Refactor to use Diagnostic Class

Cargo.lock

@@ -641,6 +641,7 @@ name = "nac3artiq"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "inkwell",
+ "itertools 0.11.0",
  "nac3core",
  "nac3ld",
  "nac3parser",
@@ -663,6 +664,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "nac3core"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "clap",
  "crossbeam",
  "indoc",
  "inkwell",

nac3artiq/Cargo.toml

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ name = "nac3artiq"
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
+itertools = "0.11"
 pyo3 = { version = "0.20", features = ["extension-module"] }
 parking_lot = "0.12"
 tempfile = "3.8"

nac3artiq/src/lib.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use inkwell::{
     targets::*,
     OptimizationLevel,
 };
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use nac3core::codegen::{CodeGenLLVMOptions, CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, gen_func_impl};
 use nac3core::toplevel::builtins::get_exn_constructor;
 use nac3core::typecheck::typedef::{TypeEnum, Unifier};
@@ -474,11 +475,11 @@ impl Nac3 {
 
         if let Err(e) = composer.start_analysis(true) {
             // report error of __modinit__ separately
-            if !e.contains("<nac3_synthesized_modinit>") {
+            return if !e.iter().any(|err| err.message().contains("<nac3_synthesized_modinit>")) {
-                return Err(CompileError::new_err(format!(
+                Err(CompileError::new_err(format!(
                     "compilation failed\n----------\n{}",
-                    e
+                    e.into_iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n")
-                )));
+                )))
             } else {
                 let msg = Self::report_modinit(
                     &arg_names,
@@ -488,10 +489,10 @@ impl Nac3 {
                     &mut composer.unifier,
                     &self.primitive,
                 );
-                return Err(CompileError::new_err(format!(
+                Err(CompileError::new_err(format!(
                     "compilation failed\n----------\n{}",
-                    msg.unwrap_or(e)
+                    msg.unwrap_or(e.into_iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n"))
-                )));
+                )))
             }
         }
         let top_level = Arc::new(composer.make_top_level_context());

nac3artiq/src/symbol_resolver.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 use inkwell::{types::BasicType, values::BasicValueEnum, AddressSpace};
-use nac3core::{
+use nac3core::{codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator}, DiagnosticEngine, DiagnosticsResult, ResultOrDiagnostics, symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver, SymbolValue, ValueEnum}, toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef}, typecheck::{
-    codegen::{CodeGenContext, CodeGenerator},
+    type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-    symbol_resolver::{StaticValue, SymbolResolver, SymbolValue, ValueEnum},
+    typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
+}};
-    typecheck::{
+use nac3parser::ast::{self, Location, StrRef};
-        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
-    },
-};
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef};
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use pyo3::{
     types::{PyDict, PyTuple},
@@ -21,6 +16,7 @@ use std::{
         atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering::Relaxed}
     }
 };
+use nac3core::Diagnostic::DiagErr;
 
 use crate::PrimitivePythonId;
 
@@ -1169,20 +1165,28 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         })
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef, id_loc: Option<Location>) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<DefinitionId> {
         {
             let id_to_def = self.0.id_to_def.read();
-            id_to_def.get(&id).cloned().ok_or_else(|| "".to_string())
+            id_to_def.get(&id).cloned()
+                .map(|res| DiagnosticsResult::ok(res))
+                .ok_or_else(|| "".to_string())
         }
         .or_else(|_| {
-            let py_id =
+            let py_id = self.0.name_to_pyid.get(&id)
-                self.0.name_to_pyid.get(&id).ok_or(format!("Undefined identifier `{}`", id))?;
+                .ok_or(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
-            let result = self.0.pyid_to_def.read().get(py_id).copied().ok_or(format!(
+                    format!("undefined identifier `{id}`"),
-                "`{}` is not registered with NAC3 (@nac3 decorator missing?)",
+                    id_loc.unwrap()
-                id
+                )))?;
-            ))?;
+            let result = self.0.pyid_to_def.read()
+                .get(py_id)
+                .copied()
+                .ok_or(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                    format!("`{}` is not registered with NAC3 (@nac3 decorator missing?)", id),
+                    id_loc.unwrap(),
+                )))?;
             self.0.id_to_def.write().insert(id, result);
-            Ok(result)
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(result))
         })
     }
 

nac3core/Cargo.toml

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ crossbeam = "0.8"
 parking_lot = "0.12"
 rayon = "1.5"
 nac3parser = { path = "../nac3parser" }
+clap = { version = "4.4.7", features = ["derive"] }
 
 [dependencies.inkwell]
 version = "0.2"

nac3core/src/codegen/expr.rs

@@ -1,22 +1,17 @@
 use std::{collections::HashMap, convert::TryInto, iter::once, iter::zip};
 
-use crate::{
+use crate::{codegen::{
-    codegen::{
+    concrete_type::{ConcreteFuncArg, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore},
-        concrete_type::{ConcreteFuncArg, ConcreteTypeEnum, ConcreteTypeStore},
+    gen_in_range_check,
-        gen_in_range_check,
+    get_llvm_type,
-        get_llvm_type,
+    get_llvm_abi_type,
-        get_llvm_abi_type,
+    irrt::*,
-        irrt::*,
+    stmt::{gen_raise, gen_var},
-        stmt::{gen_raise, gen_var},
+    CodeGenContext, CodeGenTask,
-        CodeGenContext, CodeGenTask,
+}, DiagnosticsResult, symbol_resolver::{SymbolValue, ValueEnum}, toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef}, typecheck::{
-    },
+    typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
-    symbol_resolver::{SymbolValue, ValueEnum},
+    magic_methods::{binop_name, binop_assign_name},
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
+}};
-    typecheck::{
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
-        magic_methods::{binop_name, binop_assign_name},
-    },
-};
 use inkwell::{
     AddressSpace,
     attributes::{Attribute, AttributeLoc},
@@ -1584,10 +1579,16 @@ pub fn gen_expr<'ctx, 'a, G: CodeGenerator>(
             match &func.node {
                 ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
                     // TODO: handle primitive casts and function pointers
-                    let fun = ctx
+                    // TODO(Derppening): Add fatal error and convert this (and all `gen_*` to fatal)
+                    let DiagnosticsResult { value: fun, engine: diags } = ctx
                         .resolver
-                        .get_identifier_def(*id)
+                        .get_identifier_def(*id, Some(func.location))
-                        .map_err(|e| format!("{} (at {})", e, func.location))?;
+                        .map_err(|e| e.iter().join("\n"))?;
+
+                    if !diags.is_empty() {
+                        todo!("Emitting warnings in gen_expr is not supported yet");
+                    }
+
                     return Ok(generator
                         .gen_call(ctx, None, (&signature, fun), params)?
                         .map(|v| v.into()));

nac3core/src/codegen/test.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,12 @@
-use crate::{
+use crate::{codegen::{
-    codegen::{
+    concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, CodeGenContext, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
+    CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
-        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+}, DiagnosticEngine, DiagnosticsResult, ResultOrDiagnostics, symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum}, toplevel::{
-    },
+    composer::TopLevelComposer, DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
-    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
+}, typecheck::{
-    toplevel::{
+    type_inferencer::{FunctionData, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
-        composer::TopLevelComposer, DefinitionId, FunInstance, TopLevelContext, TopLevelDef,
+    typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
-    },
+}};
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::{FunctionData, Inferencer, PrimitiveStore},
-        typedef::{FunSignature, FuncArg, Type, TypeEnum, Unifier},
-    },
-};
 use indoc::indoc;
 use inkwell::{
     targets::{InitializationConfig, Target},
@@ -24,6 +19,8 @@ use nac3parser::{
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use nac3parser::ast::Location;
+use crate::Diagnostic::DiagErr;
 
 struct Resolver {
     id_to_type: HashMap<StrRef, Type>,
@@ -63,12 +60,13 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef, loc: Option<Location>) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<DefinitionId> {
         self.id_to_def
             .read()
             .get(&id)
             .cloned()
-            .ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find symbol `{}`", id))
+            .map(|res| DiagnosticsResult::ok(res))
+            .ok_or_else(|| DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(format!("cannot find symbol `{id}`"), loc.unwrap())))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
@@ -144,7 +142,9 @@ fn test_primitives() {
         .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
         .unwrap();
 
-    inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut identifiers).unwrap();
+    let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut identifiers);
+    assert_eq!(errs.is_empty(), true);
+
     let top_level = Arc::new(TopLevelContext {
         definitions: Arc::new(RwLock::new(std::mem::take(&mut *top_level.definitions.write()))),
         unifiers: Arc::new(RwLock::new(vec![(unifier.get_shared_unifier(), primitives)])),
@@ -346,7 +346,9 @@ fn test_simple_call() {
         unreachable!()
     }
 
-    inferencer.check_block(&statements_1, &mut identifiers).unwrap();
+    let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = inferencer.check_block(&statements_1, &mut identifiers);
+    assert_eq!(errs.is_empty(), true);
+
     let top_level = Arc::new(TopLevelContext {
         definitions: Arc::new(RwLock::new(std::mem::take(&mut *top_level.definitions.write()))),
         unifiers: Arc::new(RwLock::new(vec![(unifier.get_shared_unifier(), primitives)])),

nac3core/src/lib.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use self::Diagnostic::*;
 
 use std::fmt;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use nac3parser::ast::Location;
 
 pub mod codegen;
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ impl Diagnostic {
     }
 
     /// Returns the message of this [Diagnostic].
-    fn message(&self) -> &str {
+    pub fn message(&self) -> &str {
         match self {
             DiagErr(msg, _) => msg,
             DiagWarn(msg, _) => msg,
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ impl Diagnostic {
     }
 
     /// Returns the location of where this [Diagnostic] is created from.
-    fn location(&self) -> &Location {
+    pub fn location(&self) -> &Location {
         match self {
             DiagErr(_, loc) => loc,
             DiagWarn(_, loc) => loc,
@@ -121,37 +123,52 @@ impl Hash for Diagnostic {
     }
 }
 
-#[deprecated]
-pub fn contains_errors(diagnostics: &HashSet<Diagnostic>) -> bool {
-    diagnostics.iter().any(|d| match d {
-        DiagErr(_, _) => true,
-        _ => false,
-    })
-}
-
 /// Type alias for [Result] encapsulating a success value of type [T], and any diagnostics emitted
 /// during the generation of the result.
 ///
 /// This type should be used where a result cannot be meaningfully generated when a subset of the
 /// possible diagnostics is emitted.
-pub type DiagnosticsResult<T> = Result<(T, DiagnosticEngine), DiagnosticEngine>;
+pub type ResultOrDiagnostics<T> = Result<DiagnosticsResult<T>, DiagnosticEngine>;
 
 /// Type representing a result of type `T` with any diagnostics emitted during the generation of the
 /// result.
 ///
 /// This type should be used where, even when diagnostics are generated, a meaningful result can
 /// still be generated.
-pub struct DiagnosticsPartialResult<T> {
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct DiagnosticsResult<T> {
     value: T,
     engine: DiagnosticEngine,
 }
 
-impl <T> Into<DiagnosticsResult<T>> for DiagnosticsPartialResult<T> {
+impl <T> DiagnosticsResult<T> {
-    fn into(self) -> DiagnosticsResult<T> {
+    pub fn ok(value: T) -> DiagnosticsResult<T> {
+        DiagnosticsResult {
+            value,
+            engine: DiagnosticEngine::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn err(value: T, engine: DiagnosticEngine) -> DiagnosticsResult<T> {
+        DiagnosticsResult {
+            value,
+            engine
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl <T> Into<(T, DiagnosticEngine)> for DiagnosticsResult<T> {
+    fn into(self) -> (T, DiagnosticEngine) {
+        (self.value, self.engine)
+    }
+}
+
+impl <T> Into<ResultOrDiagnostics<T>> for DiagnosticsResult<T> {
+    fn into(self) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<T> {
         if self.engine.has_errors() {
             Err(self.engine)
         } else {
-            Ok((self.value, self.engine))
+            Ok(self)
         }
     }
 }
@@ -200,16 +217,16 @@ impl DiagnosticEngine {
         self.extend(other.diagnostics)
     }
 
-    pub fn consume_partial_result<T>(&mut self, result: DiagnosticsPartialResult<T>) -> T {
+    pub fn consume_partial_result<T>(&mut self, result: DiagnosticsResult<T>) -> T {
         self.merge_with(result.engine);
         result.value
     }
 
-    pub fn consume_result<T>(&mut self, result: DiagnosticsResult<T>) -> Result<T, Self> {
+    pub fn consume_result<T>(&mut self, result: ResultOrDiagnostics<T>) -> Result<T, Self> {
         match result {
-            Ok((v, diags)) => {
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult { value, engine }) => {
-                self.merge_with(diags);
+                self.merge_with(engine);
-                Ok(v)
+                Ok(value)
             }
 
             Err(diags) => {
@@ -219,11 +236,11 @@ impl DiagnosticEngine {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn consume_result_to_option<T>(&mut self, result: DiagnosticsResult<T>) -> Option<T> {
+    pub fn consume_result_to_option<T>(&mut self, result: ResultOrDiagnostics<T>) -> Option<T> {
         match result {
-            Ok((v, diags)) => {
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult { value, engine }) => {
-                self.merge_with(diags);
+                self.merge_with(engine);
-                Some(v)
+                Some(value)
             }
 
             Err(diags) => {
@@ -241,18 +258,36 @@ impl DiagnosticEngine {
         self.diagnostics.into_iter()
     }
 
-    pub fn into_partial_result<T>(self, value: T) -> DiagnosticsPartialResult<T> {
+    pub fn into_partial_result<T>(self, value: T) -> DiagnosticsResult<T> {
-        DiagnosticsPartialResult {
+        DiagnosticsResult {
             value,
             engine: self
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn into_result<T>(self, value: T) -> DiagnosticsResult<T> {
+    pub fn into_result<T>(self, value: T) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<T> {
+        self.into_result_with(|| value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_result_with<T, F>(self, value: F) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<T>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> T,
+    {
         if self.has_errors() {
             Err(self)
         } else {
-            Ok((value, self))
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult { value: value(), engine: self })
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn as_string(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.diagnostics.iter()
+            .map(|diag| diag.to_string())
+            .collect_vec()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for DiagnosticEngine {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.as_string().join("\n----------\n"))
+    }
 }

nac3core/src/symbol_resolver.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Display};
 
 use crate::typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum;
-use crate::{
+use crate::{codegen::CodeGenContext, Diagnostic::DiagErr, DiagnosticEngine, DiagnosticsResult, ResultOrDiagnostics, toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef}};
-    codegen::CodeGenContext,
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
-};
 use crate::{
     codegen::CodeGenerator,
     typecheck::{
@@ -147,8 +144,14 @@ pub trait SymbolResolver {
         str: StrRef,
     ) -> Result<Type, String>;
 
-    // get the top-level definition of identifiers
+    /// Returns the top-level definition of identifiers.
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, str: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String>;
+    ///
+    /// * `id_src`: The location where the identifier is used in.
+    fn get_identifier_def(
+        &self,
+        str: StrRef,
+        id_src: Option<Location>
+    ) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<DefinitionId>;
 
     fn get_symbol_value<'ctx, 'a>(
         &self,
@@ -186,15 +189,19 @@ thread_local! {
     ];
 }
 
-// convert type annotation into type
+/// Converts type annotation into [Type].
+///
+/// Returns [Type] of this `expr` if the operation is successful, and a [HashSet] containing all
+/// emitted [Diagnostic] messages.
 pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
     resolver: &dyn SymbolResolver,
     top_level_defs: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     expr: &Expr<T>,
-) -> Result<Type, String> {
+) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<Type> {
     use nac3parser::ast::ExprKind::*;
+
     let ids = IDENTIFIER_ID.with(|ids| *ids);
     let int32_id = ids[0];
     let int64_id = ids[1];
@@ -209,56 +216,87 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
     let uint64_id = ids[10];
 
     let name_handling = |id: &StrRef, loc: Location, unifier: &mut Unifier| {
+        let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+
         if *id == int32_id {
-            Ok(primitives.int32)
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(primitives.int32))
         } else if *id == int64_id {
-            Ok(primitives.int64)
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(primitives.int64))
         } else if *id == uint32_id {
-            Ok(primitives.uint32)
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(primitives.uint32))
         } else if *id == uint64_id {
-            Ok(primitives.uint64)
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(primitives.uint64))
         } else if *id == float_id {
-            Ok(primitives.float)
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(primitives.float))
         } else if *id == bool_id {
-            Ok(primitives.bool)
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(primitives.bool))
         } else if *id == str_id {
-            Ok(primitives.str)
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(primitives.str))
         } else if *id == exn_id {
-            Ok(primitives.exception)
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(primitives.exception))
         } else {
-            let obj_id = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id);
+            let obj_id = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id, Some(expr.location));
             match obj_id {
-                Ok(obj_id) => {
+                Ok(DiagnosticsResult { value: obj_id, engine: diags }) => {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(diags);
+
                     let def = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].read();
                     if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = &*def {
                         if !type_vars.is_empty() {
-                            return Err(format!(
+                            diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                                "Unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got 0",
+                                format!("expected {} type parameters but got 0", type_vars.len()),
-                                type_vars.len()
+                                loc,
                             ));
+                            return Err(diagnostics)
                         }
+
                         let fields = chain(
                             fields.iter().map(|(k, v, m)| (*k, (*v, *m))),
                             methods.iter().map(|(k, v, _)| (*k, (*v, false))),
                         )
                         .collect();
-                        Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
+                        Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(
-                            obj_id,
+                            unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj {
-                            fields,
+                                obj_id,
-                            params: Default::default(),
+                                fields,
-                        }))
+                                params: Default::default(),
+                            }),
+                            diagnostics,
+                        ))
                     } else {
-                        Err(format!("Cannot use function name as type at {}", loc))
+                        diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                            "cannot use function name as type".into(),
+                            loc,
+                        ));
+                        Err(diagnostics)
                     }
                 }
+
                 Err(_) => {
-                    let ty = resolver
+                    let ty = match resolver.get_symbol_type(
-                        .get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, *id)
+                        unifier,
-                        .map_err(|e| format!("Unknown type annotation at {}: {}", loc, e))?;
+                        top_level_defs,
+                        primitives,
+                        *id,
+                    ) {
+                        Ok(ty) => ty,
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                                format!("Unknown type annotation {e}"),
+                                loc,
+                            ));
+                            return Err(diagnostics)
+                        }
+                    };
+
                     if let TypeEnum::TVar { .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(ty) {
-                        Ok(ty)
+                        Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(ty, diagnostics))
                     } else {
-                        Err(format!("Unknown type annotation {} at {}", id, loc))
+                        diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                            format!("unknown type annotation {}", id),
+                            loc,
+                        ));
+                        Err(diagnostics)
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -266,23 +304,37 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
     };
 
     let subscript_name_handle = |id: &StrRef, slice: &Expr<T>, unifier: &mut Unifier| {
+        let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+
         if *id == virtual_id {
-            let ty = parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, slice)?;
+            let DiagnosticsResult { value: ty, engine: diag } =
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty }))
+                parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, slice)?;
+            diagnostics.merge_with(diag);
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty }), diagnostics))
         } else if *id == list_id {
-            let ty = parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, slice)?;
+            let DiagnosticsResult { value: ty, engine: diag } =
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }))
+                parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, slice)?;
+            diagnostics.merge_with(diag);
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }), diagnostics))
         } else if *id == tuple_id {
             if let Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
-                let ty = elts
+                let (ty, diags) = elts
                     .iter()
                     .map(|elt| {
                         parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, elt)
                     })
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
-                Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty }))
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|res| res.into())
+                    .unzip::<_, _, Vec<_>, Vec<_>>();
+                diagnostics.extend(diags.into_iter().flat_map(|d| d.into_iter()));
+                Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty }), diagnostics))
             } else {
-                Err("Expected multiple elements for tuple".into())
+                diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                    "expected multiple elements for tuple".into(),
+                    slice.location,
+                ));
+                Err(diagnostics)
             }
         } else {
             let types = if let Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
@@ -295,25 +347,38 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
                 vec![parse_type_annotation(resolver, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, slice)?]
             };
 
-            let obj_id = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id)?;
+            let DiagnosticsResult { value: obj_id, engine: diags } = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id, Some(slice.location))?;
+            diagnostics.merge_with(diags);
+
             let def = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].read();
             if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = &*def {
                 if types.len() != type_vars.len() {
-                    return Err(format!(
+                    diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                        "Unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got {}",
+                        format!("expected {} type parameters but got {}", type_vars.len(), types.len()),
-                        type_vars.len(),
+                        slice.location,
-                        types.len()
                     ));
+                    return Err(diagnostics)
                 }
+
                 let mut subst = HashMap::new();
-                for (var, ty) in izip!(type_vars.iter(), types.iter()) {
+                let mut subst_diags = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+                for (var, DiagnosticsResult { value: ty, engine: diag }) in izip!(type_vars.iter(), types.iter()) {
                     let id = if let TypeEnum::TVar { id, .. } = &*unifier.get_ty(*var) {
                         *id
                     } else {
                         unreachable!()
                     };
+
                     subst.insert(id, *ty);
+                    subst_diags.extend(diag.iter().cloned());
                 }
+
+                let subst_has_errors = subst_diags.has_errors();
+                diagnostics.merge_with(subst_diags);
+                if subst_has_errors {
+                    return Err(diagnostics)
+                }
+
                 let mut fields = fields
                     .iter()
                     .map(|(attr, ty, is_mutable)| {
@@ -325,9 +390,14 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
                     let ty = unifier.subst(*ty, &subst).unwrap_or(*ty);
                     (*attr, (ty, false))
                 }));
-                Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params: subst }))
+
+                Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, fields, params: subst }), diagnostics))
             } else {
-                Err("Cannot use function name as type".into())
+                diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                    "cannot use function name as type".into(),
+                    slice.location,
+                ));
+                Err(diagnostics)
             }
         }
     };
@@ -338,10 +408,17 @@ pub fn parse_type_annotation<T>(
             if let Name { id, .. } = &value.node {
                 subscript_name_handle(id, slice, unifier)
             } else {
-                Err(format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location))
+                Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                    "unsupported type expression".into(),
+                    expr.location,
+                )))
             }
         }
-        _ => Err(format!("unsupported type expression at {}", expr.location)),
+
+        _ => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+            "unsupported type expression".into(),
+            expr.location,
+        ))),
     }
 }
 
@@ -352,7 +429,7 @@ impl dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync {
         unifier: &mut Unifier,
         primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
         expr: &Expr<T>,
-    ) -> Result<Type, String> {
+    ) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<Type> {
         parse_type_annotation(self, top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, expr)
     }
 

nac3core/src/toplevel/helper.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ use std::convert::TryInto;
 
 use crate::symbol_resolver::SymbolValue;
 use nac3parser::ast::{Constant, Location};
+use crate::Diagnostic::DiagErr;
+use crate::{Diagnostic, DiagnosticEngine, DiagnosticsResult, ResultOrDiagnostics};
 
 use super::*;
 
@@ -200,13 +202,17 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
     pub fn get_class_method_def_info(
         class_methods_def: &[(StrRef, Type, DefinitionId)],
         method_name: StrRef,
-    ) -> Result<(Type, DefinitionId), String> {
+        loc: Location,
+    ) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<(Type, DefinitionId)> {
         for (name, ty, def_id) in class_methods_def {
             if name == &method_name {
-                return Ok((*ty, *def_id));
+                return Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok((*ty, *def_id)));
             }
         }
-        Err(format!("no method {} in the current class", method_name))
+
+        Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(
+            DiagErr(format!("no method {method_name} in the current class"), loc)
+        ))
     }
 
     /// get all base class def id of a class, excluding itself. \
@@ -217,7 +223,10 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
     pub fn get_all_ancestors_helper(
         child: &TypeAnnotation,
         temp_def_list: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
-    ) -> Result<Vec<TypeAnnotation>, String> {
+        unifier: &mut Unifier,
+        loc: &Option<Location>,
+    ) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<Vec<TypeAnnotation>> {
+        let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
         let mut result: Vec<TypeAnnotation> = Vec::new();
         let mut parent = Self::get_parent(child, temp_def_list);
         while let Some(p) = parent {
@@ -238,10 +247,25 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
             if no_cycle {
                 result.push(p);
             } else {
-                return Err("cyclic inheritance detected".into());
+                let child_name = child.stringify(unifier);
+                let parent_name = p.stringify(unifier);
+
+                diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                    format!(
+                        "cyclic inheritance detected - child class `{}` is an ancestor of class `{}`",
+                        child_name,
+                        parent_name,
+                    ),
+                    loc.expect(format!(
+                        "Unexpected error: Cyclic Inheriance detected in intrinsic class! Child Class `{}` is an ancestor of class `{}`",
+                        child_name,
+                        parent_name,
+                    ).as_str())
+                ));
             }
         }
-        Ok(result)
+
+        diagnostics.into_result(result)
     }
 
     /// should only be called when finding all ancestors, so panic when wrong
@@ -334,8 +358,10 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
         )
     }
 
-    pub fn get_all_assigned_field(stmts: &[ast::Stmt<()>]) -> Result<HashSet<StrRef>, String> {
+    pub fn get_all_assigned_field(stmts: &[ast::Stmt<()>]) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<HashSet<StrRef>> {
         let mut result = HashSet::new();
+        let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+
         for s in stmts {
             match &s.node {
                 ast::StmtKind::AnnAssign { target, .. }
@@ -351,10 +377,11 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                         }
                     } =>
                 {
-                    return Err(format!(
+                    diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                        "redundant type annotation for class fields at {}",
+                        "redundant type annotation for class fields".into(),
-                        s.location
+                        s.location,
-                    ))
+                    ));
+                    return Err(diagnostics)
                 }
                 ast::StmtKind::Assign { targets, .. } => {
                     for t in targets {
@@ -370,26 +397,26 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                 // TODO: do not check for For and While?
                 ast::StmtKind::For { body, orelse, .. }
                 | ast::StmtKind::While { body, orelse, .. } => {
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?);
+                    result.extend(diagnostics.consume_result(Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice()))?);
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice())?);
+                    result.extend(diagnostics.consume_result(Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice()))?);
                 }
                 ast::StmtKind::If { body, orelse, .. } => {
-                    let inited_for_sure = Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?
+                    let inited_for_sure = diagnostics.consume_result(Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice()))?
-                        .intersection(&Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice())?)
+                        .intersection(&diagnostics.consume_result(Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice()))?)
                         .cloned()
                         .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
                     result.extend(inited_for_sure);
                 }
                 ast::StmtKind::Try { body, orelse, finalbody, .. } => {
-                    let inited_for_sure = Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?
+                    let inited_for_sure = diagnostics.consume_result(Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice()))?
-                        .intersection(&Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice())?)
+                        .intersection(&diagnostics.consume_result(Self::get_all_assigned_field(orelse.as_slice()))?)
                         .cloned()
                         .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
                     result.extend(inited_for_sure);
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(finalbody.as_slice())?);
+                    result.extend(diagnostics.consume_result(Self::get_all_assigned_field(finalbody.as_slice()))?);
                 }
                 ast::StmtKind::With { body, .. } => {
-                    result.extend(Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice())?);
+                    result.extend(diagnostics.consume_result(Self::get_all_assigned_field(body.as_slice()))?);
                 }
                 ast::StmtKind::Pass { .. } => {}
                 ast::StmtKind::Assert { .. } => {}
@@ -400,13 +427,14 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
                 }
             }
         }
-        Ok(result)
+
+        Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(result, diagnostics))
     }
 
     pub fn parse_parameter_default_value(
         default: &ast::Expr,
         resolver: &(dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync),
-    ) -> Result<SymbolValue, String> {
+    ) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<SymbolValue> {
         parse_parameter_default_value(default, resolver)
     }
 
@@ -497,25 +525,35 @@ impl TopLevelComposer {
 pub fn parse_parameter_default_value(
     default: &ast::Expr,
     resolver: &(dyn SymbolResolver + Send + Sync),
-) -> Result<SymbolValue, String> {
+) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<SymbolValue> {
-    fn handle_constant(val: &Constant, loc: &Location) -> Result<SymbolValue, String> {
+    fn handle_constant(val: &Constant, loc: &Location) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<SymbolValue> {
         match val {
             Constant::Int(v) => {
                 if let Ok(v) = (*v).try_into() {
-                    Ok(SymbolValue::I32(v))
+                    Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(SymbolValue::I32(v)))
                 } else {
-                    Err(format!("integer value out of range at {}", loc))
+                    Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                        "integer value out of range".into(),
+                        *loc,
+                    )))
                 }
             }
-            Constant::Float(v) => Ok(SymbolValue::Double(*v)),
+            Constant::Float(v) => Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(SymbolValue::Double(*v))),
-            Constant::Bool(v) => Ok(SymbolValue::Bool(*v)),
+            Constant::Bool(v) => Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(SymbolValue::Bool(*v))),
-            Constant::Tuple(tuple) => Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(
+            Constant::Tuple(tuple) => {
-                tuple.iter().map(|x| handle_constant(x, loc)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
+                let val = tuple.iter()
-            )),
+                    .map(|x| handle_constant(x, loc))
-            Constant::None => Err(format!(
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-                "`None` is not supported, use `none` for option type instead ({})",
+                let diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::from(val.iter().cloned()
-                loc
+                    .flat_map(|res| res.engine.into_iter())
-            )),
+                    .collect());
+
+                diagnostics.into_result_with(|| SymbolValue::Tuple(val.into_iter().map(|res| res.value).collect_vec()))
+            }
+            Constant::None => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                "`None` is not supported, use `none` for option type instead".into(),
+                *loc,
+            ))),
             _ => unimplemented!("this constant is not supported at {}", loc),
         }
     }
@@ -527,59 +565,101 @@ pub fn parse_parameter_default_value(
                     ast::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Int(v), .. } => {
                         let v: Result<i64, _> = (*v).try_into();
                         match v {
-                            Ok(v) => Ok(SymbolValue::I64(v)),
+                            Ok(v) => Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(SymbolValue::I64(v))),
-                            _ => Err(format!("default param value out of range at {}", default.location)),
+                            _ => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                                "default param value out of range".into(),
+                               default.location,
+                            ))),
                         }
                     }
-                    _ => Err(format!("only allow constant integer here at {}", default.location))
+                    _ => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                        "only allow constant integer here".into(),
+                        default.location
+                    )))
                 }
                 ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "uint32".into() => match &args[0].node {
                     ast::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Int(v), .. } => {
                         let v: Result<u32, _> = (*v).try_into();
                         match v {
-                            Ok(v) => Ok(SymbolValue::U32(v)),
+                            Ok(v) => Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(SymbolValue::U32(v))),
-                            _ => Err(format!("default param value out of range at {}", default.location)),
+                            _ => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                                "default param value out of range".into(),
+                                default.location,
+                            ))),
                         }
                     }
-                    _ => Err(format!("only allow constant integer here at {}", default.location))
+                    _ => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                        "only allow constant integer here".into(),
+                        default.location,
+                    ))),
                 }
                 ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "uint64".into() => match &args[0].node {
                     ast::ExprKind::Constant { value: Constant::Int(v), .. } => {
                         let v: Result<u64, _> = (*v).try_into();
                         match v {
-                            Ok(v) => Ok(SymbolValue::U64(v)),
+                            Ok(v) => Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(SymbolValue::U64(v))),
-                            _ => Err(format!("default param value out of range at {}", default.location)),
+                            _ => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                                "default param value out of range".into(),
+                                default.location
+                            ))),
                         }
                     }
-                    _ => Err(format!("only allow constant integer here at {}", default.location))
+                    _ => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                        "only allow constant integer here".into(),
+                        default.location
+                    )))
                 }
-                ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "Some".into() => Ok(
+                ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if *id == "Some".into() => {
-                    SymbolValue::OptionSome(
+                    let param_def_value = parse_parameter_default_value(&args[0], resolver)?;
-                        Box::new(parse_parameter_default_value(&args[0], resolver)?)
+                    let errs = param_def_value.engine;
+                    Ok(
+                        DiagnosticsResult::err(SymbolValue::OptionSome(
+                            Box::new(param_def_value.value),
+                        ), errs)
                     )
-                ),
+                }
-                _ => Err(format!("unsupported default parameter at {}", default.location)),
+                _ => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                    "unsupported default parameter".into(),
+                    default.location,
+                ))),
             }
         }
-        ast::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => Ok(SymbolValue::Tuple(elts
+        ast::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
-            .iter()
+            let param_def_values = elts
-            .map(|x| parse_parameter_default_value(x, resolver))
+                .iter()
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
+                .map(|x| parse_parameter_default_value(x, resolver))
-        )),
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-        ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() => Ok(SymbolValue::OptionNone),
+            let diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::from(
-        ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
+                param_def_values.iter().cloned()
-            resolver.get_default_param_value(default).ok_or_else(
+                    .flat_map(|res| res.engine.into_iter())
-                || format!(
+                    .collect::<HashSet<Diagnostic>>()
-                    "`{}` cannot be used as a default parameter at {} \
+            );
-                    (not primitive type, option or tuple / not defined?)",
+            let param_def_values = param_def_values.into_iter()
-                    id,
+                .map(|res| res.value)
-                    default.location
+                .collect_vec();
-                )
+
-            )
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(
+                SymbolValue::Tuple(param_def_values),
+                diagnostics,
+            ))
         }
-        _ => Err(format!(
+
-            "unsupported default parameter (not primitive type, option or tuple) at {}",
+        ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() => Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(SymbolValue::OptionNone)),
-            default.location
+        ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
-        ))
+            resolver.get_default_param_value(default)
+                .map(|res| DiagnosticsResult::ok(res))
+                .ok_or_else(||
+                    DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                        format!("`{}` cannot be used as a default parameter (not primitive type, \
+                        option or tuple / not defined?)", id),
+                        default.location,
+                    ))
+                )
+        }
+
+        _ => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+            "unsupported default parameter (not primitive type, option or tuple)".into(),
+            default.location,
+        )))
     }
 }

nac3core/src/toplevel/test.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,13 @@
-use crate::{
+use crate::{codegen::CodeGenContext, DiagnosticEngine, DiagnosticsResult, ResultOrDiagnostics, symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum}, toplevel::DefinitionId, typecheck::{
-    codegen::CodeGenContext,
+    type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, ValueEnum},
+    typedef::{Type, Unifier},
-    toplevel::DefinitionId,
+}};
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{Type, Unifier},
-    },
-};
 use indoc::indoc;
 use nac3parser::{ast::fold::Fold, parser::parse_program};
 use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
 use test_case::test_case;
+use crate::Diagnostic::DiagErr;
 
 use super::*;
 
@@ -64,8 +60,10 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef, loc: Option<Location>) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<DefinitionId> {
-        self.0.id_to_def.lock().get(&id).cloned().ok_or_else(|| "Unknown identifier".to_string())
+        self.0.id_to_def.lock().get(&id).cloned()
+            .map(|res| DiagnosticsResult::ok(res))
+            .ok_or_else(|| DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr("undefined identifier".into(), loc.unwrap())))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
@@ -551,9 +549,9 @@ fn test_analyze(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
 
     if let Err(msg) = composer.start_analysis(false) {
         if print {
-            println!("{}", msg);
+            println!("{}", msg.into_iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n"));
         } else {
-            assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
+            assert_eq!(res[0], msg.into_iter().sorted().next().unwrap().message());
         }
     } else {
         // skip 5 to skip primitives
@@ -735,9 +733,9 @@ fn test_inference(source: Vec<&str>, res: Vec<&str>) {
 
     if let Err(msg) = composer.start_analysis(true) {
         if print {
-            println!("{}", msg);
+            println!("{}", msg.into_iter().sorted().join("\n----------\n"));
         } else {
-            assert_eq!(res[0], msg);
+            assert_eq!(res[0], msg.into_iter().sorted().next().unwrap().message());
         }
     } else {
         // skip 5 to skip primitives

nac3core/src/toplevel/type_annotation.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use crate::{Diagnostic::DiagErr, DiagnosticEngine, DiagnosticsResult, ResultOrDiagnostics};
 use super::*;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@@ -64,74 +65,103 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
     expr: &ast::Expr<T>,
     // the key stores the type_var of this topleveldef::class, we only need this field here
     locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>,
-) -> Result<TypeAnnotation, String> {
+) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<TypeAnnotation> {
+    let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+
     let name_handle = |id: &StrRef,
+                       id_loc: Location,
                        unifier: &mut Unifier,
                        locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>| {
+        let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+
         if id == &"int32".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.int32))
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.int32)))
         } else if id == &"int64".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.int64))
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.int64)))
         } else if id == &"uint32".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.uint32))
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.uint32)))
         } else if id == &"uint64".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.uint64))
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.uint64)))
         } else if id == &"float".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.float))
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.float)))
         } else if id == &"bool".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.bool))
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.bool)))
         } else if id == &"str".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.str))
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(TypeAnnotation::Primitive(primitives.str)))
         } else if id == &"Exception".into() {
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: DefinitionId(7), params: Default::default() })
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: DefinitionId(7), params: Default::default() }))
-        } else if let Ok(obj_id) = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id) {
+        } else if let Ok(DiagnosticsResult { value: obj_id, engine: diags }) = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id, Some(id_loc)) {
+            diagnostics.merge_with(diags);
+
             let type_vars = {
                 let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].try_read();
                 if let Some(def_read) = def_read {
                     if let TopLevelDef::Class { type_vars, .. } = &*def_read {
                         type_vars.clone()
                     } else {
-                        return Err(format!(
+                        diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                            "function cannot be used as a type (at {})",
+                            "function cannot be used as a type".into(),
-                            expr.location
+                            expr.location,
                         ));
+                        return Err(diagnostics)
                     }
                 } else {
                     locked.get(&obj_id).unwrap().clone()
                 }
             };
+
             // check param number here
             if !type_vars.is_empty() {
-                return Err(format!(
+                diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                    "expect {} type variable parameter but got 0 (at {})",
+                    format!("expect {} type variable parameters but got 0", type_vars.len()),
-                    type_vars.len(),
                     expr.location,
                 ));
+                return Err(diagnostics)
             }
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params: vec![] })
+
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params: vec![] }, diagnostics))
         } else if let Ok(ty) = resolver.get_symbol_type(unifier, top_level_defs, primitives, *id) {
             if let TypeEnum::TVar { .. } = unifier.get_ty(ty).as_ref() {
                 let var = unifier.get_fresh_var(Some(*id), Some(expr.location)).0;
                 unifier.unify(var, ty).unwrap();
-                Ok(TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(ty))
+                Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(ty), diagnostics))
             } else {
-                Err(format!("`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})", id, expr.location))
+                diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                    format!("`{}` is not a valid type annotation", id),
+                    expr.location,
+                ));
+                Err(diagnostics)
             }
         } else {
-            Err(format!("`{}` is not a valid type annotation (at {})", id, expr.location))
+            diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                format!("`{}` is not a valid type annotation", id),
+                expr.location,
+            ));
+            Err(diagnostics)
         }
     };
 
     let class_name_handle =
         |id: &StrRef,
+         id_loc: Location,
          slice: &ast::Expr<T>,
          unifier: &mut Unifier,
          mut locked: HashMap<DefinitionId, Vec<Type>>| {
+            let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+
             if vec!["virtual".into(), "Generic".into(), "list".into(), "tuple".into()].contains(id)
             {
-                return Err(format!("keywords cannot be class name (at {})", expr.location));
+                diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                    "keywords cannot be class name".into(),
+                    expr.location,
+                ));
+                return Err(diagnostics)
             }
-            let obj_id = resolver.get_identifier_def(*id)?;
+
+            let DiagnosticsResult { value: obj_id, engine: diags } =
+                resolver.get_identifier_def(*id, Some(id_loc))?;
+            diagnostics.merge_with(diags);
+
             let type_vars = {
                 let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].try_read();
                 if let Some(def_read) = def_read {
@@ -144,6 +174,7 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                     locked.get(&obj_id).unwrap().clone()
                 }
             };
+
             // we do not check whether the application of type variables are compatible here
             let param_type_infos = {
                 let params_ast = if let ast::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
@@ -151,14 +182,18 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                 } else {
                     vec![slice]
                 };
+
                 if type_vars.len() != params_ast.len() {
-                    return Err(format!(
+                    diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                        "expect {} type parameters but got {} (at {})",
+                        format!(
-                        type_vars.len(),
+                            "expect {} type parameters but got {}",
-                        params_ast.len(),
+                            type_vars.len(),
+                            params_ast.len(),
+                        ),
                         params_ast[0].location,
                     ));
                 }
+
                 let result = params_ast
                     .iter()
                     .map(|x| {
@@ -174,31 +209,47 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                             },
                         )
                     })
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                    .collect_vec();
+                diagnostics.extend(result.iter().cloned().flat_map(|res| match res {
+                    Ok(DiagnosticsResult { engine: diags, .. }) => diags,
+                    Err(diags) => diags,
+                }.into_iter()));
+
+                if diagnostics.has_errors() {
+                    return Err(diagnostics)
+                }
+
+                let result = result.into_iter()
+                    .map(|res| res.ok().unwrap().value)
+                    .collect_vec();
+
                 // make sure the result do not contain any type vars
-                let no_type_var =
+                let no_type_var = result.iter()
-                    result.iter().all(|x| get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(x).is_empty());
+                    .all(|x| get_type_var_contained_in_type_annotation(x).is_empty());
+
                 if no_type_var {
                     result
                 } else {
-                    return Err(format!(
+                    diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                        "application of type vars to generic class \
+                        "application of type vars to generic class is not currently supported".into(),
-                    is not currently supported (at {})",
+                        params_ast[0].location,
-                        params_ast[0].location
                     ));
+                    return Err(diagnostics)
                 }
             };
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params: param_type_infos })
+
+            diagnostics.into_result(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params: param_type_infos })
         };
+
     match &expr.node {
-        ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => name_handle(id, unifier, locked),
+        ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => name_handle(id, expr.location, unifier, locked),
         // virtual
         ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. }
             if {
                 matches!(&value.node, ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"virtual".into())
             } =>
         {
-            let def = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
+            let DiagnosticsResult { value: def, engine: diags } = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
                 resolver,
                 top_level_defs,
                 unifier,
@@ -206,10 +257,13 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                 slice.as_ref(),
                 locked,
             )?;
+            diagnostics.merge_with(diags);
+
             if !matches!(def, TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { .. }) {
                 unreachable!("must be concretized custom class kind in the virtual")
             }
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::Virtual(def.into()))
+
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(TypeAnnotation::Virtual(def.into()), diagnostics))
         }
 
         // list
@@ -218,7 +272,7 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                 matches!(&value.node, ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"list".into())
             } =>
         {
-            let def_ann = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
+            let DiagnosticsResult { value: def_ann, engine: diags } = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
                 resolver,
                 top_level_defs,
                 unifier,
@@ -226,7 +280,9 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                 slice.as_ref(),
                 locked,
             )?;
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::List(def_ann.into()))
+            diagnostics.merge_with(diags);
+
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(TypeAnnotation::List(def_ann.into()), diagnostics))
         }
 
         // option
@@ -242,14 +298,14 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                 primitives,
                 slice.as_ref(),
                 locked,
-            )?;
+            )?.value;
             let id =
                 if let TypeEnum::TObj { obj_id, .. } = unifier.get_ty(primitives.option).as_ref() {
                     *obj_id
                 } else {
                     unreachable!()
                 };
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id, params: vec![def_ann] })
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id, params: vec![def_ann] }, diagnostics))
         }
 
         // tuple
@@ -277,20 +333,43 @@ pub fn parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds<T>(
                         locked.clone(),
                     )
                 })
-                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                .collect_vec();
-            Ok(TypeAnnotation::Tuple(type_annotations))
+            diagnostics.extend(type_annotations.iter().cloned().flat_map(|res| match res {
+                Ok(DiagnosticsResult { engine: diags, .. }) => diags,
+                Err(diags) => diags,
+            }.into_iter()));
+
+            if diagnostics.has_errors() {
+                return Err(diagnostics)
+            }
+
+            let type_annotations = type_annotations.into_iter()
+                .map(|res| res.ok().unwrap().value)
+                .collect_vec();
+
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(TypeAnnotation::Tuple(type_annotations), diagnostics))
         }
 
         // custom class
         ast::ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. } => {
             if let ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } = &value.node {
-                class_name_handle(id, slice, unifier, locked)
+                class_name_handle(id, value.location, slice, unifier, locked)
             } else {
-                Err(format!("unsupported expression type for class name (at {})", value.location))
+                diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                    "unsupported expression type for class name".into(),
+                    value.location
+                ));
+                return Err(diagnostics)
             }
         }
 
-        _ => Err(format!("unsupported expression for type annotation (at {})", expr.location)),
+        _ => {
+            diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                "unsupported expression for type annotation".into(),
+                expr.location
+            ));
+            Err(diagnostics)
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -302,19 +381,27 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
     ann: &TypeAnnotation,
-    subst_list: &mut Option<Vec<Type>>
+    subst_list: &mut Option<Vec<Type>>,
-) -> Result<Type, String> {
+    loc: &Option<Location>,
+) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<Type> {
+    let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+
     match ann {
         TypeAnnotation::CustomClass { id: obj_id, params } => {
             let def_read = top_level_defs[obj_id.0].read();
             let class_def: &TopLevelDef = def_read.deref();
-            if let TopLevelDef::Class { fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = class_def {
+            if let TopLevelDef::Class { name, fields, methods, type_vars, .. } = class_def {
                 if type_vars.len() != params.len() {
-                    Err(format!(
+                    diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                        "unexpected number of type parameters: expected {} but got {}",
+                        format!(
-                        type_vars.len(),
+                            "expected {} type parameters for class `{}` but got {}",
-                        params.len()
+                            type_vars.len(),
-                    ))
+                            name,
+                            params.len(),
+                        ),
+                        loc.unwrap(),
+                    ));
+                    Err(diagnostics)
                 } else {
                     let param_ty = params
                         .iter()
@@ -324,10 +411,16 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                                 unifier,
                                 primitives,
                                 x,
-                                subst_list
+                                subst_list,
+                                loc,
                             )
                         })
                         .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                    diagnostics.extend(param_ty.iter().cloned().flat_map(|res| res.engine.into_iter()));
+
+                    let param_ty = param_ty.into_iter()
+                        .map(|res| res.value)
+                        .collect_vec();
 
                     let subst = {
                         // check for compatible range
@@ -351,16 +444,20 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                                 if ok {
                                     result.insert(*id, p);
                                 } else {
-                                    return Err(format!(
+                                    diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                                        "cannot apply type {} to type variable with id {:?}",
+                                        format!(
-                                        unifier.internal_stringify(
+                                            "cannot apply type {} to type variable with id {:?}",
-                                            p,
+                                            unifier.internal_stringify(
-                                            &mut |id| format!("class{}", id),
+                                                p,
-                                            &mut |id| format!("typevar{}", id),
+                                                &mut |id| format!("class{}", id),
-                                            &mut None
+                                                &mut |id| format!("typevar{}", id),
+                                                &mut None
+                                            ),
+                                            *id
                                         ),
-                                        *id
+                                        loc.unwrap(),
                                     ));
+                                    return Err(diagnostics)
                                 }
                             } else {
                                 unreachable!("must be generic type var")
@@ -389,22 +486,25 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                     if need_subst {
                         subst_list.as_mut().map(|wl| wl.push(ty));
                     }
-                    Ok(ty)
+                    Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(ty, diagnostics))
                 }
             } else {
                 unreachable!("should be class def here")
             }
         }
-        TypeAnnotation::Primitive(ty) | TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(ty) => Ok(*ty),
+        TypeAnnotation::Primitive(ty) | TypeAnnotation::TypeVar(ty) => Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(*ty, diagnostics)),
         TypeAnnotation::Virtual(ty) => {
             let ty = get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                 top_level_defs,
                 unifier,
                 primitives,
                 ty.as_ref(),
-                subst_list
+                subst_list,
+                loc,
             )?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty }))
+            let ty = diagnostics.consume_partial_result(ty);
+
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TVirtual { ty }), diagnostics))
         }
         TypeAnnotation::List(ty) => {
             let ty = get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
@@ -412,18 +512,26 @@ pub fn get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
                 unifier,
                 primitives,
                 ty.as_ref(),
-                subst_list
+                subst_list,
+                loc,
             )?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }))
+            let ty = diagnostics.consume_partial_result(ty);
+
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TList { ty }), diagnostics))
         }
         TypeAnnotation::Tuple(tys) => {
             let tys = tys
                 .iter()
                 .map(|x| {
-                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, x, subst_list)
+                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(top_level_defs, unifier, primitives, x, subst_list, loc)
                 })
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-            Ok(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tys }))
+            diagnostics.extend(tys.iter().cloned().flat_map(|res| res.engine.into_iter()));
+            let tys = tys.into_iter()
+                .map(|res| res.value)
+                .collect_vec();
+
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(unifier.add_ty(TypeEnum::TTuple { ty: tys }), diagnostics))
         }
     }
 }

nac3core/src/typecheck/function_check.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::typecheck::typedef::TypeEnum;
+use crate::{Diagnostic::*, DiagnosticEngine, DiagnosticsResult, ResultOrDiagnostics};
 
 use super::type_inferencer::Inferencer;
 use super::typedef::Type;
@@ -6,11 +7,14 @@ use nac3parser::ast::{self, Constant, Expr, ExprKind, Operator::{LShift, RShift}
 use std::{collections::HashSet, iter::once};
 
 impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
-    fn should_have_value(&mut self, expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fn should_have_value(&mut self, expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<()> {
         if matches!(expr.custom, Some(ty) if self.unifier.unioned(ty, self.primitives.none)) {
-            Err(format!("Error at {}: cannot have value none", expr.location))
+            Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
+                "cannot have value none".into(),
+                expr.location,
+            )))
         } else {
-            Ok(())
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(()))
         }
     }
 
@@ -18,100 +22,150 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
         &mut self,
         pattern: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
         defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+    ) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<()> {
+        let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
         match &pattern.node {
-            ast::ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() =>
+            ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"none".into() => {
-                Err(format!("cannot assign to a `none` (at {})", pattern.location)),
+                diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                    "cannot assign to a `none`".into(),
+                    pattern.location,
+                ));
+            }
+
             ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
                 if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
                     defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
                 }
-                self.should_have_value(pattern)?;
+
-                Ok(())
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(pattern) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
             }
+
             ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
                 for elt in elts.iter() {
-                    self.check_pattern(elt, defined_identifiers)?;
+                    if let Err(e) = self.check_pattern(elt, defined_identifiers) {
-                    self.should_have_value(elt)?;
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                    }
+                    if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(elt) {
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                    }
                 }
-                Ok(())
             }
+
             ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. } => {
-                self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
+                if let Err(e) = self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers) {
-                self.should_have_value(value)?;
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
-                self.check_expr(slice, defined_identifiers)?;
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(value) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.check_expr(slice, defined_identifiers) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
+
                 if let TypeEnum::TTuple { .. } = &*self.unifier.get_ty(value.custom.unwrap()) {
-                    return Err(format!(
+                    diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                        "Error at {}: cannot assign to tuple element",
+                        "cannot assign to tuple element".into(),
-                        value.location
+                        value.location,
                     ));
                 }
-                Ok(())
             }
+
             ExprKind::Constant { .. } => {
-                Err(format!("cannot assign to a constant (at {})", pattern.location))
+                diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
+                    "cannot assign to a constant".into(),
+                    pattern.location,
+                ));
+            }
+
+            _ => {
+                if let Err(e) = self.check_expr(pattern, defined_identifiers) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
             }
-            _ => self.check_expr(pattern, defined_identifiers),
         }
+
+        diagnostics.into_result(())
     }
 
     fn check_expr(
         &mut self,
         expr: &Expr<Option<Type>>,
         defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+    ) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<()> {
+        let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+
         // there are some cases where the custom field is None
         if let Some(ty) = &expr.custom {
             if !self.unifier.is_concrete(*ty, &self.function_data.bound_variables) {
-                return Err(format!(
+                diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                    "expected concrete type at {} but got {}",
+                    format!("expected concrete type but got {}", self.unifier.get_ty(*ty).get_type_name()),
                     expr.location,
-                    self.unifier.get_ty(*ty).get_type_name()
                 ));
             }
         }
+
         match &expr.node {
             ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
-                if id == &"none".into() {
+                if id != &"none".into() {
-                    return Ok(());
+                    if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(expr) {
-                }
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(e);
-                self.should_have_value(expr)?;
+                    }
-                if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
+
-                    match self.function_data.resolver.get_symbol_type(
+                    if !defined_identifiers.contains(id) {
-                        self.unifier,
+                        match self.function_data.resolver.get_symbol_type(
-                        &self.top_level.definitions.read(),
+                            self.unifier,
-                        self.primitives,
+                            &self.top_level.definitions.read(),
-                        *id,
+                            self.primitives,
-                    ) {
+                            *id,
-                        Ok(_) => {
+                        ) {
-                            self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
+                            Ok(_) => {
-                        }
+                                self.defined_identifiers.insert(*id);
-                        Err(e) => {
+                            }
-                            return Err(format!(
+
-                                "type error at identifier `{}` ({}) at {}",
+                            Err(e) => {
-                                id, e, expr.location
+                                diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                            ));
+                                    format!("type error at identifier `{}` ({})", id, e),
+                                    expr.location,
+                                ));
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
+
             ExprKind::List { elts, .. }
             | ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. }
             | ExprKind::BoolOp { values: elts, .. } => {
                 for elt in elts.iter() {
-                    self.check_expr(elt, defined_identifiers)?;
+                    diagnostics.consume_result_to_option(self.check_expr(elt, defined_identifiers));
-                    self.should_have_value(elt)?;
+                    diagnostics.consume_result_to_option(self.should_have_value(elt));
                 }
             }
+
             ExprKind::Attribute { value, .. } => {
-                self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers) {
-                self.should_have_value(value)?;
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(value) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
             }
-            ExprKind::BinOp { left, op, right } => {
+
-                self.check_expr(left, defined_identifiers)?;
+            ExprKind::BinOp { left, op, right, .. } => {
-                self.check_expr(right, defined_identifiers)?;
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(left, defined_identifiers) {
-                self.should_have_value(left)?;
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
-                self.should_have_value(right)?;
+                }
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(right, defined_identifiers) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(left) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(right) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
 
                 // Check whether a bitwise shift has a negative RHS constant value
                 if *op == LShift || *op == RShift {
@@ -122,40 +176,70 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                         };
 
                         if *rhs_val < 0 {
-                            return Err(format!(
+                            diagnostics.insert(DiagErr(
-                                "shift count is negative at {}",
+                                "shift count is negative".into(),
-                                right.location
+                                right.location,
                             ));
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
+
             ExprKind::UnaryOp { operand, .. } => {
-                self.check_expr(operand, defined_identifiers)?;
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(operand, defined_identifiers) {
-                self.should_have_value(operand)?;
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(operand) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
             }
+
             ExprKind::Compare { left, comparators, .. } => {
                 for elt in once(left.as_ref()).chain(comparators.iter()) {
-                    self.check_expr(elt, defined_identifiers)?;
+                    if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(elt, defined_identifiers) {
-                    self.should_have_value(elt)?;
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                    }
+                    if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(elt) {
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                    }
                 }
             }
+
             ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. } => {
-                self.should_have_value(value)?;
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(value) {
-                self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
-                self.check_expr(slice, defined_identifiers)?;
+                }
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(slice, defined_identifiers) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
             }
+
             ExprKind::IfExp { test, body, orelse } => {
-                self.check_expr(test, defined_identifiers)?;
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(test, defined_identifiers) {
-                self.check_expr(body, defined_identifiers)?;
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
-                self.check_expr(orelse, defined_identifiers)?;
+                }
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(body, defined_identifiers) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(orelse, defined_identifiers) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
             }
+
             ExprKind::Slice { lower, upper, step } => {
                 for elt in [lower.as_ref(), upper.as_ref(), step.as_ref()].iter().flatten() {
-                    self.should_have_value(elt)?;
+                    if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(elt) {
-                    self.check_expr(elt, defined_identifiers)?;
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                    }
+                    if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(elt, defined_identifiers) {
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                    }
                 }
             }
+
             ExprKind::Lambda { args, body } => {
                 let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                 for arg in args.args.iter() {
@@ -164,160 +248,286 @@ impl<'a> Inferencer<'a> {
                         defined_identifiers.insert(arg.node.arg);
                     }
                 }
-                self.check_expr(body, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
+
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(body, &mut defined_identifiers) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
             }
+
             ExprKind::ListComp { elt, generators, .. } => {
                 // in our type inference stage, we already make sure that there is only 1 generator
                 let ast::Comprehension { target, iter, ifs, .. } = &generators[0];
-                self.check_expr(iter, defined_identifiers)?;
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(iter, defined_identifiers) {
-                self.should_have_value(iter)?;
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(iter) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
+
                 let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-                self.check_pattern(target, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_pattern(target, &mut defined_identifiers) {
-                self.should_have_value(target)?;
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(target) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
+
                 for term in once(elt.as_ref()).chain(ifs.iter()) {
-                    self.check_expr(term, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
+                    if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(term, &mut defined_identifiers) {
-                    self.should_have_value(term)?;
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                    }
+                    if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(term) {
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                    }
                 }
             }
+
             ExprKind::Call { func, args, keywords } => {
                 for expr in once(func.as_ref())
                     .chain(args.iter())
                     .chain(keywords.iter().map(|v| v.node.value.as_ref()))
                 {
-                    self.check_expr(expr, defined_identifiers)?;
+                    if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(expr, defined_identifiers) {
-                    self.should_have_value(expr)?;
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                    }
+                    if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(expr) {
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                    }
                 }
             }
+
             ExprKind::Constant { .. } => {}
             _ => {
                 unimplemented!()
             }
         }
-        Ok(())
+
+        diagnostics.into_result(())
     }
 
-    // check statements for proper identifier def-use and return on all paths
+    /// Check statements for proper identifier def-use and return on all paths.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a tuple containing a `bool` representing whether the statement returns on all paths,
+    /// and a [HashSet] of all collected errors.
     fn check_stmt(
         &mut self,
         stmt: &Stmt<Option<Type>>,
         defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    ) -> DiagnosticsResult<bool> {
-        match &stmt.node {
+        let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
-            StmtKind::For { target, iter, body, orelse, .. } => {
+        let stmt_returns = match &stmt.node {
-                self.check_expr(iter, defined_identifiers)?;
+            StmtKind::For {
-                self.should_have_value(iter)?;
+                target,
+                iter,
+                body,
+                orelse,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(iter, defined_identifiers) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(iter) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
+
                 let mut local_defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                 for stmt in orelse.iter() {
-                    self.check_stmt(stmt, &mut local_defined_identifiers)?;
+                    let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = self.check_stmt(stmt, &mut local_defined_identifiers);
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
                 }
+
                 let mut local_defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-                self.check_pattern(target, &mut local_defined_identifiers)?;
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_pattern(target, &mut local_defined_identifiers) {
-                self.should_have_value(target)?;
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
-                for stmt in body.iter() {
-                    self.check_stmt(stmt, &mut local_defined_identifiers)?;
                 }
-                Ok(false)
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(target) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
+
+                for stmt in body.iter() {
+                    let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = self.check_stmt(stmt, &mut local_defined_identifiers);
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+
+                false
             }
+
             StmtKind::If { test, body, orelse, .. } => {
-                self.check_expr(test, defined_identifiers)?;
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(test, defined_identifiers) {
-                self.should_have_value(test)?;
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(test) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
+
                 let mut body_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                 let mut orelse_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-                let body_returned = self.check_block(body, &mut body_identifiers)?;
+                let DiagnosticsResult { value: body_returned, engine: errs } = self.check_block(body, &mut body_identifiers);
-                let orelse_returned = self.check_block(orelse, &mut orelse_identifiers)?;
+                diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                let DiagnosticsResult { value: orelse_returned, engine: errs } = self.check_block(orelse, &mut orelse_identifiers);
+                diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
 
                 for ident in body_identifiers.iter() {
                     if !defined_identifiers.contains(ident) && orelse_identifiers.contains(ident) {
                         defined_identifiers.insert(*ident);
                     }
                 }
-                Ok(body_returned && orelse_returned)
+
+                body_returned && orelse_returned
             }
+
             StmtKind::While { test, body, orelse, .. } => {
-                self.check_expr(test, defined_identifiers)?;
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(test, defined_identifiers) {
-                self.should_have_value(test)?;
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(test) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
+
                 let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
-                self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
+                let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers);
-                self.check_block(orelse, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
+                diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
-                Ok(false)
+                let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = self.check_block(orelse, &mut defined_identifiers);
+                diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+
+                false
             }
+
             StmtKind::With { items, body, .. } => {
                 let mut new_defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                 for item in items.iter() {
-                    self.check_expr(&item.context_expr, defined_identifiers)?;
+                    if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(&item.context_expr, defined_identifiers) {
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                    }
+
                     if let Some(var) = item.optional_vars.as_ref() {
-                        self.check_pattern(var, &mut new_defined_identifiers)?;
+                        if let Err(errs) = self.check_pattern(var, &mut new_defined_identifiers) {
+                            diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
-                self.check_block(body, &mut new_defined_identifiers)?;
+
-                Ok(false)
+                let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = self.check_block(body, &mut new_defined_identifiers);
+                diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+
+                false
             }
+
             StmtKind::Try { body, handlers, orelse, finalbody, .. } => {
-                self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers.clone())?;
+                let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers.clone());
-                self.check_block(orelse, &mut defined_identifiers.clone())?;
+                diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = self.check_block(orelse, &mut defined_identifiers.clone());
+                diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+
                 for handler in handlers.iter() {
                     let mut defined_identifiers = defined_identifiers.clone();
                     let ast::ExcepthandlerKind::ExceptHandler { name, body, .. } = &handler.node;
                     if let Some(name) = name {
                         defined_identifiers.insert(*name);
                     }
-                    self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers)?;
+
+                    let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = self.check_block(body, &mut defined_identifiers);
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
                 }
-                self.check_block(finalbody, defined_identifiers)?;
+
-                Ok(false)
+                let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = self.check_block(finalbody, defined_identifiers);
+                diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+
+                false
             }
+
             StmtKind::Expr { value, .. } => {
-                self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
+                if let Err(e) = self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers) {
-                Ok(false)
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
-            }
-            StmtKind::Assign { targets, value, .. } => {
-                self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
-                self.should_have_value(value)?;
-                for target in targets {
-                    self.check_pattern(target, defined_identifiers)?;
                 }
-                Ok(false)
+
+                false
             }
+
+            StmtKind::Assign { targets, value, .. } => {
+                if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                }
+                if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(value) {
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                }
+
+                for target in targets {
+                    if let Err(errs) = self.check_pattern(target, defined_identifiers) {
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                false
+            }
+
             StmtKind::AnnAssign { target, value, .. } => {
                 if let Some(value) = value {
-                    self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
+                    if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers) {
-                    self.should_have_value(value)?;
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
-                    self.check_pattern(target, defined_identifiers)?;
+                    }
+                    if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(value) {
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                    }
+                    if let Err(errs) = self.check_pattern(target, defined_identifiers) {
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                    }
                 }
-                Ok(false)
+
+                false
             }
+
             StmtKind::Return { value, .. } => {
                 if let Some(value) = value {
-                    self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
+                    if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers) {
-                    self.should_have_value(value)?;
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                    }
+                    if let Err(e) = self.should_have_value(value) {
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(e);
+                    }
                 }
-                Ok(true)
+
+                true
             }
+
             StmtKind::Raise { exc, .. } => {
                 if let Some(value) = exc {
-                    self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers)?;
+                    if let Err(errs) = self.check_expr(value, defined_identifiers) {
+                        diagnostics.merge_with(errs);
+                    }
                 }
-                Ok(true)
+
+                true
             }
+
             // break, raise, etc.
-            _ => Ok(false),
+            _ => false,
-        }
+        };
+
+        DiagnosticsResult::err(stmt_returns, diagnostics)
     }
 
     pub fn check_block(
         &mut self,
         block: &[Stmt<Option<Type>>],
         defined_identifiers: &mut HashSet<StrRef>,
-    ) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    ) -> DiagnosticsResult<bool> {
+        let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
         let mut ret = false;
         for stmt in block {
             if ret {
-                println!("warning: dead code at {:?}\n", stmt.location)
+                diagnostics.insert(DiagWarn(
-            }
+                    "unreachable statement".into(),
-            if self.check_stmt(stmt, defined_identifiers)? {
+                    stmt.location,
-                ret = true;
+                ));
             }
+
+            let DiagnosticsResult { value: stmt_rets, engine: stmt_errs } =
+                self.check_stmt(stmt, defined_identifiers);
+            ret |= stmt_rets;
+            diagnostics.merge_with(stmt_errs);
         }
-        Ok(ret)
+
+        DiagnosticsResult::err(ret, diagnostics)
     }
 }

nac3core/src/typecheck/type_inferencer/test.rs

@@ -43,8 +43,10 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef, loc: Option<Location>) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<DefinitionId> {
-        self.id_to_def.get(&id).cloned().ok_or_else(|| "Unknown identifier".to_string())
+        self.id_to_def.get(&id).cloned()
+            .map(|res| DiagnosticsResult::ok(res))
+            .ok_or_else(|| DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr("undefined identifier".into(), loc.unwrap())))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, _: &str) -> i32 {
@@ -543,7 +545,8 @@ fn test_basic(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>, virtuals: &[(&str, &st
         .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
         .unwrap();
 
-    inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut defined_identifiers).unwrap();
+    let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut defined_identifiers);
+    assert_eq!(errs.is_empty(), true);
 
     for (k, v) in inferencer.variable_mapping.iter() {
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(
@@ -689,7 +692,8 @@ fn test_primitive_magic_methods(source: &str, mapping: HashMap<&str, &str>) {
         .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
         .unwrap();
 
-    inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut defined_identifiers).unwrap();
+    let DiagnosticsResult { engine: errs, .. } = inferencer.check_block(&statements, &mut defined_identifiers);
+    assert_eq!(errs.is_empty(), true);
 
     for (k, v) in inferencer.variable_mapping.iter() {
         let name = inferencer.unifier.internal_stringify(

nac3standalone/src/basic_symbol_resolver.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
-use nac3core::{
+use nac3core::{codegen::CodeGenContext, DiagnosticEngine, DiagnosticsResult, ResultOrDiagnostics, symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, SymbolValue, ValueEnum}, toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef}, typecheck::{
-    codegen::CodeGenContext,
+    type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-    symbol_resolver::{SymbolResolver, SymbolValue, ValueEnum},
+    typedef::{Type, Unifier},
-    toplevel::{DefinitionId, TopLevelDef},
+}};
-    typecheck::{
+use nac3parser::ast::{self, Location, StrRef};
-        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{Type, Unifier},
-    },
-};
-use nac3parser::ast::{self, StrRef};
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
+use nac3core::Diagnostic::DiagErr;
 
 pub struct ResolverInternal {
     pub id_to_type: Mutex<HashMap<StrRef, Type>>,
@@ -61,8 +57,10 @@ impl SymbolResolver for Resolver {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef) -> Result<DefinitionId, String> {
+    fn get_identifier_def(&self, id: StrRef, loc: Option<Location>) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<DefinitionId> {
-        self.0.id_to_def.lock().get(&id).cloned().ok_or_else(|| "Undefined identifier".to_string())
+        self.0.id_to_def.lock().get(&id).cloned()
+            .map(|res| DiagnosticsResult::ok(res))
+            .ok_or_else(|| DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr("undefined identifier".into(), loc.unwrap())))
     }
 
     fn get_string_id(&self, s: &str) -> i32 {

nac3standalone/src/main.rs

@@ -9,21 +9,16 @@ use inkwell::{
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use std::{borrow::Borrow, collections::HashMap, fs, path::Path, sync::Arc};
 
-use nac3core::{
+use nac3core::{codegen::{
-    codegen::{
+    concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, irrt::load_irrt, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
-        concrete_type::ConcreteTypeStore, irrt::load_irrt, CodeGenLLVMOptions,
+    CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
-        CodeGenTargetMachineOptions, CodeGenTask, DefaultCodeGenerator, WithCall, WorkerRegistry,
+}, DiagnosticEngine, DiagnosticsResult, ResultOrDiagnostics, symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver, toplevel::{
-    },
+    composer::TopLevelComposer, helper::parse_parameter_default_value, type_annotation::*,
-    symbol_resolver::SymbolResolver,
+    TopLevelDef,
-    toplevel::{
+}, typecheck::{
-        composer::TopLevelComposer, helper::parse_parameter_default_value, type_annotation::*,
+    type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        TopLevelDef,
+    typedef::{FunSignature, Type, Unifier},
-    },
+}};
-    typecheck::{
-        type_inferencer::PrimitiveStore,
-        typedef::{FunSignature, Type, Unifier},
-    },
-};
 use nac3parser::{
     ast::{Expr, ExprKind, StmtKind},
     parser,
@@ -31,6 +26,7 @@ use nac3parser::{
 
 mod basic_symbol_resolver;
 use basic_symbol_resolver::*;
+use nac3core::Diagnostic::DiagErr;
 
 /// Command-line argument parser definition.
 #[derive(Parser)]
@@ -73,13 +69,17 @@ fn handle_typevar_definition(
     def_list: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
-) -> Result<Type, String> {
+) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<Type> {
+    let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+
     if let ExprKind::Call { func, args, .. } = &var.node {
         if matches!(&func.node, ExprKind::Name { id, .. } if id == &"TypeVar".into()) {
             let constraints = args
                 .iter()
                 .skip(1)
-                .map(|x| -> Result<Type, String> {
+                .map(|x| {
+                    let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+
                     let ty = parse_ast_to_type_annotation_kinds(
                         resolver,
                         def_list,
@@ -88,23 +88,69 @@ fn handle_typevar_definition(
                         x,
                         Default::default(),
                     )?;
-                    get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
+                    let (ty, diags) = ty.into();
-                        def_list, unifier, primitives, &ty, &mut None
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(diags);
-                    )
+
+                    match get_type_from_type_annotation_kinds(
+                        def_list,
+                        unifier,
+                        primitives,
+                        &ty,
+                        &mut None,
+                        &Some(x.location),
+                    ) {
+                        Ok(v) => {
+                            let v: (Type, DiagnosticEngine) = v.into();
+                            diagnostics.merge_with(v.1);
+                            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(v.0, diagnostics))
+                        },
+                        Err(diags) => {
+                            diagnostics.merge_with(diags);
+                            Err(diagnostics)
+                        }
+                    }
                 })
-                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            Ok(unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&constraints, None, None).0)
+
+            diagnostics.extend(constraints.iter().cloned().flat_map(|res| match res {
+                Ok(v) => {
+                    let (_, diags) = v.into();
+                    diags
+                }
+                Err(diags) => diags
+            }.into_iter()));
+
+            if diagnostics.has_errors() {
+                return Err(diagnostics)
+            }
+
+            let constraints: Vec<Type> = constraints.into_iter()
+                .map(|res|
+                    if let Ok(res) = res {
+                        let (v, _) = res.into();
+                        v
+                    } else { unreachable!() }
+                )
+                .collect();
+
+            Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err(unifier.get_fresh_var_with_range(&constraints, None, None).0, diagnostics))
         } else {
-            Err(format!(
+            Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
-                "expression {:?} cannot be handled as a TypeVar in global scope",
+                format!(
-                var
+                    "expression {:?} cannot be handled as a TypeVar in global scope",
-            ))
+                    var
+                ),
+                var.location
+            )))
         }
     } else {
-        Err(format!(
+        Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
-            "expression {:?} cannot be handled as a TypeVar in global scope",
+            format!(
-            var
+                "expression {:?} cannot be handled as a TypeVar in global scope",
-        ))
+                var
+            ),
+            var.location
+        )))
     }
 }
 
@@ -116,7 +162,9 @@ fn handle_assignment_pattern(
     def_list: &[Arc<RwLock<TopLevelDef>>],
     unifier: &mut Unifier,
     primitives: &PrimitiveStore,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
+) -> ResultOrDiagnostics<()> {
+    let mut diagnostics = DiagnosticEngine::new();
+
     if targets.len() == 1 {
         match &targets[0].node {
             ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => {
@@ -127,18 +175,23 @@ fn handle_assignment_pattern(
                     unifier,
                     primitives,
                 ) {
+                    let (var, diags) = var.into();
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(diags);
                     internal_resolver.add_id_type(*id, var);
-                    Ok(())
+
+                    Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err((), diagnostics))
                 } else if let Ok(val) =
                     parse_parameter_default_value(value.borrow(), resolver)
                 {
+                    let (val, diags) = val.into();
+                    diagnostics.merge_with(diags);
                     internal_resolver.add_module_global(*id, val);
-                    Ok(())
+                    Ok(DiagnosticsResult::err((), diagnostics))
                 } else {
-                    Err(format!("fails to evaluate this expression `{:?}` as a constant or TypeVar at {}",
+                    Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
-                        targets[0].node,
+                        format!("fails to evaluate this expression `{:?}` as a constant or TypeVar", targets[0].node),
                         targets[0].location,
-                    ))
+                    )))
                 }
             }
             ExprKind::List { elts, .. } | ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
@@ -151,23 +204,21 @@ fn handle_assignment_pattern(
                     unifier,
                     primitives,
                 )?;
-                Ok(())
+                Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(()))
             }
-            _ => Err(format!(
+            _ => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
-                "assignment to {:?} is not supported at {}",
+                format!("assignment to {:?} is not supported", targets[0]),
-                targets[0], targets[0].location
+                targets[0].location
-            )),
+            ))),
         }
     } else {
         match &value.node {
             ExprKind::List { elts, .. } | ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
                 if elts.len() != targets.len() {
-                    Err(format!(
+                    Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
-                        "number of elements to unpack does not match (expect {}, found {}) at {}",
+                        format!("number of elements to unpack does not match (expect {}, found {})", targets.len(), elts.len()),
-                        targets.len(),
+                        value.location,
-                        elts.len(),
+                    )))
-                        value.location
-                    ))
                 } else {
                     for (tar, val) in targets.iter().zip(elts) {
                         handle_assignment_pattern(
@@ -180,13 +231,13 @@ fn handle_assignment_pattern(
                             primitives,
                         )?;
                     }
-                    Ok(())
+                    Ok(DiagnosticsResult::ok(()))
                 }
             }
-            _ => Err(format!(
+            _ => Err(DiagnosticEngine::single(DiagErr(
-                "unpack of this expression is not supported at {}",
+                "unpack of this expression is not supported".into(),
                 value.location
-            )),
+            ))),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -272,7 +323,7 @@ fn main() {
                     unifier,
                     primitives,
                 ) {
-                    eprintln!("{}", err);
+                    eprintln!("{}", err.as_string().join("\n----------\n"));
                     return;
                 }
             },
@@ -303,9 +354,12 @@ fn main() {
     let instance = {
         let defs = top_level.definitions.read();
         let mut instance = defs[resolver
-            .get_identifier_def("run".into())
+            .get_identifier_def("run".into(), None)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("cannot find run() entry point"))
+            .map(|res| {
-            .0]
+                let (res, _) = res.into();
+                res.0
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("cannot find run() entry point"))]
             .write();
         if let TopLevelDef::Function { instance_to_stmt, instance_to_symbol, .. } = &mut *instance {
             instance_to_symbol.insert("".to_string(), "run".to_string());