Implement sending RPCs.

artiq/compiler/builtins.py

@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ def is_bool(typ):
 
 def is_int(typ, width=None):
     if width is not None:
-        return types.is_mono(typ, "int", {"width": width})
+        return types.is_mono(typ, "int", width=width)
     else:
         return types.is_mono(typ, "int")
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ def is_numeric(typ):
 
 def is_list(typ, elt=None):
     if elt is not None:
-        return types.is_mono(typ, "list", {"elt": elt})
+        return types.is_mono(typ, "list", elt=elt)
     else:
         return types.is_mono(typ, "list")
 

artiq/compiler/embedding.py

@@ -5,10 +5,13 @@ the references to the host objects and translates the functions
 annotated as ``@kernel`` when they are referenced.
 """
 
-import inspect, os
+import os, re, linecache, inspect
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
 from pythonparser import ast, source, diagnostic, parse_buffer
+
 from . import types, builtins, asttyped, prelude
-from .transforms import ASTTypedRewriter, Inferencer
+from .transforms import ASTTypedRewriter, Inferencer, IntMonomorphizer
 
 
 class ASTSynthesizer:
@@ -45,6 +48,9 @@ class ASTSynthesizer:
                 typ = builtins.TFloat()
             return asttyped.NumT(n=value, ctx=None, type=typ,
                                  loc=self._add(repr(value)))
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            return asttyped.StrT(s=value, ctx=None, type=builtins.TStr(),
+                                 loc=self._add(repr(value)))
         elif isinstance(value, list):
             begin_loc = self._add("[")
             elts = []
@@ -123,7 +129,7 @@ class StitchingASTTypedRewriter(ASTTypedRewriter):
                 if inspect.isfunction(value):
                     # It's a function. We need to translate the function and insert
                     # a reference to it.
-                    function_name = self.quote_function(value)
+                    function_name = self.quote_function(value, node.loc)
                     return asttyped.NameT(id=function_name, ctx=None,
                                           type=self.globals[function_name],
                                           loc=node.loc)
@@ -154,7 +160,19 @@ class Stitcher:
 
         self.functions = {}
 
+        self.next_rpc = 0
         self.rpc_map = {}
+        self.inverse_rpc_map = {}
+
+    def _map(self, obj):
+        obj_id = id(obj)
+        if obj_id in self.inverse_rpc_map:
+            return self.inverse_rpc_map[obj_id]
+
+        self.next_rpc += 1
+        self.rpc_map[self.next_rpc] = obj
+        self.inverse_rpc_map[obj_id] = self.next_rpc
+        return self.next_rpc
 
     def _iterate(self):
         inferencer = Inferencer(engine=self.engine)
@@ -213,10 +231,91 @@ class Stitcher:
             quote_function=self._quote_function)
         return asttyped_rewriter.visit(function_node)
 
-    def _quote_function(self, function):
+    def _function_def_note(self, function):
+        filename = function.__code__.co_filename
+        line     = function.__code__.co_firstlineno
+        name     = function.__code__.co_name
+
+        source_line = linecache.getline(filename, line)
+        column = re.search("def", source_line).start(0)
+        source_buffer = source.Buffer(source_line, filename, line)
+        loc = source.Range(source_buffer, column, column)
+        return diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+            "definition of function '{function}'",
+            {"function": name},
+            loc)
+
+    def _type_of_param(self, function, loc, param):
+        if param.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty:
+            # Try and infer the type from the default value.
+            # This is tricky, because the default value might not have
+            # a well-defined type in APython.
+            # In this case, we bail out, but mention why we do it.
+            synthesizer = ASTSynthesizer()
+            ast = synthesizer.quote(param.default)
+            synthesizer.finalize()
+
+            def proxy_diagnostic(diag):
+                note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                    "expanded from here while trying to infer a type for an"
+                    " unannotated optional argument '{param_name}' from its default value",
+                    {"param_name": param.name},
+                    loc)
+                diag.notes.append(note)
+
+                diag.notes.append(self._function_def_note(function))
+
+                self.engine.process(diag)
+
+            proxy_engine = diagnostic.Engine()
+            proxy_engine.process = proxy_diagnostic
+            Inferencer(engine=proxy_engine).visit(ast)
+            IntMonomorphizer(engine=proxy_engine).visit(ast)
+
+            return ast.type
+        else:
+            # Let the rest of the program decide.
+            return types.TVar()
+
+    def _quote_rpc_function(self, function, loc):
+        signature = inspect.signature(function)
+
+        arg_types = OrderedDict()
+        optarg_types = OrderedDict()
+        for param in signature.parameters.values():
+            if param.kind not in (inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY,
+                                  inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD):
+                # We pretend we don't see *args, kwpostargs=..., **kwargs.
+                # Since every method can be still invoked without any arguments
+                # going into *args and the slots after it, this is always safe,
+                # if sometimes constraining.
+                #
+                # Accepting POSITIONAL_ONLY is OK, because the compiler
+                # desugars the keyword arguments into positional ones internally.
+                continue
+
+            if param.default is inspect.Parameter.empty:
+                arg_types[param.name] = self._type_of_param(function, loc, param)
+            else:
+                optarg_types[param.name] = self._type_of_param(function, loc, param)
+
+        # Fixed for now.
+        ret_type = builtins.TInt(types.TValue(32))
+
+        rpc_type = types.TRPCFunction(arg_types, optarg_types, ret_type,
+                                      service=self._map(function))
+
+        rpc_name = "__rpc_{}__".format(rpc_type.service)
+        self.globals[rpc_name] = rpc_type
+        self.functions[function] = rpc_name
+
+        return rpc_name
+
+    def _quote_function(self, function, loc):
         if function in self.functions:
             return self.functions[function]
 
+        if hasattr(function, "artiq_embedded"):
             # Insert the typed AST for the new function and restart inference.
             # It doesn't really matter where we insert as long as it is before
             # the final call.
@@ -224,6 +323,10 @@ class Stitcher:
             self.typedtree.insert(0, function_node)
             self.inference_finished = False
             return function_node.name
+        else:
+            # Insert a storage-less global whose type instructs the compiler
+            # to perform an RPC instead of a regular call.
+            return self._quote_rpc_function(function, loc)
 
     def stitch_call(self, function, args, kwargs):
         function_node = self._quote_embedded_function(function)

artiq/compiler/module.py

@@ -41,14 +41,16 @@ class Source:
 
 class Module:
     def __init__(self, src):
-        int_monomorphizer = transforms.IntMonomorphizer(engine=src.engine)
+        self.engine = src.engine
-        inferencer = transforms.Inferencer(engine=src.engine)
+
-        monomorphism_validator = validators.MonomorphismValidator(engine=src.engine)
+        int_monomorphizer = transforms.IntMonomorphizer(engine=self.engine)
-        escape_validator = validators.EscapeValidator(engine=src.engine)
+        inferencer = transforms.Inferencer(engine=self.engine)
-        artiq_ir_generator = transforms.ARTIQIRGenerator(engine=src.engine,
+        monomorphism_validator = validators.MonomorphismValidator(engine=self.engine)
+        escape_validator = validators.EscapeValidator(engine=self.engine)
+        artiq_ir_generator = transforms.ARTIQIRGenerator(engine=self.engine,
                                                          module_name=src.name)
-        dead_code_eliminator = transforms.DeadCodeEliminator(engine=src.engine)
+        dead_code_eliminator = transforms.DeadCodeEliminator(engine=self.engine)
-        local_access_validator = validators.LocalAccessValidator(engine=src.engine)
+        local_access_validator = validators.LocalAccessValidator(engine=self.engine)
 
         self.name = src.name
         self.globals = src.globals
@@ -62,7 +64,8 @@ class Module:
 
     def build_llvm_ir(self, target):
         """Compile the module to LLVM IR for the specified target."""
-        llvm_ir_generator = transforms.LLVMIRGenerator(module_name=self.name, target=target)
+        llvm_ir_generator = transforms.LLVMIRGenerator(engine=self.engine,
+                                                       module_name=self.name, target=target)
         return llvm_ir_generator.process(self.artiq_ir)
 
     def entry_point(self):

artiq/compiler/transforms/llvm_ir_generator.py

@@ -3,12 +3,13 @@
 into LLVM intermediate representation.
 """
 
-from pythonparser import ast
+from pythonparser import ast, diagnostic
 from llvmlite_artiq import ir as ll
 from .. import types, builtins, ir
 
 class LLVMIRGenerator:
-    def __init__(self, module_name, target):
+    def __init__(self, engine, module_name, target):
+        self.engine = engine
         self.target = target
         self.llcontext = target.llcontext
         self.llmodule = ll.Module(context=self.llcontext, name=module_name)
@@ -21,6 +22,11 @@ class LLVMIRGenerator:
         typ = typ.find()
         if types.is_tuple(typ):
             return ll.LiteralStructType([self.llty_of_type(eltty) for eltty in typ.elts])
+        elif types.is_rpc_function(typ):
+            if for_return:
+                return ll.VoidType()
+            else:
+                return ll.LiteralStructType([])
         elif types.is_function(typ):
             envarg = ll.IntType(8).as_pointer()
             llty = ll.FunctionType(args=[envarg] +
@@ -89,10 +95,13 @@ class LLVMIRGenerator:
             return ll.Constant(llty, False)
         elif isinstance(const.value, (int, float)):
             return ll.Constant(llty, const.value)
-        elif isinstance(const.value, str):
+        elif isinstance(const.value, (str, bytes)):
+            if isinstance(const.value, str):
                 assert "\0" not in const.value
-
                 as_bytes = (const.value + "\0").encode("utf-8")
+            else:
+                as_bytes = const.value
+
             if ir.is_exn_typeinfo(const.type):
                 # Exception typeinfo; should be merged with identical others
                 name = "__artiq_exn_" + const.value
@@ -144,6 +153,9 @@ class LLVMIRGenerator:
             llty = ll.FunctionType(ll.VoidType(), [self.llty_of_type(builtins.TException())])
         elif name == "__artiq_reraise":
             llty = ll.FunctionType(ll.VoidType(), [])
+        elif name == "rpc":
+            llty = ll.FunctionType(ll.IntType(32), [ll.IntType(32), ll.IntType(8).as_pointer()],
+                                   var_arg=True)
         else:
             assert False
 
@@ -546,7 +558,75 @@ class LLVMIRGenerator:
                                               name=insn.name)
         return llvalue
 
+    # See session.c:send_rpc_value.
+    def _rpc_tag(self, typ, root_type, root_loc):
+        if types.is_tuple(typ):
+            assert len(typ.elts) < 256
+            return b"t" + bytes([len(typ.elts)]) + \
+                   b"".join([self._rpc_tag(elt_type, root_type, root_loc)
+                             for elt_type in typ.elts])
+        elif builtins.is_none(typ):
+            return b"n"
+        elif builtins.is_bool(typ):
+            return b"b"
+        elif builtins.is_int(typ, types.TValue(32)):
+            return b"i"
+        elif builtins.is_int(typ, types.TValue(64)):
+            return b"I"
+        elif builtins.is_float(typ):
+            return b"f"
+        elif builtins.is_str(typ):
+            return b"s"
+        elif builtins.is_list(typ):
+            return b"l" + self._rpc_tag(builtins.get_iterable_elt(typ),
+                                        root_type, root_loc)
+        elif builtins.is_range(typ):
+            return b"r" + self._rpc_tag(builtins.get_iterable_elt(typ),
+                                        root_type, root_loc)
+        elif ir.is_option(typ):
+            return b"o" + self._rpc_tag(typ.params["inner"],
+                                        root_type, root_loc)
+        else:
+            printer = types.TypePrinter()
+            note = diagnostic.Diagnostic("note",
+                "value of type {type}",
+                {"type": printer.name(root_type)},
+                root_loc)
+            diag = diagnostic.Diagnostic("error",
+                "type {type} is not supported in remote procedure calls",
+                {"type": printer.name(typ)},
+                root_loc)
+            self.engine.process(diag)
+
+    def _build_rpc(self, service, args, return_type):
+        llservice = ll.Constant(ll.IntType(32), service)
+
+        tag = b""
+        for arg in args:
+            if isinstance(arg, ir.Constant):
+                # Constants don't have locations, but conveniently
+                # they also never fail to serialize.
+                tag += self._rpc_tag(arg.type, arg.type, None)
+            else:
+                tag += self._rpc_tag(arg.type, arg.type, arg.loc)
+        tag += b":\x00"
+        lltag = self.llconst_of_const(ir.Constant(tag, builtins.TStr()))
+
+        llargs = []
+        for arg in args:
+            llarg = self.map(arg)
+            llargslot = self.llbuilder.alloca(llarg.type)
+            self.llbuilder.store(llarg, llargslot)
+            llargs.append(llargslot)
+
+        return self.llbuiltin("rpc"), [llservice, lltag] + llargs
+
     def prepare_call(self, insn):
+        if types.is_rpc_function(insn.target_function().type):
+            return self._build_rpc(insn.target_function().type.service,
+                                   insn.arguments(),
+                                   insn.target_function().type.ret)
+        else:
             llclosure, llargs = self.map(insn.target_function()), map(self.map, insn.arguments())
             llenv = self.llbuilder.extract_value(llclosure, 0)
             llfun = self.llbuilder.extract_value(llclosure, 1)

artiq/compiler/types.py

@@ -222,6 +222,26 @@ class TFunction(Type):
     def __ne__(self, other):
         return not (self == other)
 
+class TRPCFunction(TFunction):
+    """
+    A function type of a remote function.
+
+    :ivar service: (int) RPC service number
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, args, optargs, ret, service):
+        super().__init__(args, optargs, ret)
+        self.service = service
+
+    def unify(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, TRPCFunction) and \
+                self.service == other.service:
+            super().unify(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, TVar):
+            other.unify(self)
+        else:
+            raise UnificationError(self, other)
+
 class TBuiltin(Type):
     """
     An instance of builtin type. Every instance of a builtin
@@ -310,6 +330,8 @@ def is_mono(typ, name=None, **params):
     typ = typ.find()
     params_match = True
     for param in params:
+        if param not in typ.params:
+            return False
         params_match = params_match and \
             typ.params[param].find() == params[param].find()
     return isinstance(typ, TMono) and \
@@ -329,6 +351,9 @@ def is_tuple(typ, elts=None):
 def is_function(typ):
     return isinstance(typ.find(), TFunction)
 
+def is_rpc_function(typ):
+    return isinstance(typ.find(), TRPCFunction)
+
 def is_builtin(typ, name=None):
     typ = typ.find()
     if name is None:
@@ -381,11 +406,16 @@ class TypePrinter(object):
                 return "(%s,)" % self.name(typ.elts[0])
             else:
                 return "(%s)" % ", ".join(list(map(self.name, typ.elts)))
-        elif isinstance(typ, TFunction):
+        elif isinstance(typ, (TFunction, TRPCFunction)):
             args = []
             args += [ "%s:%s" % (arg, self.name(typ.args[arg]))    for arg in typ.args]
             args += ["?%s:%s" % (arg, self.name(typ.optargs[arg])) for arg in typ.optargs]
-            return "(%s)->%s" % (", ".join(args), self.name(typ.ret))
+            signature = "(%s)->%s" % (", ".join(args), self.name(typ.ret))
+
+            if isinstance(typ, TRPCFunction):
+                return "rpc({}) {}".format(typ.service, signature)
+            elif isinstance(typ, TFunction):
+                return signature
         elif isinstance(typ, TBuiltinFunction):
             return "<function %s>" % typ.name
         elif isinstance(typ, (TConstructor, TExceptionConstructor)):

artiq/coredevice/comm_generic.py

@@ -276,8 +276,16 @@ class CommGeneric:
         self._write_empty(_H2DMsgType.RUN_KERNEL)
         logger.debug("running kernel")
 
-    def _receive_rpc_value(self, tag, rpc_map):
+    _rpc_sentinel = object()
-        if tag == "n":
+
+    def _receive_rpc_value(self, rpc_map):
+        tag = chr(self._read_int8())
+        if tag == "\x00":
+            return self._rpc_sentinel
+        elif tag == "t":
+            length = self._read_int8()
+            return tuple(self._receive_rpc_value(rpc_map) for _ in range(length))
+        elif tag == "n":
             return None
         elif tag == "b":
             return bool(self._read_int8())
@@ -291,31 +299,36 @@ class CommGeneric:
             numerator   = self._read_int64()
             denominator = self._read_int64()
             return Fraction(numerator, denominator)
+        elif tag == "s":
+            return self._read_string()
         elif tag == "l":
-            elt_tag = chr(self._read_int8())
             length = self._read_int32()
-            return [self._receive_rpc_value(elt_tag) for _ in range(length)]
+            return [self._receive_rpc_value(rpc_map) for _ in range(length)]
+        elif tag == "r":
+            lower = self._receive_rpc_value(rpc_map)
+            upper = self._receive_rpc_value(rpc_map)
+            step  = self._receive_rpc_value(rpc_map)
+            return range(lower, upper, step)
         elif tag == "o":
             return rpc_map[self._read_int32()]
         else:
-            raise IOError("Unknown RPC value tag: {}", tag)
+            raise IOError("Unknown RPC value tag: {}".format(repr(tag)))
 
-    def _receive_rpc_values(self, rpc_map):
+    def _receive_rpc_args(self, rpc_map):
-        result = []
+        args = []
         while True:
-            tag = chr(self._read_int8())
+            value = self._receive_rpc_value(rpc_map)
-            if tag == "\x00":
+            if value is self._rpc_sentinel:
-                return result
+                return args
-            else:
+            args.append(value)
-                result.append(self._receive_rpc_value(tag, rpc_map))
 
     def _serve_rpc(self, rpc_map):
         service = self._read_int32()
-        args = self._receive_rpc_values(rpc_map)
+        args = self._receive_rpc_args(rpc_map)
         logger.debug("rpc service: %d %r", service, args)
 
         try:
-            result = rpc_map[rpc_num](args)
+            result = rpc_map[service](*args)
             if not isinstance(result, int) or not (-2**31 < result < 2**31-1):
                 raise ValueError("An RPC must return an int(width=32)")
         except ARTIQException as exn:

artiq/coredevice/core.py

@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ class Core:
             raise CompileError() from error
 
     def run(self, function, args, kwargs):
+        kernel_library, rpc_map = self.compile(function, args, kwargs)
+
         if self.first_run:
             self.comm.check_ident()
             self.comm.switch_clock(self.external_clock)
             self.first_run = False
 
-        kernel_library, rpc_map = self.compile(function, args, kwargs)
-
         try:
             self.comm.load(kernel_library)
         except Exception as error:

soc/runtime/ksupport.c

@@ -301,33 +301,34 @@ void watchdog_clear(int id)
     mailbox_send_and_wait(&request);
 }
 
-int rpc(int rpc_num, ...)
+int rpc(int service, const char *tag, ...)
 {
-    struct msg_rpc_request request;
+    struct msg_rpc_send_request request;
     struct msg_base *reply;
 
-    request.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REQUEST;
+    request.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_SEND_REQUEST;
-    request.rpc_num = rpc_num;
+    request.service = service;
-    va_start(request.args, rpc_num);
+    request.tag = tag;
+    va_start(request.args, tag);
     mailbox_send_and_wait(&request);
     va_end(request.args);
 
     reply = mailbox_wait_and_receive();
-    if(reply->type == MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REPLY) {
+    // if(reply->type == MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REPLY) {
-        int result = ((struct msg_rpc_reply *)reply)->result;
+    //     int result = ((struct msg_rpc_reply *)reply)->result;
-        mailbox_acknowledge();
+    //     mailbox_acknowledge();
-        return result;
+    //     return result;
-    } else if(reply->type == MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_EXCEPTION) {
+    // } else if(reply->type == MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_EXCEPTION) {
-        struct artiq_exception exception;
+    //     struct artiq_exception exception;
-        memcpy(&exception, ((struct msg_rpc_exception *)reply)->exception,
+    //     memcpy(&exception, ((struct msg_rpc_exception *)reply)->exception,
-               sizeof(struct artiq_exception));
+    //            sizeof(struct artiq_exception));
-        mailbox_acknowledge();
+    //     mailbox_acknowledge();
-        __artiq_raise(&exception);
+    //     __artiq_raise(&exception);
-    } else {
+    // } else {
         log("Malformed MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REQUEST reply type %d",
             reply->type);
         while(1);
-    }
+    // }
 }
 
 void lognonl(const char *fmt, ...)

soc/runtime/ksupport.h

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ long long int now_init(void);
 void now_save(long long int now);
 int watchdog_set(int ms);
 void watchdog_clear(int id);
-int rpc(int service, ...);
+int rpc(int service, const char *tag, ...);
 void lognonl(const char *fmt, ...);
 void log(const char *fmt, ...);
 

soc/runtime/messages.h

@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@ enum {
     MESSAGE_TYPE_WATCHDOG_SET_REQUEST,
     MESSAGE_TYPE_WATCHDOG_SET_REPLY,
     MESSAGE_TYPE_WATCHDOG_CLEAR,
-    MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REQUEST,
+    MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_SEND_REQUEST,
-    MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REPLY,
+    MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_RECV_REQUEST,
+    MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_RECV_REPLY,
     MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_EXCEPTION,
     MESSAGE_TYPE_LOG,
 
@@ -80,15 +81,21 @@ struct msg_watchdog_clear {
     int id;
 };
 
-struct msg_rpc_request {
+struct msg_rpc_send_request {
     int type;
-    int rpc_num;
+    int service;
+    const char *tag;
     va_list args;
 };
 
-struct msg_rpc_reply {
+struct msg_rpc_recv_request {
     int type;
-    int result;
+    // TODO ???
+};
+
+struct msg_rpc_recv_reply {
+    int type;
+    // TODO ???
 };
 
 struct msg_rpc_exception {

soc/runtime/session.c

@@ -457,23 +457,23 @@ static int process_input(void)
             user_kernel_state = USER_KERNEL_RUNNING;
             break;
 
-        case REMOTEMSG_TYPE_RPC_REPLY: {
+        // case REMOTEMSG_TYPE_RPC_REPLY: {
-            struct msg_rpc_reply reply;
+        //     struct msg_rpc_reply reply;
 
-            int result = in_packet_int32();
+        //     int result = in_packet_int32();
 
-            if(user_kernel_state != USER_KERNEL_WAIT_RPC) {
+        //     if(user_kernel_state != USER_KERNEL_WAIT_RPC) {
-                log("Unsolicited RPC reply");
+        //         log("Unsolicited RPC reply");
-                return 0; // restart session
+        //         return 0; // restart session
-            }
+        //     }
 
-            reply.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REPLY;
+        //     reply.type = MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REPLY;
-            reply.result = result;
+        //     reply.result = result;
-            mailbox_send_and_wait(&reply);
+        //     mailbox_send_and_wait(&reply);
 
-            user_kernel_state = USER_KERNEL_RUNNING;
+        //     user_kernel_state = USER_KERNEL_RUNNING;
-            break;
+        //     break;
-        }
+        // }
 
         case REMOTEMSG_TYPE_RPC_EXCEPTION: {
             struct msg_rpc_exception reply;
@@ -509,91 +509,156 @@ static int process_input(void)
     return 1;
 }
 
-static int send_rpc_value(const char **tag, void *value)
+// See llvm_ir_generator.py:_rpc_tag.
+static int send_rpc_value(const char **tag, void **value)
 {
     if(!out_packet_int8(**tag))
-        return -1;
+        return 0;
+
+    switch(*(*tag)++) {
+        case 't': { // tuple
+            int size = *(*tag)++;
+            if(!out_packet_int8(size))
+                return 0;
+
+            for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                if(!send_rpc_value(tag, value))
+                    return 0;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
 
-    int size = 0;
-    switch(**tag) {
-        case 0: // last tag
         case 'n': // None
             break;
 
-        case 'b': // bool
+        case 'b': { // bool
-            size = 1;
+            int size = sizeof(int8_t);
-            if(!out_packet_chunk(value, size))
+            if(!out_packet_chunk(*value, size))
-                return -1;
+                return 0;
+            *value = (void*)((intptr_t)(*value) + size);
             break;
+        }
 
-        case 'i': // int(width=32)
+        case 'i': { // int(width=32)
-            size = 4;
+            int size = sizeof(int32_t);
-            if(!out_packet_chunk(value, size))
+            if(!out_packet_chunk(*value, size))
-                return -1;
+                return 0;
+            *value = (void*)((intptr_t)(*value) + size);
             break;
+        }
 
-        case 'I': // int(width=64)
+        case 'I': { // int(width=64)
-        case 'f': // float
+            int size = sizeof(int64_t);
-            size = 8;
+            if(!out_packet_chunk(*value, size))
-            if(!out_packet_chunk(value, size))
+                return 0;
-                return -1;
+            *value = (void*)((intptr_t)(*value) + size);
             break;
+        }
 
-        case 'F': // Fraction
+        case 'f': { // float
-            size = 16;
+            int size = sizeof(double);
-            if(!out_packet_chunk(value, size))
+            if(!out_packet_chunk(*value, size))
-                return -1;
+                return 0;
+            *value = (void*)((intptr_t)(*value) + size);
             break;
+        }
+
+        case 'F': { // Fraction
+            int size = sizeof(int64_t) * 2;
+            if(!out_packet_chunk(*value, size))
+                return 0;
+            *value = (void*)((intptr_t)(*value) + size);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case 's': { // string
+            const char **string = *value;
+            if(!out_packet_string(*string))
+                return 0;
+            *value = (void*)((intptr_t)(*value) + strlen(*string) + 1);
+            break;
+        }
 
         case 'l': { // list(elt='a)
-            struct { uint32_t length; void *elements; } *list = value;
+            struct { uint32_t length; struct {} *elements; } *list = *value;
             void *element = list->elements;
 
-            const char *tag_copy = *tag + 1;
+            if(!out_packet_int32(list->length))
+                return 0;
+
+            const char *tag_copy;
             for(int i = 0; i < list->length; i++) {
-                int element_size = send_rpc_value(&tag_copy, element);
+                tag_copy = *tag;
-                if(element_size < 0)
+                if(!send_rpc_value(&tag_copy, &element))
-                    return -1;
+                    return 0;
-                element = (void*)((intptr_t)element + element_size);
             }
             *tag = tag_copy;
 
-            size = sizeof(list);
+            *value = (void*)((intptr_t)(*value) + sizeof(*list));
             break;
         }
 
-        case 'o': { // host object
+        case 'r': { // range(elt='a)
-            struct { uint32_t id; } *object = value;
+            const char *tag_copy;
-
+            tag_copy = *tag;
-            if(!out_packet_int32(object->id))
+            if(!send_rpc_value(&tag_copy, value)) // min
-                return -1;
+                return 0;
-
+            tag_copy = *tag;
-            size = sizeof(object);
+            if(!send_rpc_value(&tag_copy, value)) // max
+                return 0;
+            tag_copy = *tag;
+            if(!send_rpc_value(&tag_copy, value)) // step
+                return 0;
+            *tag = tag_copy;
             break;
         }
 
+        case 'o': { // option(inner='a)
+            struct { int8_t present; struct {} contents; } *option = *value;
+            void *contents = &option->contents;
+
+            if(!out_packet_int8(option->present))
+                return 0;
+
+            // option never appears in composite types, so we don't have
+            // to accurately advance *value.
+            if(option->present) {
+                return send_rpc_value(tag, &contents);
+            } else {
+                (*tag)++;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        case 'O': { // host object
+            struct { uint32_t id; } **object = *value;
+
+            if(!out_packet_int32((*object)->id))
+                return 0;
+        }
+
         default:
-            return -1;
+            log("send_rpc_value: unknown tag %02x", *((*tag) - 1));
+            return 0;
     }
 
-    (*tag)++;
+    return 1;
-    return size;
 }
 
-static int send_rpc_request(int service, va_list args)
+static int send_rpc_request(int service, const char *tag, va_list args)
 {
     out_packet_start(REMOTEMSG_TYPE_RPC_REQUEST);
     out_packet_int32(service);
 
-    const char *tag = va_arg(args, const char*);
+    while(*tag != ':') {
-    while(*tag) {
         void *value = va_arg(args, void*);
         if(!kloader_validate_kpointer(value))
             return 0;
-        if(send_rpc_value(&tag, &value) < 0)
+        if(!send_rpc_value(&tag, &value))
             return 0;
     }
 
+    out_packet_int8(0);
     out_packet_finish();
     return 1;
 }
@@ -670,10 +735,10 @@ static int process_kmsg(struct msg_base *umsg)
             break;
         }
 
-        case MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_REQUEST: {
+        case MESSAGE_TYPE_RPC_SEND_REQUEST: {
-            struct msg_rpc_request *msg = (struct msg_rpc_request *)umsg;
+            struct msg_rpc_send_request *msg = (struct msg_rpc_send_request *)umsg;
 
-            if(!send_rpc_request(msg->rpc_num, msg->args)) {
+            if(!send_rpc_request(msg->service, msg->tag, msg->args)) {
                 log("Failed to send RPC request");
                 return 0; // restart session
             }