core/ndstrides: add basic ndarray IRRT functions

nac3core/irrt/irrt/ndarray/basic.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <irrt/exception.hpp>
+#include <irrt/int_defs.hpp>
+#include <irrt/ndarray/def.hpp>
+
+namespace {
+namespace ndarray {
+namespace basic {
+namespace util {
+/**
+ * @brief Asserts that `shape` does not contain negative dimensions.
+ *
+ * @param ndims Number of dimensions in `shape`
+ * @param shape The shape to check on
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+void assert_shape_no_negative(SizeT ndims, const SizeT* shape) {
+    for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndims; axis++) {
+        if (shape[axis] < 0) {
+            raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_VALUE_ERROR,
+                            "negative dimensions are not allowed; axis {0} "
+                            "has dimension {1}",
+                            axis, shape[axis], NO_PARAM);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Returns the number of elements of an ndarray given its shape.
+ *
+ * @param ndims Number of dimensions in `shape`
+ * @param shape The shape of the ndarray
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+SizeT calc_size_from_shape(SizeT ndims, const SizeT* shape) {
+    SizeT size = 1;
+    for (SizeT axis = 0; axis < ndims; axis++) size *= shape[axis];
+    return size;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Compute the array indices of the `nth` (0-based) element of an ndarray given only its shape.
+ *
+ * @param ndims Number of elements in `shape` and `indices`
+ * @param shape The shape of the ndarray
+ * @param indices The returned indices indexing the ndarray with shape `shape`.
+ * @param nth The index of the element of interest.
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+void set_indices_by_nth(SizeT ndims, const SizeT* shape, SizeT* indices,
+                        SizeT nth) {
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+        int32_t axis = ndims - i - 1;
+        int32_t dim = shape[axis];
+
+        indices[axis] = nth % dim;
+        nth /= dim;
+    }
+}
+}  // namespace util
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return the number of elements of an `ndarray`
+ *
+ * This function corresponds to `<an_ndarray>.size`
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+SizeT size(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    return util::calc_size_from_shape(ndarray->ndims, ndarray->shape);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return of the number of its content of an `ndarray`.
+ *
+ * This function corresponds to `<an_ndarray>.nbytes`.
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+SizeT nbytes(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    return size(ndarray) * ndarray->itemsize;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Get the `len()` of an ndarray, and asserts that `ndarray` is a sized object.
+ *
+ * This function corresponds to `<an_ndarray>.__len__`.
+ *
+ * @param dst_length The returned result
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+SizeT len(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    // numpy prohibits `__len__` on unsized objects
+    if (ndarray->ndims == 0) {
+        raise_exception(SizeT, EXN_TYPE_ERROR, "len() of unsized object",
+                        NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM, NO_PARAM);
+    }
+    return ndarray->shape[0];
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return a boolean indicating if `ndarray` is (C-)contiguous.
+ *
+ * You may want to see: ndarray's rules for C-contiguity: https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/df256d0d2f3bc6833699529824781c58f9c6e697/numpy/core/src/multiarray/flagsobject.c#L95C1-L99C45
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+bool is_c_contiguous(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    // Other references:
+    // - tinynumpy's implementation: https://github.com/wadetb/tinynumpy/blob/0d23d22e07062ffab2afa287374c7b366eebdda1/tinynumpy/tinynumpy.py#L102
+    // - ndarray's flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]: https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.flags.html#numpy.ndarray.flags
+    // - ndarray's rules for C-contiguity: https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/df256d0d2f3bc6833699529824781c58f9c6e697/numpy/core/src/multiarray/flagsobject.c#L95C1-L99C45
+
+    // From https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/df256d0d2f3bc6833699529824781c58f9c6e697/numpy/core/src/multiarray/flagsobject.c#L95C1-L99C45:
+    //
+    // The traditional rule is that for an array to be flagged as C contiguous,
+    // the following must hold:
+    //
+    // strides[-1] == itemsize
+    // strides[i] == shape[i+1] * strides[i + 1]
+    // [...]
+    // According to these rules, a 0- or 1-dimensional array is either both
+    // C- and F-contiguous, or neither; and an array with 2+ dimensions
+    // can be C- or F- contiguous, or neither, but not both. Though there
+    // there are exceptions for arrays with zero or one item, in the first
+    // case the check is relaxed up to and including the first dimension
+    // with shape[i] == 0. In the second case `strides == itemsize` will
+    // can be true for all dimensions and both flags are set.
+
+    if (ndarray->ndims == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (ndarray->strides[ndarray->ndims - 1] != ndarray->itemsize) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (SizeT i = 1; i < ndarray->ndims; i++) {
+        SizeT axis_i = ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
+        if (ndarray->strides[axis_i] !=
+            ndarray->shape[axis_i + 1] + ndarray->strides[axis_i + 1]) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return the pointer to the element indexed by `indices`.
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+uint8_t* get_pelement_by_indices(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray,
+                                 const SizeT* indices) {
+    uint8_t* element = ndarray->data;
+    for (SizeT dim_i = 0; dim_i < ndarray->ndims; dim_i++)
+        element += indices[dim_i] * ndarray->strides[dim_i];
+    return element;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return the pointer to the nth (0-based) element in a flattened view of `ndarray`.
+ *
+ * This function does no bound check.
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+uint8_t* get_nth_pelement(const NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, SizeT nth) {
+    SizeT* indices = (SizeT*)__builtin_alloca(sizeof(SizeT) * ndarray->ndims);
+    util::set_indices_by_nth(ndarray->ndims, ndarray->shape, indices, nth);
+    return get_pelement_by_indices(ndarray, indices);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Update the strides of an ndarray given an ndarray `shape`
+ * and assuming that the ndarray is fully c-contagious.
+ *
+ * You might want to read https://ajcr.net/stride-guide-part-1/.
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+void set_strides_by_shape(NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray) {
+    SizeT stride_product = 1;
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < ndarray->ndims; i++) {
+        int axis = ndarray->ndims - i - 1;
+        ndarray->strides[axis] = stride_product * ndarray->itemsize;
+        stride_product *= ndarray->shape[axis];
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Set an element in `ndarray`.
+ *
+ * @param pelement Pointer to the element in `ndarray` to be set.
+ * @param pvalue Pointer to the value `pelement` will be set to.
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+void set_pelement_value(NDArray<SizeT>* ndarray, uint8_t* pelement,
+                        const uint8_t* pvalue) {
+    __builtin_memcpy(pelement, pvalue, ndarray->itemsize);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Copy data from one ndarray to another of the exact same size and itemsize.
+ *
+ * Both ndarrays will be viewed in their flatten views when copying the elements.
+ */
+template <typename SizeT>
+void copy_data(const NDArray<SizeT>* src_ndarray, NDArray<SizeT>* dst_ndarray) {
+    // TODO: Make this faster with memcpy
+
+    __builtin_assume(src_ndarray->itemsize == dst_ndarray->itemsize);
+
+    for (SizeT i = 0; i < size(src_ndarray); i++) {
+        auto src_element = ndarray::basic::get_nth_pelement(src_ndarray, i);
+        auto dst_element = ndarray::basic::get_nth_pelement(dst_ndarray, i);
+        ndarray::basic::set_pelement_value(dst_ndarray, dst_element,
+                                           src_element);
+    }
+}
+}  // namespace basic
+}  // namespace ndarray
+}  // namespace
+
+extern "C" {
+using namespace ndarray::basic;
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative(int32_t ndims,
+                                                  int32_t* shape) {
+    util::assert_shape_no_negative(ndims, shape);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative64(int64_t ndims,
+                                                    int64_t* shape) {
+    util::assert_shape_no_negative(ndims, shape);
+}
+
+uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_size(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+    return size(ndarray);
+}
+
+uint64_t __nac3_ndarray_size64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+    return size(ndarray);
+}
+
+uint32_t __nac3_ndarray_nbytes(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+    return nbytes(ndarray);
+}
+
+uint64_t __nac3_ndarray_nbytes64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+    return nbytes(ndarray);
+}
+
+int32_t __nac3_ndarray_len(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) { return len(ndarray); }
+
+int64_t __nac3_ndarray_len64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) { return len(ndarray); }
+
+bool __nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+    return is_c_contiguous(ndarray);
+}
+
+bool __nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+    return is_c_contiguous(ndarray);
+}
+
+uint8_t* __nac3_get_nth_pelement(const NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray, int32_t nth) {
+    return get_nth_pelement(ndarray, nth);
+}
+
+uint8_t* __nac3_get_nth_pelement64(const NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray,
+                                   int64_t nth) {
+    return get_nth_pelement(ndarray, nth);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape(NDArray<int32_t>* ndarray) {
+    set_strides_by_shape(ndarray);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape64(NDArray<int64_t>* ndarray) {
+    set_strides_by_shape(ndarray);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_copy_data(NDArray<int32_t>* src_ndarray,
+                              NDArray<int32_t>* dst_ndarray) {
+    copy_data(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray);
+}
+
+void __nac3_ndarray_copy_data64(NDArray<int64_t>* src_ndarray,
+                                NDArray<int64_t>* dst_ndarray) {
+    copy_data(src_ndarray, dst_ndarray);
+}
+}

nac3core/irrt/irrt_everything.hpp

@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #include <irrt/core.hpp>
 #include <irrt/exception.hpp>
 #include <irrt/int_defs.hpp>
+#include <irrt/ndarray/basic.hpp>
 #include <irrt/ndarray/def.hpp>
 #include <irrt/util.hpp>

nac3core/irrt/irrt_test.cpp

@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@
 #define IRRT_TESTING
 
 #include <test/test_core.hpp>
+#include <test/test_ndarray_basic.hpp>
 
 int main() {
     test::core::run();
+    test::ndarray_basic::run();
     return 0;
 }

nac3core/irrt/test/test_ndarray_basic.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <test/includes.hpp>
+
+namespace test {
+namespace ndarray_basic {
+void test_calc_size_from_shape_normal() {
+    // Test shapes with normal values
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    int32_t shape[4] = {2, 3, 5, 7};
+    assert_values_match(
+        210, ndarray::basic::util::calc_size_from_shape<int32_t>(4, shape));
+}
+
+void test_calc_size_from_shape_has_zero() {
+    // Test shapes with 0 in them
+    BEGIN_TEST();
+
+    int32_t shape[4] = {2, 0, 5, 7};
+    assert_values_match(
+        0, ndarray::basic::util::calc_size_from_shape<int32_t>(4, shape));
+}
+
+void run() {
+    test_calc_size_from_shape_normal();
+    test_calc_size_from_shape_has_zero();
+}
+}  // namespace ndarray_basic
+}  // namespace test

nac3core/src/codegen/irrt/mod.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ mod test;
 pub mod util;
 
 use super::model::*;
+use super::structure::ndarray::NpArray;
 use super::{
     classes::{
         ArrayLikeIndexer, ArrayLikeValue, ArraySliceValue, ListValue, NDArrayValue,
@@ -987,3 +988,117 @@ pub fn setup_irrt_exceptions<'ctx>(
         global.set_initializer(&exn_id);
     }
 }
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative<'ctx>(
+    tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndims: Int<'ctx, SizeT>,
+    shape: Ptr<'ctx, IntModel<SizeT>>,
+) {
+    CallFunction::begin(
+        tyctx,
+        ctx,
+        &get_sizet_dependent_function_name(tyctx, "__nac3_ndarray_util_assert_shape_no_negative"),
+    )
+    .arg("ndims", ndims)
+    .arg("shape", shape)
+    .returning_void();
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_size<'ctx>(
+    tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    pndarray: Ptr<'ctx, StructModel<NpArray>>,
+) -> Int<'ctx, SizeT> {
+    CallFunction::begin(
+        tyctx,
+        ctx,
+        &get_sizet_dependent_function_name(tyctx, "__nac3_ndarray_size"),
+    )
+    .arg("ndarray", pndarray)
+    .returning_auto("size")
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes<'ctx>(
+    tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    pndarray: Ptr<'ctx, StructModel<NpArray>>,
+) -> Int<'ctx, SizeT> {
+    CallFunction::begin(
+        tyctx,
+        ctx,
+        &get_sizet_dependent_function_name(tyctx, "__nac3_ndarray_nbytes"),
+    )
+    .arg("ndarray", pndarray)
+    .returning_auto("nbytes")
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_len<'ctx>(
+    tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    pndarray: Ptr<'ctx, StructModel<NpArray>>,
+) -> Int<'ctx, SizeT> {
+    CallFunction::begin(tyctx, ctx, &get_sizet_dependent_function_name(tyctx, "__nac3_ndarray_len"))
+        .arg("ndarray", pndarray)
+        .returning_auto("len")
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous<'ctx>(
+    tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ndarray_ptr: Ptr<'ctx, StructModel<NpArray>>,
+) -> Int<'ctx, Bool> {
+    CallFunction::begin(
+        tyctx,
+        ctx,
+        &get_sizet_dependent_function_name(tyctx, "__nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous"),
+    )
+    .arg("ndarray", ndarray_ptr)
+    .returning_auto("is_c_contiguous")
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement<'ctx>(
+    tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    pndarray: Ptr<'ctx, StructModel<NpArray>>,
+    index: Int<'ctx, SizeT>,
+) -> Ptr<'ctx, IntModel<Byte>> {
+    CallFunction::begin(
+        tyctx,
+        ctx,
+        &get_sizet_dependent_function_name(tyctx, "__nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement"),
+    )
+    .arg("ndarray", pndarray)
+    .arg("index", index)
+    .returning_auto("pelement")
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape<'ctx>(
+    tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    pdnarray: Ptr<'ctx, StructModel<NpArray>>,
+) {
+    CallFunction::begin(
+        tyctx,
+        ctx,
+        &get_sizet_dependent_function_name(tyctx, "__nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape"),
+    )
+    .arg("ndarray", pdnarray)
+    .returning_void();
+}
+
+pub fn call_nac3_ndarray_copy_data<'ctx>(
+    tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+    ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    src_ndarray: Ptr<'ctx, StructModel<NpArray>>,
+    dst_ndarray: Ptr<'ctx, StructModel<NpArray>>,
+) {
+    CallFunction::begin(
+        tyctx,
+        ctx,
+        &get_sizet_dependent_function_name(tyctx, "__nac3_ndarray_copy_data"),
+    )
+    .arg("src_ndarray", src_ndarray)
+    .arg("dst_ndarray", dst_ndarray)
+    .returning_void();
+}

nac3core/src/codegen/structure/ndarray.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-use crate::codegen::*;
+use irrt::{
+    call_nac3_ndarray_copy_data, call_nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement,
+    call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous, call_nac3_ndarray_len, call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes,
+    call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape, call_nac3_ndarray_size,
+};
+
+use crate::{codegen::*, symbol_resolver::SymbolValue};
 
 pub struct NpArrayFields<'ctx, F: FieldTraversal<'ctx>> {
     pub data: F::Out<PtrModel<IntModel<Byte>>>,
@@ -26,9 +32,193 @@ impl<'ctx> StructKind<'ctx> for NpArray {
     }
 }
 
+/// Extract an ndarray's `ndims` [type][`Type`] in `u64`. Panic if not possible.
+/// The `ndims` must only contain 1 value.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn extract_ndims(unifier: &Unifier, ndims_ty: Type) -> u64 {
+    let ndims_ty_enum = unifier.get_ty_immutable(ndims_ty);
+    let TypeEnum::TLiteral { values, .. } = &*ndims_ty_enum else {
+        panic!("ndims_ty should be a TLiteral");
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(values.len(), 1, "ndims_ty TLiteral should only contain 1 value");
+
+    let ndims = values[0].clone();
+    u64::try_from(ndims).unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Return an ndarray's `ndims` as a typechecker [`Type`] from its `u64` value.
+pub fn create_ndims(unifier: &mut Unifier, ndims: u64) -> Type {
+    unifier.get_fresh_literal(vec![SymbolValue::U64(ndims)], None)
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
     pub dtype: Type,
     pub ndims: Type,
     pub value: Ptr<'ctx, StructModel<NpArray>>,
 }
+
+impl<'ctx> NDArrayObject<'ctx> {
+    /// Allocate an ndarray on the stack given its `ndims` and `dtype`.
+    ///
+    /// `shape` and `strides` will be automatically allocated on the stack.
+    ///
+    /// The returned ndarray's content will be:
+    /// - `data`: set to `nullptr`.
+    /// - `itemsize`: set to the `sizeof()` of `dtype`.
+    /// - `ndims`: set to the value of  `ndims`.
+    /// - `shape`: allocated with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized values.
+    /// - `strides`: allocated with an array of length `ndims` with uninitialized values.
+    pub fn alloca_uninitialized<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        dtype: Type,
+        ndims: Type,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let tyctx = generator.type_context(ctx.ctx);
+        let sizet_model = IntModel(SizeT);
+        let ndarray_model = StructModel(NpArray);
+        let ndarray_data_model = PtrModel(IntModel(Byte));
+
+        let pndarray = ndarray_model.alloca(tyctx, ctx, name);
+
+        let data = ndarray_data_model.nullptr(tyctx, ctx.ctx);
+
+        let itemsize = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, dtype).size_of().unwrap();
+        let itemsize = sizet_model.s_extend_or_bit_cast(tyctx, ctx, itemsize, "itemsize");
+
+        let ndims_val = extract_ndims(&ctx.unifier, ndims);
+        let ndims_val = sizet_model.constant(tyctx, ctx.ctx, ndims_val);
+
+        let shape = sizet_model.array_alloca(tyctx, ctx, ndims_val.value, "shape");
+        let strides = sizet_model.array_alloca(tyctx, ctx, ndims_val.value, "strides");
+
+        pndarray.gep(ctx, |f| f.data).store(ctx, data);
+        pndarray.gep(ctx, |f| f.itemsize).store(ctx, itemsize);
+        pndarray.gep(ctx, |f| f.ndims).store(ctx, ndims_val);
+        pndarray.gep(ctx, |f| f.shape).store(ctx, shape);
+        pndarray.gep(ctx, |f| f.strides).store(ctx, strides);
+
+        NDArrayObject { dtype, ndims, value: pndarray }
+    }
+
+    /// Get this ndarray's `ndims` as an LLVM constant.
+    pub fn get_ndims(
+        &self,
+        tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ) -> Int<'ctx, SizeT> {
+        let sizet_model = IntModel(SizeT);
+
+        let ndims_val = extract_ndims(&ctx.unifier, self.ndims);
+        sizet_model.constant(tyctx, ctx.ctx, ndims_val)
+    }
+
+    /// Return true if this ndarray is unsized.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is_unsized(&self, unifier: &Unifier) -> bool {
+        extract_ndims(unifier, self.ndims) == 0
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize an ndarray's `data` by allocating a buffer on the stack.
+    /// The allocated data buffer is considered to be *owned* by the ndarray.
+    ///
+    /// `strides` of the ndarray will also be updated with `set_strides_by_shape`.
+    ///
+    /// `shape` and `itemsize` of the ndarray ***must*** be initialized first.
+    pub fn create_data<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ) {
+        let byte_model = IntModel(Byte);
+
+        let data = byte_model.array_alloca(tyctx, ctx, self.get_ndims(tyctx, ctx).value, "data");
+        self.value.gep(ctx, |f| f.data).store(ctx, data);
+
+        self.update_strides_by_shape(tyctx, ctx);
+    }
+
+    /// Get the `np.size()` of this ndarray.
+    pub fn size(
+        &self,
+        tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ) -> Int<'ctx, SizeT> {
+        call_nac3_ndarray_size(tyctx, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the `ndarray.nbytes` of this ndarray.
+    pub fn nbytes(
+        &self,
+        tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ) -> Int<'ctx, SizeT> {
+        call_nac3_ndarray_nbytes(tyctx, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the `len()` of this ndarray.
+    pub fn len(
+        &self,
+        tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ) -> Int<'ctx, SizeT> {
+        call_nac3_ndarray_len(tyctx, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if this ndarray is C-contiguous.
+    ///
+    /// See NumPy's `flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]`: <https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.flags.html#numpy.ndarray.flags>
+    pub fn is_c_contiguous<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ) -> Int<'ctx, Bool> {
+        call_nac3_ndarray_is_c_contiguous(tyctx, ctx, self.value)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the pointer to the n-th (0-based) element.
+    ///
+    /// The returned pointer has the element type of the LLVM type of this ndarray's `dtype`.
+    pub fn get_nth_pelement<G: CodeGenerator + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        generator: &mut G,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        nth: Int<'ctx, SizeT>,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> PointerValue<'ctx> {
+        let tyctx = generator.type_context(ctx.ctx);
+        let elem_ty = ctx.get_llvm_type(generator, self.dtype);
+
+        let p = call_nac3_ndarray_get_nth_pelement(tyctx, ctx, self.value, nth);
+        ctx.builder
+            .build_pointer_cast(p.value, elem_ty.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default()), name)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Call [`call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape`] on this ndarray to update `strides`.
+    ///
+    /// Please refer to the IRRT implementation to see its purpose.
+    pub fn update_strides_by_shape(
+        &self,
+        tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+    ) {
+        call_nac3_ndarray_set_strides_by_shape(tyctx, ctx, self.value);
+    }
+
+    /// Copy data from another ndarray.
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the `dtype`s of ndarrays are different.
+    pub fn copy_data_from(
+        &self,
+        tyctx: TypeContext<'ctx>,
+        ctx: &mut CodeGenContext<'ctx, '_>,
+        src: NDArrayObject<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        assert!(ctx.unifier.unioned(self.dtype, src.dtype), "self and src dtype should match");
+        call_nac3_ndarray_copy_data(tyctx, ctx, src.value, self.value);
+    }
+}