t context) {
+    printf("__nac3_raise(state: %u, exception_object: %u, context: %u)\n", state, exception_object, context);
    exit(101);
    __builtin_unreachable();
 }
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/interpret_demo.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/interpret_demo.py
@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import importlib.machinery
 import math
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.typing as npt
-import scipy as sp
 import pathlib

 from numpy import int32, int64, uint32, uint64
@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ def patch(module):
    module.ceil64 = _ceil
    module.np_ceil = np.ceil

-    # NumPy NDArray factory functions
+    # NumPy ndarray functions
    module.ndarray = NDArray
    module.np_ndarray = np.ndarray
    module.np_empty = np.empty
@ -184,10 +183,8 @@ def patch(module):
    module.np_isinf = np.isinf
    module.np_min = np.min
    module.np_minimum = np.minimum
-    module.np_argmin = np.argmin
    module.np_max = np.max
    module.np_maximum = np.maximum
-    module.np_argmax = np.argmax
    module.np_sin = np.sin
    module.np_cos = np.cos
    module.np_exp = np.exp
@ -218,10 +215,8 @@ def patch(module):
    module.np_ldexp = np.ldexp
    module.np_hypot = np.hypot
    module.np_nextafter = np.nextafter
-    module.np_transpose = np.transpose
-    module.np_reshape = np.reshape

-    # SciPy Math functions
+    # SciPy Math Functions
    module.sp_spec_erf = special.erf
    module.sp_spec_erfc = special.erfc
    module.sp_spec_gamma = special.gamma
@ -229,19 +224,14 @@ def patch(module):
    module.sp_spec_j0 = special.j0
    module.sp_spec_j1 = special.j1

-    # Linalg functions
-    module.np_dot = np.dot
-    module.np_linalg_cholesky = np.linalg.cholesky
-    module.np_linalg_qr = np.linalg.qr
-    module.np_linalg_svd = np.linalg.svd
-    module.np_linalg_inv = np.linalg.inv
-    module.np_linalg_pinv = np.linalg.pinv
-    module.np_linalg_matrix_power = np.linalg.matrix_power
-    module.np_linalg_det = np.linalg.det
-    
-    module.sp_linalg_lu = lambda x: sp.linalg.lu(x, True)
-    module.sp_linalg_schur = sp.linalg.schur
-    module.sp_linalg_hessenberg = lambda x: sp.linalg.hessenberg(x, True)
+    # NumPy NDArray Functions
+    module.np_ndarray = np.ndarray
+    module.np_empty = np.empty
+    module.np_zeros = np.zeros
+    module.np_ones = np.ones
+    module.np_full = np.full
+    module.np_eye = np.eye
+    module.np_identity = np.identity

 def file_import(filename, prefix="file_import_"):
    filename = pathlib.Path(filename)
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.lock
@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
-# It is not intended for manual editing.
-version = 3
-
-[[package]]
-name = "approx"
-version = "0.5.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cab112f0a86d568ea0e627cc1d6be74a1e9cd55214684db5561995f6dad897c6"
-dependencies = [
- "num-traits",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "autocfg"
-version = "1.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c4b4d0bd25bd0b74681c0ad21497610ce1b7c91b1022cd21c80c6fbdd9476b0"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cslice"
-version = "0.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0f8cb7306107e4b10e64994de6d3274bd08996a7c1322a27b86482392f96be0a"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "libm"
-version = "0.2.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4ec2a862134d2a7d32d7983ddcdd1c4923530833c9f2ea1a44fc5fa473989058"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "linalg"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "cslice",
- "nalgebra",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "nalgebra"
-version = "0.32.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7b5c17de023a86f59ed79891b2e5d5a94c705dbe904a5b5c9c952ea6221b03e4"
-dependencies = [
- "approx",
- "num-complex",
- "num-rational",
- "num-traits",
- "simba",
- "typenum",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num-complex"
-version = "0.4.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "73f88a1307638156682bada9d7604135552957b7818057dcef22705b4d509495"
-dependencies = [
- "num-traits",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num-integer"
-version = "0.1.46"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7969661fd2958a5cb096e56c8e1ad0444ac2bbcd0061bd28660485a44879858f"
-dependencies = [
- "num-traits",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num-rational"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f83d14da390562dca69fc84082e73e548e1ad308d24accdedd2720017cb37824"
-dependencies = [
- "num-integer",
- "num-traits",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num-traits"
-version = "0.2.19"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "071dfc062690e90b734c0b2273ce72ad0ffa95f0c74596bc250dcfd960262841"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
- "libm",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "paste"
-version = "1.0.15"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "simba"
-version = "0.8.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "061507c94fc6ab4ba1c9a0305018408e312e17c041eb63bef8aa726fa33aceae"
-dependencies = [
- "approx",
- "num-complex",
- "num-traits",
- "paste",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "typenum"
-version = "1.17.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "42ff0bf0c66b8238c6f3b578df37d0b7848e55df8577b3f74f92a69acceeb825"
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/linalg/Cargo.toml
@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "linalg"
-version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2021"
-
-[lib]
-crate-type = ["staticlib"]
-
-[dependencies]
-nalgebra = {version = "0.32.6", default-features = false, features = ["libm", "alloc"]}
-cslice = "0.3.0"
-
-[workspace]
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/linalg/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/linalg/src/lib.rs
@ -1,406 +0,0 @@
-// Uses `nalgebra` crate to invoke `np_linalg` and `sp_linalg` functions
-// When converting between `nalgebra::Matrix` and `NDArray` following considerations are necessary
-//
-// * Both `nalgebra::Matrix` and `NDArray` require their content to be stored in row-major order
-// * `NDArray` data pointer can be directly read and converted to `nalgebra::Matrix` (row and column number must be known)
-// * `nalgebra::Matrix::as_slice` returns the content of matrix in column-major order and initial data needs to be transposed before storing it in `NDArray` data pointer
-
-use core::slice;
-use nalgebra::DMatrix;
-
-fn report_error(
-    error_name: &str,
-    fn_name: &str,
-    file_name: &str,
-    line_num: u32,
-    col_num: u32,
-    err_msg: &str,
-) -> ! {
-    panic!(
-        "Exception {} from {} in {}:{}:{}, message: {}",
-        error_name, fn_name, file_name, line_num, col_num, err_msg
-    );
-}
-
-pub struct InputMatrix {
-    pub ndims: usize,
-    pub dims: *const usize,
-    pub data: *mut f64,
-}
-impl InputMatrix {
-    fn get_dims(&mut self) -> Vec<usize> {
-        let dims = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(self.dims, self.ndims) };
-        dims.to_vec()
-    }
-}
-
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
-#[no_mangle]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_cholesky(mat1: *mut InputMatrix, out: *mut InputMatrix) {
-    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out = out.as_mut().unwrap();
-
-    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
-        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
-        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_cholesky", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-
-    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
-    if dim1[0] != dim1[1] {
-        let err_msg =
-            format!("last 2 dimensions of the array must be square: {0} != {1}", dim1[0], dim1[1]);
-        report_error("LinAlgError", "np_linalg_cholesky", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-
-    let outdim = out.get_dims();
-    let out_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out.data, outdim[0] * outdim[1]) };
-    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
-
-    let matrix1 = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
-    let result = matrix1.cholesky();
-    match result {
-        Some(res) => {
-            out_slice.copy_from_slice(res.unpack().transpose().as_slice());
-        }
-        None => {
-            report_error(
-                "LinAlgError",
-                "np_linalg_cholesky",
-                file!(),
-                line!(),
-                column!(),
-                "Matrix is not positive definite",
-            );
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
-#[no_mangle]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_qr(
-    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
-    out_q: *mut InputMatrix,
-    out_r: *mut InputMatrix,
-) {
-    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out_q = out_q.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out_r = out_r.as_mut().unwrap();
-
-    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
-        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
-        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_cholesky", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-
-    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
-    let outq_dim = (*out_q).get_dims();
-    let outr_dim = (*out_r).get_dims();
-
-    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
-    let out_q_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_q.data, outq_dim[0] * outq_dim[1]) };
-    let out_r_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_r.data, outr_dim[0] * outr_dim[1]) };
-
-    // Refer to https://github.com/dimforge/nalgebra/issues/735
-    let matrix1 = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
-
-    let res = matrix1.qr();
-    let (q, r) = res.unpack();
-
-    // Uses different algo need to match numpy
-    out_q_slice.copy_from_slice(q.transpose().as_slice());
-    out_r_slice.copy_from_slice(r.transpose().as_slice());
-}
-
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
-#[no_mangle]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_svd(
-    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
-    outu: *mut InputMatrix,
-    outs: *mut InputMatrix,
-    outvh: *mut InputMatrix,
-) {
-    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let outu = outu.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let outs = outs.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let outvh = outvh.as_mut().unwrap();
-
-    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
-        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
-        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_svd", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-
-    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
-    let outu_dim = (*outu).get_dims();
-    let outs_dim = (*outs).get_dims();
-    let outvh_dim = (*outvh).get_dims();
-
-    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
-    let out_u_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(outu.data, outu_dim[0] * outu_dim[1]) };
-    let out_s_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(outs.data, outs_dim[0]) };
-    let out_vh_slice =
-        unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(outvh.data, outvh_dim[0] * outvh_dim[1]) };
-
-    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
-    let result = matrix.svd(true, true);
-    out_u_slice.copy_from_slice(result.u.unwrap().transpose().as_slice());
-    out_s_slice.copy_from_slice(result.singular_values.as_slice());
-    out_vh_slice.copy_from_slice(result.v_t.unwrap().transpose().as_slice());
-}
-
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
-#[no_mangle]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_inv(mat1: *mut InputMatrix, out: *mut InputMatrix) {
-    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out = out.as_mut().unwrap();
-
-    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
-        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
-        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_inv", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
-
-    if dim1[0] != dim1[1] {
-        let err_msg =
-            format!("last 2 dimensions of the array must be square: {0} != {1}", dim1[0], dim1[1]);
-        report_error("LinAlgError", "np_linalg_inv", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-
-    let outdim = out.get_dims();
-    let out_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out.data, outdim[0] * outdim[1]) };
-    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
-
-    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
-    if !matrix.is_invertible() {
-        report_error(
-            "LinAlgError",
-            "np_linalg_inv",
-            file!(),
-            line!(),
-            column!(),
-            "no inverse for Singular Matrix",
-        );
-    }
-    let inv = matrix.try_inverse().unwrap();
-    out_slice.copy_from_slice(inv.transpose().as_slice());
-}
-
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
-#[no_mangle]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_pinv(mat1: *mut InputMatrix, out: *mut InputMatrix) {
-    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out = out.as_mut().unwrap();
-
-    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
-        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
-        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_pinv", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
-    let outdim = out.get_dims();
-    let out_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out.data, outdim[0] * outdim[1]) };
-    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
-
-    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
-    let svd = matrix.svd(true, true);
-    let inv = svd.pseudo_inverse(1e-15);
-
-    match inv {
-        Ok(m) => {
-            out_slice.copy_from_slice(m.transpose().as_slice());
-        }
-        Err(err_msg) => {
-            report_error("LinAlgError", "np_linalg_pinv", file!(), line!(), column!(), err_msg);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
-#[no_mangle]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_matrix_power(
-    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
-    mat2: *mut InputMatrix,
-    out: *mut InputMatrix,
-) {
-    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let mat2 = mat2.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out = out.as_mut().unwrap();
-
-    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
-        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D", mat1.ndims);
-        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_matrix_power", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-
-    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
-    let power = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat2.data, 1) };
-    let power = power[0];
-    let outdim = out.get_dims();
-    let out_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out.data, outdim[0] * outdim[1]) };
-    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
-
-    let abs_pow = power.abs();
-    let matrix1 = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
-    let mut result = matrix1.pow(abs_pow as u32);
-
-    if power < 0.0 {
-        if !result.is_invertible() {
-            report_error(
-                "LinAlgError",
-                "np_linalg_inv",
-                file!(),
-                line!(),
-                column!(),
-                "no inverse for Singular Matrix",
-            );
-        }
-        result = result.try_inverse().unwrap();
-    }
-    out_slice.copy_from_slice(result.transpose().as_slice());
-}
-
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
-#[no_mangle]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn np_linalg_det(mat1: *mut InputMatrix, out: *mut InputMatrix) {
-    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out = out.as_mut().unwrap();
-
-    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
-        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
-        report_error("ValueError", "np_linalg_det", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
-    let out_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out.data, 1) };
-    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
-
-    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
-    if !matrix.is_square() {
-        let err_msg =
-            format!("last 2 dimensions of the array must be square: {0} != {1}", dim1[0], dim1[1]);
-        report_error("LinAlgError", "np_linalg_inv", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-    out_slice[0] = matrix.determinant();
-}
-
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
-#[no_mangle]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn sp_linalg_lu(
-    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
-    out_l: *mut InputMatrix,
-    out_u: *mut InputMatrix,
-) {
-    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out_l = out_l.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out_u = out_u.as_mut().unwrap();
-
-    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
-        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
-        report_error("ValueError", "sp_linalg_lu", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-
-    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
-    let outl_dim = (*out_l).get_dims();
-    let outu_dim = (*out_u).get_dims();
-
-    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
-    let out_l_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_l.data, outl_dim[0] * outl_dim[1]) };
-    let out_u_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_u.data, outu_dim[0] * outu_dim[1]) };
-
-    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
-    let (_, l, u) = matrix.lu().unpack();
-
-    out_l_slice.copy_from_slice(l.transpose().as_slice());
-    out_u_slice.copy_from_slice(u.transpose().as_slice());
-}
-
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
-#[no_mangle]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn sp_linalg_schur(
-    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
-    out_t: *mut InputMatrix,
-    out_z: *mut InputMatrix,
-) {
-    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out_t = out_t.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out_z = out_z.as_mut().unwrap();
-
-    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
-        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
-        report_error("ValueError", "sp_linalg_schur", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-
-    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
-
-    if dim1[0] != dim1[1] {
-        let err_msg =
-            format!("last 2 dimensions of the array must be square: {0} != {1}", dim1[0], dim1[1]);
-        report_error("LinAlgError", "np_linalg_schur", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-
-    let out_t_dim = (*out_t).get_dims();
-    let out_z_dim = (*out_z).get_dims();
-
-    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
-    let out_t_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_t.data, out_t_dim[0] * out_t_dim[1]) };
-    let out_z_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_z.data, out_z_dim[0] * out_z_dim[1]) };
-
-    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
-    let (z, t) = matrix.schur().unpack();
-
-    out_t_slice.copy_from_slice(t.transpose().as_slice());
-    out_z_slice.copy_from_slice(z.transpose().as_slice());
-}
-
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// `mat1` should point to a valid 2DArray of `f64` floats in row-major order
-#[no_mangle]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn sp_linalg_hessenberg(
-    mat1: *mut InputMatrix,
-    out_h: *mut InputMatrix,
-    out_q: *mut InputMatrix,
-) {
-    let mat1 = mat1.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out_h = out_h.as_mut().unwrap();
-    let out_q = out_q.as_mut().unwrap();
-
-    if mat1.ndims != 2 {
-        let err_msg = format!("expected 2D Vector Input, but received {}D input", mat1.ndims);
-        report_error("ValueError", "sp_linalg_hessenberg", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-
-    let dim1 = (*mat1).get_dims();
-
-    if dim1[0] != dim1[1] {
-        let err_msg =
-            format!("last 2 dimensions of the array must be square: {} != {}", dim1[0], dim1[1]);
-        report_error("LinAlgError", "sp_linalg_hessenberg", file!(), line!(), column!(), &err_msg);
-    }
-
-    let out_h_dim = (*out_h).get_dims();
-    let out_q_dim = (*out_q).get_dims();
-
-    let data_slice1 = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(mat1.data, dim1[0] * dim1[1]) };
-    let out_h_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_h.data, out_h_dim[0] * out_h_dim[1]) };
-    let out_q_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(out_q.data, out_q_dim[0] * out_q_dim[1]) };
-
-    let matrix = DMatrix::from_row_slice(dim1[0], dim1[1], data_slice1);
-    let (q, h) = matrix.hessenberg().unpack();
-
-    out_h_slice.copy_from_slice(h.transpose().as_slice());
-    out_q_slice.copy_from_slice(q.transpose().as_slice());
-}
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/run_demo.sh
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/run_demo.sh
@ -2,9 +2,6 @@

 set -e

-: "${DEMO_LINALG_STUB:=linalg/target/release/liblinalg.a}"
-: "${DEMO_LINALG_STUB32:=linalg/target/i686-unknown-linux-gnu/release/liblinalg.a}"
-
 if [ -z "$1" ]; then
    echo "No argument supplied"
    exit 1
@ -14,26 +11,25 @@ declare -a nac3args
 while [ $# -ge 1 ]; do
  case "$1" in
    --help)
-      echo "Usage: run_demo.sh [--help] [--out OUTFILE] [--debug] [-i686] -- [NAC3ARGS...] demo"
+      echo "Usage: run_demo.sh [--help] [--out OUTFILE] [--lli] [--debug] -- [NAC3ARGS...]"
      exit
      ;;
    --out)
      shift
      outfile="$1"
      ;;
+    --lli)
+      use_lli=1
+      ;;
    --debug)
      debug=1
      ;;
-    -i686)
-      i686=1
-      ;;
    --)
      shift
      break
      ;;
    *)
-      echo "Unrecognized argument \"$1\""
-      exit 1
+      break
      ;;
  esac
  shift
@ -54,19 +50,29 @@ else
 fi

 rm -f ./*.o ./*.bc demo
-
-if [ -z "$i686" ]; then
+if [ -z "$use_lli" ]; then
  $nac3standalone "${nac3args[@]}"
-  clang -c -std=gnu11 -Wall -Wextra -O3 -o demo.o demo.c
-  clang -o demo module.o demo.o $DEMO_LINALG_STUB -lm -Wl,--no-warn-search-mismatch
-else
-  $nac3standalone --triple i686-unknown-linux-gnu --target-features +sse2 "${nac3args[@]}"
-  clang -m32 -c -std=gnu11 -Wall -Wextra -O3 -msse2 -o demo.o demo.c
-  clang -m32 -o demo module.o demo.o $DEMO_LINALG_STUB32 -lm -Wl,--no-warn-search-mismatch
-fi

-if [ -z "$outfile" ]; then
-  ./demo
+  clang -c -std=gnu11 -Wall -Wextra -O3 -o demo.o demo.c
+  clang -lm -o demo module.o demo.o
+
+  if [ -z "$outfile" ]; then
+    ./demo
+  else
+    ./demo > "$outfile"
+  fi
 else
-  ./demo > "$outfile"
+  $nac3standalone --emit-llvm "${nac3args[@]}"
+
+  clang -c -std=gnu11 -Wall -Wextra -O3 -emit-llvm -o demo.bc demo.c
+
+  shopt -s nullglob
+  llvm-link -o nac3out.bc module*.bc main.bc
+  shopt -u nullglob
+
+  if [ -z "$outfile" ]; then
+    lli --extra-module demo.bc --extra-module irrt.bc nac3out.bc
+  else
+    lli --extra-module demo.bc --extra-module irrt.bc nac3out.bc > "$outfile"
+  fi
 fi
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/assignment.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/assignment.py
@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-@extern
-def output_int32(x: int32):
-    ...
-
-@extern
-def output_bool(x: bool):
-    ...
-
-def example1():
-    x, *ys, z = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
-    output_int32(x)
-    output_int32(len(ys))
-    output_int32(ys[0])
-    output_int32(ys[1])
-    output_int32(ys[2])
-    output_int32(z)
-
-def example2():
-    x, y, *zs = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
-    output_int32(x)
-    output_int32(y)
-    output_int32(len(zs))
-    output_int32(zs[0])
-    output_int32(zs[1])
-    output_int32(zs[2])
-
-def example3():
-    *xs, y, z = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
-    output_int32(len(xs))
-    output_int32(xs[0])
-    output_int32(xs[1])
-    output_int32(xs[2])
-    output_int32(y)
-    output_int32(z)
-
-def example4():
-    *xs, y, z = (4, 5)
-    output_int32(len(xs))
-    output_int32(y)
-    output_int32(z)
-
-def example5():
-    # Example from: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements
-    x = [0, 1]
-    i = 0
-    i, x[i] = 1, 2 # i is updated, then x[i] is updated
-    output_int32(i)
-    output_int32(x[0])
-    output_int32(x[1])
-
-class A:
-    value: int32
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.value = 1000
-
-def example6():
-    ws = [88, 7, 8]
-    a = A()
-    x, [y, *ys, a.value], ws[0], (ws[0],) = 1, (2, False, 4, 5), 99, (6,)
-    output_int32(x)
-    output_int32(y)
-    output_bool(ys[0])
-    output_int32(ys[1])
-    output_int32(a.value)
-    output_int32(ws[0])
-    output_int32(ws[1])
-    output_int32(ws[2])
-
-def run() -> int32:
-    example1()
-    example2()
-    example3()
-    example4()
-    example5()
-    example6()
-    return 0
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/globals.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/globals.py
@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-@extern
-def output_int32(x: int32):
-    ...
-
-@extern
-def output_int64(x: int64):
-    ...
-
-X: int32 = 0
-Y = int64(1)
-
-def f():
-    global X, Y
-    X = 1
-    Y = int64(2)
-
-def run() -> int32:
-    global X, Y
-
-    output_int32(X)
-    output_int64(Y)
-    f()
-    output_int32(X)
-    output_int64(Y)
-
-    X = 0
-    Y = int64(0)
-    output_int32(X)
-    output_int64(Y)
-
-    return 0
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/inheritance.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/inheritance.py
@ -10,58 +10,23 @@ class A:
    def __init__(self, a: int32):
        self.a = a
    
-    def output_all_fields(self):
-        output_int32(self.a)
+    def f1(self):
+        self.f2()
    
-    def set_a(self, a: int32):
-        self.a = a
+    def f2(self):
+        output_int32(self.a)

 class B(A):
    b: int32

    def __init__(self, b: int32):
-        A.__init__(self, b + 1)
-        self.set_b(b)
-    
-    def output_parent_fields(self):
-        A.output_all_fields(self)
-
-    def output_all_fields(self):
-        A.output_all_fields(self)
-        output_int32(self.b)
-    
-    def set_b(self, b: int32):
+        self.a = b + 1
        self.b = b

-class C(B):
-    c: int32
-
-    def __init__(self, c: int32):
-        B.__init__(self, c + 1)
-        self.c = c
-    
-    def output_parent_fields(self):
-        B.output_all_fields(self)
-
-    def output_all_fields(self):
-        B.output_all_fields(self)
-        output_int32(self.c)
-    
-    def set_c(self, c: int32):
-        self.c = c

 def run() -> int32:
-    ccc = C(10)
-    ccc.output_all_fields()
-    ccc.set_a(1)
-    ccc.set_b(2)
-    ccc.set_c(3)
-    ccc.output_all_fields()
-
-    bbb = B(10)
-    bbb.set_a(9)
-    bbb.set_b(8)
-    bbb.output_all_fields()
-    ccc.output_all_fields()
-
+    aaa = A(5)
+    bbb = B(2)
+    aaa.f1()
+    bbb.f1()
    return 0
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/my_ndarray.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/my_ndarray.py
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+def run() -> int32:
+    hello = np_zeros((3, 4))
+    return 0
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/ndarray.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/ndarray.py
@ -114,22 +114,12 @@ def test_ndarray_ones():
    n: ndarray[float, 1] = np_ones([1])
    output_ndarray_float_1(n)

-    dim = (1,)
-    n_tup: ndarray[float, 1] = np_ones(dim)
-    output_ndarray_float_1(n_tup)
-
 def test_ndarray_full():
    n_float: ndarray[float, 1] = np_full([1], 2.0)
    output_ndarray_float_1(n_float)
    n_i32: ndarray[int32, 1] = np_full([1], 2)
    output_ndarray_int32_1(n_i32)

-    dim = (1,)
-    n_float_tup: ndarray[float, 1] = np_full(dim, 2.0)
-    output_ndarray_float_1(n_float_tup)
-    n_i32_tup: ndarray[int32, 1] = np_full(dim, 2)
-    output_ndarray_int32_1(n_i32_tup)
-
 def test_ndarray_eye():
    n: ndarray[float, 2] = np_eye(2)
    output_ndarray_float_2(n)
@ -877,13 +867,6 @@ def test_ndarray_minimum_broadcast_rhs_scalar():
    output_ndarray_float_2(min_x_zeros)
    output_ndarray_float_2(min_x_ones)

-def test_ndarray_argmin():
-    x = np_array([[1., 2.], [3., 4.]])
-    y = np_argmin(x)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-    output_int64(y)
-
 def test_ndarray_max():
    x = np_identity(2)
    y = np_max(x)
@ -927,13 +910,6 @@ def test_ndarray_maximum_broadcast_rhs_scalar():
    output_ndarray_float_2(max_x_zeros)
    output_ndarray_float_2(max_x_ones)

-def test_ndarray_argmax():
-    x = np_array([[1., 2.], [3., 4.]])
-    y = np_argmax(x)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-    output_int64(y)
-
 def test_ndarray_abs():
    x = np_identity(2)
    y = abs(x)
@ -1439,142 +1415,6 @@ def test_ndarray_nextafter_broadcast_rhs_scalar():
    output_ndarray_float_2(nextafter_x_zeros)
    output_ndarray_float_2(nextafter_x_ones)

-def test_ndarray_transpose():
-    x: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array([[1., 2., 3.], [4., 5., 6.]])
-    y = np_transpose(x)
-    z = np_transpose(y)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-    output_ndarray_float_2(y)
-
-def test_ndarray_reshape():
-    w: ndarray[float, 1] = np_array([1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10.])
-    x = np_reshape(w, (1, 2, 1, -1))
-    y = np_reshape(x, [2, -1])
-    z = np_reshape(y, 10)
-
-    x1: ndarray[int32, 1] = np_array([1, 2, 3, 4])
-    x2: ndarray[int32, 2] = np_reshape(x1, (2, 2))
-
-    output_ndarray_float_1(w)
-    output_ndarray_float_2(y)
-    output_ndarray_float_1(z)
-
-def test_ndarray_dot():
-    x1: ndarray[float, 1] = np_array([5.0, 1.0, 4.0, 2.0])
-    y1: ndarray[float, 1] = np_array([5.0, 1.0, 6.0, 6.0])
-    z1 = np_dot(x1, y1)
-
-    x2: ndarray[int32, 1] = np_array([5, 1, 4, 2])
-    y2: ndarray[int32, 1] = np_array([5, 1, 6, 6])
-    z2 = np_dot(x2, y2)
-
-    x3: ndarray[bool, 1] = np_array([True, True, True, True])
-    y3: ndarray[bool, 1] = np_array([True, True, True, True])
-    z3 = np_dot(x3, y3)
-
-    z4 = np_dot(2, 3)
-    z5 = np_dot(2., 3.)
-    z6 = np_dot(True, False)
-
-    output_float64(z1)
-    output_int32(z2)
-    output_bool(z3)
-    output_int32(z4)
-    output_float64(z5)
-    output_bool(z6)
-
-def test_ndarray_cholesky():
-    x: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array([[5.0, 1.0], [1.0, 4.0]])
-    y = np_linalg_cholesky(x)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-    output_ndarray_float_2(y)
-
-def test_ndarray_qr():
-    x: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array([[-5.0, -1.0, 2.0], [-1.0, 4.0, 7.5], [-1.0, 8.0, -8.5]])
-    y, z  = np_linalg_qr(x)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-
-    # QR Factorization is not unique and gives different results in numpy and nalgebra
-    # Reverting the decomposition to compare the initial arrays
-    a = y @ z
-    output_ndarray_float_2(a)
-
-def test_ndarray_linalg_inv():
-    x: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array([[-5.0, -1.0, 2.0], [-1.0, 4.0, 7.5], [-1.0, 8.0, -8.5]])
-    y = np_linalg_inv(x)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-    output_ndarray_float_2(y)
-
-def test_ndarray_pinv():
-    x: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array([[-5.0, -1.0, 2.0], [-1.0, 4.0, 7.5]])
-    y = np_linalg_pinv(x)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-    output_ndarray_float_2(y)
-
-def test_ndarray_matrix_power():
-    x: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array([[-5.0, -1.0, 2.0], [-1.0, 4.0, 7.5], [-1.0, 8.0, -8.5]])
-    y = np_linalg_matrix_power(x, -9)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-    output_ndarray_float_2(y)
-
-def test_ndarray_det():
-    x: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array([[-5.0, -1.0, 2.0], [-1.0, 4.0, 7.5], [-1.0, 8.0, -8.5]])
-    y = np_linalg_det(x)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-    output_float64(y)
-
-def test_ndarray_schur():
-    x: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array([[-5.0, -1.0, 2.0], [-1.0, 4.0, 7.5], [-1.0, 8.0, -8.5]])
-    t, z = sp_linalg_schur(x)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-
-    # Schur Factorization is not unique and gives different results in scipy and nalgebra
-    # Reverting the decomposition to compare the initial arrays
-    a = (z @ t) @ np_linalg_inv(z)
-    output_ndarray_float_2(a)
-
-def test_ndarray_hessenberg():
-    x: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array([[-5.0, -1.0, 2.0], [-1.0, 4.0, 7.5], [-1.0, 5.0, 8.5]])
-    h, q = sp_linalg_hessenberg(x)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-
-    # Hessenberg Factorization is not unique and gives different results in scipy and nalgebra
-    # Reverting the decomposition to compare the initial arrays
-    a = (q @ h) @ np_linalg_inv(q)
-    output_ndarray_float_2(a)
-
-
-def test_ndarray_lu():
-    x: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array([[-5.0, -1.0, 2.0], [-1.0, 4.0, 7.5]])
-    l, u = sp_linalg_lu(x)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(x)
-    output_ndarray_float_2(l)
-    output_ndarray_float_2(u)
-
-
-def test_ndarray_svd():
-    w: ndarray[float, 2] = np_array([[-5.0, -1.0, 2.0], [-1.0, 4.0, 7.5], [-1.0, 8.0, -8.5]])
-    x, y, z = np_linalg_svd(w)
-
-    output_ndarray_float_2(w)
-
-    # SVD Factorization is not unique and gives different results in numpy and nalgebra
-    # Reverting the decomposition to compare the initial arrays
-    a = x @ z
-    output_ndarray_float_2(a)
-    output_ndarray_float_1(y)
-
-
 def run() -> int32:
    test_ndarray_ctor()
    test_ndarray_empty()
@ -1679,19 +1519,16 @@ def run() -> int32:

    test_ndarray_round()
    test_ndarray_floor()
-    test_ndarray_ceil()
    test_ndarray_min()
    test_ndarray_minimum()
    test_ndarray_minimum_broadcast()
    test_ndarray_minimum_broadcast_lhs_scalar()
    test_ndarray_minimum_broadcast_rhs_scalar()
-    test_ndarray_argmin()
    test_ndarray_max()
    test_ndarray_maximum()
    test_ndarray_maximum_broadcast()
    test_ndarray_maximum_broadcast_lhs_scalar()
    test_ndarray_maximum_broadcast_rhs_scalar()
-    test_ndarray_argmax()
    test_ndarray_abs()
    test_ndarray_isnan()
    test_ndarray_isinf()
@ -1754,18 +1591,5 @@ def run() -> int32:
    test_ndarray_nextafter_broadcast()
    test_ndarray_nextafter_broadcast_lhs_scalar()
    test_ndarray_nextafter_broadcast_rhs_scalar()
-    test_ndarray_transpose()
-    test_ndarray_reshape()
-    
-    test_ndarray_dot()
-    test_ndarray_cholesky()
-    test_ndarray_qr()
-    test_ndarray_svd()
-    test_ndarray_linalg_inv()
-    test_ndarray_pinv()
-    test_ndarray_matrix_power()
-    test_ndarray_det()
-    test_ndarray_lu()
-    test_ndarray_schur()
-    test_ndarray_hessenberg()
+
    return 0
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/str.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/str.py
@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-@extern
-def output_bool(x: bool):
-    ...
-
-
-def str_eq():
-    output_bool("" == "")
-    output_bool("a" == "")
-    output_bool("a" == "b")
-    output_bool("b" == "a")
-    output_bool("a" == "a")
-    output_bool("test string" == "test string")
-    output_bool("test string1" == "test string2")
-
-
-def str_ne():
-    output_bool("" != "")
-    output_bool("a" != "")
-    output_bool("a" != "b")
-    output_bool("b" != "a")
-    output_bool("a" != "a")
-    output_bool("test string" != "test string")
-    output_bool("test string1" != "test string2")
-
-
-def run() -> int32:
-    str_eq()
-    str_ne()
-
-    return 0
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/tuple.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/tuple.py
@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-@extern
-def output_bool(b: bool):
-    ...
-
@extern
 def output_int32_list(x: list[int32]):
    ...
@ -17,41 +13,6 @@ class A:
        self.a = a
        self.b = b

-
-def test_tuple_eq():
-    # 0-len
-    output_bool(() == ())
-    # 1-len
-    output_bool((1,) == ())
-    output_bool(() == (1,))
-    output_bool((1,) == (1,))
-    output_bool((1,) == (2,))
-    # # 2-len
-    output_bool((1, 2) == ())
-    output_bool(() == (1, 2))
-    output_bool((1,) == (1, 2))
-    output_bool((1, 2) == (1,))
-    output_bool((2, 2) == (1, 2))
-    output_bool((1, 2) == (2, 2))
-
-
-def test_tuple_ne():
-    # 0-len
-    output_bool(() != ())
-    # 1-len
-    output_bool((1,) != ())
-    output_bool(() != (1,))
-    output_bool((1,) != (1,))
-    output_bool((1,) != (2,))
-    # 2-len
-    output_bool((1, 2) != ())
-    output_bool(() != (1, 2))
-    output_bool((1,) != (1, 2))
-    output_bool((1, 2) != (1,))
-    output_bool((2, 2) != (1, 2))
-    output_bool((1, 2) != (2, 2))
-
-
 def run() -> int32:
    data = [0, 1, 2, 3]

@ -64,15 +25,5 @@ def run() -> int32:
        output_int32(tl[0][0])
        output_int32(tl[0][1])
        output_int32(tl[1])
-
-    output_int32(len(()))
-    output_int32(len((1,)))
-    output_int32(len((1, 2)))
-    output_int32(len((1, 2, 3)))
-    output_int32(len((1, 2, 3, 4)))
-    output_int32(len((1, 2, 3, 4, 5)))
-
-    test_tuple_eq()
-    test_tuple_ne()
-
+    
    return 0
--- a/nac3standalone/demo/src/vararg.py
+++ b/nac3standalone/demo/src/vararg.py
@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-def f(*args: int32):
-    pass
-
-
-def run() -> int32:
-    f()
-    f(1)
-    f(1, 2)
-    f(1, 2, 3)
-
-    return 0
--- a/nac3standalone/src/basic_symbol_resolver.rs
+++ b/nac3standalone/src/basic_symbol_resolver.rs
@ -1,14 +1,5 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-
-use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
-
 use nac3core::{
-    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
-    inkwell::{module::Linkage, values::BasicValue},
-    nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef},
+    codegen::CodeGenContext,
    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, SymbolValue, ValueEnum},
    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
    typecheck::{
@ -16,10 +7,15 @@ use nac3core::{
        typedef::{Type, Unifier},
    },
 };
+use nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef};
+use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};

 pub struct ResolverInternal {
    pub id_to_type: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
    pub id_to_def: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, DefinitionId>>,
+    pub class_names: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
    pub module_globals: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, SymbolValue>>,
    pub str_store: Mutex<HashMap<String, i32>>,
 }
@ -50,51 +46,20 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {

    fn get_symbol_type(
        &self,
-        unifier: &mut Unifier,
+        _: &mut Unifier,
        _: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
-        primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
+        _: &PrimitiveStore,
        str: StrRef,
    ) -> Result<Type, String> {
-        self.0
-            .id_to_type
-            .lock()
-            .get(&str)
-            .copied()
-            .or_else(|| {
-                self.0
-                    .module_globals
-                    .lock()
-                    .get(&str)
-                    .cloned()
-                    .map(|v| v.get_type(primitives, unifier))
-            })
-            .ok_or(format!("cannot get type of {str}"))
+        self.0.id_to_type.lock().get(&str).copied().ok_or(format!("cannot get type of {str}"))
    }

    fn get_symbol_value<'ctx>(
        &self,
-        str: StrRef,
-        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
-        generator: &mut dyn CodeGenerator,
+        _: StrRef,
+        _: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
    ) -> Option<ValueEnum<'ctx>> {
-        self.0.module_globals.lock().get(&str).cloned().map(|v| {
-            ctx.module
-                .get_global(&str.to_string())
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                    let ty = v.get_type(&ctx.primitives, &mut ctx.unifier);
-
-                    let init_val = ctx.gen_symbol_val(generator, &v, ty);
-                    let llvm_ty = init_val.get_type();
-
-                    let global = ctx.module.add_global(llvm_ty, None, &str.to_string());
-                    global.set_linkage(Linkage::LinkOnceAny);
-                    global.set_initializer(&init_val);
-
-                    global
-                })
-                .as_basic_value_enum()
-                .into()
-        })
+        unimplemented!()
    }

    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, HashSet<String>> {
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
lyken	e719d9396d	asd	2024-07-11 00:34:06 +08:00
lyken	27f2e8b391	core: irrt general numpy broadcasting	2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00
lyken	5f4c406b37	core: irrt general numpy slicing	2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00
lyken	31ab9675ca	core: more irrt	2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00
lyken	5fd5d65377	core: build.rs rewrite regex to capture `= type`	2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00
lyken	01042aecfb	core: move irrt c++ sources to /nac3core/irrt	2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00
lyken	8754f252f6	core: IRRT -Werror=return-type	2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00
lyken	17207a4ebe	core: add irrt_test	2024-07-10 20:10:14 +08:00
lyken	e3a4675fc6	core: comment out numpy	2024-07-10 20:10:05 +08:00